Journal articles on the topic 'Privacy for smart buildings'
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Lee, Sangyoon, Le Xie, and Dae-Hyun Choi. "Privacy-Preserving Energy Management of a Shared Energy Storage System for Smart Buildings: A Federated Deep Reinforcement Learning Approach." Sensors 21, no. 14 (July 19, 2021): 4898. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s21144898.
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This paper proposes a privacy-preserving energy management of a shared energy storage system (SESS) for multiple smart buildings using federated reinforcement learning (FRL). To preserve the privacy of energy scheduling of buildings connected to the SESS, we present a distributed deep reinforcement learning (DRL) framework using the FRL method, which consists of a global server (GS) and local building energy management systems (LBEMSs). In the framework, the LBEMS DRL agents share only a randomly selected part of their trained neural network for energy consumption models with the GS without consumer’s energy consumption data. Using the shared models, the GS executes two processes: (i) construction and broadcast of a global model of energy consumption to the LBEMS agents for retraining their local models and (ii) training of the SESS DRL agent’s energy charging and discharging from and to the utility and buildings. Simulation studies are conducted using one SESS and three smart buildings with solar photovoltaic systems. The results demonstrate that the proposed approach can schedule the charging and discharging of the SESS and an optimal energy consumption of heating, ventilation, and air conditioning systems in smart buildings under heterogeneous building environments while preserving the privacy of buildings’ energy consumption.
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Santana, Juan Ramon, Luis Sanchez, Pablo Sotres, Jorge Lanza, Tomas Llorente, and Luis Munoz. "A Privacy-Aware Crowd Management System for Smart Cities and Smart Buildings." IEEE Access 8 (2020): 135394–405. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/access.2020.3010609.
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Croce, Daniele, Fabrizio Giuliano, Ilenia Tinnirello, and Laura Giarré. "Privacy-Preserving Overgrid: Secure Data Collection for the Smart Grid." Sensors 20, no. 8 (April 16, 2020): 2249. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s20082249.
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In this paper, we present a privacy-preserving scheme for Overgrid, a fully distributed peer-to-peer (P2P) architecture designed to automatically control and implement distributed Demand Response (DR) schemes in a community of smart buildings with energy generation and storage capabilities. To monitor the power consumption of the buildings, while respecting the privacy of the users, we extend our previous Overgrid algorithms to provide privacy preserving data aggregation (PP-Overgrid). This new technique combines a distributed data aggregation scheme with the Secure Multi-Party Computation paradigm. First, we use the energy profiles of hundreds of buildings, classifying the amount of “flexible” energy consumption, i.e., the quota which could be potentially exploited for DR programs. Second, we consider renewable energy sources and apply the DR scheme to match the flexible consumption with the available energy. Finally, to show the feasibility of our approach, we validate the PP-Overgrid algorithm in simulation for a large network of smart buildings.
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Li, Depeng, Zeyar Aung, Srinivas Sampalli, John Williams, and Abel Sanchez. "Privacy Preservation Scheme for Multicast Communications in Smart Buildings of the Smart Grid." Smart Grid and Renewable Energy 04, no. 04 (2013): 313–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.4236/sgre.2013.44038.
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Beugin, Yohan, Quinn Burke, Blaine Hoak, Ryan Sheatsley, Eric Pauley, Gang Tan, Syed Rafiul Hussain, and Patrick McDaniel. "Building a Privacy-Preserving Smart Camera System." Proceedings on Privacy Enhancing Technologies 2022, no. 2 (March 3, 2022): 25–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/popets-2022-0034.
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Abstract Millions of consumers depend on smart camera systems to remotely monitor their homes and businesses. However, the architecture and design of popular commercial systems require users to relinquish control of their data to untrusted third parties, such as service providers (e.g., the cloud). Third parties therefore can (and in some instances have) access the video footage without the users’ knowledge or consent—violating the core tenet of user privacy. In this paper, we present CaCTUs, a privacy-preserving smart Camera system Controlled Totally by Users. CaCTUs returns control to the user; the root of trust begins with the user and is maintained through a series of cryptographic protocols, designed to support popular features, such as sharing, deleting, and viewing videos live. We show that the system can support live streaming with a latency of 2 s at a frame rate of 10 fps and a resolution of 480 p. In so doing, we demonstrate that it is feasible to implement a performant smart-camera system that leverages the convenience of a cloud-based model while retaining the ability to control access to (private) data.
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Sater, Raed Abdel, and A. Ben Hamza. "A Federated Learning Approach to Anomaly Detection in Smart Buildings." ACM Transactions on Internet of Things 2, no. 4 (November 30, 2021): 1–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/3467981.
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Internet of Things (IoT) sensors in smart buildings are becoming increasingly ubiquitous, making buildings more livable, energy efficient, and sustainable. These devices sense the environment and generate multivariate temporal data of paramount importance for detecting anomalies and improving the prediction of energy usage in smart buildings. However, detecting these anomalies in centralized systems is often plagued by a huge delay in response time. To overcome this issue, we formulate the anomaly detection problem in a federated learning setting by leveraging the multi-task learning paradigm, which aims at solving multiple tasks simultaneously while taking advantage of the similarities and differences across tasks. We propose a novel privacy-by-design federated learning model using a stacked long short-time memory (LSTM) model, and we demonstrate that it is more than twice as fast during training convergence compared to the centralized LSTM. The effectiveness of our federated learning approach is demonstrated on three real-world datasets generated by the IoT production system at General Electric Current smart building, achieving state-of-the-art performance compared to baseline methods in both classification and regression tasks. Our experimental results demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed framework in reducing the overall training cost without compromising the prediction performance.
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., Indrawati, Angdini Nurillaily, Husni Amani, and S. K. B. Pillai. "Measuring Smart Building Readiness Index: A Case Study of Bandung City." Jurnal Manajemen Indonesia 20, no. 2 (August 30, 2020): 133. http://dx.doi.org/10.25124/jmi.v20i2.3201.
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Government and private players started focusing on developing cities in to smart cities due to increased level of urbanization in most of the countries around the world, including in Indonesia, by focusing on developing new smart buildings and upgrading old ones. Present paper tried to find out the Smart Building Readiness Index (SBRI) of Bandung City for knowing the level of awareness among the general public based on an exploratory research, the result of which enables the authorities to take strategic initiatives for improving the smart buildings and then to smart city status. Required data was collected by conducting in-depth interviews with 30 respondents and the result of the qualitative data revealed that Bandung’s SBRI comes to only 64.39, which is not a good indicator but within the limits of fairness and needs lot of improvement in future. The result also can be considered as an indicator that annual energy consumption in Bandung city is still at a high level and needs to focus on improving the quality of buildings in and around Bandung city for the purpose of overall reduction in energy consumption and improvement in quality of environment as well as quality of life. Respondents are also not fully aware of the smart building concept. Much needs to be done for making the public aware of the concept of smart building and its usefulness along with strategically developing smart buildings so that in future Bandung city transforms into a smart city with smart buildings.
Keywords— Smart City; Smart Building Readiness Index; Bandung.
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Faddel, Samy, Guanyu Tian, and Qun Zhou. "Decentralized Management of Commercial HVAC Systems." Energies 14, no. 11 (May 24, 2021): 3024. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en14113024.
