Journal articles: 'Prisons Victoria'

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O’Neill, Deirdre, Valarie Sands, and Graeme Hodge. "P3s and Social Infrastructure: Three Decades of Prison Reform in Victoria, Australia." Public Works Management & Policy 25, no. 3 (January 15, 2020): 214–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1087724x19899103.

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Once regarded as core public sector business, Australia’s prisons were reformed during the 1990s and Australia now has the highest proportion of prisoners in privately managed prisons in the world. How could this have happened? This article presents a case study of the State of Victoria and explains how public–private partnerships (P3s) were used to create a mixed public–private prison system. Despite the difficulty of determining clear and rigorous evaluation results, we argue that lessons from the Victorian experience are possible. First, neither the extreme fears of policy critics nor the grandiose policy and technical promises of reformers were fully met. Second, short-term success was achieved in political and policy terms by the delivery of badly needed new prisons. Third, the exact degree to which the state has achieved cheaper, better, and more accountable prison services remains contested. As a consequence, there is a need to continue experimentation but with greater transparency.

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Sands, Valarie. "Prisons in Victoria." Alternative Law Journal 29, no. 1 (February 2004): 15–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1037969x0402900103.

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Biles, David, and Vicki Dalton. "Deaths in Private and Public Prisons in Australia: A Comparative Analysis." Australian & New Zealand Journal of Criminology 34, no. 3 (December 2001): 293–301. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/000486580103400306.

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Public opinion in Australia has been divided on the question of whether private prisons are welcome and one of the issues in dispute has been the question of whether or not private prisons are associated with proportionately more or fewer deaths of prisoners, particularly suicides, than public prisons. The available evidence is examined, and when the number of deaths, or suicides, per 1000 prisoner years served for all private and public prisons are calculated it is found that the rate for all deaths is significantly lower in private prisons at the 0.05 level of confidence. However, the difference in the suicide rates is not statistically significant.The lower overall death rate is particularly surprising as private prisons in Australia hold proportionately more unconvicted remandees,who are at higher risk, than public prisons. A close examination of the data for three relatively new remand and reception prisons, two private and one public, shows that all have much higher rates for both all deaths and for suicides than the national averages. This is an updated and expanded version of a paper by the same authors published by the Australian Institute of Criminology in June 1999. That paper was admitted into evidence at a coronial inquiry that was held into five deaths that occurred in the Port Phillip Prison in Victoria. Address for correspondence: D. Biles, 25 Kidston Cres, Curtin ACT 2605, Australia.

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Moyo, Nompilo, Ee Tay, and Justin Denholm. "‘Know Your Epidemic’: Are Prisons a Potential Barrier to TB Elimination in an Australian Context?" Tropical Medicine and Infectious Disease 3, no. 3 (August 31, 2018): 93. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/tropicalmed3030093.

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Globally, rates of tuberculosis (TB) cases in prisons are substantially higher than in the general population. The goal of this study was to review TB notifications in Victorian correctional facilities, and consider whether additional interventions towards TB elimination may be useful in this setting. All patients who were notified with or treated for TB in the Australian state of Victoria from 1 January 2003 to 1 December 2017 were included in this study. Descriptive analysis was performed. Demographic and treatment outcome data for individuals with and without a history of incarceration were reviewed and compared. Of the 5645 TB cases notified during the study period, 26 (0.5%) had a history of being incarcerated in correctional facilities while receiving treatment for TB. There were 73,238 inmates in Victorian correctional facilities over the same study period, meaning that approximately 0.04% of inmates were diagnosed or treated with TB disease in correctional facilities. Incarcerated individuals were more likely to have positive sputum smears and cavitation compared with nonincarcerated people with TB. There was no significant difference in treatment outcomes between the general TB population and those who had a history of incarceration during their treatment. There is a low apparent rate of TB in Victorian prisoners, and prisons do not contribute significantly to TB incidence in Victoria. Overall, TB outcomes do not differ between prisoners and nonprisoners. Ongoing efforts to sustain these lower rates and comparable outcomes in this vulnerable cohort are important for continued progress towards TB elimination.

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Bartlett, Tess S., and Christopher J. Trotter. "Did We Forget Something? Fathering Supports and Programs in Prisons in Victoria, Australia." International Journal of Offender Therapy and Comparative Criminology 63, no. 8 (February 6, 2019): 1465–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0306624x19828575.

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This article draws from data gathered for an Australian Research Council–funded study conducted in Victoria and New South Wales between 2011 and 2015, which examined how dependent children are responded to when their primary carer is imprisoned. In particular, this article specifically addresses a gap in knowledge by examining the current state of fathering programs in prison in Victoria. To do so, the views of 39 primary carer fathers incarcerated in Victoria are analysed. We argue that there is a distinct lack of support for fathers in prison, acting as a barrier towards maintaining father–child relationships. Findings indicate that 79% of the fathers in this study were never offered any parenting support services or programs. By clearly highlighting the state of fathering programs in prisons in Victoria, this article offers suggestions as to how best to facilitate the connection between incarcerated fathers and their children.

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Young, Jesse T., Cheneal Puljević, Alexander D. Love, Emilia K. Janca, Catherine J. Segan, Donita Baird, Rachel Whiffen, Stan Pappos, Emma Bell, and Stuart A. Kinner. "Staying Quit After Release (SQuARe) trial protocol: a randomised controlled trial of a multicomponent intervention to maintain smoking abstinence after release from smoke-free prisons in Victoria, Australia." BMJ Open 9, no. 6 (June 2019): e027307. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2018-027307.

