Journal articles on the topic 'Prisons Health aspects'
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1
Bolcato, Matteo, Vito Fiore, Filomena Casella, Sergio Babudieri, Luciano Lucania, and Giulio Di Mizio. "Health in Prison: Does Penitentiary Medicine in Italy Still Exist?" Healthcare 9, no. 11 (November 5, 2021): 1511. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/healthcare9111511.
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Despite the detailed legislative developments that have occurred within the context of prison medicine in Italy, problems of a management nature continue to affect prisoner health and management, which in turn impact the prison system’s ability to offer prisoners a real opportunity for rehabilitation. Certain behavioral aspects reported in prisons may alter and negatively impact the normal doctor-patient relationship, including elements that hinder the therapeutic alliance and impede proper clinical risk prevention and management. However, practical steps may be taken in connection with the analysis of flows and healthcare services that may enable prison administrations to bring about a true, modern restructure of the prison system.
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JENKINS, RACHEL, DINESH BHUGRA, HOWARD MELTZER, NICOLA SINGLETON, PAUL BEBBINGTON, TRALOACH BRUGHA, JEREMY COID, MIKE FARRELL, GLYN LEWIS, and JO PATON. "Psychiatric and social aspects of suicidal behaviour in prisons." Psychological Medicine 35, no. 2 (January 21, 2005): 257–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0033291704002958.
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Background. Suicidal behaviour and completed suicide are serious problems within British prisons, leading to significant morbidity and mortality, and are the focus of major efforts towards their prevention.Aim. To explore the demographic, social and psychiatric correlates of suicidal behaviour in prisons in England and Wales and their relationship with health service use; and to develop a combined psychosocial model of risk.Method. This report analyses the prevalence of suicidal ideation and suicide attempts in the ONS National Prison Survey, and their association with the presence of psychiatric disorders, personality disorder, substance abuse and social risk factors. These data were compared with data from the second national survey of psychiatric morbidity in adults living at home. In both surveys, a two-phase interviewing procedure was used, covering general health, health service use, assessment of psychiatric disorders, life events, social supports, suicidal behaviour, activities of daily living, sociodemographic data, substance abuse and intelligence.Results. Suicidal thoughts and suicide attempts were commoner in prisons than in the general population and these were significantly associated with higher rates of psychosis, neurosis and personality disorder in prisons. In addition, demographic and factors such as being young, single, white, leaving school early and experiencing poor social support and significant social adversity were important risk factors for suicidal thoughts. Crucially, there was no separate category of people at suicidal risk who did not have psychiatric disorders.Conclusions. The high rates of suicidal behaviour in prisons cannot be addressed without adequate attention to the high rates of psychiatric disorder and vulnerability factors in prisoners.
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Sasso, Loredana, Barbara Delogu, Roberto Carrozzino, Giuseppe Aleo, and Annamaria Bagnasco. "Ethical issues of prison nursing: A qualitative study in Northern Italy." Nursing Ethics 25, no. 3 (April 12, 2016): 393–409. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0969733016639760.
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Background: Prisons are contexts where nurses are required to have specific skills to ensure that, in a setting designed for the expiation of crime, prisoners receive the same type of care as anyone else. But this is not always the case, giving rise to ethical issues. Research questions: ‘How do correctional nurses describe their working experience in prisons? What issues emerged?’ Methodology: This is a qualitative descriptive study. Following purposive sampling, we conducted five focus groups. Thematic analysis was used to analyse the data. Participants and research context: Our sample included 31 correctional nurses in seven prisons in Northern Italy. Ethical considerations: The scientific merit of this study was recognized by the Academic Board of the University of Genoa. Approval to conduct the study was obtained from the Liguria Regional Government that funded this study and from the Local Health Authority that was the prison nurses’ employer. Formal consent was obtained from all the nurses who volunteered to participate in this study. Findings: Five themes emerged from the focus groups: (1) prisoners’ healthcare needs, (2) negotiation between custody and care, (3) satisfaction of working in prisons, (4) obstacles to quality care and (5) safety. ‘Manipulation’ was a transversal theme that emerged from all the focus groups. Discussion: The problems generated by the clash between prison security and nursing care priorities did not enable nurses to practice autonomously and provide the best possible to care prisoners, giving rise to ethical issues and moral distress. This in turn causes high nursing turnover rates that negatively impact continuum of care. Conclusion: In Italy, correctional nurses urgently require specific education interventions with the participation of all those who work in prisons. Interventions based on the post-modern concept of restorative nursing could offer prison nurses the opportunity to both resolve ethical issues and reduce moral distress.
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Ismail, Nasrul, and Nick de Viggiani. "How do policymakers interpret and implement the principle of equivalence with regard to prison health? A qualitative study among key policymakers in England." Journal of Medical Ethics 44, no. 11 (July 12, 2018): 746–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/medethics-2017-104692.
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BackgroundThe principle of equivalence in prison health has been established for nearly four decades. It seeks to ensure that prisoners have access to the same level of healthcare as members of society at large, which is entrenched within the international legal framework and England’s national health policies.AimsThis study examined how key policymakers interpret and implement the principle of equivalence in English prisons. It also identified opportunities and threats associated with the application of the principle.MethodsIn total, 30 policymakers took part in this research. These participants engaged in policymaking activities and occupied positions of authority in the prison field.ResultsDespite the policymakers’ consensus on the importance of the equivalence principle, there was a varying degree of understanding regarding what constitutes ‘equivalence’. Participants described how the security culture impedes prisoners’ access to healthcare services. Additionally, the increasing size and complexity of the prison population, coupled with a diminishing level of resources, reduce the level of care being provided in prisons and thus compromise implementation of equivalence in English prisons.ConclusionsInconsistent interpretation of equivalence, the prevailing security drive, increasing numbers and health complexities of prisoners and fiscal austerity threaten the implementation of equivalence in English prisons. This research calls for new guidance on how to interpret and implement equivalence, along with measures to educate prison governors and staff on the prison rehabilitation value, ensure greater investment in prison health and consider alternatives to imprisonment to future-proof the principle of equivalence in the English prison system.
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Maes, Elise. "Legal implications of smoking (bans) in English prisons." Legal Studies 39, no. 2 (April 23, 2019): 321–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/lst.2018.46.