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With the growth of commercial building sizes, it is more beneficial to make them “smart” by controlling the schedule of the heating, ventilation, and air conditioning (HVAC) system adaptively. Single-building-based scheduling methods are more focused on individual interests and usually result in overlapped schedules that can cause voltage deviations in their microgrid. This paper proposes a decentralized management framework that is able to minimize the total electricity costs of a commercial microgrid and limit the voltage deviations. The proposed scheme is a two-level optimization where the lower level ensures the thermal comfort inside the buildings while the upper level consider system-wise constraints and costs. The decentralization of the framework is able to maintain the privacy of individual buildings. Multiple data-driven building models are developed and compared. The effect of the building modeling on the overall operation of coordinated buildings is discussed. The proposed framework is validated on a modified IEEE 13-bus system with different connected types of commercial buildings. The results show that coordinated optimization outperforms the commonly used commercial controller and individual optimization of buildings. The results also show that the total costs are greatly affected by the building modeling.
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Aliero, Muhammad Saidu, Muhammad Asif, Imran Ghani, Muhammad Fermi Pasha, and Seung Ryul Jeong. "Systematic Review Analysis on Smart Building: Challenges and Opportunities." Sustainability 14, no. 5 (March 4, 2022): 3009. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su14053009.
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Smart building technology incorporates efficient and automated controls and applications that use smart energy products, networked sensors, and data analytics software to monitor environmental data and occupants’ energy consumption habits to improve buildings’ operation and energy performance. Smart technologies and controls are becoming increasingly important not only in research and development (R&D) but also in industrial and commercial domains, leading to a steady growth in their application in the building sector. This study examines the literature on SBEMS published between 2010 and 2020 with a systematic approach. It examines the trend with the annual number of the published studies before exploring the classification of publications in terms of factors such as domain of SBEMS, control approaches, smart technologies, and quality attributes. Recent developments around the smart building energy management systems (SBEMS) have focused on features that provide occupants with an interface to monitor, schedule, and modify building energy consumption profiles and allow a utility to participate in a communication grid through demand response programs and automatic self-report outage functionality. The study also explores future research avenues, especially in terms of improvements in privacy and security, and interoperability. It is also suggested that the smart building technologies’ smartness can be improved with the help of solutions such as real-time data monitoring and machine learning
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Förderer, Kevin, Manuel Lösch, Ralf Növer, Marilen Ronczka, and Hartmut Schmeck. "Smart Meter Gateways: Options for a BSI-Compliant Integration of Energy Management Systems." Applied Sciences 9, no. 8 (April 19, 2019): 1634. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app9081634.
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The introduction of Smart Meter Gateways (SMGWs) to buildings and households creates new opportunities and challenges for energy management systems. While SMGWs provide interfaces for accessing recorded information and enable communication to external parties, they also restrict data access to protect the privacy of inhabitants and facility owners. This paper presents an analysis of options for integrating automated (Building) Energy Management Systems (EMSs) into the smart meter architecture based on the technical guidelines for SMGWs by the German Federal Office for Information Security (“Bundesamt für Sicherheit in der Informationstechnik”, BSI). It shows that there are multiple ways for integrating automated EMSs into the German smart metering architecture, although each option comes with its own advantages and restrictions. By providing a detailed discussion of trade-offs, this paper supports EMS designers that will be confronted with differing freedoms and limitations depending on the integration option.
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Birman, Ken, Márk Jelasity, Robert Kleinberg, and Edward Tremel. "Building a Secure and Privacy-Preserving Smart Grid." ACM SIGOPS Operating Systems Review 49, no. 1 (January 20, 2015): 131–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/2723872.2723891.
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Vosoughkhosravi, Sorena, and Amirhosein Jafari. "Developing A Conceptual Passive Contact Tracing System for Commercial Buildings Using WiFi Indoor Positioning." Sustainability 14, no. 16 (August 18, 2022): 10255. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su141610255.
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Contact tracing is one of the critical tools for fighting against pandemic disease outbreaks, such as the fast-growing SARS-CoV-2 virus and its different variants. At present, automated contact tracing systems face two main challenges: (1) requiring application installation on smart devices and (2) protecting the users’ privacy. This study introduces a conceptual passive contact tracing system using indoor WiFi positioning to address these challenges and investigate the role of such a system in commercial buildings. In this regard, this study uses a simulated small-office layout in a case study to demonstrate the applicability of the proposed system. The special use of the proposed contact tracing system could be academic facilities and office buildings, where (1) the WiFi infrastructure already exists and therefore implementing such a system could be cost-effective, and (2) the same users use the facility regularly, enabling the system to notify the users upon a confirmed case once they are back in the building and connected to the WiFi system. Such technology can not only enhance the current automated contact tracing system in commercial buildings by illuminating the need to use smartphone applications while protecting users’ privacy, but could also reduce the risk of infection in indoor environments. The developed system can benefit facility managers, business owners, policy makers, and authorities in assisting to find occupants’ high-risk contacts and control the spread of SARS-CoV-2 or similar infectious diseases in commercial buildings, particularly university campuses and office buildings.
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Atazadeh, Behnam, Hamed Olfat, Behzad Rismanchi, Davood Shojaei, and Abbas Rajabifard. "Utilizing a Building Information Modelling Environment to Communicate the Legal Ownership of Internet of Things-Generated Data in Multi-Owned Buildings." Electronics 8, no. 11 (November 1, 2019): 1258. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/electronics8111258.
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In multi-owned buildings, a community of residents live in their private properties while they use and share communal spaces and facilities. Proper management of multi-owned buildings is underpinned by rules related to health, safety, and security of the residents and visitors. Utilizing Internet of Things (IoT) devices to collect information about the livable space has become a significant trend since the introduction of first smart home appliances back in 2000. The question about who owns the IoT generated data and under what terms it can be shared with others is still unclear. IoT devices, such as security camera and occupancy sensors, can provide safety for their owners, while these devices may capture private data from the neighborhood. In fact, the residents are sometimes not aware of regulations that can prevent them from installing and collecting data from shared spaces that could breach other individuals’ privacy. On the other hand, Building Information Modelling (BIM) provides a rich 3D digital data environment to manage the physical, functional, and ownership aspects of buildings over their entire lifecycle. This study aims to propose a methodology to utilize BIM for defining the legal ownership of the IoT generated data. A case study has been used to discuss key challenges related to the ownership of IoT data in a multi-owned building. This study confirmed that BIM environment can facilitate the understanding of legal ownership of IoT datasets and supports the interpretation of who has the entitlement to use the IoT datasets in multi-owned buildings.
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Patel, Kajal, and Mihir Mehta. "An Outlook Architecture." International Journal of Software Innovation 11, no. 1 (January 6, 2023): 1–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/ijsi.315744.
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The internet of things (IoT) has recently received much attention due to its revolutionary potential. The internet of things facilitates data interchange in a large number of possible applications, including smart transportation, smart health, smart buildings, and so on. As a result, these application domains can be grouped to form smart life. In response to the IoT's rapid growth, cybercriminals and security professionals are racing to keep up. Billions of connected devices can exchange sensitive information with each other. As a result, securing IoT and protecting users' privacy is a huge concern. A session for communication in a network is established by authenticating and validating the device's identity and checking whether it is a legal device. The IoT technology can be used for various applications only if challenges related to IoT security can be overcome.
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Wehbe, Rania, and Isam Shahrour. "Use of BIM and Smart Monitoring for buildings’ Indoor Comfort Control." MATEC Web of Conferences 295 (2019): 02010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/201929502010.