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IntroductionSmoke-free policies have been introduced in prisons internationally. However, high rates of relapse to smoking after release from prison indicate that these policies typically result in short-term smoking cessation only. These high rates of relapse, combined with a lack of investment in relapse prevention, highlight a missed opportunity to improve the health of a population who smoke tobacco at two to six times the rate of the general population. This paper describes the rationale and design of a randomised controlled trial, testing the effectiveness of a caseworker-delivered intervention promoting smoking cessation among former smokers released from smoke-free prisons in Victoria, Australia.Methods and analysisThe multicomponent, brief intervention consists of behavioural counselling, provision of nicotine spray and referral to Quitline and primary care to promote use of government-subsidised smoking cessation pharmacotherapy. The intervention is embedded in routine service delivery and is administered at three time points: one prerelease and two postrelease from prison. Control group participants will receive usual care. Smoking abstinence will be assessed at 1 and 3 months postrelease, and confirmed with carbon monoxide breath testing. Linkage of participant records to survey and routinely collected administrative data will provide further information on postrelease use of health services and prescribed medication.Ethics and disseminationEthical approval has been obtained from the Corrections Victoria Research Committee, the Victorian Department of Justice Human Research Ethics Committee, the Department of Human Services External Request Evaluation Committee and the University of Melbourne Human Research Ethics Committee. Results will be submitted to major international health-focused journals. In case of success, findings will assist policymakers to implement urgently needed interventions promoting the maintenance of prison-initiated smoking abstinence after release, to reduce the health disparities experienced by this marginalised population.Trial registration numberACTRN12618000072213; Pre-results.

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Farrell, Ann. "Policies for Incarcerated Mothers and their Families in Australian Corrections." Australian & New Zealand Journal of Criminology 31, no. 2 (August 1998): 101–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/000486589803100201.

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The incarceration of a mother usually brings considerable dislocation to the offending woman's children and family. This paper examines current policies for the inmate mother, for her children and for the caregiver(s) of her children on the outside and argues for reform with respect to these policies. To this end, it reports on the Australian component of a comparative policy study, Incarcerated Mothers and Children: Impact of Prison Environments (IMCIPE), which investigated the impact of the prison environment on incarcerated mothers and their young children (including both mothers whose children live with them in custody and mothers who are separated from their children), in Queensland, New South Wales, Victoria and England. The paper draws on data from policy analyses; interviews with policy-makers, with inmate mothers, and with custodial and non-custodial staff; and observations within six women's prisons and their respective correctional authorities in the three Australian states. The study found that while inmate mothers need support from “significant others” within and outside the prison to cope with the dual roles of prisoner and mother, the custodial environment with its philosophy of incarceration, its mode of containment and the prison rules and regulations runs counter to such needs.

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Graham, Annette. "Post-prison Mortality: Unnatural Death Among People Released from Victorian Prisons Between January 1990 and December 1999." Australian & New Zealand Journal of Criminology 36, no. 1 (April 2003): 94–108. http://dx.doi.org/10.1375/acri.36.1.94.

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The extent and nature of unnatural death among people who were released from Victorian prisons between January 1990 and December 1999 were examined. A total of 820 men and women released during that period were identified as having died unnatural deaths while not imprisoned prior to July 2000. The rate of unnatural deaths among Victorian ex-prisoners was double the 1996/1997 Victorian rate of deaths in prison custody.The unnatural death rate of ex-prisoners was 10 times that found in the general Victorian population. Risk of unnatural death was greatest during the weeks immediately following release and greater among those who had previous imprisonments. Over half of the unnatural deaths were heroin-related deaths. Ex-prisoner heroin-related deaths accounted for at least 25% of all the Victorian heroin-related deaths.

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Carlton, Bree. "Penal reform, anti-carceral feminist campaigns and the politics of change in women’s prisons, Victoria, Australia." Punishment & Society 20, no. 3 (November 24, 2016): 283–307. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1462474516680205.

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This paper emphasises the importance of locating contemporary abolitionist social movements within a continuum of broader struggles against structural injustice. Previous decades have seen the re-emergence of women’s penal reform programmes framed as progressive solutions for alleviating the structural disadvantages and harms associated with imprisonment. Abolitionists have provided fierce critiques of the risks these pose in reinforcing the legitimacy and scale of imprisonment. However, we have yet to articulate a clear vision regarding the utility of reform in relation to decarceration strategies. In presenting a critical exploration of anti-carceral feminist campaign work in Victoria, Australia, this paper advocates the need to move beyond the simplistically conceived dualism of reform and abolition. The analysis explores how anti-carceral feminists have used reform as a resistance strategy within Victorian anti-discrimination campaigns in the 1980s and 1990s. Placed in historical context, these campaigns demonstrate the transformative possibilities and risks associated with the necessary navigation and pursuit of reformist strategies that is fundamental to a politics and practice of abolition.

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Walker, Shelley, Peter Higgs, Mark Stoové, and Mandy Wilson. "Narratives of Young Men With Injecting Drug Use Histories Leaving Adult Prison." International Journal of Offender Therapy and Comparative Criminology 62, no. 12 (December 28, 2017): 3681–707. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0306624x17747829.

