Relevant bibliographies by topics / Private autonomous vehicles

Academic literature on the topic 'Private autonomous vehicles'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 10 December 2022
Last updated: 28 January 2023

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Journal articles on the topic "Private autonomous vehicles"

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Feys, Manon, Evy Rombaut, and Lieselot Vanhaverbeke. "Does a Test Ride Influence Attitude towards Autonomous Vehicles? A Field Experiment with Pretest and Posttest Measurement." Sustainability 13, no. 10 (May 12, 2021): 5387. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su13105387.

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Autonomous vehicles have the potential to disrupt the mobility system. Therefore, it is important to understand attitude formation towards autonomous vehicles. The focus of this study is on the private user’s technology acceptance of an autonomous vehicle. The study applies the determinants of technology acceptance to capture users’ attitude towards and intention to adopt autonomous vehicles. A field experiment with 27 participants was conducted to assess changes in determinants before and after a test ride with a level 2 automated vehicle. The automated vehicle was equipped with technology that allowed a hands-off, feet-off experience on a public road in real traffic. The results show that a ride has a positive and significant effect on attitudes towards autonomous vehicles. Additionally, participants with higher ratings of technology anxiety show a remarkable increase in attitude towards autonomous vehicles after the ride compared to participants with lower levels of technology anxiety. These findings indicate that experience with a partially automated vehicle has a potentially positive effect on the acceptance of autonomous vehicles. As such, our study illustrates the importance of continuous pilot testing with private automated vehicles to increase future user acceptance of autonomous vehicles.
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Schlenther, Tilmann, Kai Martins-Turner, Joschka Felix Bischoff, and Kai Nagel. "Potential of Private Autonomous Vehicles for Parcel Delivery." Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board 2674, no. 11 (September 10, 2020): 520–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0361198120949878.

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Using the same vehicles for both passenger and freight transport, to increase vehicle occupancy and decrease their number, is an idea that drives transport planners and is also being addressed by manufacturers. This paper proposes a methodology to simulate the behavior of such vehicles within an urban traffic system and evaluate their performance. The aim is to investigate the impacts of resignation from fleet ownership by a transport service company (TSC) operating on a city-wide scale. In the simulation, the service provider hires private autonomous cars for tour performance. Based on assumptions concerning the operation of such vehicles and TSCs, the software Multi-Agent Transport Simulation (MATSim) is extended to model vehicle and operator behavior. The proposed framework is applied to a case study of a parcel delivery service in Berlin serving a synthetic parcel demand. Results suggest that the vehicle miles traveled for freight purposes increase because of additional access and egress trips. Moreover, the number of vehicles en route is higher throughout the day. The lowering of driver costs can reduce the costs of the operator by approximately 74.5%. If the service provider additionally considers the resignation from fleet ownership, it might lower the operation cost by another 10%, not taking into account the costs of system transfer or risks like vehicle non-availability. From an economic perspective, the reduction of the overall number of vehicles in the system seems to be beneficial.
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Moreno, Ana T., Andrzej Michalski, Carlos Llorca, and Rolf Moeckel. "Shared Autonomous Vehicles Effect on Vehicle-Km Traveled and Average Trip Duration." Journal of Advanced Transportation 2018 (2018): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2018/8969353.

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Intermediate modes of transport, such as shared vehicles or ride sharing, are starting to increase their market share at the expense of traditional modes of car, public transport, and taxi. In the advent of autonomous vehicles, single occupancy shared vehicles are expected to substitute at least in part private conventional vehicle trips. The objective of this paper is to estimate the impact of shared autonomous vehicles on average trip duration and vehicle-km traveled in a large metropolitan area. A stated preference online survey was designed to gather data on the willingness to use shared autonomous vehicles. Then, commute trips and home-based other trips were generated microscopically for a synthetic population in the greater Munich metropolitan area. Individuals who traveled by auto were selected to switch from a conventional vehicle to a shared autonomous vehicle subject to their willingness to use them. The effect of shared autonomous vehicles on urban mobility was assessed through traffic simulations in MATSim with a varying autonomous taxi fleet size. The results indicated that the total traveled distance increased by up to 8% after autonomous fleets were introduced. Current travel demand can still be satisfied with an acceptable waiting time when 10 conventional vehicles are replaced with 4 shared autonomous vehicles.
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Obaid, Mohammed, Arpad Torok, and Jairo Ortega. "A Comprehensive Emissions Model Combining Autonomous Vehicles with Park and Ride and Electric Vehicle Transportation Policies." Sustainability 13, no. 9 (April 22, 2021): 4653. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su13094653.