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AbstractThe high prevalence of tobacco smoking in prison, and certain aspects inherent in prison culture make smoking in that environment particularly difficult to regulate. Over the last decade, the UK government has adopted and sought to implement gradually its plan to make all prisons smoke-free nationwide. The UK Supreme Court recently ruled inBlackthat the Health Act 2006, which prohibits smoking in most enclosed public spaces, does not bind the Crown and consequently does not apply to public prisons. Both developments have implications for the human rights protection of smoking and non-smoking prisoners. This paper considers how English smoking and non-smoking prisoners’ (human) rights are currently protected, and what the legal implications are of a complete ban on smoking in English prisons. The paper reflects on whether an indoor smoking ban might strike a better balance between the competing rights and interests of smoking and non-smoking prisoners than a complete ban.
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Dennard, Sophie, Derek K. Tracy, Aaron Beeney, Laura Craster, Fiona Bailey, Anisah Baureek, Michael Barton, et al. "Working in a prison: Challenges, rewards, and the impact on mental health and well-being." Journal of Forensic Practice 23, no. 2 (June 22, 2021): 132–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jfp-12-2020-0055.
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Purpose Prisons are uniquely challenging working environments. Staff are often exposed to direct and indirect trauma, impacting negatively on their mental well-being. Due to the limited research into prison staff experience, this paper aims to explore what staff find most challenging, how they cope, what support they would like and rewarding aspects of their work. Design/methodology/approach This service development project was facilitated through a staff well-being event. A qualitative approach was used and 74 staff members provided anonymised responses. An inductive and data-driven approach was used to analyse the data, and the trustworthiness of the analysis was considered using criteria established by Lincoln and Guba (1985). Findings Thematic analysis identified six themes, namely, the challenging nature of the work, interactions with prisoners, staff interactions, inadequate resources, staff support and development and coping strategies. Key findings include managing distress, self-harm and violence and limited resources presenting challenges. Role variety and opportunities to support prisoners were reported as positive. A variety of coping strategies were identified. Wider availability of supervision and reflective practice was suggested by staff. Practical implications Recommendations for increased staff support are made. Suggestions for future research investigating methods to increase rewarding aspects of work within prisons are given. Originality/value This analysis adds to the limited body of qualitative research investigating prison staff experiences; in particular, aspects of the work that they find rewarding such as the role variety and opportunities to make positive changes to prisoners’ lives. Novel coping strategies were identified, including cognitive reframing and behavioural strategies for managing stress, which could be encouraged to increase resilience.
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Щербакова, Дарья Сергеевна. "SOME ASPECTS OF THE RIGHT TO HEALTH CARE IN US FEDERAL PRISONS." Vestnik Samarskogo iuridicheskogo instituta, no. 3(49) (November 15, 2022): 140–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.37523/sui.2022.49.3.023.
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В статье освещается такая актуальная проблема в пенитенциарной сфере, как обеспечение права на охрану здоровья осужденных. Рассматривается американский опыт в данной области через призму исполнения наказания федеральными исправительными учреждениями. Объект изучения представляет собой совокупность правоотношений, возникающих при реализации права на охрану здоровья в рамках пенитенциарной системы США. В результате использования сравнительно-правового метода констатируются положительные аспекты деятельности пенитенциарной системы США. К ним относятся распределение осужденных в соответствующие тюрьмы по критерию уровня медицинского обслуживания, право на покупку безрецептурных лекарств в магазине учреждения, классификация уровней медицинской помощи заключенных, взимание платы за предоставление медицинских услуг. При анализе зарубежного опыта выявляются проблемы правоприменения и законодательной регламентации ряда норм, составляющих право на охрану здоровья заключенных. Применение в процессе исследования совокупности общенаучных и частнонаучных методов позволило сформулировать вывод о том, что не все элементы обеспечения права на охрану здоровья можно использовать для совершенствования уголовно-исполнительного законодательства Российской Федерации при исполнении наказаний в виде принудительных работ и лишения свободы. The article is devoted to the issue of ensuring the right to health care for inmates in the penitentiary system. The American experience in this field through the prism of execution of imprisonment by federal prisons is considered. The object of the study is a set of legal relations arising during the implementation of the right to health care within the US prison system. As a result of using the comparative legal method, positive aspects of the US penitentiary system are stated, such as the allocation of inmates to appropriate prisons by the criterion of the level of medical care, the right to buy over-the-counter drugs in the institution shop, the classification of levels of medical care for prisoners, the charging of fees for the provision of medical services. An analysis of foreign experience reveals problems of enforcement and legislative regulation of a number of components of the right to health care for prisoners. The application of general scientific and special scientific methods in the process of research allowed to formulate the conclusion that not all elements of the right to health care provision can be used for reception in the penal legislation of the Russian Federation in the execution of punishments in the form of forced labor and imprisonment.
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Kubiak, Sheryl Pimlott, Hannah Brenner, Deborah Bybee, Rebecca Campbell, and Gina Fedock. "Reporting Sexual Victimization During Incarceration: Using Ecological Theory as a Framework to Inform and Guide Future Research." Trauma, Violence, & Abuse 19, no. 1 (March 8, 2016): 94–106. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1524838016637078.
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The U.S. Department of Justice estimates that between 149,200 and 209,400 incidents of sexual victimization occur annually in prisons and jails. However, very few individuals experiencing sexual victimization during incarceration report these incidents to correctional authorities. Federal-level policy recommendations derived from the Prison Rape Elimination Act suggest mechanisms for improving reporting as well as standards for the prevention, investigation, and prosecution of prison-based sexual victimization. Despite these policy recommendations, sexual assault persists in prisons and jails, with only 8% of prisoners who experience sexual assault reporting their victimization. This review focuses on gaps in the existing research about what factors influence whether adult victims in incarcerated systems will report that they have been sexually assaulted. Using ecological theory to guide this review, various levels of social ecology are incorporated, illuminating a variety of factors influencing the reporting of sexual victimization during incarceration. These factors include the role of individual-level behavior, assault characteristics, the unique aspects and processes of the prison system, and the social stigma that surrounds individuals involved in the criminal/legal system. This review concludes with recommendations for future research, policy, and practice, informed by an ecological conceptualization of reporting.
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Song, Sirui. "Research on Medical and Health Problems and Countermeasures of Female Prisoners in Prison." Journal of Education, Humanities and Social Sciences 3 (September 22, 2022): 103–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.54097/ehss.v3i.1554.