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Building information modeling (BIM) is the geometric way to present a life cycle construction project including geographic information. Recently, the Internet of Things (IoT) has been progressively used smart buildings in order to enhance living comfort, work productivity and entertainment. However, studies addressing the combination of these two technologies (BIM and IoT) focused on the automatic diffusion of data through sensors to BIM models [1]. Based on American College of Occupational and Environmental Medicine (ACOEM) a great portion of our time is spend inside buildings, in our offices, homes, schools, health care facilities, or in other private or public buildings. Hence the necessity to improve the basic human right to live in a healthy, safe and comfort environment is vital. This paper presents the use of BIM to support complex decisions concerning comfort conditions in buildings. This use is illustrated through a case study concerning a building of the AUST campus in Beirut.
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Amiri-Zarandi, Mohammad, Rozita A. Dara, Emily Duncan, and Evan D. G. Fraser. "Big Data Privacy in Smart Farming: A Review." Sustainability 14, no. 15 (July 25, 2022): 9120. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su14159120.
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Smart farming aims to improve farming using modern technologies and smart devices. Smart devices help farmers to collect and analyze data regarding different aspects of their business. These data are utilized by various stakeholders, including farmers, technology providers, supply chain investigators, and agricultural service providers. These data sources can be considered big data due to their volume, velocity, and variety. The wide use of data collection and communication technologies has increased concerns about the privacy of farmers and their data. Although some previous studies have reviewed the security aspects of smart farming, the privacy challenges and solutions are not sufficiently explored in the literature. In this paper, we present a holistic review of big data privacy in smart farming. The paper utilizes a data lifecycle schema and describes privacy concerns and requirements in smart farming in each of the phases of this data lifecycle. Moreover, it provides a comprehensive review of the existing solutions and the state-of-the-art technologies that can enhance data privacy in smart farming.
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Shirish, Anuragini, and Priya Jyoti. "Building and Bridging Security and Privacy-Related Technical Knowledge Amongst HR Professionals." International Journal of Technology and Human Interaction 18, no. 7 (June 15, 2022): 1–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/ijthi.306225.
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An ever-increasing range of smart, connected internet of things (IoT) devices poses entirely novel security and privacy challenges. Business models that wish to rely on smart product adoption will need to ensure the capability to deliver systems that offer adequate data integrity of sensors with the guarantee of privacy for users. Incorporating smart devices into the mainstream internet poses many security problems, as most internet technologies and protocols have not been developed to support IoT. Strategic support units such as human resources need sufficient technical knowledge about the state of the art to navigate and leverage Industry 4.0 into their practices. Human resources professionals are increasingly asked to take strategic and not operational roles. Using a systematic review method, the authors expose the security and privacy challenges posed by IoTs and conclude with a framework that maps potential solutions to the identified problems. The framework adds to the strategic HR literature and practically helps improve the technical acumen of human resource professionals.
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Aziz Shah, Syed, Jawad Ahmad, Ahsen Tahir, Fawad Ahmed, Gordon Russell, Syed Yaseen Shah, William J. Buchanan, and Qammer H. Abbasi. "Privacy-Preserving Non-Wearable Occupancy Monitoring System Exploiting Wi-Fi Imaging for Next-Generation Body Centric Communication." Micromachines 11, no. 4 (April 3, 2020): 379. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/mi11040379.
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Nano-scaled structures, wireless sensing, wearable devices, and wireless communications systems are anticipated to support the development of new next-generation technologies in the near future. Exponential rise in future Radio-Frequency (RF) sensing systems have demonstrated its applications in areas such as wearable consumer electronics, remote healthcare monitoring, wireless implants, and smart buildings. In this paper, we propose a novel, non-wearable, device-free, privacy-preserving Wi-Fi imaging-based occupancy detection system for future smart buildings. The proposed system is developed using off-the-shelf non-wearable devices such as Wi-Fi router, network interface card, and an omnidirectional antenna for future body centric communication. The core idea is to detect presence of person along its activities of daily living without deploying a device on person’s body. The Wi-Fi signals received using non-wearable devices are converted into time–frequency scalograms. The occupancy is detected by classifying the scalogram images using an auto-encoder neural network. In addition to occupancy detection, the deep neural network also identifies the activity performed by the occupant. Moreover, a novel encryption algorithm using Chirikov and Intertwining map-based is also proposed to encrypt the scalogram images. This feature enables secure storage of scalogram images in a database for future analysis. The classification accuracy of the proposed scheme is 91.1%.
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Rabiee, Ramtin, and Johannes Karlsson. "Multi-Bernoulli Tracking Approach for Occupancy Monitoring of Smart Buildings Using Low-Resolution Infrared Sensor Array." Remote Sensing 13, no. 16 (August 7, 2021): 3127. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs13163127.
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Knowledge about the indoor occupancy is one of the important sources of information to design smart buildings. In some applications, the number of occupants in each zone is required. However, there are many challenges such as user privacy, communication limit, and sensor’s computational capability in development of the occupancy monitoring systems. In this work, a people flow counting algorithm has been developed which uses low-resolution thermal images to avoid any privacy concern. Moreover, the proposed scheme is designed to be applicable for wireless sensor networks based on the internet-of-things platform. Simple low-complexity image processing techniques are considered to detect possible objects in sensor’s field of view. To tackle the noisy detection measurements, a multi-Bernoulli target tracking approach is used to track and finally to count the number of people passing the area of interest in different directions. Based on the sensor node’s processing capability, one can consider either a centralized or a full in situ people flow counting system. By performing the tracking part either in sensor node or in a fusion center, there would be a trade off between the computational complexity and the transmission rate. Therefore, the developed system can be performed in a wide range of applications with different processing and transmission constraints. The accuracy and robustness of the proposed method are also evaluated with real measurements from different conducted trials and open-source dataset.
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Li, Hao, Tianhao Xiezhang, Cheng Yang, Lianbing Deng, and Peng Yi. "Secure Video Surveillance Framework in Smart City." Sensors 21, no. 13 (June 28, 2021): 4419. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s21134419.
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In the construction process of smart cities, more and more video surveillance systems have been deployed for traffic, office buildings, shopping malls, and families. Thus, the security of video surveillance systems has attracted more attention. At present, many researchers focus on how to select the region of interest (RoI) accurately and then realize privacy protection in videos by selective encryption. However, relatively few researchers focus on building a security framework by analyzing the security of a video surveillance system from the system and data life cycle. By analyzing the surveillance video protection and the attack surface of a video surveillance system in a smart city, we constructed a secure surveillance framework in this manuscript. In the secure framework, a secure video surveillance model is proposed, and a secure authentication protocol that can resist man-in-the-middle attacks (MITM) and replay attacks is implemented. For the management of the video encryption key, we introduced the Chinese remainder theorem (CRT) on the basis of group key management to provide an efficient and secure key update. In addition, we built a decryption suite based on transparent encryption to ensure the security of the decryption environment. The security analysis proved that our system can guarantee the forward and backward security of the key update. In the experiment environment, the average decryption speed of our system can reach 91.47 Mb/s, which can meet the real-time requirement of practical applications.
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Sestrem Ochôa, Iago, Valderi Reis Quietinho Leithardt, Leonardo Calbusch, Juan Francisco De Paz Santana, Wemerson Delcio Parreira, Laio Oriel Seman, and Cesar Albenes Zeferino. "Performance and Security Evaluation on a Blockchain Architecture for License Plate Recognition Systems." Applied Sciences 11, no. 3 (January 29, 2021): 1255. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app11031255.
