Journal articles: 'Pristine graphene'

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Gai, Yanzhe, Wucong Wang, Ding Xiao, Huijun Tan, Minyan Lin, and Yaping Zhao. "Reversible conversion between graphene nanosheets and graphene nanoscrolls at room temperature." RSC Advances 8, no. 18 (2018): 9749–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c8ra00475g.

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Yang, Shulin, Zhigao Lan, Huoxi Xu, Gui Lei, Wei Xie, and Qibin Gu. "A First-Principles Study on Hydrogen Sensing Properties of Pristine and Mo-Doped Graphene." Journal of Nanotechnology 2018 (September 5, 2018): 1–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2018/2031805.

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The adsorption of H2 on the pristine and Mo-doped graphene was investigated by density functional theory (DFT) calculations. The structural and electronic properties of H2-graphene systems were studied to understand the interaction between H2 molecule and graphene-based material. Our calculation results showed the pristine graphene was not an ideal sensing material to detect H2 molecule as it ran far away from the pristine graphene surface. Different with pristine graphene, the Mo-doped graphene presented much higher affinities to the H2 molecule. It was found that the placed H2 molecules could stably be chemisorbed on the Mo-doped graphene with high binding energy. The electronic property of Mo-doped graphene was significantly affected by the strong interaction and orbital hybridization between H2 and Mo-doped graphene sheet. The H2 molecule would capture more charges from the doped graphene than the pristine system, indicating the higher sensitivity for the graphene doped with Mo.

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Qu, Li-Hua, Xiao-Long Fu, Chong-Gui Zhong, Peng-Xia Zhou, and Jian-Min Zhang. "Equibiaxial Strained Oxygen Adsorption on Pristine Graphene, Nitrogen/Boron Doped Graphene, and Defected Graphene." Materials 13, no. 21 (November 4, 2020): 4945. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma13214945.

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We report first-principles calculations on the structural, mechanical, and electronic properties of O2 molecule adsorption on different graphenes (including pristine graphene (G–O2), N(nitrogen)/B(boron)-doped graphene (G–N/B–O2), and defective graphene (G–D–O2)) under equibiaxial strain. Our calculation results reveal that G–D–O2 possesses the highest binding energy, indicating that it owns the highest stability. Moreover, the stabilities of the four structures are enhanced enormously by the compressive strain larger than 2%. In addition, the band gaps of G–O2 and G–D–O2 exhibit direct and indirect transitions. Our work aims to control the graphene-based structure and electronic properties via strain engineering, which will provide implications for the application of new elastic semiconductor devices.

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Tene, Talia, Stefano Bellucci, Marco Guevara, Fabian Arias Arias, Miguel Ángel Sáez Paguay, John Marcos Quispillo Moyota, Melvin Arias Polanco, et al. "Adsorption of Mercury on Oxidized Graphenes." Nanomaterials 12, no. 17 (August 31, 2022): 3025. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nano12173025.

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Graphene oxide (GO) and its reduced form, reduced graphene oxide (rGO), are among the most predominant graphene derivatives because their unique properties make them efficient adsorbent nanomaterials for water treatment. Although extra-functionalized GO and rGO are customarily employed for the removal of pollutants from aqueous solutions, the adsorption of heavy metals on non-extra-functionalized oxidized graphenes has not been thoroughly studied. Herein, the adsorption of mercury(II) (Hg(II)) on eco-friendly-prepared oxidized graphenes is reported. The work covers the preparation of GO and rGO as well as their characterization. In a further stage, the description of the adsorption mechanism is developed in terms of the kinetics, the associated isotherms, and the thermodynamics of the process. The interaction between Hg(II) and different positions of the oxidized graphene surface is explored by DFT calculations. The study outcomes particularly demonstrate that pristine rGO has better adsorbent properties compared to pristine GO and even other extra-functionalized ones.

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Ardenghi, J. S., P. Bechthold, E. Gonzalez, P. Jasen, and A. Juan. "Ballistic transport properties in pristine/doped/pristine graphene junctions." Superlattices and Microstructures 72 (August 2014): 325–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.spmi.2014.04.019.

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Song, Yao-Dong, Liang Wang, and Li-Ming Wu. "Theoretical study of the CO, NO, and N2 adsorptions on Li-decorated graphene and boron-doped graphene." Canadian Journal of Chemistry 96, no. 1 (January 2018): 30–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/cjc-2017-0346.

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The adsorption properties of common gas molecules (CO, NO, and N2) on the surface of Li-decorated pristine graphene and Li-decorated boron doped graphene are investigated using density functional theory. The adsorption energy, charge transfer, and density of states of gas molecules on three surfaces have been calculated and discussed, respectively. The results show that Li-decorated pristine graphene has strong interaction with CO and N2. Compared with Li-decorated pristine graphene, Li-decorated boron doped graphene exhibit a comparable adsorption ability of CO and N2. Moreover, Li-decorated boron doped graphene have a more significant adsorption energy to NO than that of Li-decorated pristine graphene because of the chemical interaction of the NO gas molecule. The strong interaction between the NO molecule and substrate (Li-decorated boron doped graphene) induces dramatic changes to the electrical conductivity of Li-decorated boron doped graphene. The results indicate that Li-decorated boron doped graphene would be an excellent candidate for sensing NO gas.

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Zhang, Jincan, Kaicheng Jia, Yongfeng Huang, Xiaoting Liu, Qiuhao Xu, Wendong Wang, Rui Zhang, et al. "Intrinsic Wettability in Pristine Graphene." Advanced Materials 34, no. 6 (December 16, 2021): 2103620. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/adma.202103620.