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Women in jails and prisons have had little access to health care throughout history. The health issues they experience and the element of health care were not considered crucial and received a bit of debate from research. Using the survey method and comparative analysis to analyze secondary data, this article presents the main health problems faced by women prisoners in these fields. This includes Physical health, Healthcare gaps, and lack of gender-specific services, and analyzes the causes of the problem from the corresponding perspective. By discussing five aspects of prison health care, this article discusses: Prioritize medical services, Improve the quality of staff, Provide gender-responsive services, Increase prevention efforts, and Improve follow-up efforts. This paper concludes that the health problems of women prisoners are mainly caused by the lack of resources for health services, difficulties in recruiting medical staff, and the lack of consideration for the special needs of women.
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Dubler, Nancy Neveloff. "The Collision of Confinement and Care: End-of-Life Care in Prisons and Jails." Journal of Law, Medicine & Ethics 26, no. 2 (1998): 149–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1748-720x.1998.tb01670.x.
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In 1997, the United States incarcerated over 1.7 million persons in local jails and in state and federal prisons. These inmates are disproportionately poor and persons of color. Many lack adequate access to health care before incarceration and present to correctional services with major unaddressed medical problems.Convictions for drug possession and use have increased the number of injection drug users with HIV and AIDS in prisons. Determinate sentencing and “three strikes and you’re out” laws have increased the number of inmates who are aging and dying during their sentences. Their feelings reflect those of Larry Rideau, sentenced to life without parole and founder of The Angolite—an award-winning prison newspaper at Louisiana's Angola Prison—“The dream of getting out, you equate with heaven. Dying in prison you equate with hell.”
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Defante Ferreto, Lirane Elize, Stephanny Guedes, Fernando Braz Pauli, Samyra Soligo Rovani, Franciele Aní Caovilla Follador, Ana Paula Vieira, Renata Himovski Torres, Harnoldo Colares Coelho, and Guilherme Welter Wendt. "Seroprevalence and associated factors of HIV and Hepatitis C in Brazilian high-security prisons: A state-wide epidemiological study." PLOS ONE 16, no. 7 (July 26, 2021): e0255173. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0255173.
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The prevalence of hepatitis C virus (HCV) and the acquired immunodeficiency virus (HIV) is much higher in prisons than in community settings. Some explanatory factors for this burden include putative aspects of the prison environment, such as unprotected sexual relations and sexual violence, use of injectable drugs and syringe sharing. Nonetheless, efforts in better understanding the dynamics of both HCV and HIV are scarce in developing countries such as Brazil, which poses a risk not only to the inmates but to the community as well. In this investigation, we sought to determine the seroprevalence and sociodemographic and behavioral risk factors associated with HIV and anti-HCV antibodies among men detained at high-security institutions. This is an epidemiological, proportionally stratified observational study including 1,132 inmates aged 18 to 79 years-old (Mage = 32.58±10.18) from eleven high-security prisons located in the State of Paraná, Brazil. We found that HIV and anti-HCV prevalence were 1.6% (95% CI: 1.0–2.5) and 2.7% (95% CI: 1.0–2.5), respectively. Risk factors associated with HIV included not receiving intimate visits (OR = 8.80, 95% CI: 1.15–66.88), already having another sexually transmitted infection (OR = 3.89, 95% CI: 1.47–10.29), and reporting attendance in HIV preventive campaigns (OR = 4.24, 95% CI: 1.58–11.36). Moreover, anti-HCV seroprevalence was associated with higher age (OR = 4.03, 95% CI: 1.61–10.07), criminal recidivism (OR = 2.58, 95% CI 1.02–6.52), and the use of injectable drugs (OR = 7.32, 95% CI 3.36–15.92). Although prisons might increase the risk for acquiring and transmitting HIV and HCV, the adoption of permanent epidemiological surveillance programs could help reducing the circulation of viruses, involving strategies focusing on screening, treating, and preventing infections to assure proper prisoner health. Moreover, these policies need to take place inside and outside the prison environment to offer continued assistance to former prisoners once they leave the institution.
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Coid, Jeremy, Paul Bebbington, Rachel Jenkins, Traolach Brugha, Glyn Lewis, Michael Farrell, and Nicola Singleton. "The National Survey of Psychiatric Morbidity among Prisoners and the Future of Prison Healthcare." Medicine, Science and the Law 42, no. 3 (July 2002): 245–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/002580240204200309.
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It has long been known that psychiatric disorders are highly prevalent among prisoners (Coid, 1984; Gunn et al., 1991; Maden et al., 1995; Joukamaa, 1995; Bland et al., 1998; Lamb and Weinberger, 1998). However, the Survey of Psychiatric Morbidity Among Prisoners in England and Wales (Singleton et al., 1998) represents a considerable advance on earlier surveys. By using the same standardized psychiatric assessment procedures, and similar questions on medication, service use and social functioning, its findings can be compared with previous national surveys of adults living in private households (Meltzer et al., 1995), residents in institutions (Meltzer et al., 1996), homeless persons (Gill et al., 1996), and with the forthcoming household survey in England, Wales and Scotland. It should also inform the future organisation of healthcare for prisoners, following recent recommendations from a joint Home Office/Department of Health Working Party that Health Authorities must work with prisons in their catchment areas to carry out joint health needs assessments, agree prison healthcare improvement strategies and jointly plan and commission services (HM Prison Service and NHS Executive 1999). The ultimate test of the survey will be whether it provides a benchmark to evaluate the future effectiveness of the new policy changes.
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Kacem, M., W. Bouali, N. Karkeni, N. Faouel, and L. Zarrouk. "Epidemiological and clinical aspects of psychiatric disorders in Tunisian prisons." European Psychiatry 65, S1 (June 2022): S605—S606. http://dx.doi.org/10.1192/j.eurpsy.2022.1551.
