Relevant bibliographies by topics / Private contractors

Contents

  1. Journal articles
  2. Dissertations / Theses
  3. Books
  4. Book chapters
  5. Conference papers
  6. Reports

Academic literature on the topic 'Private contractors'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 27 January 2023

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Journal articles on the topic "Private contractors"

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Fomina, Tetyana. "PROBLEMS OF FORMATION OF INCOME AND EXPENSES OF PRIVATE CONTRACTORS AS SUBJECTS OF INDEPENDENT PROFESSIONAL ACTIVITY." Economic discourse, no. 4 (December 2019): 68–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.36742/2410-0919-2019-4-7.

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Introduction. The need to set up a private enforcement institute arose from the problem of enforcement of court decisions. The activities of state executors are clearly regulated, have experience and achievements. A private contractor is authorized by the state to carry out enforcement activities, but from an economic point of view, he is a self-employed person, which means that he is financially interested in the results of his work. The economic aspect of private contractor activity is not well understood to date. Methods. The study is based on the use of the historical and comparative method in determining the prerequisites for establishing an institute of private performers in Ukraine and in the world. A generalization method was used to determine general properties in the taxation of private contractors. The efficiency of the work and the feasibility of introducing a “private” element in the enforcement of court decisions was proved by the method of analysis. The method of grouping was used to determine the taxation base for the performance of private contractors. Results. The organizational and legal aspects of the activity of private contractors have been determined. The economic advantages and disadvantages of introducing the Institute of Private Performers are presented. The procedure for recognition of income and formation of costs of private contractors is outlined. It is proved inadmissible to identify the concepts of “costs of enforcement proceedings” and “costs of private executors”. The necessity of accounting and control of results of activity of private contractors is substantiated. Discussion. Prospects for further researches will be to develop recommendations for accounting for deposit accounts; accounts intended to be credited to enforcement proceedings; accounts intended to account for the principal and additional remuneration of private contractors; payroll calculations; payments with budget for taxes, fees, other required payments private artist revenue and expenses, etc. Keywords: enforcement proceedings, self-employed entities, private contractor, remuneration of private contractor, costs of enforcement proceedings, costs of private contractor, income of private contractor.
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Slabbert, Magda, and Hendrik Pienaar. "Using a Locum Tenens in a Private Practice." Potchefstroom Electronic Law Journal/Potchefstroomse Elektroniese Regsblad 16, no. 4 (May 17, 2017): 94. http://dx.doi.org/10.17159/1727-3781/2013/v16i4a2385.

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Many medical practitioners in private practice use a locum tenens when they themselves are not available to practice. The locums are often appointed without consideration of the legal consequences or requirements. Legislation distinguishes between an employee and an independent contractor. If the locum is appointed as an employee the doctrine of vicarious liability comes into play which is not the case with an independent contractor. Contracts currently available to appoint a locum give the contracting parties a choice between being appointed as an employee or an independent contractor; this should be changed in that all locums should be appointed as independent contractors especially if the working of the Consumer Protection Act is also taken into consideration. Furthermore, according to the rules of the Health Professions Council of South Africa (HPCSA) the onus to ensure that the locum tenens is registered and fit to practice, rests with the principal
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Capizzi, Clayton Jerrett, Joseph Wilck, and Xueping Li. "Simulating a Contract Closeout Process." International Journal of Service Science, Management, Engineering, and Technology 3, no. 4 (October 2012): 38–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/jssmet.2012100103.

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Government defense contractors are burdened by contracts which have ended, but have not been finalized and closed. In order to keep good relations with organizations regulating government contracts, contractors have been forced to devise a strategy to address contract closeouts. Data was collected about a defense contractor’s contract closeout process, and a simulation model of the system was developed to aid in completing the contract closeout process. Using simulation software, the closeout process was successfully modeled under varying resource levels. The simulation model included true worker process times with integrated schedules, including holidays, over the expected period of performance. The simulation produced a realistic model which allows an organization to plan their resources to accomplish their contract closeout process under specified conditions and deadlines. The results are relevant to government (public sector) contracts as well as industrial (private sector) contracts where similar regulations are applicable.
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Rostiyanti, Susy, Ario Bintang Koesalamwardi, and Christian Winata. "Identification of design-build project risk factors: contractor’s perspective." MATEC Web of Conferences 276 (2019): 02017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/201927602017.

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Design-build in construction industry becomes one of the project delivery method selected by owner. Light rail transit, mass rapid transit, and stadium renovation are examples of large infrastructure projects which are constructed under design-build approach to save time. In this approach, the design and construction phases are carried out simultaneously by contractor. One of the advantages for owners is that most risks are transferred to the contractors. This paper attempts to discuss contractors’ perspective related to risk factors in design-build project. The aim is to understand potential risk that can lead to an unsuccessful project. A questionnaire is developed that contains six factors with 20 sub-factors related to project risks. The questionnaire is distributed and responded by both state-owned and private enterprises contractors that involved in design-build project. Data are analysed using Significance Indexes method in order to obtain the relative significance of the risk sub-factors. The result shows five influenced sub-factors including project and program management issues that may cause risk to the contractor’s success under design-build project.
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Pereira, Edgar. "The Ordeals of Colonial Contracting: Reactions to and Repercussions of Two Failed State-Private Ventures in Habsburg Portugal (1622–1628)." Itinerario 43, no. 01 (April 2019): 63–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0165115319000068.

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AbstractAmong the solutions devised by early modern Western European states to engage with the private sector in the governance of their overseas empires, the adjudication of revenue farms and colonial monopolies was often dismissed by historians on the grounds of being coercive, inefficient, and risk-exempt for the contractors. In reality, however, the threat of financial hardship and insolvency was very real, and not infrequently led to contractual removal, the seizure of collateralized assets, and even the imprisonment of the concessionaires.This article approaches the neglected topic of failure in big business in early seventeenth-century Portugal, an overlooked case of a contractor state that relied extensively on the adjudication of government contracts to finance and rule its overseas empire. By looking into the downward trajectories of two tax-farmers and the collapse of their contractual dealings, light will be shed on how the Crown and private entrepreneurs reacted to the repercussions of failure in these early modern public-private partnerships. It will also be shown how the road leading to termination was very much shaped by the political relationships between the Crown and its contractors and can only be understood in the context of wider relationships of brokerage, credit, and service between the two.
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Deeney, John, Alan Hore, and Barry McAuley. "Public/Private BIM." International Journal of 3-D Information Modeling 3, no. 1 (January 2014): 16–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/ij3dim.2014010102.