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Rabelo, J. N. Teixeira, and Ladir Cândido. "Strong anharmonicity in pristine graphene." Journal of Physics Communications 2, no. 9 (September 17, 2018): 095013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/2399-6528/aadd76.

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Rodríguez-Pérez, Laura, Ma Ángeles Herranz, and Nazario Martín. "The chemistry of pristine graphene." Chemical Communications 49, no. 36 (2013): 3721. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c3cc38950b.

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Kausar, Ayesha. "Avant-Garde Polymer and Nano-Graphite-Derived Nanocomposites—Versatility and Implications." C 9, no. 1 (January 19, 2023): 13. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/c9010013.

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Graphite (stacked graphene layers) has been modified in several ways to enhance its potential properties/utilities. One approach is to convert graphite into a unique ‘nano-graphite’ form. Nano-graphite consists of few-layered graphene, multi-layered graphene, graphite nanoplatelets, and other graphene aggregates. Graphite can be converted to nano-graphite using physical and chemical methods. Nano-graphite, similar to graphite, has been reinforced in conducting polymers/thermoplastics/rubbery matrices to develop high-performance nanocomposites. Nano-graphite and polymer/nano-graphite nanomaterials have characteristics that are advantageous over those of pristine graphitic materials. This review basically highlights the essential features, design versatilities, and applications of polymer/nano-graphite nanocomposites in solar cells, electromagnetic shielding, and electronic devices.

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Sahni, Deshdeepak, Andrew Jea, Javier A. Mata, Daniela C. Marcano, Ahilan Sivaganesan, Jacob M. Berlin, Claudio E. Tatsui, et al. "Biocompatibility of pristine graphene for neuronal interface." Journal of Neurosurgery: Pediatrics 11, no. 5 (May 2013): 575–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.3171/2013.1.peds12374.

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Object Graphene possesses unique electrical, physical, and chemical properties that may offer significant potential as a bioscaffold for neuronal regeneration after spinal cord injury. The purpose of this investigation was to establish the in vitro biocompatibility of pristine graphene for interface with primary rat cortical neurons. Methods Graphene films were prepared by chemical vapor deposition on a copper foil catalytic substrate and subsequent apposition on bare Permanox plastic polymer dishes. Rat neuronal cell culture was grown on graphene-coated surfaces, and cell growth and attachment were compared with those on uncoated and poly-d-lysine (PDL)-coated controls; the latter surface is highly favorable for neuronal attachment and growth. Live/dead cell analysis was conducted with flow cytometry using ethidium homodimer-1 and calcein AM dyes. Lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) levels—indicative of cytotoxicity—were measured as markers of cell death. Phase contrast microscopy of active cell culture was conducted to assess neuronal attachment and morphology. Results Statistically significant differences in the percentage of live or dead neurons were noted between graphene and PDL surfaces, as well as between the PDL-coated and bare surfaces, but there was little difference in cell viability between graphene-coated and bare surfaces. There were significantly lower LDH levels in the graphene-coated samples compared with the uncoated ones, indicating that graphene was not more cytotoxic than the bare control surface. According to phase contrast microscopy, neurons attached to the graphene-coated surface and were able to elaborate long, neuritic processes suggestive of normal neuronal metabolism and morphology. Conclusions Further use of graphene as a bioscaffold will require surface modification that enhances hydrophilicity to increase cellular attachment and growth. Graphene is a nanomaterial that is biocompatible with neurons and may have significant biomedical applications.

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Tene, Talia, Fabian Arias Arias, Marco Guevara, Juan Carlos González García, Melvin Arias Polanco, Andrea Scarcello, Lorenzo S. Caputi, Stefano Bellucci, and Cristian Vacacela Gomez. "Adsorption Kinetics of Hg(II) on Eco-Friendly Prepared Oxidized Graphenes." Coatings 12, no. 8 (August 10, 2022): 1154. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/coatings12081154.

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Extra-functionalized oxidized graphenes are widely preferred for the removal of different pollutants, however, removal with pristine oxidized graphenes, i.e., graphene oxide (GO) and reduced graphene oxide (rGO) is vaguely explored. Herein, we report a comparative adsorption kinetics study of the removal of mercury(II) (Hg(II)) from water using eco-friendly prepared GO and rGO. This work consists of the synthesis protocol and the corresponding morphological and spectroscopical characterization of the obtained pristine adsorbents as well as the adsorption mechanism in terms of initial concentration, removal percentage, pseudo-first and pseudo-second-order models, intraparticle diffusion study, and pH analysis. In particular, scanning electron microscope (SEM) and transmission electron microscope (TEM) images evidence the presence of thin sheets with some defects on the GO structure, these defects substantially disappear in rGO, after reduction. Raman spectrum of rGO shows a less intense D* peak which is attributed to the diamond-like carbon phase. Most importantly, the equilibrium adsorption time in GO is 10 min with a removal percentage of ~28% while in rGO it is 20 min with a removal percentage of ~75%. The adsorption process of Hg(II) either in GO or rGO is more in line with the pseudo-second-order model, suggesting that the adsorption kinetics could be controlled by chemisorption. Our results evidence the interesting adsorbing properties of pristine oxidized graphenes and are expected to be useful for the proposal and study of non-extra functionalized graphene-based materials for water treatment.

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Mohlala, Lesego M., Tien Chien Jen, and Peter Apata Olubambi. "Effect of Ni Doping and Vacancy Defects on the Sensing Characteristics of Graphene for NO<sub>2</sub> and CO Detection: A DFT Study." Key Engineering Materials 917 (April 13, 2022): 170–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/p-x28800.