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Introduction The estimation of the percentage of mentally ill among prisoners and of the most severe psychiatric disorders has been the subject of few studies in Tunisia. Objectives To study in a general way the extent of psychiatric disorders among prisoners. To describe the socio-demographic and judicial characteristics of prisoners. To describe the clinical, evolutionary and therapeutic characteristics of the main psychiatric disorders. Methods This is a cross-sectional and descriptive study, carried out over a period of 4 months (February 2021-May 2021) on one hundred and twelve inmates of the civil prison of Mahdia followed in psychiatry. Data were collected using a pre-established questionnaire. It is made up of 30 items. Results The prevalence of mental disorders in prison was 9.03%. The descriptive study revealed an average age of 37.57 years, a majority having a single marital status (62.5%), the professional activity before imprisonment were workers in 61.6%, a history of imprisonment more than twice in 62.5% of cases and 50.89% declared having been victims of physical acts, psychological or sexual abuse during their childhood. Murder, armed robbery, drug trafficking and rape were the most frequent offenses with respective rates of 25.2; 17.07; 13.82 and 9.75%. Anxiety was noted in 53.57% of cases, of the respondents, depressive syndrome was in 28.57% of cases, schizophrenia was reported in 18, 75% of cases and substance-related disorders were noted in 21.42% of cases. Conclusions Longitudinal studies should, in the coming years, try to understand the impact of imprisonment on the onset and evolution of psychiatric disorders. Disclosure No significant relationships.
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Beck, John A. "Compassionate Release from New York State Prisons: Why are So Few Getting Out?" Journal of Law, Medicine & Ethics 27, no. 3 (1999): 216–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1748-720x.1999.tb01455.x.
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It is inevitable that some inmates in large state prison systems will suffer from terminal conditions and die while incarcerated. But how those inmates experience that event is primarily controlled by correctional policies and by the prison medical and correctional staff assigned to their care. Compassion for inmates who are dying cannot be legislated or mandated, but humane and compassionate care for the dying can be facilitated or thwarted by legislative and correctional policies, and by the manner in which correctional personnel interpret those policies.Death in New York State prisons is a frequent event, occurring at a rate substantially higher than that in most other states. With a prison population that has risen to 70,000 inmates and with the nation’s highest rate of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection, more than 2,817 inmates died in New York prisons during the period 1990-1998. In April 1992, in the face of an ever-increasing death rate in its prisons, the New York State legislature passed the Medical Parole Law, a measure designed to permit dying inmates to be released on parole prior to their normal release eligibility date.
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Brykczyñska, Gosia. "Prisons and Prisoners: some observations, comments and ethical reflections based on a visit to a prison hospital in the Ukrainian Republic." Nursing Ethics 9, no. 4 (July 2002): 361–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1191/0969733002ne521oa.
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The Republic of the Ukraine has a huge prison population and a large prison health care system. Like all other public services in that country it is lacking in sufficient funds to operate adequately and with due respect to the human rights of the prisoners and its health care employees. This report and observations are based on my knowledge of the Ukrainian health care system and a visit to a Ukrainian prison hospital. It includes some ethical reflections stemming from this experience. Although problem-solving exercises can often help to point to areas of potential intervention that could ameliorate a troublesome situation, in this case prison health care conditions cannot be substituted for economic growth, political stability or increased awareness of societal moral obligations.
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Andress, David, Tara Wildes, Dianne Rechtine, and Kenneth P. Moritsugu. "Jails, Prisons, and Your Community's Health." Journal of Law, Medicine & Ethics 32, S4 (2004): 50–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1748-720x.2004.tb00186.x.
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Abbott, Laura, and Tricia Scott. "Reflections on researcher departure: Closure of prison relationships in ethnographic research." Nursing Ethics 26, no. 5 (February 19, 2018): 1424–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0969733017747959.
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Background: The United Kingdom has the highest incarceration rate in Western Europe. It is known that women in prison are a vulnerable female population who are at risk of mental ill-health due to disadvantaged and chaotic life experiences. Accurate numbers of pregnant women held in UK prisons are not recorded, yet it is estimated that 6%–7% of the female prison population are at varying stages of pregnancy and around 100 babies are born to incarcerated women each year. There are limited published papers that document the departure of the researcher following closure of fieldwork with women in prison. This article identifies the dilemmas and challenges associated with the closure of prison fieldwork through the interwoven reflections of the researcher. Departure scenarios are presented which illuminate moments of closure talk with five women, supported by participant reflections regarding abandonment and loss, making pledges for the future, self-affirmation, incidental add-ons at the end of an interview and red flags, alerting the researcher to potential participant harm through ill health or self-injury. Objectives: The primary intention of the study was to observe the pregnant woman’s experience with the English prison system through interviews with pregnant women and field observations of the environment. Research design: Ethnographic design enabled the researcher, a practising midwife, to engage with the prisoners’ pregnancy experiences in three English prisons, which took place over 10 months during 2015–2016. Data collection involved semi-structured, audio-recorded interviews with 28 female prisoners in England who were pregnant or had recently given birth while imprisoned, 10 members of staff and a period of non-participant observation. Follow-up interviews with 5 women were undertaken as their pregnancies progressed. Computerised qualitative data analysis software was used to generate and analyse pregnancy-related themes. Ethical considerations: Favourable ethical opinion was granted by National Offender Management Services through the Health Research Authority Integrated Research Application System and permission to proceed was granted by the University of Hertfordshire, UK. Findings: Thematic analysis enabled the identification of themes associated with the experience of prison pregnancy illuminating how prison life continues with little consideration for their unique physical needs, coping tactics adopted and the way women negotiate entitlements. On researcher departure from the field, the complex feelings of loss and sadness were experienced by both participants and researcher. Discussion: To leave the participant with a sense of abandonment following closure of fieldwork, due to the very nature of the closed environment, risks re-enactment of previous emotional pain of separation. Although not an ethical requirement, the researcher sought out psychotherapeutic supervision during the fieldwork phase with ‘Janet’, a forensic psychotherapist, which helped to highlight the need for careful closure of research/participant relationships with a vulnerable population. This article brings to the consciousness of prison researchers the need to minimise potential harm by carefully negotiating how to exit the field. Reflections of the researcher are interlinked with utterances from some participants to illustrate the types of departure behaviours. Conclusion: Closure of fieldwork and subsequent researcher departure involving pregnant women in prison requires careful handling to uphold the ethical research principle ‘do no harm’.
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Wool, Rosemary J., and Enda Dooley. "A Study of Attempted Suicides in Prisons." Medicine, Science and the Law 27, no. 4 (October 1987): 297–301. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/002580248702700412.
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To date there have been very few studies of attempted suicide occurring in prison. This study analyses 111 reports of attempted suicide occurring in a one-year period in the prisons of the Midlands and South West regions of England. Unlike the general population, where there are marked differences (age, sex, etc.) between those attempting and those completing suicide, the characteristics for both groups in prison are similar, high risk being associated with youth, with being on remand or recently sentenced, and with a history of mental or physical illness. There is some indication that those in Young Offender Establishments may be more likely to attempt suicide by hanging. The motivation given by the inmates most commonly stated some form of emotional stress relating to poor communication with family or friends, and in this respect they are similar to attempters outside prison.