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Several transport policies reduce pollution levels caused by private vehicles by introducing autonomous or electric vehicles and encouraging mode shift from private to public transport through park and ride (P&R) facilities. However, combining the policies of introducing autonomous vehicles with the implementation of electric vehicles and using the P&R system could amplify the decrease of transport sector emissions. The COPERT software has been used to calculate the emissions. This article aims to study these policies and determine which combinations can better reduce pollution. The result shows that each combination of autonomous vehicles reduces pollution to different degrees. In conclusion, the shift to more sustainable transport modes through autonomous electric vehicles and P&R systems reduces pollution in the urban environment to a higher percentage. In contrast, the combination of autonomous vehicles has lower emission reduction but is easier to implement with the currently available infrastructure.
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Obaid, Mohammed, and Arpad Torok. "Macroscopic Traffic Simulation of Autonomous Vehicle Effects." Vehicles 3, no. 2 (April 29, 2021): 187–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/vehicles3020012.

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The increasing worldwide demand on urban road transportation systems requires more restrictive measures and policies to reduce congestion, time delay and pollution. Autonomous vehicle mobility services, both shared and private, are possibly a good step towards a better road transportation future. This article aims to study the expected impact of private autonomous vehicles on road traffic parameters from a macroscopic level. The proposed methodology focuses on finding the different effects of different combinations of autonomous vehicle penetration and Passenger Car Units (PCU) on the chosen road traffic model. Four parameters are studied: traveled daily kilometers, daily hours, total daily delay and average network speed. The analysis improves the four parameters differently by implementing autonomous vehicles. The parameter total delay has the most significant reduction. Finally, several mathematical models are developed for the percentage of improvement for each chosen parameter.
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Guo, Hao, Yao Chen, and Yang Liu. "Shared autonomous vehicle management considering competition with human-driven private vehicles." Transportation Research Part C: Emerging Technologies 136 (March 2022): 103547. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.trc.2021.103547.

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Tan, Limin, Changxi Ma, Xuecai Xu, and Jin Xu. "Choice Behavior of Autonomous Vehicles Based on Logistic Models." Sustainability 12, no. 1 (December 19, 2019): 54. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su12010054.

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To understand the public’s acceptance of autonomous vehicles, studies were conducted from the perspectives of personal attributes, travel demand and cognitions of autonomous vehicles based on 403 valid questionnaires. Influencing factors of whether travelers are purchasing autonomous vehicles, whether travelers without a driver’s license intend to take a driver’s license in the future and whether travelers are choosing an autonomous private car if travelers can only take a taxi or drive a private car are analyzed by building Logistic regression models. The results show that personal monthly income, driver’s license, driving confidence, preference for autonomous vehicles and convenience of arriving at public transport stations will affect the purchase decision of autonomous vehicles; teenagers, long-distance travelers, students and employees of enterprises and institutions, those who believe that traditional taxis/taxi-hailing are unsafe, and those who lack confidence in driving have a higher probability of choosing autonomous vehicles. This research can be used to predict the probability of future purchase and use decisions for autonomous vehicles based on data from other populations.
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Polydoropoulou, Amalia, Ioannis Tsouros, Nikolas Thomopoulos, Cristina Pronello, Arnór Elvarsson, Haraldur Sigþórsson, Nima Dadashzadeh, et al. "Who Is Willing to Share Their AV? Insights about Gender Differences among Seven Countries." Sustainability 13, no. 9 (April 23, 2021): 4769. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su13094769.