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The sensing characteristics of pristine, Ni-doped, and C-vacancy graphene towards CO and NO2 gas molecules were studied using density functional theory (DFT). The adsorption energies, electronic properties, charge transfer, and stable geometries were calculated to evaluate the gas-surface interaction mechanisms. Both pristine and vacancy graphene have smaller CO and NO2 adsorption energies and charge transfer than the Ni-doped graphene, whereas the adsorption energy on Ni-doped vacancy graphene is higher than that of Ni-doped graphene. The results indicate that both CO and NO2 gas molecules only attach to pristine graphene through weak physical adsorption. Stronger chemisorption occurs when the gas molecules adsorb on the surface of vacancy, Ni-doped, and Ni-doped vacancy graphene. Additionally, the results demonstrated that Ni-doped vacancy graphene has higher sensitivity and selectivity towards the NO2.

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Lebre, Filipa, John B. Boland, Pedro Gouveia, Aoife L. Gorman, Mimmi L. E. Lundahl, Roisin I Lynch, Fergal J. O'Brien, Jonathan Coleman, and Ed C. Lavelle. "Pristine graphene induces innate immune training." Nanoscale 12, no. 20 (2020): 11192–200. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c9nr09661b.

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Khalid, Husna, Muneeba Rafique, Aimen Qaiser, Fakhar-Ud-Din, and Gul Shahnaz. "Carbon Nanotubes: A Brief Review on Its Use for Biomedical Imaging Purpose." Global Drug Design & Development Review IV, no. I (December 30, 2019): 24–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.31703/gdddr.2019(iv-i).03.

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Carbon nanotubes (CNTs) belong to the fullerene family, also known as graphene. These graphenes are similar to the graphite sheets and when these are turn up in the cylindrical form they are known as carbon nanotubes. Currently, the most common methods used for CNTs preparation are: Electric-arc-discharge methods, Chemical-vapor-deposition method and Laserablation method. In order to cross the cell membrane, functionalization of the pristine CNTs is performed. Because of the sp2 hybridization and closely packed hexagons in their structure, functionalization of the pristine CNTs can be done easily with either therapeutic agent or the imaging agent. They have wide applications in the field of bio-imaging because of their intrinsic optical, mechanical and electrical properties. They can be used as efficient contrast agents and the biosensors as well as efficient carriers for the delivery of therapeutic or imaging agents.

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Pleskot, Dennis L., Jennifer R. Kyle, Maziar Ghazinejad, Shirui Guo, Isaac Ruiz, Mihrimah Ozkan, and Cengiz S. Ozkan. "Large-area Metrology of CVD-grown Graphene Layers on Copper Foil Substrates." MRS Proceedings 1451 (2012): 45–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1557/opl.2012.1332.

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ABSTRACTFluorescence Quenching Microscopy has been shown to be an effective means of characterizing graphene on the macroscale. Centimeter-scale CVD-grown pristine and doped graphene were manufactured in a high temperature (1000°C) furnace on pristine copper substrates. The copper was then etched away in a FeCl3solution and the graphene was coated with DCM-based fluorescent dye before being imaged in a fluorescence microscope. The fluorescence image was then image-processed using modified Matlab software. The resulting image showed clear contrast between the pristine graphene sheet and defects on the graphene surface, which revealed that fluorescence microscopy could determine the quality of a large region of graphene. Also, significant contrast was identified between single-layer and multi-layer regions, showing that this technique is also effective at determining the degree of uniformity within a graphene sample. Lastly, the fluorescence images showed contrast between doped and undoped regions of graphene.

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Kou, Xuesen, Jing Jin, Yongzhen Wang, Yanhui Li, and Fengxiao Hou. "The Catalysis Effect of Na and Point Defect on NO Heterogeneous Adsorption on Carbon during High-Sodium Zhundong Coal Reburning: Structures, Interactions and Thermodynamic Characteristics." Catalysts 11, no. 9 (August 29, 2021): 1046. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/catal11091046.

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The reburning process in a furnace, a key way to reduce NOx emissions, is a heterogeneous reaction during coal combustion, in which the heterogeneous adsorption is dominant. Zhundong coal with a high content of alkali metal can enhance the reburning process. In this paper, the influence of sodium and a defect on NO heterogeneous adsorption was studied by the density functional theory, and the thermodynamic characteristic was also analyzed. The results indicate that the binding energy for NO adsorption on the pristine graphene surface (graphene-NO), Na-decorated pristine graphene surface (graphene-Na-NO), defect graphene surface (gsv-NO) and Na-decorated defect graphene (gsv-Na-NO) is −5.86, −137.12, −48.94 and −74.85 kJ/mol, respectively, and that the heterogeneous adsorption is an exothermic reaction. Furthermore, except for covalent bonds of C and N, C and O for gsv-NO, other interactions are a closed-shell one, based on the analysis of AIM, ELF and IGM. The area of electron localization for NO is graphene-Na-NO > gsv-Na-NO > gsv-NO > graphene-NO. The dispersion interaction is the main interaction force between NO and the pristine graphene surface. The δg index for the atom pairs about N–C and O–C on the pristine graphene surface is also the smallest. The density of spikes at graphene-Na-NO is bigger than that at gsv-Na-NO. Moreover, the thermodynamics characteristic showed that the reaction equilibrium constant of graphene-NO is less than those on the other surfaces under the same temperature. Thus, NO on the pristine graphene surface is the most difficult to adsorb, but the presence of sodium and a defect structure can promote its adsorption.

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Wang, Xiujuan, Chuhong Zhu, Zhulin Huang, Xiaoye Hu, and Xiaoguang Zhu. "In situ synthesis of pristine-graphene/Ag nanocomposites as highly sensitive SERS substrates." RSC Advances 6, no. 94 (2016): 91579–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c6ra20085k.