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Greifinger, Robert B., Nancy J. Heywood, and Jordan B. Glaser. "Tuberculosis in Prison: Balancing Justice and Public Health." Journal of Law, Medicine & Ethics 21, no. 3-4 (1993): 332–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1748-720x.1993.tb01258.x.
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During the mid-nineteenth century the annual tuberculosis (TB) mortality in the penitentiaries at Auburn, N.Y., Boston, and Philadelphia exceeded 10 percent of the inmate population. At the beginning of the sanatorium era, 80 percent of the prison deaths were attributed to TB. As the mountain air was “commonly known” to be healthful, the first prison sanatorium was opened in the mountains near Dannemora, N.Y. in 1904. It served to isolate contagious prison inmates until the advent of effective chemotherapy for the disease in the 1950’s. Early antibiotic therapy for TB was such a great success that the public health aspects of TB in prisons remained dormant for the next 40 years.In 1991, a correctional officer from Auburn Correctional Facility in Auburn, New York died as a result of multidrug-resistant TB. He had been posted to care for hospitalized patients, from whom he acquired his disease. This death, and the transmission of TB infection to health care workers in the same hospital, brought the nature and extent of modern inmate medical care into finer focus.
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Malafeev, A. V. "THE STATE OF MEDICINE IN THE PRISONS OF THE YENISEI PROVINCE IN THE LATE XIX — EARLY XX CENTURIES." Northern Archives and Expeditions 6, no. 2 (June 30, 2022): 107–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.31806/2542-1158-2022-6-2-107-114.
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It is established that the penitentiary system in the Yenisei province was organized rationally, financed from a position of economy, which was caused by the decisions of the central authorities. This concerned unsuccessful attempts to introduce single-cell prisons for prisoners, difficulties with guaranteeing the supply of drinking water through the well system. Due to the trinity of state, public and social elements of the penitentiary system, there are corresponding difficulties of a full-fledged analysis of one of the spheres, without affecting all the others in the process. Sources testify to the positive and negative aspects of medical care in the prisons of the Yenisei province in the second half of the XIX — early XX centuries. So, at that time, a medical professional assessment of the diets of prisoners and prisoners was already used, centralized control over their health was carried out. This information is confirmed by a number of identified medical documents on the organization and implementation of the nutrition process and the provision of prisons with sets of medical instruments for surgical interventions. The plans of hospital wards restored on the basis of archival documents and projects for their expansion allow us to judge the attempts to introduce reform ideas in connection with the liberal transformations of the system of the 1860s and 1870s, which were still not implemented in the Yenisei province due to insufficient funding. The documents raised from the State Archive of the Krasnoyarsk Territory and the State Archive of the Novosibirsk Region allow us to conclude that the main problem of hospitals at prison facilities was technical backwardness and time-related accident rate of buildings, there was a shortage of qualified personnel and housing for employees. At the same time, epidemics of typhus, cholera, smallpox in the prisons of the Yenisei province were not a frequent occurrence due to the responsible approach to the service of medical personnel.
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Giraudeau, Nicolas, Camille Inquimbert, Robin Delafoy, Paul Tramini, Jean Valcarcel, and Fadi Meroueh. "Teledentistry, new oral care tool for prisoners." International Journal of Prisoner Health 13, no. 2 (June 12, 2017): 124–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijph-04-2016-0011.
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Purpose In France, all incarcerated prisoners are required to undergo a dental examination (Ministère de la santé et de la protection sociale, 2004 and Ministère de la justice, 2004). However, only one in two prisoners benefits from this oral health check-up. Oral teleconsultation could improve the quality of oral care in prisons. The paper aims to discuss these issues. Design/methodology/approach The focus of this study was therefore to apply oral teleconsultation as an experiment. Using an oral teleconsultation system, a dentist and a nurse were separately asked to give patients a score, according to how urgently their dental issue needed to be treated. This score will henceforth be referred to as the “dental emergency scores given”. Findings The separate dental emergency scores given by the dentist and the nurse were compared and the results demonstrate the following: – 36.7 per cent (11) of the two scores were equal – 53.3 per cent (16) of the two scores differed by 1 point – 10 per cent (3) of the two scores differed by 2 points. The average score of the nurse was 2.23 and that of the dentist was 2.13. The small disparity should not obscure the fact that 63 per cent of the diagnoses turned out to be incorrect. Practical implications Dental care could easily be improved with oral teleconsultation as a care plan could be developed for each patient. Social implications The condition of one’s dental health is, of course, very important for general health, but it also affects social aspects. Good oral hygiene and health are very important when looking for a job after having been released from prison. Originality/value This is the first study on oral teleconsultation in prisons. Dental care is rarely studied on prisoners. Telemedicine in dentistry is just beginning all over the world. This study is the first step of an extensive project in the University Hospital of Montpellier and the Villeneuve-les-Maguelone prison.
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Safyer, Steven M., Lynn Richmond, Eran Bellin, and David Fletcher. "Tuberculosis in Correctional Facilities: The Tuberculosis Control Program of the Montefiore Medical Center Rikers Island Health Services." Journal of Law, Medicine & Ethics 21, no. 3-4 (1993): 342–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1748-720x.1993.tb01259.x.
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“Recognizing that prisons disproportionately confine sick people, with mental illness, substance abuse, HIV disease among other illnesses; and that prisoners are subject to further morbidity and mortality in these institutions, due to lack of access and/or resources for health care, overcrowding, violence, emotional deprivation, and suicide.…(APHA) condemns the social practice of mass imprisonment.”After decades of steady decline, tuberculosis has emerged as a significant public health threat in the United States. The rising rates of tuberculosis cases, an increasing proportion of which are resistant to standard chemotherapies, are linked to the many scourges threatening our communities: the explosion of poverty, drug use, violence, the HIV epidemic, and the concomitant rise in congregate housing including homeless shelters, residential drug treatment programs and incarceration facilities. Jails and prisons have disproportionately high rates of tuberculosis infection and have been implicated as points of tuberculosis spread and, as such, are a critical point for tuberculosis control interventions.