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Since the early 2000s, life in cities has changed significantly due to the Internet of Things (IoT). This concept enables developers to integrate different devices collecting, storing, and processing a large amount of data, enabling new services to improve various professional and personal activities. However, privacy issues arise with a large amount of data generated, and solutions based on blockchain technology and smart contract have been developed to address these issues. Nevertheless, several issues must still be taken into account when developing blockchain architectures aimed at the IoT scenario because security flaws still exist in smart contracts, mainly due to the lack of ease when building the code. This article presents a blockchain storage architecture focused on license plate recognition (LPR) systems for smart cities focusing on privacy, performance, and security. The proposed architecture relies on the Ethereum platform. Each smart contract matches the privacy preferences of a license plate to be anonymized through public encryption. The storage of data captured by the LPR system can only be done if the smart contract enables it. However, in the case of motivation foreseen by the legislation, a competent user can change the smart contract and enable the storage of the data captured by the LPR system. Experimental results show that the performance of the proposed architecture is satisfactory, regarding the scalability of the built private network. Furthermore, tests on our smart contract using security and structure analysis tools on the developed script demonstrate that our solution is fraud-proof. The results obtained in all experiments bring evidence that our architecture is feasible to be used in real scenarios.
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Baniyounes, Ali M., Yazeed Yasin Ghadi, Maryam Mahmoud Akho Zahia, Eyad Adwan, and Kalid Oliemat. "Energy, economic and environmental analysis of fuzzy logic controllers used in smart buildings." International Journal of Power Electronics and Drive Systems (IJPEDS) 12, no. 2 (June 1, 2021): 1283. http://dx.doi.org/10.11591/ijpeds.v12.i2.pp1283-1292.
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This article is divided into three parts: the first presents a simulation study of the effect of occupancy level on energy usage pattern of Engineering building of Applied Science Private university, Amman, Jordan. The simulation was created on simulation mechanism by means of EnergyPlus software and improved by using the building’s data such as building’s as built plan, occupant’s density level based on data about who utilize the building throughout operational hours, energy usage level, Heating Ventilating and air conditioning (HVAC) system, lighting and its control systems and etc. Data regarding occupancy density level estimation is used to provide the proposed controller with random number of users grounded on report were arranged by the university’s facilities operational team. The other division of this paper shows the estimated saved energy by the means of suggested advanced add-on, FUZZY-PID controlling system. The energy savings were divided into summer savings and winter savings. The third division presents economic and environmental analysis of the proposed advanced fuzzy logic controllers of smart buildings in Subtropical Jordan. The economic parameters that were used to evaluate the system economy performance are life-cycle analysis, present worth factor and system payback period. The system economic analysis was done using MATLAB software
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Natarajan, Munusamy. "Future internet: Application of internet of things to libraries." IP Indian Journal of Library Science and Information Technology 7, no. 2 (November 15, 2022): 68–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.18231/j.ijlsit.2022.013.
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This paper explains the technical perspective of Internet of Things (IoTs) with definitions and the evolution of IoT. The characteristics like interconnectivity, heterogeneity, dynamic change, safety and connectivity are emphasized with IoT architecture. Different layers like the perception layer, network layer, middleware layer, application layer and business layer are explained. Application of IoT in different disciplines like in healthcare, agriculture, transportation is discussed. Emphasized the developments of smart cities with smart homes interconnecting the appliances, smart buildings for their operations from remote, smart environment and smart governance. Smart healthcare is also included under smart cities with parking lots in cities. Then IoT applications in libraries are discussed from entry of users, circulation desk, restoration of books, virtual library and book tracing, information literacy, cloud computing for the e-resources stored and accessed from publishers’ website and fire detection and protection for the safety of documents in libraries. The challenges and issues faced while implementing the IoT like privacy and security, accuracy, transaction, hacking, expenditure, system development and user training are mentioned. It has been concluded that IoT is in infancy stage for library professionals and they should try to implement and the future lies on their interest in latest technological applications.
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Khan, Hayat Mohammad, Abid Khan, Basheir Khan, and Gwanggil Jeon. "Fault-Tolerant Secure Data Aggregation Schemes in Smart Grids: Techniques, Design Challenges, and Future Trends." Energies 15, no. 24 (December 9, 2022): 9350. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en15249350.
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Secure data aggregation is an important process that enables a smart meter to perform efficiently and accurately. However, the fault tolerance and privacy of the user data are the most serious concerns in this process. While the security issues of Smart Grids are extensively studied, these two issues have been ignored so far. Therefore, in this paper, we present a comprehensive survey of fault-tolerant and differential privacy schemes for the Smart Gird. We selected papers from 2010 to 2021 and studied the schemes that are specifically related to fault tolerance and differential privacy. We divided all existing schemes based on the security properties, performance evaluation, and security attacks. We provide a comparative analysis for each scheme based on the cryptographic approach used. One of the drawbacks of existing surveys on the Smart Grid is that they have not discussed fault tolerance and differential privacy as a major area and consider them only as a part of privacy preservation schemes. On the basis of our work, we identified further research areas that can be explored.
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Rawal, Bharat S., Poongodi M., Gunasekaran Manogaran, and Mounir Hamdi. "Multi-Tier Stack of Block Chain with Proxy Re-Encryption Method Scheme on the Internet of Things Platform." ACM Transactions on Internet Technology 22, no. 2 (May 31, 2022): 1–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/3421508.
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Block chain provides an innovative solution to information storage, transaction execution, security, and trust building in an open environment. The block chain is technological progress for cyber security and cryptography, with efficiency-related cases varying in smart grids, smart contracts, over the IoT, etc. The movement to exchange data on a server has massively increased with the introduction of the Internet of Things. Hence, in this research, Splitting of proxy re-encryption method (Split-PRE) has been suggested based on the IoT to improve security and privacy in a private block chain. This study proposes a block chain-based proxy re-encryption program to resolve both the trust and scalability problems and to simplify the transactions. After encryption, the system saves the Internet of Things data in a distributed cloud. The framework offers dynamic, smart contracts between the sensor and the device user without the intervention of a trustworthy third party to exchange the captured IoT data. It uses an efficient proxy re-encryption system, which provides the owner and the person existing in the smart contract to see the data. The experimental outcomes show that the proposed approach enhances the efficiency, security, privacy, and feasibility of the system when compared to other existing methods.
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Li, Yicai, and Lin Shi. "Building Security Mechanisms for Cross-Border Business Customer Data Analysis Based on Smart Computing." Mathematical Problems in Engineering 2022 (March 22, 2022): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2022/9017267.
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Dynamic social networks also suffer from privacy violation due to the continuous release of data. In order to defend against enemy attacks, a new dynamic privacy-preserving method is innovated, called Dynamic k w Re-Structured Diversity Anonymity ( k w -SDA). This method limits the probability of disclosure of node/community identities to 1 / k when data are continuously published by protecting individuals in groups. The graph based on the previous w − 1 is released, missing some graph alterations. The advantage of the proposed method is to save many features of the network while protecting privacy efficiently and effectively.