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In this paper, we proposed a simple in situ method for the synthesis of pristine-graphene/Ag nanocomposites by chemical reduction of Ag ions in a N-methyl pyrrolidone solution in which pristine-graphene had been homogeneously dispersed.

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Jung, Yeon Wook, Seung Geun Jo, Hae-In Moon, Young Won Kim, Yujin Shin, Gil-Ryeong Park, and Jung Woo Lee. "A Study on Graphene Structure Control Using Ammonia Gas for a Highly Sensitive Pressure Sensor." Korean Journal of Metals and Materials 60, no. 3 (March 5, 2022): 206–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.3365/kjmm.2022.60.3.206.

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Graphene has been used in various fields because of its excellent mechanical, optical, electrical, and thermal properties. However, its intrinsic low sensitivity to pressure limits its sensor applications. To overcome this drawback, many researchers have tried to improve the sensitivity by controlling the defects on the graphene, but have yet to report a significant increase in sensitivity compared to the pristine graphene. Herein, we fabricated a graphene-based highly sensitive pressure sensor by flowing ammonia gas during chemical vapor deposition. The ammonia gas assisted the generation of nano-sized defects due to nitrogen doping in the graphene lattice, as well as macro-sized cracks in the graphene layer, due to the corrosion of the Cu surface. We regulated the concentration ratio of ammonia gas and methane gas during the graphene synthesis, which controlled the crack generation. These cracks weakened the in-plane force of the networks in the geometric structure of the graphene, thereby allowing them to deform more easily under external force, and changing the resistance of the sensor dramatically. As a result, the sensitivity of the pressure sensor increased about 10,000 times higher than that of the pristine graphene. These results suggest that controlling defects to improve graphene’s mechanical sensitivity provides a promising route to pressure sensor applications.

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Liu, Aaron, and Qing Peng. "A Molecular Dynamics Study of the Mechanical Properties of Twisted Bilayer Graphene." Micromachines 9, no. 9 (August 31, 2018): 440. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/mi9090440.

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Graphene is one of the most important nanomaterials. The twisted bilayer graphene shows superior electronic properties compared to graphene. Here, we demonstrate via molecular dynamics simulations that twisted bilayer graphene possesses outstanding mechanical properties. We find that the mechanical strain rate and the presence of cracks have negligible effects on the linear elastic properties, but not the nonlinear mechanical properties, including fracture toughness. The “two-peak” pattern in the stress-strain curves of the bilayer composites of defective and pristine graphene indicates a sequential failure of the two layers. Our study provides a safe-guide for the design and applications of multilayer grapheme-based nanoelectronic devices.

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Mrudul, M. S., Álvaro Jiménez-Galán, Misha Ivanov, and Gopal Dixit. "Light-induced valleytronics in pristine graphene." Optica 8, no. 3 (March 18, 2021): 422. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/optica.418152.

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Ma, Qiong, Chun Hung Lui, Justin C. W. Song, Yuxuan Lin, Jian Feng Kong, Yuan Cao, Thao H. Dinh, et al. "Giant intrinsic photoresponse in pristine graphene." Nature Nanotechnology 14, no. 2 (December 17, 2018): 145–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41565-018-0323-8.

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Jiang, Lin, Pauline M. G. van Deursen, Hadi Arjmandi-Tash, Liubov A. Belyaeva, Haoyuan Qi, Jiao He, Vincent Kofman, et al. "Reversible hydrogenation restores defected graphene to graphene." Science China Chemistry 64, no. 6 (April 25, 2021): 1047–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11426-020-9959-5.

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AbstractGraphene as a two-dimensional material is prone to hydrocarbon contaminations, which can significantly alter its intrinsic electrical properties. Herein, we implement a facile hydrogenation-dehydrogenation strategy to remove hydrocarbon contaminations and preserve the excellent transport properties of monolayer graphene. Using electron microscopy we quantitatively characterized the improved cleanness of hydrogenated graphene compared to untreated samples. In situ spectroscopic investigations revealed that the hydrogenation treatment promoted the adsorption ofytyt water at the graphene surface, resulting in a protective layer against the re-deposition of hydrocarbon molecules. Additionally, the further dehydrogenation of hydrogenated graphene rendered a more pristine-like basal plane with improved carrier mobility compared to untreated pristine graphene. Our findings provide a practical post-growth cleaning protocol for graphene with maintained surface cleanness and lattice integrity to systematically carry a range of surface chemistry in the form of a well-performing and reproducible transistor.

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Li, Guo-Qing, Meng Zhang, and Wei Li. "Strong Adsorption of Al-Doped Bilayer Graphene Toward Anticancer Cisplatin." Nano 13, no. 06 (June 2018): 1850068. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s1793292018500686.

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The adsorption of cisplatin on pristine monolayer graphene (MLG), pristine bilayer graphene (BLG) and Al-doped BLG (Al-BLG) was investigated using density functional theory. The obtained results showed that pristine MLG and pristine BLG were not sensitive to cisplatin. Adsorption energy can be primarily influenced by the atomic species rather than the adsorption position. Moreover, it is strong chemisorption of hollow-site Al-BLG (H-Al-BLG) toward cisplatin. The most stable configurations are the Pt or Cl atom interaction with the Al atom of H-Al-BLG. In conclusion, H-Al-BLG is a kind of potential high quality delivery carrier for anticancer cisplatin.

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Martis, Alberto, Marco Fontana, Mara Serrapede, Stefano Bianco, Angelica Chiodoni, Candido Fabrizio Pirri, and Sergio Bocchini. "Production of Graphene Stably Dispersible in Ethanol by Microwave Reaction." Colloids and Interfaces 6, no. 4 (December 5, 2022): 75. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/colloids6040075.