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Cohn, Felicia. "The Ethics of End-of-Life Care for Prison Inmates." Journal of Law, Medicine & Ethics 27, no. 3 (1999): 252–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1748-720x.1999.tb01459.x.
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Terminally ill elderly and long-term disabled persons under our system of health care are eligible for Medicare and may qualify for the hospice care benefit. Despite such provisions, research shows that individuals still frequently do not receive the health care they need. But, as inadequate as end-of-life care can be for the general population, these inadequacies are exacerbated for individuals incarcerated in U.S. prisons and jails. Although inmates are guaranteed a basic level of health care under the Eighth Amendment and Due Process Clause, they lack the mobility or freedom to choose their health care coverage, and they are dependent on an institutional system for such care. Inside prison, security and access issues affect the care inmates receive. Further, the availability of adequate clinical resources, especially for high-cost procedures, may be problematic in some jurisdictions.In addition to the practical, institutional, and legal barriers to providing and improving general end-of-life care, efforts to improve end-of-life care for prisoners may also encounter a lack of public sympathy.
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García-González, L., J. Mendioroz-Peña, B. Armenteros-López, N. Sole-Zapata, P. Alonso-Gaitón, and E. Cuadro-Pena. "Quality of health care perceived by users in Catalan prisons." Revista Española de Sanidad Penitenciaria 23, no. 1 (February 24, 2021): 9–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.18176/resp.00026.
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Objectives: To describe inmates’ perceptions of healthcare quality in Catalonian prisons. Material and method: Transversal study of 6,856 inmates in Catalan prisons in September 2017. Randomized simple screening was used to randomly distribute 1,048 polls in which different aspects of perceived quality of healthcare were evaluated. The results were also categorized according to age, sex, time spent in prison, background and academic levels. We also analysed the differences between results in healthcare quality according to socio-demographic variables. Results: 84.87% of patients show satisfaction with the quality of healthcare received. Women are more satisfied with consultations than men (OR: 2.04; p = 0.009). Patients with a higher educational level are less satisfied than those with a lower educational level, with significant differences in 11 of the 14 items. Those over 65 years of age were more satisfied than the rest in 11 of the 14 items evaluated. Foreign patients were more satisfied than Spanish inmates in time flexibility (OR: 0.69; p = 0.018) and in waiting times for visits (OR: 0,63; p = 0.006), whereas they are less satisfied with the healthcare professionals’ image (OR: 1.97; p = 0.03). Discussion: Noteble features of our study include the fact that although global satisfaction is high, some dimensions, like reliability, could improve. The results were submitted to the General Directorate to enable more in-depth study of the variables where there is less satisfaction and to design further improvements.
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Mair, Julie Samia, Shannon Frattaroli, and Stephen P. Teret. "New Hope for Victims of Prison Sexual Assault." Journal of Law, Medicine & Ethics 31, no. 4 (2003): 602–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1748-720x.2003.tb00127.x.
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Senate Bill 1435, the “Prison Rape Elimination Act of 2003,” was introduced into the Senate on July 21, 2003, and in less than a week passed both the Senate and House by unanimous consent. The Bill was presented to President Bush on September 2, 2003, and he signed it two days later on September 4, 2003. The stated purposes of the Act are far-reaching and ambitious:(1)establish a zero-tolerance standard for the incidence of prison rape in prisons in the United States;(2)make the prevention of prison rape a top priority in each prison system;(3)develop and implement national standards For the detection, prevention, reduction, and punishment of prison rape;(4)increase the available data and information on the incidence of prison rape, consequently improving the management and administration of correctional facilities;(5)standardize the definitions used for collecting data on the incidence of prison rape;
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Stoller, Nancy. "Space, place and movement as aspects of health care in three women's prisons." Social Science & Medicine 56, no. 11 (June 2003): 2263–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0277-9536(02)00226-5.
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Kothari, Radha, Andrew Forrester, Neil Greenberg, Natasha Sarkissian, and Derek K. Tracy. "COVID-19 and prisons: Providing mental health care for people in prison, minimising moral injury and psychological distress in mental health staff." Medicine, Science and the Law 60, no. 3 (May 28, 2020): 165–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0025802420929799.
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Gaisl, Thomas, Naser Musli, Patrick Baumgartner, Marc Meier, Silvana K. Rampini, Eva Blozik, Edouard Battegay, Malcolm Kohler, and Shekhar Saxena. "The Swiss Prison Study (SWIPS): Protocol for Establishing a Public Health Registry of Prisoners in Switzerland." JMIR Research Protocols 9, no. 12 (December 8, 2020): e23973. http://dx.doi.org/10.2196/23973.
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Background The health aspects, disease frequencies, and specific health interests of prisoners and refugees are poorly understood. Importantly, access to the health care system is limited for this vulnerable population. There has been no systematic investigation to understand the health issues of inmates in Switzerland. Furthermore, little is known on how recent migration flows in Europe may have affected the health conditions of inmates. Objective The Swiss Prison Study (SWIPS) is a large-scale observational study with the aim of establishing a public health registry in northern-central Switzerland. The primary objective is to establish a central database to assess disease prevalence (ie, International Classification of Diseases-10 codes [German modification]) among prisoners. The secondary objectives include the following: (1) to compare the 2015 versus 2020 disease prevalence among inmates against a representative sample from the local resident population, (2) to assess longitudinal changes in disease prevalence from 2015 to 2020 by using cross-sectional medical records from all inmates at the Police Prison Zurich, Switzerland, and (3) to identify unrecognized health problems to prepare successful public health strategies. Methods Demographic and health-related data such as age, sex, country of origin, duration of imprisonment, medication (including the drug name, brand, dosage, and release), and medical history (including the International Classification of Diseases-10 codes [German modification] for all diagnoses and external results that are part of the medical history in the prison) have been deposited in a central register over a span of 5 years (January 2015 to August 2020). The final cohort is expected to comprise approximately 50,000 to 60,000 prisoners from the Police Prison Zurich, Switzerland. Results This study was approved on August 5, 2019 by the ethical committee of the Canton of Zurich with the registration code KEK-ZH No. 2019-01055 and funded in August 2020 by the “Walter and Gertrud Siegenthaler” foundation and the “Theodor and Ida Herzog-Egli” foundation. This study is registered with the International Standard Randomized Controlled Trial Number registry. Data collection started in August 2019 and results are expected to be published in 2021. Findings will be disseminated through scientific papers as well as presentations and public events. Conclusions This study will construct a valuable database of information regarding the health of inmates and refugees in Swiss prisons and will act as groundwork for future interventions in this vulnerable population. Trial Registration ISRCTN registry ISRCTN11714665; http://www.isrctn.com/ISRCTN11714665 International Registered Report Identifier (IRRID) DERR1-10.2196/23973
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Bone, Curtis, Lindsay Eysenbach, Kristen Bell, and Declan T. Barry. "Our Ethical Obligation to Treat Opioid Use Disorder in Prisons: A Patient and Physician's Perspective." Journal of Law, Medicine & Ethics 46, no. 2 (2018): 268–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1073110518782933.