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The introduction of shared autonomous vehicles into the transport system is suggested to bring significant impacts on traffic conditions, road safety and emissions, as well as overall reshaping travel behaviour. Compared with a private autonomous vehicle, a shared automated vehicle (SAV) is associated with different willingness-to-adopt and willingness-to-pay characteristics. An important aspect of future SAV adoption is the presence of other passengers in the SAV—often people unknown to the cotravellers. This study presents a cross-country exploration of user preferences and WTP calculations regarding mode choice between a private non-autonomous vehicle, and private and shared autonomous vehicles. To explore user preferences, the study launched a survey in seven European countries, including a stated-preference experiment of user choices. To model and quantify the effect of travel mode attributes and socio-demographic characteristics, the study employs a mixed logit model. The model results were the basis for calculating willingness-to-pay values for all countries and travel modes, and provide insight into the significant heterogeneous, gender-wise effect of cotravellers in the choice to use an SAV. The study results highlight the importance of analysis of the effect of SAV attributes and shared-ride conditions on the future acceptance and adoption rates of such services.
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Metz, David. "Developing Policy for Urban Autonomous Vehicles: Impact on Congestion." Urban Science 2, no. 2 (April 13, 2018): 33. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/urbansci2020033.

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An important problem for surface transport is road traffic congestion, which is ubiquitous and difficult to mitigate. Accordingly, a question for policymakers is the possible impact on congestion of autonomous vehicles. It seems likely that the main impact of vehicle automation will not be seen until driverless vehicles are sufficiently safe for use amid general traffic on urban streets. Shared use driverless vehicles could reduce the cost of taxis and a wider range of public transport vehicles could be economic. Individually owned autonomous vehicles would have the ability to travel unoccupied and may need to be regulated where this might add to congestion. It is possible that autonomous vehicles could provide mobility services at lower cost and wider scope, such that private car use in urban areas could decline and congestion reduce. City authorities should be alert to these possibilities in developing transport policy.
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Zhang, Wenwen, Subhrajit Guhathakurta, and Elias B. Khalil. "The impact of private autonomous vehicles on vehicle ownership and unoccupied VMT generation." Transportation Research Part C: Emerging Technologies 90 (May 2018): 156–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.trc.2018.03.005.

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Books on the topic "Private autonomous vehicles"

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Jenkins, Ryan, David Cerny, and Tomas Hribek, eds. Autonomous Vehicle Ethics. Oxford University PressNew York, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780197639191.001.0001.

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Abstract “A runaway trolley is speeding down a track . . .” So begins what is perhaps the most fecund thought experiment of the past several decades since its invention by Philippa Foot. Since then, moral philosophers have applied the “trolley problem” as a thought experiment to study many different ethical conflicts—and chief among them is the programming of autonomous vehicles (AVs). Nowadays, however, very few philosophers accept that the trolley problem is a perfect analogy for driverless cars or that the situations AVs face will resemble the forced choice of the unlucky bystander in the original thought experiment. This book represents a substantial and purposeful effort to move the academic discussion beyond the trolley problem to the broader ethical, legal, and social implications that AVs present. There are still urgent questions waiting to be addressed, for example: how AVs might interact with human drivers in mixed or “hybrid” traffic environments; how AVs might reshape our urban landscapes; what unique security or privacy concerns are raised by AVs as connected devices in the “Internet of Things”; how the benefits and burdens of this new technology, including mobility, traffic congestion, and pollution, will be distributed throughout society; and more. This book is an attempt to map the landscape of these next-generation questions and to suggest preliminary answers, with input from the disciplines of philosophy, sociology, economics, urban planning and transportation engineering, business ethics, and more, and represents a worldwide variety of perspectives.
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Sincavage, Dr Suzanne, Dr Hans C. Mumm, Wayne Lonstein, CPT John Paul Hood, Randall Mai, Dr Mark Jackson, Mike Monnik, et al. DRONE DELIVERY OF CBNRECy – DEW WEAPONS Emerging Threats of Mini-Weapons of Mass Destruction and Disruption ( WMDD). Edited by Randall K. Nichols. New Prairie Press Open Book Publishing, 2022.