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The current economic difficulties have affected most practitioners within the industry and, as a result, many firms and contractors are bidding for fewer projects, resulting in below-cost tenders. It is clear that, many firms and contractors are now operating on thin margins; which makes it increasingly difficult for them to commit to the introduction of new software applications and system upgrades. The transition to Building Information Modelling (BIM) from traditional 2D CAD by Irish firms and contractors has been a relatively slow process compared with the international colleagues. There are many reasons for this, including lack of resources, lack of awareness, ignorance, misunderstanding and adversity. The lack of BIM promotion and BIM training opportunities within the industry has meant that very few people possess the basic requirement to successfully embrace BIM at a level which would be considered efficient. BIM is the new way of operating and it is gaining momentum; the industry simply cannot turn a blind eye to the technology or it will be left behind. The industry must therefore adapt and change current working practices in order to compete with other established and recognized BIM nations. This paper will evaluate BIM in the international context and, investigate if these methodologies can be transferred to the Irish construction industry. This paper will also aim to identify obstacles and drivers for Irish firms, contractors and Government Departments with regard to BIM adoption, as well as the behavioral and cultural elements which are preventing BIM adoption in Ireland. It is hoped that the research findings will demonstrate a business case for the implementation of BIM, for both public and private sector organizations.
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Bendaña, Ricardo, Alfredo del Caño, and M. Pilar de la Cruz. "Contractor selection: fuzzy-control approach." Canadian Journal of Civil Engineering 35, no. 5 (May 2008): 473–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/l07-127.

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This paper presents a fuzzy-logic-based system for selecting contractors. This tool, which was based on the fuzzy control technique, was created for the private sector client in traditional design–bid–build projects with one-step selection processes, but its philosophy can also serve other types of clients, industries, contracts, and selection processes. The system develops an assessment of different qualitative and quantitative issues that influence a contractor’s suitability for constructing a specific design in a specific environment (client’s needs and objectives, objectives prioritization, etc.), taking into account the risk of not achieving the client’s objectives. A computer application was developed and validated, including a Delphi analysis with professionals who are experts in contractor selection. The application covers the possibility of using different selection policies, when the essential project objective is cost, time or quality. As part of the validation process, a neural network was developed to prove that the fuzzy-control tool has a behavior that can be recognized by a neural network.
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Usher, David. "How Response Contractors are Remaining Vigilant and Viable Despite the Downward Trend in Oil Spills." International Oil Spill Conference Proceedings 2003, no. 1 (April 1, 2003): 809–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.7901/2169-3358-2003-1-809.

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ABSTRACT The number of oil spills occurring in U.S. waters from vessels and facilities has decreased steadily over the past several years, and professional oil spill response contractors have found themselves in the position of bolstering and/or securing other lines of work to ensure they remain vigilant, viable, and ready to respond when and where needed. Coupled with a down economy, spill contractors – like other businesses – are making tough decisions on how to do more with less, while maintaining the same level of readiness expected of them from their clients – which includes the oil and maritime industries, along with local, state and federal government. While the regulatory mechanisms are in place to exercise contractor resources between spill events, they are not enforced or utilized enough. Of equal importance is ensuring that the response contractor is compensated for deploying its resources during these drill scenarios. This paper will discuss the measures private sector response contractors are taking to ensure they remain ready to respond, other business lines they are pursuing, and how the regulatory authorities can assist in maintaining the national protection and readiness provided by the private sector response community. It will also discuss how the private sector response community can assist with the national Homeland Defense initiatives, most notably mitigation services for terrorist actions that ultimately impact the environment
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Shrestha, Kishor, Pramen P. Shrestha, and Mylinh Lidder. "Life-cycle cost comparison of chip seal and striping: in-house workers versus private contractors." Engineering, Construction and Architectural Management 26, no. 6 (July 15, 2019): 927–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ecam-07-2018-0314.

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Purpose To maintain road systems in the USA, state departments of transportation (DOTs) generally use in-house workers or private contractors. Limited studies have calculated the cost savings of hiring private contractors; however, most of them have not calculated cost savings based on life-cycle costs (LCCs). The purpose of this paper is to determine whether the LCC of chip seal and stripping maintenance activities performed by in-house workers are cheaper than those performed by private contractors. Design/methodology/approach The paper collected the hard cost data of chip seal and stripping maintenance activities performed by state DOT in-house workers, as well as private contractors, from 2003 to 2016 from the Nevada DOT Maintenance and Asset Management division. Statistical tests were conducted to test the research hypothesis that the LCC of chip seal and stripping activities performed by in-house workers are significantly less than those performed by private contractors. Findings The study results showed that the cost per unit and LCC of chip seal and striping work performed by in-house workers were significantly less than those performed by private contractors in Nevada. Research limitations/implications The study only collected data from Nevada DOT, so readers should use caution in generalizing the findings of this study. Additionally, factors affecting the cost of these maintenance activities for private contractors are significantly different compared to in-house contractors. Therefore, these differences may be some of the potential reasons for cost difference between these two methods. Practical implications The practical implications of this study are that state DOT engineers need to plan for outsourcing chip seal and stripping maintenance activities only to private contractors that are cost effective, based on life-cycle cost. Originality/value The LCC analysis framework developed in this study will help state DOT engineers to determine cost savings by using in-house workers for road maintenance works.
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Ellington, Sid. "The Rise of Battlefield Private Contractors." Public Integrity 13, no. 2 (April 1, 2011): 131–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.2753/pin1099-9922130203.

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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Private contractors"

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Poon, Kan-young, and 潘根濃. "The bidding behavior of contractors in private and public sector construction projects." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/10722/193476.