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Graphene is a 2D carbon material with peculiar features such as high electrical conductivity, high thermal conductivity, mechanical stability, and a high ratio between surface and thickness. Applications are continuously growing, and the possibility of dispersing graphene in low-boiling green solvents could reduce its global environmental impact. Pristine graphene can be dispersed in high concentration only in polar aprotic solvents that usually have high boiling points and high toxicity. For this reason, the oxidized form of graphene is always used, as it is easier to disperse and to subsequently reduce to reduced graphene oxide. However, compared to pristine graphene, reduced graphene oxide has more defects and has inferior properties respect to graphene. In this work, the polymerization of (diethyl maleate derivate) on graphene obtained by sonication was performed in a microwave reactor. The obtained material has good stability in ethanol even after a long period of time, therefore, it can be used to deposit graphene by mass production of inks or by casting and easy removal of the solvent. The thermal annealing by heating at 300–400 °C in inert atmosphere allows the removal of the polymer to obtain pristine graphene with a low number of defects.

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Zhao, Wei, and Qing Yuan Meng. "Adsorption of Methane on Pristine and Al-Doped Graphene: A Comparative Study via First-Principles Calculation." Advanced Materials Research 602-604 (December 2012): 870–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.602-604.870.

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The adsorption of methane (CH4) molecule on the pristine and Al-doped (4, 8) graphene was investigated via the first-principles calculations. The results demonstrated that, in comparison to the adsorption of a CH4molecule on the pristine graphene sheet, a relatively stronger adsorption was observed between the CH4molecule and Al-doped graphene with a shorter adsorption distance, larger binding energy and more charge-transfer from the graphene surface to the CH4molecule. Therefore, the Al-doped graphene can be expected to be a novel sensor for the detection of CH4molecules in future applications.

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Rydzkowski, Tomasz, Kazimierz Reszka, Mieczysław Szczypiński, Michał Marek Szczypiński, Elżbieta Kopczyńska, and Vijay Kumar Thakur. "Manufacturing and Evaluation of Mechanical, Morphological, and Thermal Properties of Reduced Graphene Oxide-Reinforced Expanded Polystyrene (EPS) Nanocomposites." Advances in Polymer Technology 2020 (April 25, 2020): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2020/3053471.

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The aim of the present study is to examine the effect of the addition of carbon nanoparticles (σsp2 hybridization) on the mechanical properties of foamed polystyrene. In this work, we focus on the study of the impact of compressive stress, tensile strength, bending strength, thermal conductivity ratio (λ), and water absorption of expanded polystyrene (EPS) reinforced with reduced graphene oxide and graphite. The results were compared with pristine EPS and reduced graphene oxide-reinforced EPS. All the nanocomposite specimens used for testing had a similar density. The study reveals that the nanocomposites exhibit different thermal conductivities and mechanical properties in comparison to pristine EPS. The enhancement in the properties of the nanocomposite could be associated with a more extensive structure of elementary cells of expanded polystyrene granules.

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Raju, A. P. A., S. C. Offerman, P. Gorgojo, C. Vallés, E. V. Bichenkova, H. S. Aojula, A. Vijayraghavan, et al. "Dispersal of pristine graphene for biological studies." RSC Advances 6, no. 73 (2016): 69551–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c6ra12195k.

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Maya, Pai M., Sheetal R. Batakurki, Vinayak Adimule, and Basappa C. Yallur. "Optical Graphene for Biosensor Application: A Review." Applied Mechanics and Materials 908 (August 2, 2022): 51–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/p-rs3qal.

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One of the most often credited materials for opening up new possibilities in the creation of next-generation biosensors is graphene oxide (GO). GO has good water dispersibility, biocompatibility, and high affinity for specific biomolecules due to the coexistence of hydrophobic domains from pristine graphite structure and hydrophilic oxygen containing functional groups, as well as properties of graphene itself that are partly dependent on preparation methods. The high signal output and a strong potential for rapid industrial growth rate, graphene-based materials, such as graphene oxide (GO), are receiving substantial interest in bio sensing applications. Some of graphene's most enticing qualities are its superior conductivity and mechanical capabilities (such as toughness and elasticity), as well as its high reactivity to chemical compounds. The existence of waves on the surface (natural or created) is another property/variable that has immense potential if properly utilized. Single cell detection can be performed by optical biosensors based on graphene. The present state of knowledge about the use of graphene for bio sensing is reviewed in this article. We briefly cover the use of graphene for bio sensing applications in general, with a focus on wearable graphene-based biosensors. The intrinsic graphene ripples and their impact on graphene bio sensing capabilities are extensively examined.

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Wang, Ying, Shuai Xu, Zishun Liu, and Teng Yong Ng. "Energy wave propogation in pristine and bi-crystal graphene." International Journal of Computational Materials Science and Engineering 05, no. 03 (September 2016): 1650021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s2047684116500214.

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This study investigates the distribution and propagation of potential energy in graphene under tearing loads. Before crack extension, high potential energy accumulates at the crack tip. The distributions of the high potential energy are symmetrical and asymmetrical in pristine graphene and bi-crystal graphene with misorientation angle of [Formula: see text], respectively. When a C–C bond breaks during the fracture of graphene, numerous energy waves successively arise from the crack tip, i.e., the two atoms linked by the broken bond. These atoms lose one bond constraint and turn into unstable states, and they displace with high accelerations. In pristine graphene, the energy waves present as hexagonal geometries, while the waveforms near the loading areas are compressed to flatter geometries. In bi-crystal graphene, the refractions of potential energy waves are observed when the energy waves propagate to the grain boundary (GB) and interact with it, and the waveforms are changed after the wave crosses the GB. For both pristine graphene and bi-crystal graphene, wrinkles are generated when the crack tip extends to the site sufficiently close to the vertical free boundary, and the wrinkles are always nearly parallel to the horizontal free boundary and move along with the motion of the crack tip.