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Book chapters on the topic "Private autonomous vehicles"

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Trommer, Stefan, Lars Kröger, and Tobias Kuhnimhof. "Potential Fleet Size of Private Autonomous Vehicles in Germany and the US." In Road Vehicle Automation 4, 247–56. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-60934-8_20.

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Pype, Patrick, Gerardo Daalderop, Eva Schulz-Kamm, Eckhard Walters, and Maximilian von Grafenstein. "Privacy and Security in Autonomous Vehicles." In Automated Driving, 17–27. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-31895-0_2.

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Kim, Shiho, and Rakesh Shrestha. "Security and Privacy in Intelligent Autonomous Vehicles." In Automotive Cyber Security, 35–66. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-15-8053-6_3.

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Nair, Meghna Manoj, and Amit Kumar Tyagi. "Preserving Privacy Using Blockchain Technology in Autonomous Vehicles." In Proceedings of International Conference on Network Security and Blockchain Technology, 237–48. Singapore: Springer Nature Singapore, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-19-3182-6_19.

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Muthurajkumar, S., C. Ajay Karthikeyan, K. Pradeep, and A. Hariharan. "Privacy-Preserving Dynamic Task Scheduling for Autonomous Vehicles." In Algorithms for Intelligent Systems, 669–84. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-16-6332-1_55.

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Ayaz, Ferheen, Zhengguo Sheng, Daxin Tian, and Victor C. M. Leung. "Blockchain-Enabled Security and Privacy for Internet-of-Vehicles." In Internet of Vehicles and its Applications in Autonomous Driving, 123–48. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-46335-9_9.

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Fang, Ziyan, Weijun Zhang, Zongfei Li, Huaao Tang, Hao Han, and Fengyuan Xu. "Revisiting Attacks and Defenses in Connected and Autonomous Vehicles." In Security, Privacy, and Anonymity in Computation, Communication, and Storage, 104–17. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-68851-6_7.

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Chopra, Rakesh Kumar, and Abhijeet Srivastava. "Legal Issues Surrounding Cyber Security and Privacy on Automated Vehicle." In Autonomous Driving and Advanced Driver-Assistance Systems (ADAS), 359–80. Boca Raton: CRC Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9781003048381-18.

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Hamadneh, Jamil, and Domokos Esztergár-Kiss. "Modeling Multitasking Onboard of Privately-Used Autonomous Vehicle and Public Transport." In Intelligent Solutions for Cities and Mobility of the Future, 85–100. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-91156-0_7.

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Ngo, Tu Anh, Reuben Jon Chia, Jonathan Chan, Nandish Chattopadhyay, and Anupam Chattopadhyay. "How Many Cameras Do You Need? Adversarial Attacks and Countermeasures for Robust Perception in Autonomous Vehicles." In Security, Privacy, and Applied Cryptography Engineering, 249–63. Cham: Springer Nature Switzerland, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-22829-2_14.

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Conference papers on the topic "Private autonomous vehicles"

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Bezai, Nacer-Eddine, Benachir Medjdoub, Fodil Fadli, Moulay Larby Chalal, and Amin Al-Hbeibeh. "Autonomous vehicles and smart cities: future directions of ownership vs shared mobility." In Post-Oil City Planning for Urban Green Deals Virtual Congress. ISOCARP, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.47472/pqrn8660.