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This research focuses on an under-examined aspect of the post-release prison trajectory for a seldom-researched cohort. Narratives of the immediate days/weeks surrounding release were gathered from young men with histories of injecting drug use (IDU). Twenty-eight participants (aged 19-24) released from adult prisons in Victoria, Australia, participated in face-to-face in-depth qualitative interviews after release. Analysis of findings through the lens of a “risk environment” framework reveals how their experiences were compromised by risk factors embedded in the physical spaces and social situations they inhabited, as well as the multi-sectoral policy environments under which they were governed. A complex interplay between these factors, young men’s drug use and broader issues of structural vulnerability, including institutionalization and social disadvantage, combined to limit young men’s chances of “success”1 on the outside. Narratives provide evidence for interventions that transform risk environments into enabling environments, thereby promoting a more successful transition from prison to community for young men with IDU histories.

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Sands, Valarie, Deirdre O'Neill, and Graeme Hodge. "Cheaper, better, and more accountable? Twenty‐five years of prisons privatisation in Victoria." Australian Journal of Public Administration 78, no. 4 (May 21, 2019): 577–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1467-8500.12384.

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Johnson, Avalon. "Access to Elective Abortions for Female Prisoners under the Eighth and Fourteenth Amendments." American Journal of Law & Medicine 37, no. 4 (December 2011): 652–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/009885881103700405.

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Victoria, a pregnant inmate housed in a Louisiana state prison, brought a civil rights action challenging the prison’s policy of requiring her to obtain a court order to receive an elective abortion. Although Louisiana state law purported to allow Victoria to obtain an elective abortion, Victoria was unable to obtain her abortion because of procedural delays. Victoria was released from prison before she gave birth but her pregnancy was too far along for her to legally obtain an abortion. She was therefore forced to carry her pregnancy to term and forced to place her newborn child with adoptive parents. Had she given birth in prison, she would have been shackled to her hospital bed, as Louisiana policies require.Little information regarding pregnancy, prenatal care, perinatal outcomes, and access to elective abortions for female inmates exists. We know, however, that between six and ten percent of the women entering jail or prison are pregnant and that more women may become impregnated in prison as a result of rape by prison guards.

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Crofts, Nick, Sandra Thompson, Elizabeth Wale, and Franz Hernberger. "Risk Behaviours for Blood-borne Viruses in a Victorian Prison." Australian & New Zealand Journal of Criminology 29, no. 1 (March 1996): 20–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/000486589602900102.

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Hepatitis B and C viruses continue to spread in Victorians at risk of incarceration. We have therefore studied risk behaviours for these infections among 51 prisoners with a history of injecting drug use (IDU) in the central Victorian prison; 33 were also interviewed about their tattooing experience. Half had injected inside prison in the preceding month, an average of 5.5 times, suggesting up to 9,000 injections p.a. in this prison. Almost all shared inadequately disinfected equipment, with no way of knowing how many had used it before. First sharing of injecting equipment had been in prison for a fifth. Almost 90% were HCV infected. Almost all had been tattooed, with 60% having had at least one while in prison, while five reported more than 50 tattoos in prison. Urgent consideration of methods to decrease these risks is necessary, including assessment of the feasibility of controversial strategies such as needle and syringe exchange programs and the provision of sterile tattooing equipment.

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Herrman, H., J. Mills, G. Doidge, P. McGorry, and B. Singh. "The use of psychiatric services before imprisonment: a survey and case register linkage of sentenced prisoners in Melbourne." Psychological Medicine 24, no. 1 (February 1994): 63–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0033291700026830.

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SynopsisInformation about contact with psychiatric services before imprisonment was obtained for a stratified random sample of sentenced prisoners, who were not receiving prison psychiatric care, in Melbourne's three metropolitan prisons. The sample of 158 men and 31 women was matched with the longitudinal person-linked records of state psychiatric service use in the Victorian Psychiatric Case Register (VPCR). Records of contact with the state services were found for 54 men (34%) and 19 women (61%), including records of in-patient treatment for 25 men (16%) and 15 women (48%). For 64% of individuals with a positive match, the case-note diagnoses were substance use disorders only. Diagnoses of psychotic disorders were recorded for four prisoners, and mood disorders for another six.In addition, clinicians conducted standardized diagnostic interviews and enquired about treatment and personal history. A further 24 prisoners reported specialist psychiatric treatment outside the state treatment sector.This study links the findings from an interview survey of psychiatric morbidity in prisoners with the records available in the VPCR, and emphasizes a number of matters important to the public health. The high rates of previous treatment for substance abuse disorders, the apparent pool of prisoners with largely untreated major depression, and the service needs of those with chronic psychotic disorders are discussed.

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ANGELOS, CLAUDIA, and JAMES B. JACOBS. "Prison Overcrowding and the Law." ANNALS of the American Academy of Political and Social Science 478, no. 1 (March 1985): 100–112. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0002716285478001009.

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This article traces and analyzes the history of prison- and jail-crowding litigation in the federal courts since the 1960s. While prisoners and pretrial detainees have won many victories, the doctrinal basis for a constitutional right to uncrowded incarceration facilities remains unclear and is still evolving. Despite several recent Supreme Court decisions unfavorable to inmates, there has been no rejection of the principles (1) that the totality of conditions in prison—including crowding—must not amount to cruel and unusual punishment and (2) that jail crowding cannot be permitted to impose genuine privations over an extended period of time. In order to enforce the decrees outlawing overcrowding, judges have had to search for creative enforcement techniques. Many of these techniques are controversial and their effectiveness is disputed. The courts have forced the other branches of government to face up to crowded prisons and jails, and they have helped to ameliorate the suffering and deprivations that the overcrowding crisis has caused.