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van Groeningen, T., H. Driessen, J. Söhl, and R. Vôute. "AN ULTRASONIC SENSOR FOR HUMAN PRESENCE DETECTION TO ASSIST RESCUE WORK IN LARGE BUILDINGS." ISPRS Annals of Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences IV-4/W7 (September 20, 2018): 135–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/isprs-annals-iv-4-w7-135-2018.
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<p><strong>Abstract.</strong> When the fire brigade arrives at a burning building, it is of vital importance that people who are still inside can quickly be found. Smart buildings should be able to expose this location data to the fire brigade working in a smart city. In this paper the feasibility is researched of using ultrasonic sound sensors for human presence detection in smoke-filled spaces. This type of sensor could assist the fire brigade when evacuating a large building by directing them to the places where their help is most needed. The advantage of ultrasonic sound over other sensors or cameras is that its signal is able to pierce through smoke, does not require badges or other wearable devices and introduces little privacy and security risks. In addition, ultrasonic sensors are very inexpensive making it possible to equip every room of a building with an ultrasonic presence detector. In this research both a preliminary ultrasound measuring device and signal processing algorithm have been designed. Testing results show that the walking movement of a person in an indoor area can be detected with the combination of the sensor and the algorithms. In addition, tests of the signal strength in smoke have shown that ultrasound is capable of “looking through” the smoke. The algorithm based on a particle filter allows for more information to be extracted from the relatively simple sensor signal by detecting human walking movement specifically and opens up the way for an ultrasound based indoor positioning system that can be used in emergency situations.</p>
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Ghayvat, Hemant, S. C. Mukhopadhyay, Jie Liu, Arun Babu, Eshrat Elahi, and Xiang Gui. "Internet of Things for smart homes and buildings: Opportunities and Challenges." Australian Journal of Telecommunications and the Digital Economy 3, no. 4 (December 29, 2015): 33. http://dx.doi.org/10.18080/ajtde.v3n4.23.
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Pervasive sensing facilitated by Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs) technologies offered the integration of modern technology into a daily routine. The smart sensing approach offers the ability to sense the ambient parameters and use of different objects in the urban environment. Identification and monitoring technologies, WSNs, wireless communication protocols, and dispersed intelligence for objects are primitive elements of smart environmental solution. The WSNs with the application of Internet of Things (IoT) and Cloud Computing are uplifting the smart home solutions and applications. The present research work aims to develop smart home and building solutions based on IoT and cloud computing. The cloud implementation using free cloud space, which is based on collaboration between public and private clouds, is presented. Additionally the research work recorded recent practical challenges and limitations encounter while designing the IoT-based smart environment. The research identifies the IoT idea through the conjunction of WSNs, the internet and distributed computing with data mining and machine learning an approach to apply at smart home to benefit and humankind.
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Ghayvat, Hemant, S. C. Mukhopadhyay, Jie Liu, Arun Babu, Eshrat Elahi, and Xiang Gui. "Internet of Things for smart homes and buildings: Opportunities and Challenges." Journal of Telecommunications and the Digital Economy 3, no. 4 (December 29, 2015): 33–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.18080/jtde.v3n4.23.
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Pervasive sensing facilitated by Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs) technologies offered the integration of modern technology into a daily routine. The smart sensing approach offers the ability to sense the ambient parameters and use of different objects in the urban environment. Identification and monitoring technologies, WSNs, wireless communication protocols, and dispersed intelligence for objects are primitive elements of smart environmental solution. The WSNs with the application of Internet of Things (IoT) and Cloud Computing are uplifting the smart home solutions and applications. The present research work aims to develop smart home and building solutions based on IoT and cloud computing. The cloud implementation using free cloud space, which is based on collaboration between public and private clouds, is presented. Additionally the research work recorded recent practical challenges and limitations encounter while designing the IoT-based smart environment. The research identifies the IoT idea through the conjunction of WSNs, the internet and distributed computing with data mining and machine learning an approach to apply at smart home to benefit and humankind.
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Vigurs, Carol, Chris Maidment, Michael Fell, and David Shipworth. "Customer Privacy Concerns as a Barrier to Sharing Data about Energy Use in Smart Local Energy Systems: A Rapid Realist Review." Energies 14, no. 5 (February 26, 2021): 1285. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en14051285.
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The purpose of this review is to investigate the nature of privacy concerns in the context of smart local energy systems (SLES) to understand how SLES providers can minimize both user concerns, and cause for concern, around privacy. We conducted a rapid realist review and thematic framework analysis against Bronfenbrenner’s socio–ecological model to understand privacy concerns in different contexts. A common privacy concern was that sharing detailed energy use data had the potential to reveal information about home life, and to intrude upon people’s sense of autonomy, choice, and control. Evidence suggests that people are willing to accept new data sharing technologies if the benefits of doing so are clear, anticipated, and mutually beneficial. Building trust, through increasing knowledge and understanding, was a mechanism for overcoming privacy concerns, but this was mediated by the organization providing the information. Non-profit organizations were more trusted to ensure appropriate safeguards to privacy were in place. One key barrier to participation with good supporting evidence was that people could resist perceived intrusions on their privacy. This could be actively resisted by refusing to install data collection technologies or passively by non-participation in adapting energy use behaviours: both of which are necessary for SLES to achieve their goals of managing energy demand and building resilience in smart grids.
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Pecorella, Tommaso, Laura Pierucci, and Francesca Nizzi. "“Network Sentiment” Framework to Improve Security and Privacy for Smart Home." Future Internet 10, no. 12 (December 19, 2018): 125. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/fi10120125.
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A Smart Home is characterized by the presence of a huge number of small, low power devices, along with more classical devices. According to the Internet of Things (IoT) paradigm, all of them are expected to be always connected to the Internet in order to provide enhanced services. In this scenario, an attacker can undermine both the network security and the user’s security/privacy. Traditional security measures are not sufficient, because they are too difficult to setup and are either too weak to effectively protect the user or too limiting for the new services effectiveness. The paper suggests to dynamically adapt the security level of the smart home network according to the user perceived risk level what we have called network sentiment analysis. The security level is not fixed, established by a central system (usually by the Internet Service Provider) but can be changed with the users cooperation. The security of the smart home network is improved by a distributed firewalls and Intrusion Detection Systems both to the smart home side as to the Internet Service Provider side. These two parts must cooperate and integrate their actions for reacting dynamically to new and on going threats. Moreover, the level of network sentiment detected can be propagate to nearby home networks (e.g., the smart home networks of the apartments inside a building) to increase/decrease their level of security, thus creating a true in-line Intrusion Prevention System (IPS). The paper also presents a test bed for Smart Home to detect and counteract to different attacks against the IoT sensors, Wi-Fi and Ethernet connections.
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Abdalzaher, Mohamed S., Mostafa M. Fouda, and Mohamed I. Ibrahem. "Data Privacy Preservation and Security in Smart Metering Systems." Energies 15, no. 19 (October 10, 2022): 7419. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en15197419.
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Smart meters (SMs) can play a key role in monitoring vital aspects of different applications such as smart grids (SG), alternative currents (AC) optimal power flows, adversarial training, time series data, etc. Several practical privacy implementations of SM have been made in the literature, but more studies and testing may be able to further improve efficiency and lower implementation costs. The major objectives of cyberattacks are the loss of data privacy on SM-based SG/power grid (PG) networks and threatening human life. As a result, losing data privacy is very expensive and gradually hurts the national economy. Consequently, employing an efficient trust model against cyberattacks is strictly desired. This paper presents a research pivot for researchers who are interested in security and privacy and shade light on the importance of the SM. We highlight the involved SMs’ features in several applications. Afterward, we focus on the SMs’ vulnerabilities. Then, we consider eleven trust models employed for SM security, which are among the common methodologies utilized for attaining and preserving the data privacy of the data observed by the SMs. Following that, we propose a comparison of the existing solutions for SMs’ data privacy. In addition, valuable recommendations are introduced for the interested scholars, taking into consideration the vital effect of SM protection on disaster management, whether on the level of human lives or the infrastructure level.