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Jung, Jae Woong, Seung Hwan Son, and Jun Choi. "Polyaniline/Reduced Graphene Oxide Composites for Hole Transporting Layer of High-Performance Inverted Perovskite Solar Cells." Polymers 13, no. 8 (April 14, 2021): 1281. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym13081281.

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We herein address the optoelectronic properties of polyaniline composite films with graphene oxide and reduced graphene oxide as a hole transport layer in inverted perovskite solar cells. The composite films exhibited enhanced electrical conductivity and suitable energy level matching with CH3NH3PbI3 for efficient hole extraction/transport than the pristine polyaniline film, which thus can deliver improved photovoltaic properties of device. The composite film-based devices exhibited maximum efficiency of 16.61%, which is enhanced by 21.6% from the device with the pristine polyaniline hole transport layer (efficiency = 13.66%). The reduced graphene oxide-based composite film also achieved improved long-term operative stability as compared to the pristine polyaniline-based device, demonstrating a great potential of reduced graphene oxide/polyaniline composite hole transport layer for high performance perovskite solar cells.

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Min-Dianey, Kossi A. A., Top Khac Le, Akeel Qadir, Noé Landry Privace M’Bouana, Muhammad Malik, Sok Won Kim, Jeong Ryeol Choi, and Phuong V. Pham. "The Ripple Effect of Graphite Nanofilm on Stretchable Polydimethylsiloxane for Optical Sensing." Nanomaterials 11, no. 11 (November 2, 2021): 2934. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nano11112934.

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Graphene-based optical sensing devices have been widely studied for their broad band absorption, high carrier mobility, and mechanical flexibility. Due to graphene’s weak light absorption, studies on graphene-based optical sensing thus far have focused on hybrid heterostructure devices to enhance photo-absorption. Such hybrid devices need a complicated integration process and lead to deteriorating carrier mobility as a result of heterogeneous interfaces. Rippled or wrinkled graphene has been studied in electronic and optoelectronic devices. However, concrete demonstrations of the impact of the morphology of nanofilms (e.g., graphite and graphene) associated with light absorption in optical sensing devices have not been fully examined. This study explored the optical sensing potential of a graphite nanofilm surface with ripples induced by a stretchable polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) supporting layer under different stretch:release ratios and then transferred onto silicon, both under experimental conditions and via simulation. The optical sensing potential of the rippled graphite nanofilm was significantly enhanced (260 mA/W at the stretch–release state of 30%), as compared to the pristine graphite/PDMS (20 mA/W at the stretch–release state of 0%) under laser illumination at a wavelength of 532 nm. In addition, the results of our simulated computation also confirmed the improved light absorption of rippled graphite nanofilm surface-based optical sensing devices, which was comparable with the results found in the experiment.

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Piloto, Carlo, Marco Notarianni, Mahnaz Shafiei, Elena Taran, Dilini Galpaya, Cheng Yan, and Nunzio Motta. "Highly NO2 sensitive caesium doped graphene oxide conductometric sensors." Beilstein Journal of Nanotechnology 5 (July 17, 2014): 1073–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.3762/bjnano.5.120.

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Here we report on the synthesis of caesium doped graphene oxide (GO-Cs) and its application to the development of a novel NO2 gas sensor. The GO, synthesized by oxidation of graphite through chemical treatment, was doped with Cs by thermal solid-state reaction. The samples, dispersed in DI water by sonication, have been drop-casted on standard interdigitated Pt electrodes. The response of both pristine and Cs doped GO to NO2 at room temperature is studied by varying the gas concentration. The developed GO-Cs sensor shows a higher response to NO2 than the pristine GO based sensor due to the oxygen functional groups. The detection limit measured with GO-Cs sensor is ≈90 ppb.

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Xiaoxiang, Zhang, He Jianxin, Wei Peng, Huang Xin, Tian Huimin, and Chen Min. "Preparation and Properties of Nylon 6,6 Grafted Graphene Composites." Journal of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology 20, no. 3 (March 1, 2020): 1977–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1166/jnn.2020.17347.

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Nylon 6,6 composite fiber containing grafted graphene (nylon 6,6-g-graphene) was prepared by nylon and graphene grafted with acyl chloride (graphene-COCl) through extrusion reaction. Graphene-COCl was prepared through acid-treated reacting, graphene with thionyl chloride functional group. The chemical structure of nylon 6,6-g-graphene obtained using reactive extrusion technique was characterized using Fourier transform infrared spectrometer. It was found that this kind of composite fiber has the characteristics of less amount of graphene and excellent mechanical properties and has certain application prospects. Nylon 6,6-g-graphene dispersed evenly in the Nylon composite. But pristine graphene exhibited aggregate structure when composite was produced by pristine graphene through reactive extrusion. The composite reinforcement was increased obviously with the increase content of grafted graphene. After examined, the nylon/nylon 6,6-g-graphene with a certain content grafted graphene composite exhibited high level of reinforcement, and mechanical properties were improved.

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Melro, Liliana S., and Lars R. Jensen. "Interfacial characterization of functionalized graphene-epoxy composites." Journal of Composite Materials 54, no. 5 (August 6, 2019): 703–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0021998319866252.

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The interface of graphene/epoxy was studied using molecular dynamics simulations by calculating the work of separation and traction-separation responses in the normal mode. The influence of functionalization of the graphene layers on the traction-separation behaviour was also examined by grafting hydroxyl, carboxyl, and carbonyl groups. It is shown that the magnitude of the maximum traction is clearly larger for functionalized graphene/epoxy systems as compared to pristine graphene. The work of adhesion also shows a clear difference in the interface behaviour of functionalized graphene/epoxy and pristine/epoxy systems with the presence of functional groups generating higher values of work of separation.