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Edmonds, Leigh. "The Gaol on the Hill: The prelude to and construction of Bendigo’s sandstone gaol." Before/Now: Journal of the collaborative Research Centre in Australian History (CRCAH) 1, no. 1 (May 3, 2019): 47–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.35843/beforenow.173274.

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The gold rushes on the Victorian goldfields of the 1850s increased the population of the new colony seven times over. This created many problems for the new government, not the least of which was an increase in lawlessness which put authorities under severe pressure to house the rapidly growing convict population. Other issues confronting colonial prison administrators were the mobility of the population as gold seekers moved to the latest finds, the presence of a large Chinese population on the goldfields and the housing of the mentally disturbed. At the same time, new philosophies in prison design gave the Victorian government the potential to replace its first, hastily constructed, goals with the latest ‘state of the art’ prisons at strategic locations across the goldfields.

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Groombridge, Nic. "Jamie Bennett and Victoria Knight, Prisoners on Prison Films." Journal of British Cinema and Television 18, no. 4 (October 2021): 542–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.3366/jbctv.2021.0595.

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O'Malley, Pat, Garry Coventry, and Reece Walters. "Victoria's “Day in Prison Program”: An Evaluation and Critique." Australian & New Zealand Journal of Criminology 26, no. 2 (December 1993): 171–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/000486589302600206.

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The use of “Day in Prison” programs to deter young adult offenders is a concept which originated in the United States and was replicated in Australia during the late 1970s. After almost a decade of uncertainty this model of ‘crime prevention’ re-emerged in Victoria with the introduction of a pilot “Day in Prison” program. This article traces the development and operation of the Victorian experience and provides evaluation research findings which conclude that coercive, intimidatory and degrading aversion techniques should not be utilised by the criminal justice system for the purposes of individual deterrence.

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Bailey, Victor. "English Prisons, Penal Culture, and the Abatement of Imprisonment, 1895–1922." Journal of British Studies 36, no. 3 (July 1997): 285–324. http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/386138.

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The prison method is callous, regular and monotonous and produces great mental and physical strain. The deprivation of liberty is extremely cruel and if it is attended with treatment that deadens the spiritual nature and fails to offer any stimulus to the imagination, that coarsens and humiliates, then it stands condemned. (Arthur Creech Jones, conscientious objector, Wandsworth Prison, 1916–19)The nineteenth century was the century of the penitentiary. Public and physical punishments (from whipping to the death penalty) were gradually replaced by the less visible, less corporal sanction of imprisonment. By the start of the Victorian era, imprisonment was the predominant penalty in the system of judicial punishments. For every 1,000 offenders sentenced at higher and summary courts in 1836 for serious (or indictable) offenses, 685 were punished by imprisonment in local prisons. By midcentury, moreover, sentences of penal servitude in convict prisons were plugging the gap left by the end of transportation to Australia. The three hundred or so local prisons in the 1830s, to which offenders were sent for anywhere between one day and two years (though typically for terms of less than three months), were locally controlled until 1877 and were less than uniform in regime. The separate system of prison discipline (or cellular isolation) increasingly prevailed over the silent system (or associated, silent labor), but it was subject to considerable local modification. Convict prisons were run by central government with less variability.

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Johnston, H. "'A Want of Order and Good Discipline': Rules, Discretion and the Victorian Prison. By Richard W. Ireland (Cardiff: University of Wales Press, 2007, 302pp. 45.00) * Punish or Treat? Medical Care in English Prisons 1770-1850. By Peter McRorie Higgins(Victoria: Trafford, 2007, 283pp. 14.99)." British Journal of Criminology 48, no. 5 (June 23, 2008): 684–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/bjc/azn042.

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Tye, Christine S., and Paul E. Mullen. "Mental Disorders in Female Prisoners." Australian & New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry 40, no. 3 (March 2006): 266–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/j.1440-1614.2006.01784.x.

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Objective: The objective of the study was to investigate the rates of mental disorder among women in prison in Victoria, and to compare with community rates. Design: A midnight census of all women in prison in Victoria was undertaken. Respondents were interviewed with a version of the Composite International Diagnostic Interview (CIDI), an adapted version of the Personality Diagnostic Questionnaire (PDQ-4+) and a demographics questionnaire. Main Outcome Measures: Twelve-month prevalence rates of ICD-10 mental disorders including depressive disorders, anxiety disorders and drug-related disorders were examined. Prevalence of personality disorders was also investigated. Results: Eighty-four per cent of the female prisoners interviewed met the criteria for a mental disorder (including substance harmful use/dependence) in the year prior to interview. This rate was reduced to 66% when drug-related disorders were excluded. Fortythree per cent of subjects were identified as cases on a personality disorder screener. For all disorders, (except obsessive-compulsive disorder and alcohol harmful use) women in prison had a significantly greater likelihood of having met the 12-month diagnostic criteria when compared to women in the community. The most prevalent disorders among the female prisoners were: drug use disorder (57%), major depression (44%), Posttraumatic stress disorder (36%), and personality disorders. Almost a quarter (24%) of respondents were identified as a ‘case’ on the psychosis screen. Conclusions: In the present study female prisoners had significantly higher rates of the mental disorders investigated (with the exceptions of OCD and alcohol harmful use) when compared with women in the community. The pattern of disorder found among female prisoners is consistent with the abuse literature, suggesting that histories of abuse among the prison population may account for part of the discrepancy. These results highlight the need for improved assessment and treatment resources to meet the demands of this population.