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Shrestha, Milan, Gih-Keong Lau, Anand Asundi, and Zhenbo Lu. "Dielectric Elastomer Actuator-Based Multifunctional Smart Window for Transparency Tuning and Noise Absorption." Actuators 10, no. 1 (January 15, 2021): 16. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/act10010016.
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Soft actuators are compliant material-based devices capable of producing large deformation upon external stimuli. Dielectric elastomer actuators (DEA) are a type of soft actuator that operates on voltage stimuli. Apart from soft robotics, these actuators can serve many novel applications, for example, tunable optical gratings, lenses, diffusers, smart windows and so on. This article presents our current work on tunable smart windows which can regulate the light transmittance and the sound absorption. This smart window can promote daylighting while maintaining privacy by electrically switching between transparent and opaque. As a tunable optical surface scatters, it turns transparent with smooth surfaces like a flat glass; but it turns ‘opaque’ (translucent) with the micro-rough surface. The surface roughness is varied employing surface micro-wrinkling or unfolding using dielectric elastomer actuation. Moreover, this smart window is equipped with another layer of transparent micro-perforated dielectric elastomer actuator (DEA), which acts like Helmholtz resonators serving as a tunable and broader sound absorber. It can electrically tune its absorption spectrum to match the noise frequency for maximum acoustic absorption. The membrane tension and perforation size are tuned using DEA activation to tune its acoustic resonant frequency. Such a novel smart window can be made as cheap as glass due to its simple all-solid-state construction. In future, they might be used in smart green buildings and could potentially enhance urban livability.
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Collins, D., and C. Lindkvist. "Block by block: potential and challenges of the blockchain in the context of facilities management." IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 1101, no. 6 (November 1, 2022): 062003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/1101/6/062003.
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Abstract The purpose of this paper is to demonstrate possibilities for the blockchain to impact Facilities Management and the challenges that its implementation would present. This paper mostly takes the form of a theoretical study involving desk research and limited case study examples. The paper shows that the growth of blockchain technology is becoming more and more embedded in various industries and that the building and FM sectors may be potential candidates for its future implementation under certain circumstances. Blockchains are not a fully established technology in FM so the potential value of them is yet to be established. Smart contracts and documentation recording in blockchains such as Ethereum can schedule maintenance better, ensure supplier, landlord and tenant contracts are more robust and easier to action. This paper also shows that blockchain technology is not without its challenges such as a lack of privacy and the fact that it is still an emerging technology. However, new competencies and understandings are essential in preparing for what is increasingly likely to be an inevitable future for the industry. This leads to the question of whether blockchains shape their infrastructure to FM, or whether FM should be the medium to change. The results of this paper can be of benefit to facilities and building managers, property developers, blockchain experts as the era of big data, digital twins and smart buildings becomes increasingly pervasive
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Salkuti, Surender Reddy. "Smart cities: Understanding policies, standards, applications and case studies." International Journal of Electrical and Computer Engineering (IJECE) 11, no. 4 (August 1, 2021): 3137. http://dx.doi.org/10.11591/ijece.v11i4.pp3137-3144.
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<span>This paper presents the integration of required basic facilities of living such as healthcare, education, and infrastructure for building the smart cities. The administrations of smart cities should have the smart governance, safety measures with cultural and social stimulus. Four building blocks of smart cities, i.e., people and environment, smart utilities, smart technology and smart administration are described in the present paper. The aim of this paper is to give a clearer perspective of the key decisions with spatial reference that may assume a key part in the plan of a smart city technique. Application of various technologies, for examples big data, artificial intelligence, machine learning, internet of things (IoT), cloud computing, block chain technology to the smart cities are discussed in this paper. Various challenges of smart cities such as information technology (IT) infrastructure, cost, privacy, security, efficiency, fossil fuel dependency and congested commutes with proposed solutions are also presented in this paper.</span>
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Vrabie, Catalin. "Smart Cities 2.0 – Connected city, or how to use technologic infrastructure for improving the quality of life." Central and Eastern European eDem and eGov Days 335 (March 17, 2022): 411–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.24989/ocg.v335.34.
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The concept of infrastructure related to the smart cities is being used to highlight the physical or social structures together with all the facilities that support the activities of a city helping it being functional. The concept itself refers to roads, railways, access points, buildings, distribution chains, water pipes and electricity lines, and, of course, digital networks. The article is focusing on the connection between the physical infrastructures with the digital ones, presenting, next to a bibliographic research made by the author, few technical solutions implemented successfully in the IoT field of development. In the same time there will be analyzed one of the biggest risks associated with the IoT, and that is related to privacy and security, risk that, due to the exponential growth of the numbers of equipment’s that are nowadays connected to the Internet along with the reduced time left for the developers to release a new product, they are bigger and stronger. The vulnerabilities once discovered do allow hackers to infect the system causing damages that are very difficult to handle – and, like hackers are not enough, governments, as well as marketing companies, are also threatening our privacy.
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Tseng, Heng-Yi, Li-Min Chang, Kuan-Wu Lin, Cheng-Chang Li, Wan-Hsuan Lin, Chun-Ta Wang, Chien-Wen Lin, Shih-Hsien Liu, and Tsung-Hsien Lin. "Smart Window with Active-Passive Hybrid Control." Materials 13, no. 18 (September 17, 2020): 4137. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma13184137.
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Dimming and scattering control are two of the major features of smart windows, which provide adjustable sunlight intensity and protect the privacy of people in a building. A hybrid photo- and electrical-controllable smart window that exploits salt and photochromic dichroic dye-doped cholesteric liquid crystal was developed. The photochromic dichroic dye causes a change in transmittance from high to low upon exposure to sunlight. When the light source is removed, the smart window returns from colored to colorless. The salt-doped cholesteric liquid crystal can be bi-stably switched from transparent into the scattering state by a low-frequency voltage pulse and switched back to its transparent state by a high-frequency voltage pulse. In its operating mode, an LC smart window can be passively dimmed by sunlight and the haze can be actively controlled by applying an electrical field to it; it therefore exhibits four optical states—transparent, scattering, dark clear, and dark opaque. Each state is stable in the absence of an applied voltage. This smart window can automatically dim when the sunlight gets stronger, and according to user needs, actively adjust the haze to achieve privacy protection.
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Aldhaheri, Mohammed Abdulla Mohammed Mesfer, Bo Xia, and Madhav Nepal. "Identifying Key Selection Criteria for Smart Building Technologies in the United Arab Emirates Prisons." Buildings 12, no. 8 (August 5, 2022): 1171. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/buildings12081171.