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36

Nagaoka, Danilo Argentoni, Daniel Grasseschi, and Sergio Humberto Domingues. "Can reduced graphene oxide look like few-layer pristine graphene?" Diamond and Related Materials 120 (December 2021): 108616. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.diamond.2021.108616.

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Farivar, Farzaneh, Pei Lay Yap, Tran Thanh Tung, and Dusan Losic. "Highly Water Dispersible Functionalized Graphene by Thermal Thiol-Ene Click Chemistry." Materials 14, no. 11 (May 25, 2021): 2830. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma14112830.

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Functionalization of pristine graphene to achieve high water dispersibility remains as a key obstacle owing to the high hydrophobicity and absence of reactive functional groups on the graphene surface. Herein, a green and simple modification approach to prepare highly dispersible functionalized graphene via thermal thiol-ene click reaction was successfully demonstrated on pristine graphene. Specific chemical functionalities (–COO, –NH2 and –S) on the thiol precursor (L-cysteine ethyl ester) were clicked directly on the sp2 carbon of graphene framework with grafting density of 1 unit L-cysteine per 113 carbon atoms on graphene. This functionalized graphene was confirmed with high atomic content of S (4.79 at % S) as well as the presence of C–S–C and N–H species on the L-cysteine functionalized graphene (FG-CYS). Raman spectroscopy evidently corroborated the modification of graphene to FG-CYS with an increased intensity ratio of D and G band, ID/IG ratio (0.3 to 0.7), full-width at half-maximum of G band, FWHM [G] (20.3 to 35.5) and FWHM [2D] (64.8 to 90.1). The use of ethanol as the reaction solvent instead of common organic solvents minimizes the chemical hazards exposure to humans and the environment. This direct attachment of multifunctional groups on the surface of pristine graphene is highly demanded for graphene ink formulations, coatings, adsorbents, sensors and supercapacitor applications.

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38

Tang, Shaobin, Weihua Wu, Liangxian Liu, Zexing Cao, Xiaoxuan Wei, and Zhongfang Chen. "Diels–Alder reactions of graphene oxides: greatly enhanced chemical reactivity by oxygen-containing groups." Physical Chemistry Chemical Physics 19, no. 18 (2017): 11142–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c7cp01086a.

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39

Loginos, Panagiotis, Anastasios Patsidis, Katerina Vrettos, George Sotiriadis, Georgios C. Psarras, Vassilis Kostopoulos, and Vasilios Georgakilas. "Thermomechanical Properties of Carbon Nanocomposites PEGDA Photopolymers." Molecules 27, no. 20 (October 18, 2022): 6996. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules27206996.

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In this work, UV-curable resin poly (ethylene glycol) diacrylate (PEGDA) was reinforced with three different types of nanofillers: pristine graphene (G), multiwalled carbon nanotubes (MWNTs), and a hybrid of MWNTs and graphene 70/30 in mass ratio (Hyb). PEGDA was mixed homogenously with the nanofiller oligomer by shear mixing and then photopolymerized, affording thin, stable films. The thermomechanical properties of the afforded nanocomposites indicated the superior reinforcing ability of pristine graphene compared with MWNTs and an intermediate behavior of the hybrid.

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40

Park, Jaehyeung, Xiaojian Yang, Dhanushka Wickramasinghe, Madanodaya Sundhoro, Nese Orbey, Kwok-Fan Chow, and Mingdi Yan. "Functionalization of pristine graphene for the synthesis of covalent graphene–polyaniline nanocomposite." RSC Advances 10, no. 44 (2020): 26486–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/d0ra03579c.

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41

Oh, Hong Gi, Hyo Geun Nam, Kwang Hwan Jhee, Joon Mook Lim, and Kwang Soup Song. "Cytotoxicity Assessment of SH-SY5Y Cells Grown on Graphene Sheet." Advanced Materials Research 1110 (June 2015): 311–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.1110.311.

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We investigate the effect of cell culture conditions, using pristine graphene sheets as growth substrate, on the human nerve cell line (SH-SY5Y). In order to evaluate cell viability and morphology, we applied the 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyl-2H-tetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay, and fluorescence microscopy of cells stained with Hochest 33342 and Calcein AM. Human nerve cells exhibited 84% viability on pristine graphene sheets compared with control (cell culture polystyrene) after 3 days culturing. Fluorescence data showed that the presence of graphene did not influence cell morphology. These results suggest that graphene sheets may be used for biological applications.

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42

Gao, Hongwei, and Zhijie Liu. "DFT study of NO adsorption on pristine graphene." RSC Advances 7, no. 22 (2017): 13082–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c6ra27137e.

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43

Ahmad, Nurin Jazlina, Ruziana Mohamed, Mohd Firdaus Malek, Nurul Izrini Ikhsan, and Mohamad Rusop Mahmood. "Ultrasonic-Assisted Exfoliation of Pristine Graphite into few Layers of Graphene Sheets Using NH<sub>3</sub> as Intercalation Agent." Materials Science Forum 1055 (March 4, 2022): 111–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/p-hr4sf0.