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Johnston, Helen. "Imprisoned mothers in Victorian England, 1853–1900: Motherhood, identity and the convict prison." Criminology & Criminal Justice 19, no. 2 (February 13, 2018): 215–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1748895818757833.

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This article explores the experiences of imprisoned mothers in the Victorian convict prison system. It argues that motherhood, of central importance to the ideals of Victorian femininity, was disrupted and fractured by women’s long-term imprisonment. Using ‘whole life’ history methodology, the article draws on research into 288 women imprisoned and then released from the prison system, of whom half were mothers. It illuminates how the long-term prison system dealt with pregnancy, childbirth and family contact for female prisoners. It argues that while institutional or state care was often an inevitable consequence for children of single or widowed mothers, women used their limited resources and agency to assert their identity as mothers and direct outcomes for their children. But for others, prolific offending and multiple long sentences would render any chance of motherhood impossible.

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Bagaric, Mirko. "Home Truths about Home Detention." Journal of Criminal Law 66, no. 5 (October 2002): 425–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/002201830206600508.

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The Victorian Parliament has recently introduced a Bill which implements home detention as a sentencing option. Home detention is an intuitively appealing reform. The logic behind the proposal seems obvious. Prisons are expensive to run. There are too many offenders in prison. So let's take the cost out of prison by turning the homes of offenders into prisons: classic, user-pays, cost-shifting economics. The level of superficial appeal of the argument in favour of home detention is matched only by the depth of the fallacies underpinning some of the fundamental premises. The most basic of which is the assumption that offenders who are candidates for the new sanction should be in detention (of any kind) in the first place. Further, the narrow objective of reducing imprisonment is misguided. It should not be elevated to a cardinal sentencing objective—otherwise total success could be achieved by simply opening the prison gates. There are also other concerns about the appropriateness of home detention. The degree of pain it inflicts in many cases is questionable and it may also violate the principle that punishment should not be inflicted on the innocent. After examining the arguments for and against home detention, this article suggests the approach that should be adopted to achieve enlightened and meaningful sentencing reform.

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Johns, Diana Frances. "Semiotic Practices: A conceptual window on the post-prison experience." International Journal for Crime, Justice and Social Democracy 3, no. 3 (December 1, 2014): 98–112. http://dx.doi.org/10.5204/ijcjsd.v3i3.149.

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Most prisoners get out of prison. Staying out, for some, can be challenging. Understanding these challenges can help ex-prisoners and those supporting them to interrupt cycles of offending and imprisonment. This paper considers the possibilities of ‘culture’ as an analytical tool for uncovering aspects of the post-imprisonment experience that may contribute to imprisonment cycles. It draws on interviews with released prisoners and post-release support workers in Victoria, Australia, to illustrate how culture interpreted as ‘semiotic practices’ illuminates processes underpinning and constituting the cycle of reimprisonment. A semiotic-practical lens reveals how such processes can counteract efforts towards reintegration and reduced reoffending, on the part of ex-prisoners themselves and society more broadly.

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Bartlett, Tess S. "Supporting incarcerated fathers: An exploration of research and practice in Victoria, Australia." Probation Journal 66, no. 2 (December 23, 2018): 201–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0264550518820115.

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In recent decades the number of incarcerated parents has increased on a global scale. The majority of these prisoners are men, yet there has been very little formal attention concerning the parenting status of these men, despite knowledge about the impact of parental incarceration on children being well established. In Victoria, Australia, some 93 per cent of prisoners are men, and more than half of these are fathers, yet they have also attracted limited scholarly and practitioner attention. This article explores research and practice accounts regarding support for incarcerated fathers and their children, particularly emphasising visiting, supported/visiting and fathering units, to build knowledge in Victoria. To do so it examines 36 publications from 2000 to 2018, addressing a gap in knowledge relating to supporting father-child relationships from prison. It concludes by offering pragmatic solutions for the development of supports that will contribute to the maintenance of these relationships.

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Parker, Neville. "The Garry David Case." Australian & New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry 25, no. 3 (September 1991): 371–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.3109/00048679109062638.

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A prisoner with an antisocial personality disorder had almost completed his sentence for attempted murder and there was considerable public concern over his imminent release. The article discusses the many attempts made by the Victorian Government during the past six months to detain him. A recommendation was made to change the Mental Health Act 1986 by including personality disorders as a form of “mental illness”. The outcome of such advice has enormous implications for the practice of psychiatry in Victoria.

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Forsythe, Bill. "Peter McRorie Higgins, Punish or treat? Medical care in English prisons 1770–1850, Victoria, BC, Trafford Publishing, 2007, pp. ix, 283, illus., £14.99, €21.41, $26.07 (paperback 1-4251-0153-4)." Medical History 53, no. 2 (April 2009): 312–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0025727300003835.

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Hogg, Russell. "‘Only a pawn in their game’: crime, risk and politics in the case of Robert Fardon." International Journal for Crime, Justice and Social Democracy 3, no. 3 (December 1, 2014): 55–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.5204/ijcjsd.v3i3.152.