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This study investigates the behavior of contractors when submitting bids under different institutional arrangements. Construction projects under the private and public sectors in Hong Kong operate under two distinct contractual and bidding arrangements giving different degrees of risk and uncertainty to the contractors. First, private sector projects in Hong Kong invariably adopt conditions of contracts that shift more risk to the contractor. A typical example is private sector projects do not normally allow fluctuation adjustments, thereby shifting the risks of future increase in prices of construction resources to the contractor. Public sector construction projects include fluctuation clauses for projects of duration over 21 months (Later extended to all contracts via Circular DEVB(PS)107/3 dated 18 July 2008). Second, it is common practice for private sector clients to negotiate with the contractors after they have submitted their bids. Although in some cases, private sector clients may also simply accept the lowest tender, bidders would normally anticipate that they are likely to negotiate with them after the bids are opened. This practice, however, is not allowed in public sector projects. For reasons of public accountability, Government tendering procedures do not allow changes to the bid price after the tenders have been submitted and the time for return lapsed (except for specifically approved cases). This requirement basically bars any price negotiation as in the case of private projects. We conjecture that these two differences in institutional arrangements have significant impact on bidders’ behavior, which would be characterized by the distribution and pattern of the submitted bid prices. Based on records of bid prices for 105 contracts tendered during the period 1997 and 2007, we found that public sector bids are more skewed to the left (or have a longer tail towards the left) than private sector bids, ceteris paribus. This means that low bids for public sector projects are more scattered than those of private sector projects. This result is consistent with the hypothesis that bidders attempt to hide their true bid prices by submitting higher bids when the client is not bound to accept the lowest tender. The empirical results also suggest that the bid-spread, as defined by the percentage difference between the lowest and second lowest bid, is higher when post tender negotiation is prohibited. Bidders would tend to submit more aggressive bids for public sector projects, knowing that they would not have a second chance to adjust their bid prices at a later stage. This suggests a higher probability of winner’s curse for public sector projects. For private sector projects that do not include fluctuation clauses, the bid-spread is also affected by the expected risk of future increase in the prices of construction resources. When such risk is high, bidders will become more cautious when submitting their bids and thus resulting in a lower bid-spread. The bid distributions for public sector project have thicker tails on both ends compared to those of private sector projects due to its prequalification system and the practice of acceptance of the lowest bid. The empirical evidence in this study confirms this. In addition, market conditions, number of bidders, contract size and the proportion of prime cost and provisional sum as a percentage of the contract sum are also important determining factors of biding behavior. The results of this study show that institutional arrangements matters in determining bidding behavior. Previous studies that attempt to estimate the distribution of bid prices for construction projects have largely ignored the importance of institutional arrangements, which may therefore lead to biased results. The results of this study contribute to our understanding of bidder’s behavior when bidding for construction projects under different institutional arrangements. The understanding will be useful in handling bidding exercises for new construction projects and the advancement of studies on bidding strategy models.
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Kornburger, Michael D. Dobos Jeremy R. "Private military companies analyzing the use of armed contractors /." Monterey, Calif. : Naval Postgraduate School, 2007. http://bosun.nps.edu/uhtbin/hyperion-image.exe/07Dec%5FKornburger.pdf.

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Thesis (M.S. in Defense Analysis)--Naval Postgraduate School, December 2007.
Thesis Advisor(s): Roberts, Nancy C. "December 2007." Description based on title screen as viewed on January 17, 2008. Includes bibliographical references (p. 67-73). Also available in print.
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Dobos, Jeremy R. "Private military companies analyzing the use of armed contractors." Thesis, Monterey, California. Naval Postgraduate School, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/10945/3186.

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"Private Military Companies: Analyzing the Use of Armed Contractors" explores the critical issues that influence the decision to utilize private military companies (PMC) and armed contractors in support of U.S. military operations. The critical issues identified in the thesis address a combination of government, military, and public concerns with the private military industry. Understanding of these critical issues will assist policy makers in determining the validity of the PMC concept and extent to which the U.S. government could utilize armed contractors and consider privatization of combat forces as a viable option to satisfy certain military requirements of this nation. The thesis also expands on the link between the expansion in the private military industry and the shortage of U.S. government resources to satisfy the requirements of its foreign policy decisions. This work focused on the legitimate use of PMCs and armed contractors to support U.S. government and military operations.
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Richardson, Robert R. "Defense co-production : collaborative national defense /." Thesis, Monterey, Calif. : Springfield, Va. : Naval Postgraduate School ; Available from National Technical Information Service, 2005. http://library.nps.navy.mil/uhtbin/hyperion/05Jun%5FRichardson.pdf.

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Lye, Katy. "A dog eat dog world : the experiences of private security contractors working in Iraq." Thesis, University of London, 2009. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.542390.

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Coleman, Sarah Joy. "Stigma as a barrier to help seeking in private security contractors deployed to conflict zones." Thesis, King's College London (University of London), 2018. https://kclpure.kcl.ac.uk/portal/en/theses/stigma-as-a-barrier-to-help-seeking-in-private-security-contractors-deployed-to-conflict-zones(3975a18b-2af2-4ff6-96b9-12f47b28de2d).html.

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Background Stigma is an important and influential factor in the process of help seeking. Contrary to previous research on stigma and help seeking across populations (Clement, 2014), a recent systematic review of stigma as a barrier to help seeking within the Armed Forces (AF) (Sharp, 2015) found no association between stigma and help seeking. The contribution of qualitative literature in this area has largely been ignored, despite the value this research brings to our understanding of complex social constructs such as stigma. The aim of the current systematic review of qualitative studies was to identify appropriate literature, assess the quality and synthesis findings across studies regarding evidence of stigma related barriers and facilitators to help seeking within the AF. Method. A multi-database text word search incorporating searches of PsycINFO, MEDLINE, Social Policy and Practice, Social Work Abstracts, EMBASE, ERIC and EBM Review databases between 1980 to April 2015. In addition references of reviews and grey literature were also searched. Literature was quality assessed using the CASP tool. Thematic synthesis was conducted across the literature. Results The review identified 8 studies with 1012 participants meeting inclusion criteria. Five overarching themes were identified across the literature: 1) Non-disclosure 2) Individual beliefs about mental health, 3) Anticipated and personal experience of stigma 4) Career concerns and 5) Influencing stigma. Conclusions The findings from the current systematic review found that unlike inconsistent findings in quantitative literature, there was significant evidence regarding the relationship between stigma and help seeking for mental health difficulties within the AF. The study advocates for future refinement of measures to accurately capture the complexity of stigma and help seeking.
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Feldman, William Brand. "War and privatization : a moral theory of private protective agencies, militias, contractors, military firms, and mercenaries." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2011. http://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:843f0118-f6bd-419c-bf11-ce05a2ff43de.