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The selection of an appropriate smart building technology has been a challenge for stakeholders, because no specific selection criteria are currently available. This study aimed to identify the potential selection criteria for the selection of smart building technologies for prison buildings in the United Arab Emirates. A questionnaire survey was conducted to evaluate the relative importance of smart building technologies and the specific selection criteria. 238 experts from the public and the private sector with rich experience in the construction and prison industry participated in the survey. The data obtained were analyzed for descriptive statistics and the Mann-Whitney U test was conducted to compare the responses of the government and private sector respondents. Cronbach’s coefficient was estimated using reliability analysis. Finally, exploratory factor analysis was performed by Principal Axis Factoring (PAF) to extract the contributing factors and was further improved by varimax rotation using SPSS. To evaluate the appropriateness of the factor extraction, the Kaiser-Mayer-Olkin (KMO) measure of sampling accuracy and Barlett’s test of sphericity were conducted. The results demonstrated that most participants thought that the safety and security, anti-hacking capability, high working efficiency, and durability of the new smart building technology were very important. 14 listed selection criteria were extracted into three factors by factor analysis explaining 50.585% total variation. Regarding smart building technologies, fire protection was mostly voted by the participants followed by video surveillance and heat, ventilation, and air-conditioning system (HVAC). This study is a novel research study identifying the key selection criteria for the selection of important smart building technologies and would be helpful for a broad audience.
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Arvidsson, Simon, Marcus Gullstrand, Beril Sirmacek, and Maria Riveiro. "Sensor Fusion and Convolutional Neural Networks for Indoor Occupancy Prediction Using Multiple Low-Cost Low-Resolution Heat Sensor Data." Sensors 21, no. 4 (February 3, 2021): 1036. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s21041036.
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Indoor occupancy prediction is a prerequisite for the management of energy consumption, security, health, and other systems in smart buildings. Previous studies have shown that buildings that automatize their heating, lighting, air conditioning, and ventilation systems through considering the occupancy and activity information might reduce energy consumption by more than 50%. However, it is difficult to use high-resolution sensors and cameras for occupancy prediction due to privacy concerns. In this paper, we propose a novel solution for predicting occupancy using multiple low-cost and low-resolution heat sensors. We suggest two different methods for fusing and processing the data captured from multiple heat sensors and we use a Convolutional Neural Network for predicting occupancy. We conduct experiments to assess both the performance of the proposed solutions and analyze the impact of sensor field view overlaps on the prediction results. In summary, our experimental results show that the implemented solutions show high occupancy prediction accuracy and real-time processing capabilities.
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C R, Komala, S. Vimal, G. Ravindra, P. Hariramakrishnan, Shaik Razia, S. Geerthik, K. Raja, V. Mohanavel, and Nedumaran Arappali. "Deep Learning for an Innovative Photo Energy Model to Estimate the Energy Distribution in Smart Apartments." International Journal of Photoenergy 2022 (September 29, 2022): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2022/1048378.
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The outer surface of the building is the same size as its premises, with greater heat loss. Therefore, when building, renovating, or expanding apartment, if possible, avoid all kinds of spaces, ledges, and lodges in the walls. It makes sense to build unheated exterior buildings on the north side of the apartment. The storage rooms for garden tools and bicycles, technical buildings protect the warm part of the house from wind and cold. In the most common design of a private apartment, the energy consumption for heating is 110-130 kW per 1 m2 per year. In this paper, an energy distribution model was proposed to estimate the photo energy with the help of deep learning model. A small apartment not only uses less energy but also requires lower construction costs. An energy-efficient apartment is a building with a low-energy consumption and comfortable microclimate. Energy savings in such homes can be up to 90%. Annual heat demand can be less than 15 kWh per square meter of energy-efficient home.
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Wu, Shiann, Dongqiang Guo, Yenchun Wu, and Yung Wu. "Future Development of Taiwan’s Smart Cities from an Information Security Perspective." Sustainability 10, no. 12 (November 30, 2018): 4520. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su10124520.
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Smart cities are primarily based on information and communications technology development and applications across various academic subjects and domains. Integrating new-generation information and communications technologies, including the Internet of Things data collection, cloud computation, big data applications, and mobile network, smart cities organize the people and things of a city according to application needs to perform real-time computation and processing. Information transmission must be rapid and reliable to protect personal privacy and to secure data. All types of information security problems can lead to disastrous consequences; in particular, they pose great challenges to traditional information security systems. To explore possible solutions to the challenges that Taiwan’s smart city information security faces, this study used the enterprise architecture method and discussed the emphasis and investment capacity of the government and enterprises on information security. Moreover, this study reviewed correct methods of using a smart information security collaborative system to protect not only privacy, however also networks with a large attack surface; the purpose was to establish a reliable data sharing practice and alleviate the cascading effect of failures of smart networks. Finally, this paper provides future research directions for building smart cities and encouraging further explorations in this domain. It is hoped that smart cities can conduct overall planning for information security during the process of construction. Future researchers will be able to propose more effective solutions for smart city information security while developing information and communication technologies.
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Huang, Qian, Kane Rodriguez, Nicholas Whetstone, and Steven Habel. "Rapid Internet of Things (IoT) prototype for accurate people counting towards energy efficient buildings." Journal of Information Technology in Construction 24 (February 2019): 1–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.36680/j.itcon.2019.001.
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According to the U.S. Department of Energy, a significant portion of energy used in buildings is wasted. If the occupancy quantity in a pre-determined thermal zone is aware, a building automation system (BAS) is able to intelligently adjust the building operation to provide “just-enough” heating, cooling, and ventilation capacities to building users. Therefore, an occupancy counting device that can be widely deployed at low prices with low failure rate, small form-factor, good usability, and conserved user privacy is highly desirable. Existing occupancy detection or recognition sensors (e.g., passive infrared, camera, acoustic, RFID, CO2) cannot meet all these above system requirements. In this work, we present an IoT (Internet of Things) prototype that collects room occupancy information to assist in the operation of energy-efficient buildings. The proposed IoT prototype consists of Lattice iCE40-HX1K stick FPGA boards and Raspberry Pi modules. Two pairs of our prototypes are installed at a door frame. When a person walks through this door frame, blocking of active infrared streams between both pairs of IoT prototypes is detected. The direction of human movement is obtained through comparing occurrence time instances of two obstructive events. Thus, the change in occupancy quantity of a thermal zone is calculated and updated. Besides, an open-source application user interface is developed to allow anonymous users or building automation systems to easily acquire room occupancy information. We carry out a three-month random test of human entry and exit of a thermal zone, and find that the occupancy counting accuracy is 97%. The proposed design is completely made of off-the-shelf electronic components and the estimated cost is less than $160. To investigate the impact on building energy savings, we conduct a building energy simulation using EnergyPlus and find the payback period is approximately 4 months. In summary, the proposed design is miniature, non-intrusive, ease of use, low failure rate, and cost-effective for smart buildings.
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Jeong, Miyoung, and Hyejo Hailey Shin. "Tourists’ Experiences with Smart Tourism Technology at Smart Destinations and Their Behavior Intentions." Journal of Travel Research 59, no. 8 (November 8, 2019): 1464–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0047287519883034.
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This study attempts to assess how tourists use smart tourism technologies at destinations and measure the effects of STT usage on overall travel experience and future revisit intention. Although STTs have received growing attention, little research has evaluated tourists’ experience with STTs available at various smart tourism destinations and potential consequences. Building on studies on online tourism information sources, this study develops a conceptual framework to test hypotheses related to STT experiences and consequences. Based on an online survey with travelers to top five US smart cities, this study classifies the most frequently used STTs and examines tourists’ overall experience and satisfaction with STTs as well as their revisit intention. Findings suggest that three attributes of STTs—informativeness, interactivity, and personalization—are the key factors affecting tourists’ experience, satisfaction, and revisit intentions. The level of perceived security/privacy moderates the relationships between three STT attributes and tourists’ memorable experience.