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In 2003 Robert Fardon was the first prisoner to be detained under the Dangerous Prisoners (Sexual Offenders) Act 2003 (Qld), the first of the new generation preventive detention laws enacted in Australia and directed at keeping sex offenders in prison or under supervision beyond the expiry of their sentences where a court decides, on the basis of psychiatric assessments, that unconditional release would create an unacceptable risk to the community. A careful examination of Fardon’s case shows the extent to which the administration of the regime was from the outset governed by politics and political calculation rather than the logic of risk management and community protection. In 2003 Robert Fardon was the first person detained under the Dangerous Prisoners (Sexual Offenders) Act 2003 (Qld) (hereafter DPSOA), a newly enacted Queensland law aimed at the preventive detention of sex offenders. It was the first of a new generation of such laws introduced in Australia, now also in force in NSW, Western Australia and Victoria. The laws have been widely criticized by lawyers, academics and others (Keyzer and McSherry 2009; Edgely 2007). In this article I want to focus on the details of how the Queensland law was administered in Fardon’s case, he being perhaps the most well-known prisoner detained under such laws and certainly the longest held. It will show, I hope, that seemingly abstract rule of law principles invoked by other critics are not simply abstract: they afford a crucial practical safeguard against the corruption of criminal justice in which the ends both of community protection and of justice give way to opportunistic exploitation of ‘the mythic resonance of crime and punishment for electoral purposes’ (Scheingold 1998: 888).

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Stone, Una, Marg Liddell, and Marietta Martinovic. "Incarcerated Mothers: Issues and Barriers for Regaining Custody of Children." Prison Journal 97, no. 3 (April 19, 2017): 296–317. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0032885517703957.

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In Victoria, Australia, the rate of female incarceration has continued to rise in the last decade. The majority of women prisoners are primary caregivers of their children. This article examines issues mothers face in mothering, both inside and outside prison, as seen by professionals and stakeholders who support them. Reunification of mothers and children is hampered by factors such as poverty, homelessness, abuse, and lack of access to services. Research and government interventions to address incarcerated mothers’ situations have had little positive impact for over 50 years.

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Carpenter, Kenneth J. "Nutritional Studies in Victorian Prisons." Journal of Nutrition 136, no. 1 (January 1, 2006): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jn/136.1.1.

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Henry, Nancy. "GEORGE ELIOT AND THE COLONIES." Victorian Literature and Culture 29, no. 2 (September 2001): 413–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1060150301002091.

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Women are occasionally governors of prisons for women, overseers of the poor, and parish clerks. A woman may be ranger of a park; a woman can take part in the government of a great empire by buying East India Stock.— Barbara Bodichon, A Brief Summary in Plain Language, of the Most Important Laws Concerning Women (1854)ON OCTOBER 5, 1860, GEORGE HENRY LEWES VISITED a solicitor in London to consult about investments. He wrote in his journal: “[The Solicitor] took me to a stockbroker, who undertook to purchase 95 shares in the Great Indian Peninsular Railway for Polly. For £1825 she gets £1900 worth of stock guaranteed 5%” (qtd. in Ashton, Lewes 210). Thus Marian Evans, called Polly by her close friends, known in society as Mrs. Lewes and to her reading public as George Eliot, became a shareholder in British India. Whether or not Eliot thought of buying stock as taking part in the government of a great empire, as her friend Barbara Bodichon had written in 1854, the 5% return on her investment was a welcome supplement to the income she had been earning from her fiction since 1857. From 1860 until her death in 1880, she was one of a select but growing number of middle-class investors who took advantage of high-yield colonial stocks.1 Lewes’s journals for 1860–1878 and Eliot’s diaries for 1879–80 list dividends from stocks in Australia, South Africa, India, and Canada. These include: New South Wales, Victoria, Cape of Good Hope, Cape Town Rail, Colonial Bank, Oriental Bank, Scottish Australian, Great Indian Peninsula, Madras. The Indian and colonial stocks make up just less than half of the total holdings. Other stocks connected to colonial trade (East and West India Docks, London Docks), domestic stocks (the Consols, Regents Canal), and foreign investments (Buenos Aires, Pittsburgh and Ft. Wayne) complete the portfolio.2

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32

Cooper, David, and Philip Priestly. "Victorian Prison Lives: English Prison Biography, 1830-1914." American Historical Review 91, no. 5 (December 1986): 1196. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1864433.

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Fields, Charles B., and Philip Priestly. "Victorian Prison Lives: English Prison Biography 1830-1914." Journal of Criminal Law and Criminology (1973-) 78, no. 2 (1987): 459. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1143463.

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34

Tait, David. "The Invisible Sanction: Suspended Sentences in Victoria 1985–1991." Australian & New Zealand Journal of Criminology 28, no. 2 (June 1995): 143–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/000486589502800202.

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Do suspended prison sentences keep down the prison population? This objective lay behind the introduction of this measure to Victoria in 1985. British literature on suspended sentences suggests that this objective is unrealistic, and that precisely the opposite happened in Britain: a (lagged) blow-out in the prison population when suspended sentences became activated. The initial and longer-term impact of suspended sentences is tested with available data from magistrates courts, higher courts and prison censuses. The evidence from these sources confirms that a decline in the use of immediate imprisonment coincided with a growth in the use of suspended sentences. Some of this decline was temporary, as orders were breached and prison sentences activated. However, the net effect was a drop in the use of imprisonment. The avoidance of a lagged increase in the prison population was achieved by a combination of factors: short operational periods, a low breach rate, and extensive use of discretion in re-sentencing. Despite the apparent success of this sanction, it is largely invisible from the public debate and its place in the range of sentencing options is largely unacknowledged.