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This thesis investigates the moral permissibility of military privatization. My analysis focuses on two distinct concepts: the authorization of war and the supply of war. Entities that authorize war decide that military force will be used and by whom; entities that supply war then execute the various tasks that have been authorized for performance. Part I argues that private actors may not justifiably authorize war. The reason is that, in so doing, they would impose considerable risks on individuals who lack a say in authorization—particularly fellow countrymen who may suffer from retaliatory military action—and we ought not to impose considerable risks on individuals who lack such a say. Public actors have a right, and indeed a duty, to prevent private actors from authorizing military force. Moreover, public actors have a further duty to authorize military force when their constituents are threatened. Part II then seeks to show that public actors who authorize military force may rely upon private contractors to an extent in military supply. Public actors may not rely upon private contractors to exercise command. The reason is that commanders must be able to punish their subordinates in intrusive ways (e.g. imprisonment) to ensure the prosecution of just wars. Such intrusive forms of punishment should only be dispensed by public actors. In addition, public actors may not rely upon private contractors to serve above commanders on the chain of command. Such high-ranking military officers exercise substantial political power over civilian decisions of military authorization and supply; moreover, these officers make weighty decisions in battle that substantially affect the well-being of others. Public actors, however, should be permitted to rely upon private contractors to serve below military commanders on the chain of command in rank-and-file military roles so long as these contractors are properly constrained and regulated.
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Larcher, Paul A. "A model for a contractor support agency." Thesis, Loughborough University, 2000. https://dspace.lboro.ac.uk/2134/7533.

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This thesis is concerned with the development of small scale contractors in developing countries. The global trend towards privatisation has led to an increasing interest in the use of the private sector for the construction of buildings and infrastructure. In developing countries large projects are typically undertaken by large foreign contractors however, there are few small scale contractors to undertake small construction projects or maintenance work. The first stage of the study investigated three issues pertinent to the small scale contracting sector: 1. The problems experienced by small scale contractors and the inter-relationship of these problems 2. Contractor development projects to identify their support mechanisms and assess their level of success 3. A review of the construction industry framework in developed and developing countries to highlight the problems caused by their different structures. The second stage of the study proposes the use of a Contractor Support Agency as the most appropriate support mechanism for the development of the indigenous contracting sector and outlines the roles and activities that should be undertaken by the agency. The Contractor Support Agency model is reviewed by experts in the sector and the analysis of the results presented in the thesis. The thesis concludes that the proposed model is broadly correct and discusses small modifications that can be made to enhance its suitability in a range of different situations.
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Danil, Linda Roland. "The Global War machine : the laws of war, state soldiers, private military and security contractors, and veterans." Thesis, University of Leeds, 2015. http://etheses.whiterose.ac.uk/12624/.

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This thesis examines and constructs a new narrative on the Global War on Terror through the theoretical lens of Deleuze and Guattari’s war machine, in order to demonstrate how certain ways of life are being privileged over others in the Middle East. The thesis sets out the ways in which such privileging is achieved through a range of practices that depend on particular workings of neoliberal capitalism, gender, sexuality, race, ethnicity, law and military power. The analysis is spatio-temporally focused on the 2001 war in Afghanistan and the 2003 invasion of Iraq. A number of case-studies based around the GWOT in the Middle East, as well as case-studies based around PTSD, are analyzed through Foucauldian and feminist post-structuralist discourse analysis, discourse theory, and a Derridean deconstructive approach. Further, this thesis utilizes Foucault’s monster and Derrida’s werewolf as theoretical prisms as a means to conceptualize and articulate the gaps, fissures, and shortcomings of specific laws governing the resort to the use of force in international law (as subsumed under the laws of armed conflict), international humanitarian law, and more broadly, law and the Symbolic. In so doing, it examines the liminal and ambiguous legal positions of States with regards to the use of force, state soldiers and private and military contractors in armed conflicts, as well as beyond with veterans and post-traumatic stress disorder. In analyzing the specific laws governing the resort to the use of force and international humanitarian law, a unique three-stage analysis was applied. This analysis begins by with examining the political aspects of law-making and law interpretation, before addressing the inherent instability of language through différance and a deconstructive reading. The last stage of the analysis draws upon Lacanian psychoanalysis to provide an in-depth explanation of the fundamental gap not just in law, but in the Symbolic generally. This thesis therefore contributes to critical security studies, critical military studies, and critical legal theory.
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Thompson, Nicholas J. "Relationship marketing and client trust toward contractors within the large private building sector of the UK construction industry." Thesis, Oxford Brookes University, 2003. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.404653.

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Books on the topic "Private contractors"

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Jezdimirovic Ranito, Jovana. Regulating US Private Security Contractors. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-11241-7.

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Shadow force: Private security contractors in Iraq. Westport, Conn: Praeger Security International, 2008.

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Kocel, Janusz, and Krzysztof Jodłowski. Private forestry contractors in Central and Eastern European countries. Warsaw: IBL, 2006.

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Kinsey, Christopher. The transformation of war: The rise of private contractors. Abu Dhabi: Emirates Center for Strategic Studies and Research, 2009.

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Kinsey, Christopher. The transformation of war: The rise of private contractors. Abu Dhabi: Emirates Center for Strategic Studies and Research, 2009.

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Carmola, Kateri. Private security contractors and new wars: Risk, law, and ethics. Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxon, [England]: Routledge, 2010.

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Private security contractors and new wars: Risk, law, and ethics. London: Routledge, 2010.

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Carmola, Kateri. Private security contractors and new wars: Risk, law, and ethics. London: Routledge, 2010.