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Cheng, Weibin, Wanmin Lian, and Junzhang Tian. "Building the hospital intelligent twins for all-scenario intelligence health care." DIGITAL HEALTH 8 (January 2022): 205520762211078. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/20552076221107894.
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The COVID-19 pandemic has accelerated a long-term trend of smart hospital development. However, there is no consistent conceptualization of what a smart hospital entails. Few hospitals have genuinely reached being “smart,” primarily failing to bring systems together and consider implications from all perspectives. Hospital Intelligent Twins, a new technology integration powered by IoT, AI, cloud computing, and 5G application to create all-scenario intelligence for health care and hospital management. This communication presented a smart hospital for all-scenario intelligence by creating the hospital Intelligent Twins. Intelligent Twins is widely involved in medical activities. However, solving the medical ethics, protecting patient privacy, and reducing security risks involved are significant challenges for all-scenario intelligence applications. This exploration of creating hospital Intelligent Twins that can be a worthwhile endeavor to assess how to inform evidence-based decision-making better and enhance patient satisfaction and outcomes.
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Maaspuro, Mika. "A Low-Resolution IR-Array as a Doorway Occupancy Counter in a Smart Building." International Journal of Online and Biomedical Engineering (iJOE) 16, no. 06 (May 28, 2020): 4. http://dx.doi.org/10.3991/ijoe.v16i06.13915.
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A doorway counter, which detects a person underpass at a room entry/exit, may be the most accurate type of occupancy counters used in buildings. An occupancy counter, which uses a low-resolution IR-imager and Raspberry Pi board has been constructed. The imager provides only 8 x 8 pixels initial resolution, but it has been enhanced using two-dimensional interpolation. Due to the low absolute accuracy in temperature measurements, the imager is set to measure temperature difference between a target and background. Signal-to-noise ratio is also increased using discrete two-dimensional convolution filtering. The blob detection and tracking algorithm deduces the direction of an occupant and finally increments or decrements the counter. A heat signature varies between people and depends on person’s clothing. An on-board server on Raspberry Pi distributes the data via Wi-Fi to any client device in the net. The complete system includes also wireless PIR-sensors. The low-resolution IR occupancy counter has been compared with counters based on different technologies. The benefits of a low-resolution IR-imager are privacy preservation, operation capability in total darkness, energy-efficient passive operation and a low price.
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Katz, T., and D. Grimaldi. "CONDITIONS THAT INFLUENCE USERS TO SHARE MEDICAL INFORMATION VIA CONSUMER APPLICATIONS. AN EVIDENCE FROM ISRAEL HEALTHCARE SECTOR." International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences XLVIII-4/W5-2022 (October 14, 2022): 61–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/isprs-archives-xlviii-4-w5-2022-61-2022.
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Abstract. Data-driven technologies are being greatly adopted in healthcare in order to create a better ecosystem of health for citizens in the development of smart cities. As we develop smart devices and services, there are growing concerns in the population's perception around privacy concerns in using these devices and services, and the necessity to share their medical sensitive information is often perceived as a holdback. The following study goal is to develop a model to better understand the conditions affecting privacy concerns in medical devices and services. Using primary research to test the suggested model using secondary research methods, and data analysis tools using python program with pandas library and ANOVA statistics. The solution proposed can offer a methodology for building health services in smarter and more connected cities.
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Lee, JoonYoung, SungJin Yu, KiSung Park, YoHan Park, and YoungHo Park. "Secure Three-Factor Authentication Protocol for Multi-Gateway IoT Environments." Sensors 19, no. 10 (May 22, 2019): 2358. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s19102358.
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Internet of Things (IoT) environments such as smart homes, smart factories, and smart buildings have become a part of our lives. The services of IoT environments are provided through wireless networks to legal users. However, the wireless network is an open channel, which is insecure to attacks from adversaries such as replay attacks, impersonation attacks, and invasions of privacy. To provide secure IoT services to users, mutual authentication protocols have attracted much attention as consequential security issues, and numerous protocols have been studied. In 2017, Bae et al. presented a smartcard-based two-factor authentication protocol for multi-gateway IoT environments. However, we point out that Bae et al.’s protocol is vulnerable to user impersonation attacks, gateway spoofing attacks, and session key disclosure, and cannot provide a mutual authentication. In addition, we propose a three-factor mutual authentication protocol for multi-gateway IoT environments to resolve these security weaknesses. Then, we use Burrows–Abadi–Needham (BAN) logic to prove that the proposed protocol achieves secure mutual authentication, and we use the Automated Validation of Internet Security Protocols and Applications (AVISPA) tool to analyze a formal security verification. In conclusion, our proposed protocol is secure and applicable in multi-gateway IoT environments.
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Li, Cuimin, Dandan Shen, and Lei Wang. "A low power data transfer and fusion algorithm for building energy consumption monitoring." International Journal of Low-Carbon Technologies 14, no. 3 (August 1, 2019): 426–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ijlct/ctz039.
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Abstract Building Energy Internet of Things could collect and analyse various types of building energy consumption data in real time by means of low-energy consumption and high-precision sensing technology. In this paper, a low-energy consumption data transmission and fusion algorithm SMART-RR (Slice Mix Agg RegaTe-Repeatablibity Reduction) is proposed. Taking advantage of the periodic repeatability and data redundancy of building energy consumption data, a data fusion strategy with unequal long time intervals and adding repeatability reduction factor is proposed. The simulation results show that SMART-RR algorithm is a low-energy data transmission and fusion algorithm with small data traffic, high privacy protection and high accuracy.
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M, Sivasankari. "Smart LIFI based Parking System." International Journal for Research in Applied Science and Engineering Technology 9, no. 10 (October 31, 2021): 1338–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.22214/ijraset.2021.38588.
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Abstract: A major issue in public places like shopping malls, museums and hospitals is parking. Parking is the main service used by the people in these private units. The management of these public units invests more time and money in designing parking systems. Existing parking systems are equipped with appropriate sensors and controllers to count the parked cars automatically, but it does not indicate empty parking slots. These systems consume more power and tend to wireless interference. The proposed system, namely, Visible Light Communication based Smart Parking System introduces Visible Light Communication, a data communication technology using a low power Arduino Uno – Atmega328microcontroller to help drivers to get real-time parking information. Real-time information on free parking slots helps drivers to save time and reduce fuel consumption. Visible Light Communication (VLC) or Li Fi or Optical Wireless technology means the wireless data transfer using LED. Wireless interference is greatly reduced by using VLC. The proposed system is suitable for multiple floor buildings, which involves data gathering from parking side modules integrated in multiple floors of the building. Parking side modules continuously collects the data and intimates the module integrated in the vehicle section. The module in the vehicle section interfaces a GSM modem to send the detected information to the user mobile. The result of the proposed system is validated in an indoor environment. Keywords: LED, LI-FI, WI-FI
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Ali et. al., Zaid A. "Detection and Prevention Cyber-Attacks for Smart Buildings via Private Cloud Environment." International Journal of Computing and Network Technology 6, no. 1 (January 1, 2018): 27–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.12785/ijcnt/060104.
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