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Holland, Shasta, and Peter Persson. "Intellectual disability in the Victorian prison system: characteristics of prisoners with an intellectual disability released from prison in 2003–2006." Psychology, Crime & Law 17, no. 1 (January 2011): 25–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10683160903392285.

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Flynn, Catherine, and Jenny Lawlor. "Building a therapeutic care team: Foster care intervention when a mother is imprisoned – a case study." Children Australia 33, no. 4 (2008): 24–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1035077200000420.

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This paper presents the case study of a family which was supported by a Victorian foster care agency over a two-year period whilst both parents were imprisoned. The article aims to raise awareness amongst practitioners across a range of fie Ids of practice about the issues faced by the children of prisoners, and to document effective and collaborative practices which enable the impact of parental incarceration to be managed and minimised for the children involved. The paper is based on data gathered for a study examining the impact of maternal incarceration on young people conducted by one of the authors. Through focusing on one family, the paper discusses the increasing phenomenon of mothers in prison and the challenges this presents both to their families and to practitioners. The paper concludes by reflecting on the process and suggests that collaborative work with the families of prisoners requires not just good intentions but resources, commitment from all parties, and mutually respectful relationships.

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Williams, Lucy, and Barry Godfrey. "Bringing the Prisoner into View: English and Welsh Census Data and the Victorian Prison Population." Australian Historical Studies 47, no. 3 (August 31, 2016): 398–413. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/1031461x.2016.1208258.

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Crone, Rosalind. "Reappraising Victorian Literacy through Prison Records." Journal of Victorian Culture 15, no. 1 (April 2010): 3–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/13555501003607644.

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Dr. Ashish Gupta. "Probing Great Expectations: A Re-analysis." Creative Launcher 6, no. 5 (December 30, 2021): 38–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.53032/tcl.2021.6.5.05.

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Charles Dickens, a prolific, literary figure of Victorian era- reelects through and exquisite picture of whole Victorian England society. He is a writer of humanitarian novels and turns the light of knowledge upon a great Variety of English scene and characters, especially upon workhouses, debtors, prisons shops hovels of the poor, law offices, dark sheets and dark alleys the England haunts and hiding places of vice, crime pain. He knew his people best and gave them what they wanted. In his novel Great Expectations, Dickens explored some significant issues regarding high- and lower-class system of Victorian society.

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Ho, Elizabeth. "Heterotopic Heritage in Hong Kong: Tai Kwun and Neo-Victorian Carceral Space." Humanities 11, no. 1 (January 13, 2022): 12. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/h11010012.

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The prison is specifically identified by Michel Foucault in his essay, ‘Of Other Spaces’ (1967), as an exemplar of “heterotopias of deviation”. Reified in neo-Victorian production as a hegemonic space to be resisted, within which illicit desire, feminist politics, and alternate narratives, for example, flourish under harsh panoptic conditions, the prison nonetheless emerges as a counter-site to both nineteenth-century and contemporary social life. This article investigates the neo-Victorian prison museum that embodies several of Foucault’s heterotopic principles and traits from heterochronia to the dynamics of illusion, compensation/exclusion and inclusion that structure the relationship of heterotopic space to all space. Specifically, I explore the heritage site of the Central Police Station compound in Hong Kong, recently transformed into “Tai Kwun: the Centre for Heritage and the Arts”. Tai Kwun (“Big Station” in Cantonese) combines Victorian and contemporary architecture, carceral space, contemporary art, and postcolonial history to herald the transformation of Hong Kong into an international arts hub. Tai Kwun is an impressive example of neo-Victorian adaptive reuse, but its current status as a former prison, art museum, and heritage space complicates the celebratory aspects of heterotopia as counter-site. Instead, Tai Kwun’s spatial, historical, and financial arrangements emphasize the challenges that tourism, government funding, heritage, and the art industry pose for Foucault’s original definition of heterotopia and our conception of the politics of neo-Victorianism in the present.

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Scott, Andrew. "Crime prevention and prisoner rehabilitation in Australia: Lessons from Nordic nations." Alternative Law Journal 42, no. 2 (June 2017): 118–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1037969x17710625.

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This article considers Australia’s past interest in Nordic nations’ achievements in preventing crime and in rehabilitating persons convicted of crimes. Current crises in Australian prisons, particularly as analysed recently by the Victorian Ombudsman, are then considered. Lessons from Sweden and Norway, in particular, are identified which might practically help now to tackle those problems.

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Biel, Justin. "Maynooth, the ‘Godless colleges’ and liberal imperial thought in the 1840s." Irish Historical Studies 42, no. 161 (May 2018): 26–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/ihs.2018.1.

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AbstractIn 1845, parliament passed an act establishing the three Queen’s Colleges in Ireland – Belfast, Galway and Cork – with the stipulation that ‘religious’ instruction in the colleges would have to be sponsored by voluntary organisations, not the state. Prior to 1845, parliament’s approach to providing spiritual guidance in state-run institutions had been one of ‘parallel patronage’, assuring that wherever there were individuals representing different denominational backgrounds, religious specialists from each denomination would be appointed to work in the institution. For example, the Prisons (Ireland) Act, 1826 required that Catholic, Presbyterian and Anglican chaplains serve their respective portions of the prison population in each gaol that housed any of their co-denominationalists. But in 1845, parliament took an ostensibly different tack, implying that denominations would have to sponsor their young men’s study of theology or any other ‘religious’ subject at university level. However, this article argues that the Irish colleges bill gained assent from the liberal wing of parliamentary opinion precisely because it seemed, to early Victorian liberals, to instantiate the logic of parallel patronage. Using Thomas Wyse, Charles Buller, and T. B. Macaulay as cases in point, this article reveals that the logic behind this vision of state ‘neutrality’ as simultaneous support for each denominational interest was steeped in a working knowledge of colonialism.