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Latham, Peter. New Labour's US-style Executive Mayors: The Private Contractors' Panacea. 2nd ed. London: GMB, Labour Campaign for Open Local Government, Socialist Renewal, 2003.

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Kinsey, Christopher. Private contractors and the reconstruction of Iraq: Transforming military logistics. New York, NY: Routledge, 2009.

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Book chapters on the topic "Private contractors"

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Jezdimirovic Ranito, Jovana. "Introduction." In Regulating US Private Security Contractors, 1–22. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-11241-7_1.

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Jezdimirovic Ranito, Jovana. "How and Why We Must Care About Regulation?" In Regulating US Private Security Contractors, 23–64. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-11241-7_2.

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Jezdimirovic Ranito, Jovana. "Letting Go of Neoliberal Constraints: Learning from the Regulatory Process." In Regulating US Private Security Contractors, 65–95. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-11241-7_3.

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Jezdimirovic Ranito, Jovana. "Deconstructing Conventional Wisdom." In Regulating US Private Security Contractors, 97–161. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-11241-7_4.

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Jezdimirovic Ranito, Jovana. "Political, Bureaucratic, and Organizational Obstacles in Regulation of the PSCs." In Regulating US Private Security Contractors, 163–209. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-11241-7_5.

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Jezdimirovic Ranito, Jovana. "Conclusions." In Regulating US Private Security Contractors, 211–22. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-11241-7_6.

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White, Adam. "Private Military Contractors as Criminals/Victims." In The Palgrave Handbook of Criminology and War, 191–209. London: Palgrave Macmillan UK, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/978-1-137-43170-7_11.

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Malešević, Siniša. "From Mercenaries to Private Patriots: Nationalism and the Private Military Contractors." In The Sociology of Privatized Security, 45–66. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-98222-9_3.

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Phillips, Jonathan. "Mercenaries, Private Military Contractors, and Non-Traditional Forces." In A Companion to American Military History, 507–16. Oxford, UK: Wiley-Blackwell, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9781444315066.ch31.

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Gielink, Dirk, Maarten Buitenhuis, and René Moelker. "No Contractors on the Battlefield: The Dutch Military’s Reluctance to Outsource." In Private Military and Security Companies, 149–64. Wiesbaden: VS Verlag für Sozialwissenschaften, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-531-90313-2_10.

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Conference papers on the topic "Private contractors"

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Kosko, Nancy, Janet Gilman, and Debbie White. "Performance-Based Acquisition: A Tool to Reduce Costs and Improve Performance at US Army Environmental Remediation Sites." In The 11th International Conference on Environmental Remediation and Radioactive Waste Management. ASMEDC, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/icem2007-7050.

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The US Army, like most US federal and state environmental organizations, is faced with limited resources to conduct environmental work, an increasing workload, and challenges in achieving closeout of its environmental cleanup programs. In 2001, in an effort to incorporate proven private sector tools into federal cleanup programs, the Department of Defense (DoD) Business Initiative Council (BIC), initiated the use of Performance-Based Acquisition (PBA) for environmental cleanup. Since fiscal year 2000, the US Army Environmental Command (USAEC) has successfully awarded more than 55 performance-based contracts for environmental remediation. These contracts range in size from $500,000 to $52.4 million, and include closing properties (Base Realignment and Closure (BRAC)) and some of the US Army’s most complex active installations. The contracts address a range of activities including investigation through monitoring and site completion, as well as various technical challenges including dense non-aqueous phase liquids (DNAPL) in ground water, karst systems, munitions and explosives of concern, and biological agents. The contracts are most often firm-fixed price, and 50 percent of the contracts required contractors to purchase environmental insurance in the form of remediation stop loss insurance (also known as cleanup cost cap insurance). The USAEC has conducted continuous process improvement since inception of the initiative. This paper presents results of two studies that were conducted in 2005–2006 to determine what lessons learned can be applied to future activities and to measure performance of contractors currently executing work under the performance based contracts.
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Nagamatsu, Soichi, Kazuyuki Mizuhara, Yukio Matsuda, Akio Iwanaga, and Shoji Ishiwata. "Current Status of Industrial and Automotive Ceramic Gas Turbine R&D in Japan." In ASME 1991 International Gas Turbine and Aeroengine Congress and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 1991. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/91-gt-101.

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The current status of Japan’s national Ceramic Gas Turbines (CGTs) projects is overviewed. The Japanese Ministry of International Trade and Industry (MITI) is conducting two national R&D projects on CGT. These include a project on 300kW industrial CGTs for co-generation and mobile power generation use and a project on 100kW CGT for automotive use. The 300kW project was started in 1988, and is scheduled to develop three kinds of CGTs over nine years. The New Energy and Industrial Technology Development Organization (NEDO) is the main contractor, and three groups of private industries are sub contractors. Three national research institutes are involved in the project to conduct supportive research of ceramic materials and engine components. The 100kW project has started in 1990, and is scheduled to develop a single shaft automotive CGT over seven years. Petroleum Energy Center (PEC) and JARI are the main contractors with the cooperation of several petroleum and automotive companies. The goals for the two projects are 42% and higher for thermal efficiency at a turbine inlet temperature of 1350C. Such targets could not be achieved without applying high temperature ceramics to the engine components. Therefore many R&D objectives are directed towards developing the ceramic components which have a higher flexure strength and fracture toughness. Currently, 300kW base metal gas turbine engines are being developed to prove the design concepts. Blade shapes suitable to ceramics are being studied by the FEM method. Forming and manufacturing large components are also being studied, and some ceramics components have been successfully made.
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Boucher, Laurel. "Elements of a Strong and Healthy Interagency Partnership." In ASME 2013 15th International Conference on Environmental Remediation and Radioactive Waste Management. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/icem2013-96334.