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Few-layer graphene sheets were synthesis using LPE with ultrasonic-assisted. The pristine graphite is directly exfoliated in deionized water with small addition of NH3 solution. In this study, we will investigate the relationship between concentration of NH3 solution corresponds to the graphene yield. The concentration of the NH3 solution varies from 18% to 26%. NH3 solution plays an important role as a medium to peel of graphite in the exfoliation process to form few-layer graphene sheets. The structural properties of the few-layer graphene sheets were examined using XRD, Raman Analysis, Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR) and Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) followed by UV-Vis Spectroscopy for its optical properties. The finest of few-layer graphene sheets was produced at 26% of NH3 concentration. This optimization results in a few layers of graphene sheets that may be used in the fields of nanoelectronics and optoelectronics.

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44

Izadifar, Mohammadreza, Jorge S. Dolado, Peter Thissen, and Andres Ayuela. "Interactions between Reduced Graphene Oxide with Monomers of (Calcium) Silicate Hydrates: A First-Principles Study." Nanomaterials 11, no. 9 (August 31, 2021): 2248. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nano11092248.

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Graphene is a two-dimensional material, with exceptional mechanical, electrical, and thermal properties. Graphene-based materials are, therefore, excellent candidates for use in nanocomposites. We investigated reduced graphene oxide (rGO), which is produced easily by oxidizing and exfoliating graphite in calcium silicate hydrate (CSHs) composites, for use in cementitious materials. The density functional theory was used to study the binding of moieties, on the rGO surface (e.g., hydroxyl-OH/rGO and epoxide/rGO groups), to CSH units, such as silicate tetrahedra, calcium ions, and OH groups. The simulations indicate complex interactions between OH/rGO and silicate tetrahedra, involving condensation reactions and selective repairing of the rGO lattice to reform pristine graphene. The condensation reactions even occurred in the presence of calcium ions and hydroxyl groups. In contrast, rGO/CSH interactions remained close to the initial structural models of the epoxy rGO surface. The simulations indicate that specific CSHs, containing rGO with different interfacial topologies, can be manufactured using coatings of either epoxide or hydroxyl groups. The results fill a knowledge gap, by establishing a connection between the chemical compositions of CSH units and rGO, and confirm that a wet chemical method can be used to produce pristine graphene by removing hydroxyl defects from rGO.

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Tran Thi Thu, Huyen, Ngan Duong Thi, Ly Hoang Thanh, Hong Phi Thi Thuy, and Hoang Tran Vinh. "Electrochemical preparation of graphene from waste battery-electrodes directed to organic dyes removal in aqueous solution." Vietnam Journal of Catalysis and Adsorption 10, no. 3 (June 30, 2021): xx. http://dx.doi.org/10.51316/jca.2021.045.

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In this research, we present a new method for preparation of graphene from waste zinc carbon battery (ZCB) electrodes using electrochemically exfoliation via a intercalating of sulfate ions into the graphitic layers at different D.C. voltages and optimized conditions (i.e., electrolyte medium and applied voltage). The synthesized graphene was characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), Raman spectroscopy and Scanning/Transmission electron microcopy (SEM/TEM). The synthesized graphene has been used as the adsorbents for efficient removal of methylene blue (MB) as a cationic dye from aqueous solutions to test their qualities. Results shown that the equilibrium adsorption capacity (qe) of prepared graphene samples are from 92.32 mg.g-1 to 99.73 mg.g-1 which are extremly higher than that of the pristine waste graphite electrode (5.03 mg.g-1) or powdered waste electrode graphite (40.05 mg.g-1). These obtaned results indicated that the graphene can be produced from waste graphite electrodes by electrochemical method, which can be considered as an eco-friendly method not only for production of quality graphene but also for reuse of waste graphite electrodes.

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46

Grkovic, M., D. B. Stojanovic, A. Kojovic, S. Strnad, T. Kreze, R. Aleksic, and P. S. Uskokovic. "Keratin–polyethylene oxide bio-nanocomposites reinforced with ultrasonically functionalized graphene." RSC Advances 5, no. 111 (2015): 91280–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c5ra12402f.

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47

Sonde, Sushant, Filippo Giannazzo, Vito Raineri, Salvatore di Franco, Antonio Marino, and Emanuele Rimini. "Role of Ion Irradiation Induced Lattice Defects on Nanoscale Capacitive Behavior of Graphene." Solid State Phenomena 156-158 (October 2009): 305–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/ssp.156-158.305.

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Irradiation with high energy (500 keV) C+ ions at fluences from 11013 to 11014 cm-2 was used to introduce controlled amounts of defects in single layers of graphene deposited on a SiO2(100 nm)/n+Si substrate. Scanning Capacitance Spectroscopy (SCS) was used as non-destructive characterization technique to probe the effect of irradiation on the electrical properties of graphene. In particular, a comparative study between the local capacitance of pristine graphene and irradiated graphene is presented, showing that lateral variations in irradiated graphene are distinctly higher. The local quantum capacitance per unit area C’q of graphene was extracted from raw data. While a narrow distribution of C’q values was obtained in pristine graphene, two distinct distributions were obtained in irradiated monolayers, associated to locally damaged and not damaged regions, respectively.

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Kumar, C. N. Shyam, Manuel Konrad, Venkata Sai Kiran Chakravadhanula, Simone Dehm, Di Wang, Wolfgang Wenzel, Ralph Krupke, and Christian Kübel. "Nanocrystalline graphene at high temperatures: insight into nanoscale processes." Nanoscale Advances 1, no. 7 (2019): 2485–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c9na00055k.

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Liu, Li-Hong, and Mingdi Yan. "Functionalization of pristine graphene with perfluorophenyl azides." Journal of Materials Chemistry 21, no. 10 (2011): 3273. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c0jm02765k.

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Chen, Gugang, Tereza M. Paronyan, and Avetik R. Harutyunyan. "Sub-ppt gas detection with pristine graphene." Applied Physics Letters 101, no. 5 (July 30, 2012): 053119. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.4742327.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Pristine graphene'

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