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Huey P. Newton and The Black Panther Party. "Prison, où est ta victoire?1." Cultures & conflits, no. 55 (September 1, 2004): 67–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.4000/conflits.1574.

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Beyer, Lorraine, Gary Reid, and Nick Crofts. "Ethnic Based Differences in Drug Offending." Australian & New Zealand Journal of Criminology 34, no. 2 (August 2001): 169–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/000486580103400205.

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There is a perception in Victoria that some ethnic groups are more heavily involved in illicit drugs than others. The published police and prison statistics appear to support this view. The paper discusses why published statistics show an increase in drug offending by people of Vietnamese birth, describes some of the outcomes of current criminal justice responses to the illicit drug problem in Victoria, and identifies differing offending patterns between drug offenders of “Asian” and “non-Asian” backgrounds. Court and Juvenile Justice key informants’ perceptions of the reasons young “Asian” people become involved with heroin is also briefly discussed.

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Pašeta, Senia. "‘Waging War on the Streets’: the Irish Women Patrol, 1914–22." Irish Historical Studies 39, no. 154 (November 2014): 250–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0021121400019088.

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Female activists across the United Kingdom had insisted from the late nineteenth century that the employment of women police who would deal with problems specific to women and children could help to address pressing social questions, or at least to offer women some protection within the entirely male criminal justice system. Their campaign for women police was connected to similar demands for the employment of female prison visitors and inspectors and, later, jurors and lawyers, and it was predicated on the idea that neither prisons nor courts afforded women fair and equal treatment under the law. Early victories included the appointment of police matrons and searchers, but the resistance of police authorities and most other civil servants to female officers remained solid into the early twentieth century, feminist campaigning notwithstanding. The outbreak of the First World War, however, provided an ideal context for renewed activism on the issue, not least because commentators across the British Isles predicted that the apparent inability of girls and young women to resist the lure of uniformed men would lead to outbreaks of war-induced sexual promiscuity and a decline in standards of public behaviour.

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Jancar, J. "The Burdens — pioneers in mental health." Psychiatric Bulletin 13, no. 10 (October 1989): 552–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1192/pb.13.10.552.

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Rarely in a lifetime do three people contribute to society in so many ways as the Burdens in Bristol. Here are some of their major achievements.The Reverend Burden and his wifw Katharine opened ‘The Royal Victoria Home’, near Horfield Prison, for the care of inebriate women and girls in moral danger in 1895.

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PIETERSE, MARIUS. "THE POTENTIAL OF SOCIO-ECONOMIC RIGHTS LITIGATION FOR THE ACHIEVEMENT OF SOCIAL JUSTICE: CONSIDERING THE EXAMPLE OF ACCESS TO MEDICAL CARE IN SOUTH AFRICAN PRISONS." Journal of African Law 50, no. 2 (October 2006): 118–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0021855306000118.

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This article considers the remedial and transformative potential of litigation based on legally enforceable socio-economic entitlements, such as the justiciable socio-economic rights contained in the 1996 South African Constitution. It focuses on the interpretation and enforcement of South African prisoners' constitutional rights to dignified conditions of detention (including the provision of adequate medical treatment at state expense) and to consult with medical practitioners of their choice. Although these rights have not yet been the subject of a decision by the South African Constitutional Court, they have been central or incidental to a number of High Court decisions. The article discusses these decisions in an attempt to illustrate, first, that courts are institutionally equipped to effectively vindicate socio-economic rights, secondly, that the enforcement of socio-economic rights may result in tangible and affirmative relief for individual beneficiaries, and thirdly, that victories in socio-economic rights matters may cumulatively have significant transformative potential. The article situates prisoners' rights to medical treatment in the South African social, legal and constitutional contexts, discusses the ambit, scope and remedial potential of the rights, and considers the affirmative and transformative effects of the judgments in which they have been enforced. In particular, the article considers the impact of this distinct body of socio-economic rights jurisprudence on overarching social struggles for improved access to health care services (especially antiretroviral treatment) in South African prisons.

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Andrés Laso, Antonio. "Ricardo Mata y Martín. Victoria Kent al frente de las prisiones españolas (1931-1932). El sistema penitenciario en los inicios de la Segunda República, [Marcial Pons. Colección Derecho penal y Criminología (Madrid 2020, 266 páginas)]." Anuario da Facultade de Dereito da Universidade da Coruña 25 (December 8, 2021): 304–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.17979/afdudc.2021.25.0.8808.

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Recensión de monografía MATA Y MARTÍN, Ricardo. Victoria Kent al frente de las prisiones españolas (1931-1932). El sistema penitenciario en los inicios de la Segunda República, [Marcial Pons. Colección Derecho penal y Criminología (Madrid 2020, 266 páginas)].

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Simpson, S. "Maintenance programmes are denied to addicted prisoners in Victoria." BMJ 318, no. 7186 (March 20, 1999): 811. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmj.318.7186.811.

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Walker, William T., and Steven Mintz. "A Prison of Expectations, the Family in Victorian Culture." History Teacher 19, no. 1 (November 1985): 162. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/493655.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Prisons Victoria'

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