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In an era of budget cuts and declining resources, an increased need exists for government agencies to develop formal and informal partnerships. Such partnerships are a means through which government agencies can use their resources to accomplish together what they cannot accomplish on their own. Interagency partnerships may involve multiple government agencies, private contractors, national laboratories, technology developers, public representatives, and other stakeholders. Four elements of strong and healthy interagency partnerships are presented as well as three needs that must be satisfied for the partnership to last. A diagnostic tool to measure the strength of these building blocks within an existing partnership is provided. Tools, techniques, and templates to develop these fundamental elements within a new partnership or to strengthen those within an already existing partnership are presented. This includes a comprehensive template for a partnership agreement along with practical suggestions as membership, operations, and decisions-making.
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Yang, Yang, and Albert P. C. Chan. "Driving factors and obstacles in adopting structural steel in Hong Kong: Case studies." In 12th international conference on ‘Advances in Steel-Concrete Composite Structures’ - ASCCS 2018. Valencia: Universitat Politècnica València, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.4995/asccs2018.2018.7984.

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The construction applications of structural steel mainly include super high-rise buildings and long-span structures. The advantages offered by structural steel to the construction sector and building environment have long been recognised, as evidenced by the increasing market share of structural steelwork in many marketplaces, but not in Hong Kong. The annual import quantity of fabricated steel structures in Hong Kong is 0.2 - 0.3 million tons, which indicates a low demand for structural steelwork in the local construction industry. This study aims to identify the major barriers and potential driving factors to the use of structural steel in Hong Kong. Interviews were conducted with a private developer, three main contractors, and two steel specialist contractors. These industry professionals offered four construction applications that addressed the major problems and driving factors for using steel-framed structures. The four cases included a Chinese opera centre, a swimming pool, a 24-story hotel, and a commercial building. These case studies reveal that steel-framed structures are adopted only for projects that have technical requirements. Otherwise, reinforced concrete structures are used because steel-framed structures are cost-efficient for super high-rise and long-span structures but not for normal types of buildings. The fast construction of structural steelwork can result in an early return on investment, which may outweigh the high construction cost. This advantage will be particularly significant for retail building projects with high land prices in Hong Kong. This study offers strategies for facilitating the fast construction of structural steelwork. If these strategies are implemented to resolve problems, then the application of steel-framed structures to many tall buildings in Hong Kong can be feasible.
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Vawter, R. Glenn. "Building the Yucca Mountain Repository." In ASME 2003 9th International Conference on Radioactive Waste Management and Environmental Remediation. ASMEDC, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/icem2003-4545.

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The U.S. Congress recently approved the Yucca Mountain Project in Nevada as the site for the nation’s high level nuclear waste repository. The Project now moves into the licensing, construction and operating phases. The question posed by this paper is what organization approach is best suited to carry out those functions as well as the affiliated transportation and waste acceptance activities? Currently the U.S. Department of Energy and its contractors are responsible for the implementation of the Project. Other alternatives include a government corporation, private industry, a different U.S. government agency, or a combination of the above? There are pros and cons to each approach. This paper will present pros and cons and discuss the implications of each alternative. It will also discuss experience from other similar endeavors around the world. The U.S Federal Administration will need to consider this important question to assure the success of the program, because it is so important to the energy and national security of the nation. And its success or failure will set a precedent for repository programs around the world.
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Priadi, S. N. "The Success of Managing Participating Interest (PI) in Cepu Block in Increasing Regional Revenue InEast Java." In Indonesian Petroleum Association 44th Annual Convention and Exhibition. Indonesian Petroleum Association, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.29118/ipa21-bc-99.

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The Cepu Block is one of the largest national oil and gas producers. State revenue from the oil and gas sector in the Cepu Block can also be used to increase revenue from oil and gas producing regions in East Java. This is based on PP. 35/2004 that regulates oil and gas contractors' obligations to offer 10% of Participating Interest (PI) to Regional-Owned Enterprises (BUMD). However, in reality, not all regions are ready to participate in PI financing due to regional financial limitations. PI of Cepu Block has been realized since 2009 where PT Petrogas Jawa Timur Utama Cendana (PJUC) became one of the four BUMD that assigned to manage the PI of 2.243% with share rights. Initially, PT Petrogas Jawa Timur Utama Cendana used the Public-Private Partnership (PPP) scheme with PT Raharja Energy Cepu (REC) as the initial capital for joining in Participating Interest (PI) of the Cepu Block. Thus, this paper will discuss PI management's success in the Cepu Block, starting from the preparation, procedures for bidding and transferring PIs to the formation of the BKS PI 10% Cepu Block. PJUC utilize part of the funds obtained from PI 10% to manage various business fields. With good management, PJUC has successfully gained USD 3.5 billion profit in 2020 and has successfully paid off its debts, and has become one of the BUMD with a large contribution of local revenue East Java Province. Having PJUC debt paid off, revenue in 2021 will reach around USD 13 billion. BUMD's exists to managing the Cepu Block oil and gas working area through the 10% of Participating Interest that provides an increase in regional revenue for East Java. It increases BUMD's knowledge in managing oil and gas blocks as a non-operator contractor. Then, Participating Interest can be creating transparency in lifting, reserves, and cost recovery. Besides, the regional-owned enterprise can also help facilitate or accelerate issuing permits needed in the regions and help implement cooperation contract activities in the areas.
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Lagos, Leonel E. "The DOE Fellows Program: A Workforce Development Initiative for the US Department of Energy." In ASME 2013 15th International Conference on Environmental Remediation and Radioactive Waste Management. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/icem2013-96089.