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Over the last decade, there has been increasing discussions about self-driving cars and how most auto-makers are racing to launch these products. However, this discourse is not limited to transportation only, but how such vehicles will affect other industries and specific aspects of our daily lives as future users such as the concept of work while being driven and productivity, entertainment, travel speed, and deliveries. Although these technologies are beneficial, access to these potentials depends on the behaviour of their users. There is a lack of a conceptual model that elucidate the acceptance of people to Self-driving cars. Service on-demand and shared mobility are the most critical factors that will ensure the successful adoption of these cars. This paper presents an analysis of public opinions in Nottingham, UK, through a questionnaire about the future of Autonomous vehicles' ownership and the extent to which they accept the idea of vehicle sharing. Besides, this paper tests two hypotheses. Firstly, (a) people who usually use Public transportation like (taxi, bus, tram, train, carpooling) are likely to share an Autonomous Vehicle in the future. Secondly, (b) people who use Private cars are expected to own an Autonomous Vehicle in the future. To achieve this aim, a combination of statistical methods such as logistic regression has been utilised. Unexpectedly, the study findings suggested that AVs ownership will increase contrary to what is expected, that Autonomous vehicles will reduce ownership. Besides, participants have shown low interest in sharing AVs. Therefore, it is likely that ownership of AVs will increase for several reasons as expressed by the participants such as safety, privacy, personal space, suitability to children and availability. Actions must be taken to promote shared mobility to avoid AVs possession growth. The ownership diminution, in turn, will reduce traffic congestion, energy and transport efficiency, better air quality. That is why analysing the factors that influence the mindset and attitude of people will enable us to understand how to shift from private cars to transport-on-demand, which is a priority rather than promoting the technology.
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Jalowiczor, Jakub, Erik Gresak, Filip Rezac, Jan Rozhon, and Jakub Safarik. "Development and deployment of the main parts of LoRaWAN private network." In Autonomous Systems: Sensors, Processing and Security for Vehicles & Infrastructure 2019, edited by Michael C. Dudzik and Jennifer C. Ricklin. SPIE, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.2518225.

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Zhang, Zhuoye, Fangni Zhang, and Wei Liu. "Modeling the Joint Network Equilibrium with Private and Shared Autonomous Vehicles." In 22nd COTA International Conference of Transportation Professionals. Reston, VA: American Society of Civil Engineers, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/9780784484265.252.

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K, Guruprasad, Dr Nageswara Guptha M, and Dr Hema S. "Peer to Peer Communication Between the Autonomous Vehicles Using Virtual Private Network." In Proceedings of the First International Conference on Computing, Communication and Control System, I3CAC 2021, 7-8 June 2021, Bharath University, Chennai, India. EAI, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.4108/eai.7-6-2021.2308857.

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Auld, Joshua A., Felipe de Souza, Annesha Enam, Mahmoud Javanmardi, Monique Stinson, Omer Verbas, and Aymeric Rousseau. "Exploring the mobility and energy implications of shared versus private autonomous vehicles*." In 2019 IEEE Intelligent Transportation Systems Conference - ITSC. IEEE, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/itsc.2019.8917125.

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Manoeva, Devina, Sigrid Salzer, and Stephan Schmidt. "An investigation into design engineering aspects of a shared autonomous micro vehicle concept." In 13th International Conference on Applied Human Factors and Ergonomics (AHFE 2022). AHFE International, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.54941/ahfe1002491.

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Future transport will require fundamental changes if we are to tackle the climate crisis efficiently. Autonomous vehicles could play a crucial role as alternatives for private cars without hindering basic individual transport needs. That is especially true for the first and last mile, which is not covered by the public transport network. The scientific project AuRa (“Autonomes Rad”, engl. autonomous bicycle) comes in here. It develops a use case in which an electrified three-wheeled cargo bike will become an on-demand, shared autonomous vehicle for the city. The present work in progress focuses on the development of a user-centered design for such a vehicle. Recently, there has been a growing interest to illustrate the potential early involvement of future users can have on the successful introduction of new products. A better understanding of user needs, behavior, and expectations could inform de-signers and enable them to develop products that better correspond with the true needs of users. For the investigation into design engineering aspects of the future concept, a qualitative method was selected. A series of moderated discussions (focus groups) were conducted with potential users. The main goal was to investigate features regarding safety, comfort, personalization, and interaction, which enable comfortable usage for the user and might increase the acceptance of the vehicle. The results were used to inform engineering designers and support the further development of the next prototype of the autonomous cargo bike.
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Yan, Ming, Lucia Rosa Elena Rampino, Caruso Giandomenico, and Huimin Zhao. "Implications of Human-Machine Interface for Inclusive Shared Autonomous Vehicles." In 13th International Conference on Applied Human Factors and Ergonomics (AHFE 2022). AHFE International, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.54941/ahfe1002488.