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The opioid epidemic has claimed the lives of more than 183,000 individuals since 1999 and is now the leading cause of accidental death in the United States. Meanwhile, rates of incarceration have quadrupled in recent decades, and drug use is the leading cause of incarceration. Medication-assisted treatment or MAT (i.e. methadone, buprenorphine) is the gold standard for treatment of opioid use disorder. Incarcerated individuals with opioid use disorder treated with methadone or buprenorphine have a lower risk of overdose, lower rates of hepatitis C transmission, and lower rates of re-incarceration. Despite evidence of improved outcomes, many jails and prisons do not offer MAT to individuals with opioid use disorder. This seems partly due to a scientifically unjustified preference for an abstinence-only treatment approach. The absence of MAT in prisons and jails results in poor outcomes for individuals and poses a public health threat to communities. Furthermore, it disproportionately harms poor communities and communities of color. Health care providers in prisons and jails have an ethical obligation to offer MAT to individuals with opioid use disorder to mitigate risk of infectious diseases, opioid overdose and health disparities associated with incarceration.
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Elger, Bernice S. "Prisoners' insomnia: to treat or not to treat? Medical decision-making in places of detention." Medicine, Science and the Law 48, no. 4 (October 2008): 307–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1258/rsmmsl.48.4.307.
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Insomnia is a frequent reason for medical and psychiatric consultation in prisons. Medical decision-making in correctional health care should be based on the same principles as outside correctional institutions. In places of detention, principles should be balanced according to the same criteria as outside correctional institutions, while taking into account the unique harm-benefit ratios related to the specific context. The aim of this paper was to examine the existing attitudes and ethical issues related to decision-making about insomnia evaluation and treatment in places of detention. An analysis of the ethical issues and an evidence-based review of the consequences of different attitudes and treatments with regard to prison medicine were carried out. Insomnia is a public health problem and requires adequate evaluation and treatment to avoid more serious health consequences both within and outside correctional institutions. Insomnia treatment in places of detention is an ethical dilemma, but there is no evidence-based reason to avoid benzodiazepines in prison completely and to use only neuroleptics and antidepressants, which might represent more dangerous and less efficient treatment. In prison medicine, should we even treat insomnia? Widely accepted ethical strategies of decision-making indicate that we should. Institutional guidelines on insomnia should be based on ethically sound decision-making that takes into account the available evidence.
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Oakes, Peter, Glynis Murphy, Alison Giraud-Saunders, and Nzinga Akinshegun. "The realistic evaluation of an adapted thinking skills programme." Journal of Intellectual Disabilities and Offending Behaviour 7, no. 1 (March 14, 2016): 14–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jidob-05-2014-0006.
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Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to describe a project reporting the evaluation of an adapted form of the thinking skills programme (TSP) with prisoners with intellectual disabilities. In particular, the utility of realistic evaluation is explored as a response to the difficulties in applying research-based interventions in practice and rolling out pilot projects that have been evaluated under specific conditions. Design/methodology/approach – Realistic evaluation involves the identification of context, mechanism and outcome as a structure for programme evaluation and this was applied to the development and implementation of adapted TSP (ATSP) in three English prisons. Findings – Findings are reported in respect of the three aspects of context, mechanism and outcome to demonstrate the utility of realistic evaluation. Contextual findings suggested that ATSP is effective with male prisoners representing a range of intellectual disabilities, who would otherwise be excluded from mainstream programmes. The programme did not establish effectiveness with women or in community settings. The prisons involved were of different levels of security, but all three prisons were actively involved in positive approaches to difference and diversity and support for people with intellectual disabilities. For mechanism it was noted that all involved in the pilot sites were highly motivated to participate in the project and they were also achieving high scores for general quality in programme delivery. The realistic evaluation framework suggests that, where these factors are not present, some caution about possible effectiveness should be exercised. The evaluation approach proved to be helpful in identifying relevant factors to be considered in the wider implementation of ATSP. Originality/value – This is a novel approach to programme evaluation in psychological therapies that was shown to be of value in identifying conditions under which pilot schemes can be extended to other parts of a service, and research on interventions for offenders with intellectual disabilities applied in practice.
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Krespi Boothby, M. R. "Insiders’ views of their role: Towards their training." European Psychiatry 26, S2 (March 2011): 786. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0924-9338(11)72491-9.
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ObjectiveOne of the peer-led support programmes in prisons is the Insiders Scheme. Preliminary findings have shown that this has a positive impact on both prisoners and the Insiders. There is no detailed information on the ways in which the Insiders perceive their role. This may help to identify targets of training for Insiders. The present qualitative study aimed to describe the ways in which the Insiders perceived their role.MethodTwo focus group meetings, using the interview guide method, were undertaken with all 3 Insiders in a male prison establishment in the UK. The anonymised transcripts of the focus group meetings were analysed inductively by following established conventions. To ensure the trustworthiness of the analysis, attention was given to coherence,’theoretical validity’ and’catalytic validity’.ResultsThe present study has provided a detailed systematic account of the ways in which the Insiders perceived their role. Insiders evaluated their role in terms of different aspects of their role, strategies that they used to help other prisoners, personal impact of their role, difficulties that they experienced during the course of their work, and ways of improving their role.ConclusionSome of the Insiders’ views were consistent with their role specification known or agreed by the professionals. Others differed from professionals’ views. The present findings contribute to an evidence-base for peer-derived training for the Insiders Scheme. Therefore, these findings highlight the value of undertaking qualitative research among Insiders to identify specific targets for their training.
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Fruehwald, S., K. Drexler, and P. Frottier. "FC15-01 - The „viennese instrument for suicidality in correctional institutions“ (VISCI) - evaluation of two years routine administration in austrian correctional institutions." European Psychiatry 26, S2 (March 2011): 1898. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0924-9338(11)73602-1.