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The US Department of Energy Office of Environmental Management (DOE-EM) oversees one of the largest and most technically challenging cleanup programs in the world. The mission of DOE-EM is to complete the safe cleanup of the environmental legacy from five decades of nuclearweapons development and government-sponsored nuclear energy research. Since 1995, Florida International University’s Applied Research Center (FIU-ARC) has supported the DOE-EM mission and provided unique research capabilities to address some of these highly technical and difficult challenges. This partnership has allowed FIU-ARC to create a unique infrastructure that is critical for the training and mentoring of science, technology, engineering, and math (STEM) students and has exposed many STEM students to “hands-on” DOE-EM applied research, supervised by the scientists and engineers at ARC. As a result of this successful partnership between DOE and FIU, DOE requested FIU-ARC to create the DOE-FIU Science and Technology Workforce Development Initiative in 2007. This innovative program was established to create a “pipeline” of minority STEM students trained and mentored to enter DOE’s environmental cleanup workforce. The program was designed to help address DOE’s future workforce needs by partnering with academic, government and private companies (DOE contractors) to mentor future minority scientists and engineers in the research, development, and deployment of new technologies and processes addressing DOE’s environmental cleanup challenges. Since its inception in 2007, the program has trained and mentored 78 FIU STEM minority students. Although, the program has been in existence for only six years, a total of 75 internships have been conducted at DOE National Laboratories, DOE sites, DOE Headquarters and field offices, and DOE contractors. Over 100 DOE Fellows have participated in the Waste Management (WM) Symposia since 2008 with a total of 84 student posters and 7 oral presentations given at WM. The DOE Fellows participation at WM has resulted in three Best Student Poster Awards (WM09, WM10, and WM11) and one Best Professional Poster Award (WM09). DOE Fellows have also presented their research at ANS DD&R and ANS Robotics Topical meetings and this year two Fellows will present at the International Conference on Environmental Remediation and Radioactive Waste Management (ICEM13) in Brussels, Belgium. Moreover, several of our DOE Fellows have already obtained employment with DOE-EM, other federal agencies, DOE contractors, commercial nuclear power companies, and other STEM industry (GE, Boeing, Lockheed Martin, Johnson & Johnson, Beckman-Coulter, and other top companies). This paper will discuss how DOE Fellows program is training and mentoring FIU STEM students in Department of Energy’s Office of Environmental Management technical challenges and research. This training and mentoring has resulted in the development of well-trained and polished young scientists and engineers that will become the future workforce in charge of carrying on DOE-EM’s environmental cleanup mission. The paper will showcase FIU’s DOE Fellows model and highlight some of the applied research the DOE Fellows have conducted at FIU’s Applied Research Center and across the DOE Complex by participating in summer internship assignments.
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Almedallah, Mohammed K., Naif J. Alqahtani, and Stuart D. C. Walsh. "A Consortium Blockchain for Smart Contracts in Oil and Gas Projects." In International Petroleum Technology Conference. IPTC, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.2523/iptc-22115-ms.

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Abstract The task of managing petroleum projects is often cumbersome and complex, as these projects involve a vast number of activities that are often conducted in remote and potentially dispersed locations. In addition, petroleum projects must reconcile the many transactions that occur between multiple stakeholders, including the developer and their contractors. Due to this nature of business, projects are subject to fraudulent activity, cyber-attacks and lost time. To alleviate these issues, this paper presents a Proof-of-Work (PoW) consortium blockchain that executes and tracks oil and gas project tasks, while providing secured and transparent documentation and time stamping for all the project activities. Historically, many companies have worked on technologies to improve scheduling and project management by implementing intelligent and digitized information system solutions. Yet, these solutions require a centralized entity to monitor the activities - leading to errors and fraud. The approach adopted here overcomes these limitations by suggesting a smart contract decentralized blockchain that can solve many of the problems preventing management efficiency. The process utilizes a web-based framework that scans record tamper-evident transactions based on peer-to-peer network involving the developer and the contractor machines. The approach also creates a web interface to allow stakeholders to interact with the blockchain and store schedule updates and completion certificates. As there is no paperwork to process, and no time wasted on reconciling errors associated with filing these documents, the proposed application demonstrates a promising tool to improve speed, efficiency, and accuracy. It can enforce the contract conditions and manage the tracking of complex oil and gas activities. Employees within the developer and contractor companies can record a transaction in the network and ensure that the data within the block is not tampered with and contain a secured timestamp. The record is stored in the multiple machines available in the network and serves as a digital signature for each activity completed in the project. However, because the network is open to all stakeholders, the process requires regulation to prevent adverse events, such as members posting without restrictions. To overcome this limitation, each member is required to have a public and private key to post in the application. The paper also discusses other potential limitations to this approach to project management, and strategies that can be employed to make this use of blockchain technology viable in commercial settings. Because the data stored in the proposed blockchain is immutable, secured, and transparent, the blockchain application has the potential to transform the traditional process by tracking and digitally time-stamping all the project deliverables required by the stakeholders involved. Nevertheless, the paper argues that there are several technical, security and legal limitations needed to be addressed before having the application as mainstream.
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Lombardi, Michael. "The Reach and Impact of the Remote Frequency and Time Calibration Program at NIST." In NCSL International Workshop & Symposium. NCSL International, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.51843/wsproceedings.2018.15.

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>For more than three decades, the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) has offered and provided remote frequency and time calibration services that continuously measure and calibrate a customer’s primary frequency and/or time standard. These services differ from the typical calibration model in at least two important respects. The first is that the device under test remains at the customer’s facility. NIST provides equipment to the customer that calibrates the device, records the measurements, and returns the results to NIST via a network connection. The second is that the measurements are continuous, with new results recorded 24 hours per day, 7 days a week. This allows customer to continuously establish traceability to the International System (SI) through UTC(NIST), the national standard for frequency and time, without ever disturbing or transporting their standard. In addition, the reported measurement uncertainties offered by these services are small enough to meet the requirements of nearly any potential customer. The NIST services not only help support calibration and metrology laboratories, but also benefit a wide variety of organizations in both the public and private sectors; including the U.S. military, U.S. government agencies and research laboratories, defense contractors, the aerospace industry, the energy industry, telecommunications providers, electronics and instrument manufacturers, and financial markets and stock exchanges. This paper describes the reach and impact of the NIST remote frequency and time calibration services. It does so by looking at the history of the services, how they work, their calibration and measurement capabilities, their quality management system, and the metrological requirements of the customers that they serve.
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Parekh, Harsukh, and Vipin Chandra Sati. "Pipelines Industry in India: Recent Developments and Future Requirements." In 2002 4th International Pipeline Conference. ASMEDC, 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/ipc2002-27019.