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Autonomous Vehicles (AVs), also known as self-driving cars, driverless cars, or robot cars, can perceive their environment and drive safely with little or no human inputs. Under the support of engineering, information science, anthropology, AVs have developed rapidly at the technical level, demonstrating to reduce human error operations and lessening road usage to save time. In the future, users will always be more released from driving tasks Self-driving vehicles can be more advantageous and feasible in public transportation than in private ones. Therefore, shared buses and logistics vehicles have been trial operation in various countries nowadays. Moreover, this technology will enable road traffic for people who cannot drive due to various physical and cognitive impairments. Therefore, inclusivity is often cited as one of the main reasons for promoting user acceptance of this technology, and it is fundamental in its application. Inclusive design can be achieved by identifying and addressing as many barriers to the Human-Machine Interface (HMI) as possible, focusing on human factors inside and outside the self-driving vehicle. It can enable groups with different needs to interact comfortably with the AVs and the traffic environment. Specifically, within a shared autonomous vehicle, we focus on transferring vehicle control between multiple users, reducing human error, and improving system availability. In addition, for many non-driving-related tasks (NDRT) derived from the gradual improvement of autonomous driving, the design of interactive devices and processes suitable for different groups and their cognition, the usability and comfort of the system will be improved, as well as the user experience. Concerning the scenes outside the vehicle, the impact of different types of external HMIs on the user experience of other user groups (e.g., young, old, cognitive, or physical disabilities, Etc.) attracted more attention from scholars. At the same time, communication channels and interfaces established between users and AVs will become more prominent on an inclusive basis. Consequently, HMI is essential for functional and inclusive driving automation, guaranteeing an efficient and satisfactory interaction between the automated system and different users.This paper provides an overview of the HMI challenges in shared driving automation from an inclusive design perspective, summarizing existing research on the role of HMIs in shared autonomous vehicles. The authors identified the fundamental changes in the way the user interacts with the car in shared autonomous vehicles using a systematic literature review including the following four steps: 1) identification of purposes and research questions of the literature review 2) definition of a literature search strategy by identifying a combination of sequential and iterative search queries; 3) analyze the retrieved articles compiling a concept matrix for each of them. As a result, relevant literature related to the research topic was selected; 4) identifying research gaps and inconsistent research results to make tacit domain meta-knowledge explicit. The paper will contain the analysis and discussion of the obtained data. Finally, the paper will discuss the future challenges for promoting a deeper exploration of inclusivity of HMIs for autonomous vehicles, also proposing the research avenues practical to increase the user's acceptance of this technology.
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Princz-Jakovics, Tibor, and István Kovács. "Innovative solutions for shared E-taxi services in a green and efficient urban transport system." In 7th International Conference on Road and Rail Infrastructure. University of Zagreb Faculty of Civil Engineering, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.5592/co/cetra.2022.1449.

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The aim of this article is to map the existing and potential solutions to achieve more innovative solutions for shared e-taxi services. As the role of mobility continues to grow, innovative means of transport need to be developed in order to reduce the number of private cars, while maximising safety. The authors collected the relevant national and European Union policies, incentives, strategies, and trends for shared electromobility. Such alternative solutions are going to be used through highly automated transport devices. Firstly, the currently available (e-) car-sharing systems and electric taxi services were compared based on different characteristics and features (efficiency, sustainability, costs etc.). One of the included examples was the TX electric taxi vehicle produced by the London Electric Vehicle Company (LEVC). Interviews with experts were conducted to determine initial experiences and to forecast the possible market share of e-taxis. The operational costs and CO2 emission savings as a comparison of traditional and electric taxis were calculated as part of this article. Beyond the present solutions, it is important to examine the options for the coming decades, as humanity will need to make a much greater effort than it has done so far to achieve transport-related plans and climate protection goals. In this context, the authors are looking at connected electric self-driving and the first stages of it. It can be assumed that with the spread of advanced self-driving technology the transport sector as well as other areas of life will change radically, and humanity needs to prepare for this global transformation. This change will bring new opportunities; the future of transportation will be about autonomous vehicles. The authors compile a systematic overview of such innovative technologies with complex effects to explore their opportunities and threats. Finally, the authors aim to provide a summary about the conditions for the use of innovative technologies in autonomous vehicles.
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Meinert, Tobias, Mauricio Chaves-Vargas, David Bierbüsse, Eduard Heidebrecht, Renato Negra Renato Negra, and Kai-Uwe Schröder. "upBUS – Electrical, autonomous driving, transmodular bus for public transport systems." In FISITA World Congress 2021. FISITA, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.46720/f2020-dgt-012.

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Worldwide, regions are on the verge of collapse due to the ongoing urbanization and an increasing number of cars. In order to relieve overcrowded streets, the airspace above the ground must be opened for urban mobility. Aircraft taxis are the logical option to develop urban airspace for private transport. However from a long-term perspective, these won't be the solution to the aforementioned traffic congestion problems. In addition to the high energy consumption, aircraft taxis would rather shift individual traffic from the ground level to the airspace. Therefore, only a further development of public transport will be able to solve current and future problems. upBUS offers the solution by combining the development of two different transport systems, urban ropeways and autonomous electric busses. Ropeway systems are an ideal solution to use the airspace above the street level. They are known for their low investment and operating costs, their short construction times without traffic obstruction, minimal space and energy requirements, as well as enormous routing flexibility. On the other hand, ropeways are characterized by the problem of network integration, as the stations cannot be positioned in any necessary place. There are also areas, such as historic towns, which cannot be crossed by ropeways. The upBUS approach is to merge urban ropeways and autonomous mini buses into a modular system. On the ground level the vehicles act as autonomous electric buses. In a ropeway station they transform into a ropeway cabin. This transformation process works fully automatically during operation and passengers do not have to switch between different transportation systems. The upBUS vehicle consists of three parts. The electric drive technology and all sensors for autonomous driving are integrated into a skateboard which acts as the driving unit. The ropeway provides a suspension with a connector plate. The third part, the passenger cabin, can either connect to the driving unit or to the connector plate of the ropeway suspension. Thereby, upBUS benefits from the flexibility of buses in combination with the high passenger throughput of urban ropeways. With the upBUS concept, urban ropeways are not a stand-alone solution any longer and can be easily integrated into the public transportation system. The key technology of this transformation concept can be separated into three parts. First, a specific kind of coupling radar is developed, which provides precise positioning data in order to align the bus with the ropeway suspension. If the parts are aligned within the range of a few centimeters a lifting mechanism in the driving unit hoists the cabin into the suspension. Guiding elements align the two parts within a few millimeters. At this point coupling-interfaces on the roof of the cabin couple with counterparts on the suspension while coupling-interfaces between driving unit and cabin decouple. The cabin leaves the station as a ropeway. The transformation process works vice versa. This paper explains in detail the advantages of this new mobility system and describes the technical parts of the transformation process by designing a first prototype which demonstrates the key-technology in November 2020.
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Schmidt, Stephan, Lars Junge, Markus Höfer, Devina Manoeva,, Sören Meissner, Maik Riestock, Stefan Sass, Michael Schmidt, Tom Assmann, and Ellen Matthies. "Shared autonomous cargo bike fleets '“ approaches for a novel sustainable urban mobility solution." In FISITA World Congress 2021. FISITA, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.46720/f2021-acm-124.

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The societal mission of mitigating air pollution and greenhouse gas emissions are forcing urban agglomerations worldwide strongly greening their urban transportation systems. The global megatrend of urbanization aggravates those challenges by steadily increasing the demand for urban movements of people and goods. Recent research concludes that the autonomous cars propagated in this context carry the risk of significant rebound effects and therefor make the overall societal benefit appear at least doubtful [Fraedrich et al. 2017; Hörl et al. 2019]. Shared autonomous fleets of electrically powered micro-vehicles, on the other hand, have the potential to reduce emissions through their electric powertrains, to avoid traffic jams by substituting of passenger cars, to achieve a high degree of comfort and flexibility compared to the classic car through automated provision and at the same time strengthen public transport as integrated last mile service. At the same time, micro-vehicles, for example in the form of cargo bikes, can be tailored very variably to a specific usage scenario to exploiting further efficiency gains. The authors propose a use case in which an electrified three-wheeled cargo bike, flexibly called to any location at any time, is provided in an automated manner and can be transferred to manual operation after being handed over to the user. After use, the vehicle is released and returns to the depot or is ready for the next request. The separation into automated provision and manual mobility service simplifies the safety concepts and functional safety of the system and thus, from the authors' point of view, increases the realization potential compared to the privat autonomous vehicles (PAV) or shared autonomous vehicles (SAV). The technical implications of this scenario are very similar to those of the autonomous car, but in some cases address significantly different focus, as the article will show. This paper describes the approaches developed during the prototypical realization of the usage scenario and presents proposals for solutions. For this purpose, first relevant requirements are defined, the existing vehicle and sensor concept are described in detail, and solutions for environment perception, prediction, localization, trajectory planning, and interaction design as well as for the confection of the overall logistics system are presented and evaluated in a simulative or experimental manner.
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Reports on the topic "Private autonomous vehicles"