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The consumption of petroleum products in India has been growing at a high rate. In order to meet the growing demand for petroleum, additional refining capacity is planned to be created involving augmentation of some of the existing refineries and construction of new refineries. While the refineries will be in a position to meet the demand of petroleum products, the critical and vital issue will be to supply crude oil to the refineries and to reach the products to various consumption centers in an efficient, reliable and cost effective manner. In addition to the liquid petroleum, Natural Gas is emerging as the major source of energy/feedstock. Infrastructure for storage and transportation of Natural Gas are also required to be set up in a big way to meet the projected demand. This can best be done by constructing new pipelines which are recognized worldwide as the most reliable and cost effective mode of transportation of oil and gas. In addition to the requirement for new pipelines, there is a need for upgradation of technology in the existing cross-country pipelines, many of which are more than 20 years old. Moreover, Indian Government has, as part of the process of liberalisation of the economy through a series of measures focused on the infrastructural developments, technology upgradation, trade policies and financial reforms, has opened the core sector of Petroleum to private investment. Thus, considerable scope exists not only for consultants, equipment and material manufacturers/suppliers and contractors for providing their services but also for making investments in the Indian pipeline industry. This paper describes the prospects/opportunities in the Indian pipeline industry.
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Reports on the topic "Private contractors"

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Towery, Bobby A. Phasing Out Private Security Contractors in Iraq. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, March 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada449415.

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Brown, Charles W. Control of Private Security Contractors by the Joint Force Commander. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, April 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada483966.

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Warren, David R., Michael A. Bianco, Waheed Nasser, Richard R. Kusman, James Shafer, Jason Venner, Lovell Q. Walls, and Samson J. Wright. Agencies Need Improved Financial Data Reporting for Private Security Contractors. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, October 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada489769.

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Shouse, Michael J. Private Security Contractors: A Way of Combating Piracy in the Horn of Africa. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, May 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada612158.

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Sherard, Scott H. Command and Control of Private Security Contractors: Are They a Viable Force Option for the Combatant Commander? Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, October 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada494291.

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Finkelshtain, Israel, and Tigran Melkonyan. The economics of contracts in the US and Israel agricultures. United States Department of Agriculture, February 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2008.7695590.bard.

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Research Objectives 1) Reviewing the rich economic literature on contracting and agricultural contracting; 2) Conducting a descriptive comparative study of actual contracting patterns in the U.S. and Israeli agricultural sectors; 3) Theoretical analysis of division of assets ownership, authority allocation and incentives in agricultural production contracts; 4) Theoretical analysis of strategic noncompetitive choice of agricultural production and marketing contracts, 5) Empirical studies of contracting in agricultural sectors of US and Israel, among them the broiler industry, the citrus industry and sugar beet sector. Background Recent decades have witnessed a world-wide increase in the use of agricultural contracts. In both the U.S. and Israel, contracts have become an integral part of production and marketing of many crops, fruits, vegetables and livestock commodities. The increased use of agricultural contracts raises a number of important economic policy questions regarding the optimal design of contracts and their determinants. Even though economists have made a substantial progress in understanding these issues, the theory of contracts and an empirical methodology to analyze contracts are still evolving. Moreover, there is an enormous need for empirical research of contractual relationships. Conclusions In both U.S. and Israel, contracts have become an integral part of production and marketing of many agricultural commodities. In the U.S. more than 40% of the value of agricultural production occurred under either marketing or production contracts. The use of agricultural contracts in Israel is also ubiquitous and reaches close to 60% of the value of agricultural production. In Israel we have found strategic considerations to play a dominant role in the choice of agricultural contracts and may lead to noncompetitive conduct and reduced welfare. In particular, the driving force, leading to consignment based contracts is the strategic effect. Moreover, an increase in the number of contractors will lead to changes in the terms of the contract, an increased competition and payment to farmers and economic surplus. We found that while large integrations lead to more efficient production, they also exploit local monopsonistic power. For the U.S, we have studied in more detail the choice of contract type and factors that affect contracts such as the level of informational asymmetry, the authority structure, and the available quality measurement technology. We have found that assets ownership and decision rights are complements of high-powered incentives. We have also found that the optimal allocation of decision rights, asset ownership and incentives is influenced by: variance of systemic and idiosyncratic shocks, importance (variance) of the parties’ private information, parameters of the production technology, the extent of competition in the upstream and downstream industries. Implications The primary implication of this project is that the use of agricultural production and marketing contracts is growing in both the US and Israeli agricultural sectors, while many important economic policy questions are still open and require further theoretical and empirical research. Moreover, actual contracts that are prevailing in various agricultural sectors seems to be less than optimal and, hence, additional efforts are required to transfer the huge academic know-how in this area to the practitioners. We also found evidence for exploitation of market powers by contactors in various agricultural sectors. This may call for government regulations in the anti-trust area. Another important implication of this project is that in addition to explicit contracts economic outcomes resulting from the interactions between growers and agricultural intermediaries depend on a number of other factors including allocation of decision and ownership rights and implicit contracting. We have developed models to study the interactions between explicit contracts, decision rights, ownership structure, and implicit contracts. These models have been applied to study contractual arrangements in California agriculture and the North American sugarbeet industry.
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Prats, Joan, Helen Harris, and Juan Andrés Pérez. Political Determinants of Public-Private Partnerships. Inter-American Development Bank, September 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0003619.

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During the last three decades, Public Private Partnerships (PPPs) have emerged as a new contractual arrangement to provide infrastructure investment and services. Examining the evolution of PPPs contracts in emerging countries, this paper analyses the role played by political institutions and partisanship showing that: (i) PPPs are more used when governmental and legislative transaction costs increase; and (ii) political partisanship does not explain the use and consolidation of PPPs as a contractual arrangement. The paper also confirms the relevance of macroeconomic and institutional quality variability variables found in previous literature and sheds new light regarding the political economy of PPPs, especially on how political governance structures shape incentives for using PPPs as a contractual mechanism.
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Gorton, Gary. The Enforceability of Private Money Contracts, Market Efficiency, and Technological Change. Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research, March 1991. http://dx.doi.org/10.3386/w3645.

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San Miguel, Joseph G., and Donald E. Summers. Using Public-Private Partnerships and Energy Savings Contracts to Fund DoD Mobile Assets. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, September 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada459747.

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Lichtenberg, Frank. Private Investment in R&D to Signal Ability to Perform Government Contracts. Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research, July 1986. http://dx.doi.org/10.3386/w1974.

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