1

Benkraouda, Ouafa, Lindsay Braun, and Arnab Chakraborty. Policies and Design Guidelines to Plan for Connected and Autonomous Vehicles. Illinois Center for Transportation, August 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.36501/0197-9191/22-012.

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This report chronicles the work undertaken by researchers at the University of Illinois Urbana Champaign to identify policies and design guidelines to plan for connected and autonomous vehicles (CAVs) in mid-sized regions in Illinois. The report starts with the goals of this work followed by a review of existing literature. The review addresses CAV technologies and scenario planning, including academic research articles, policies and guidance documents from federal and state agencies, and recent long-range transportation plans. The review findings are organized into three categories—drivers, levers, and impacts—to facilitate scenario-based planning and included key factors and trends in technology development and adoption (drivers), mechanisms that planners and policymakers may employ to intervene in or prepare for CAV futures (levers), and community-level outcomes of different plausible CAV futures (impacts). Primary research was undertaken first by interviewing practitioners in six mid-sized regions of Illinois to collect inputs about their needs and obstacles to planning for CAVs, as well as to understand their sense of their community’s preparedness for CAVs. The research team then conducted a detailed survey of over 700 residents from the Greater Peoria region to understand their would-be travel behavior and residential location decisions in a CAV future and general attitude toward self-driving cars. These inputs helped identify the key drivers, levers, and impacts to be employed in creating scenarios, a list of selected policies and design, and a framework to select appropriate responses based on the needs and desires of a community. The detailed scenarios are as follows: (1) continuation of the status quo, (2) private multimodal future, and (3) shared multimodal future. The policies and design guidelines are identified for each scenario and are categorized into six sets of action items: general, data and digitization, mobility and traffic, street design, infrastructure, and planning. Specific details of each action item are organized in a format that allows the user to consider each item carefully and to assess its feasibility in a specific region or city. The appendices include background documents related to primary research and, importantly, a handbook for practitioners.
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2

Dukarski, Jennifer. Unsettled Legal Issues Facing Data in Autonomous, Connected, Electric, and Shared Vehicles. SAE International, September 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.4271/epr2021019.

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Modern automobiles collect around 25 gigabytes of data per hour and autonomous vehicles are expected to generate more than 100 times that number. In comparison, the Apollo Guidance Computer assisting in the moon launches had only a 32-kilobtye hard disk. Without question, the breadth of in-vehicle data has opened new possibilities and challenges. The potential for accessing this data has led many entrepreneurs to claim that data is more valuable than even the vehicle itself. These intrepid data-miners seek to explore business opportunities in predictive maintenance, pay-as-you-drive features, and infrastructure services. Yet, the use of data comes with inherent challenges: accessibility, ownership, security, and privacy. Unsettled Legal Issues Facing Data in Autonomous, Connected, Electric, and Shared Vehicles examines some of the pressing questions on the minds of both industry and consumers. Who owns the data and how can it be used? What are the regulatory regimes that impact vehicular data use? Is the US close to harmonizing with other nations in the automotive data privacy? And will the risks of hackers lead to the “zombie car apocalypse” or to another avenue for ransomware? This report explores a number of these legal challenges and the unsettled aspects that arise in the world of automotive data
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