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Suicide rates in prisoners are considerably higher than in the general population. A better identification of mental illnesses and alcohol use problems and avoidance of placing prisoners at high risk in single accommodation, are considered as key components of successful suicide prevention in these high-risk circumstances. The “Viennese Instrument for Suicidality in Correctional Institutions” (VISCI) is based on results of a large case-control study assessing suicide in prison inmates and comparisons with surviving controls. The screening instrument has well established psychometric properties differentiating well between suicides and non-suicides. VISCI routine administration in Austrian Correctional Institutions was introduced in December 2007 and data from the first two years of routine use were analysed for various aspects. During this period, VISCI was administered in > 15.000 admissions, recommending for 21.5% to avoid placement in single accommodation, and for 6.6% additionally a quick referrals to medical and psychiatric care. During these two years, 6 (2008) and 7 (2009) suicides occurred in all 28 Austrian jails and prisons, resulting in a suicide rate of 75.2 per 100.000 inmates, a marked reduction of suicide incidents compared to the years before implementation of screening procedures and interventions (mean suicide rate between 1992 and 2007 was 166.2, SD 5.5). However, it has to be stated that results of VISCI administrations are available for only two years up to now. With a longer period studied we hope we will have the possibility to demonstrate the effectiveness of this screening tool with even more strength.
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Crouth, Madeleine, Alison McIntosh, and Tracy Harkison. "Hospitality education in New Zealand prisons." Hospitality Insights 5, no. 2 (December 22, 2021): 7–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.24135/hi.v5i2.110.
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New Zealand has one of the highest imprisonment rates per capita when compared to the rest of the developed world. People who offend in New Zealand have a 43% chance of reoffending within the first 24 months of their release [1]. It is estimated that approximately 60% of people who offend have literacy and numeracy skills lower than the NCEA Level 1 competency, and 66% of adults have no formal qualifications [2, 3]. A focus on literacy and numeracy, support through baseline education, and specific trades like hospitality, can start to refine the options of a person who offends, further enabling them to start developing goals that will support their futures [4].
Since 2014, the Department of Corrections/Ara Poutama Aotearoa has been upgrading the prison-based educational programmes available to people who offend to achieve this. Goals have been set to integrate the in-prison education with the nationally recognised level of education along with practical elements such as kitchen work, housekeeping and other service-based vocations such as hairdressing and customer service. The courses are relatively short, ranging from six to 12 weeks, and provide key skills and the foundations for further study. Evidence from overseas has found that hospitality and, specifically, catering programmes are a tool that positively impacts the way people who offend engage with their rehabilitation; creating an experience through the sharing and giving of food is seen as a way to reintegrate and regain a sense of achievement and being of service through meaningful social connections and employment.
Our study carried out a systematic literature review of the effectiveness of hospitality training and education in correctional facilities. Evidence was found of the effectiveness of educational programmes within prisons and their positive impact on recidivism. It was also found that hospitality training initiatives, such as those provided in prison training restaurants open to the public for dining, could offer a unique opportunity that allows people who offend to change the negative public perceptions held about them. In New Zealand, we have unique tikanga-based initiatives that support people who offend to reintegrate back into the public environment and their families, with reduced reoffending [5]. The literature showed, convincingly, that education leads to opportunities for post-release employment and the ability to manage work-life balance, reintegration into society, and gain skills that support long-term prosperity [3]. Czerniawski [6] sees education as a key step in making a positive change in the lives of people who offend, especially if followed by a period of post-release support.
Our study also revealed the challenges of providing hospitality education in prisons. Prison security risks, risk of lockdowns, student mental health, lack of educational resources and support services, and lack of set-up and sustainable funding for educational programmes were seen as hindrances to the success of prison education programmes. Lack of post-release support and the negative stigma of people who offend perceived by the public and employers were further noted issues of concern. Likewise, prison culture, staff retention, general misconduct and mistrust were also cited as aspects of concern [7]. Giousmpasoglou and colleagues [8] suggested that people who offend would prefer education programmes that were carried out by external facilitators over in-prison programmes. The importance of networks between educators, support workers and employers are important in this regard.
With the hospitality industry facing a skills shortage and with its low barriers to entry, there is potential to build upon the success of existing hospitality education programmes to build skills, pride and a second chance for those who are engaging in rehabilitation. There is also an opportunity to consider tertiary pathways for these hospitality graduates and entrepreneurs. Furthermore, the Department of Corrections/Ara Poutama Aotearoa could consider the success of initiatives such as The Clink Charity training restaurants in the UK in supporting rehabilitation through hospitality training and work.
Corresponding author
Madz Crouth can be contacted at: madz.crouth@aut.ac.nz
References
(1) Boomen, M. Where New Zealand Stands Internationally: A Comparison of Offence Profiles and Recidivism Rates. Practice: The New Zealand Corrections Journal 2018, 6 (1), 87–96. https://www.corrections.govt.nz/__data/assets/pdf_file/0005/33449/Practice_Journal_Vol6_Iss1_July_2018_WEB.pdf (accessed Dec 1, 2021).
(2) Corrections. Prison Facts and statistics – December 2020, 2020. https://www.corrections.govt.nz/resources/statistics/quarterly_prison_statistics/prison_stats_december_2020 (accessed Dec 1, 2021).
(3) Corrections. Prison Facts and Statistics – March 2020, 2020. https://www.corrections.govt.nz/resources/statistics/quarterly_prison_statistics/prison_stats_march_2020 (accessed Dec 1, 2021).
(4) Harkison, T.; McIntosh, A. Hospitality Training for Prisoners. Hospitality Insights 2019, 3 (1), 5–6. https://doi.org/10.24135/hi.v3i1.52
(5) Hamer, P.; Paul, J.; Hunia, M. Hōkai Rangi: Context and Background to the Development of Ara Poutama Aotearoa Strategy 2019–2024. Practice: The New Zealand Corrections Journal 2021, 8 (1), 18–22. https://www.corrections.govt.nz/__data/assets/pdf_file/0017/43208/Practice_Journal_2021_Final_Web_Version.pdf (accessed Dec 1, 2021).
(6) Czerniawski, G. A. Race to the Bottom – Prison Education and the English and Welsh Policy Context. Journal of Education Policy 2016, 31 (2), 198–212. https://doi.org/10.1080/02680939.2015.1062146
(7) Chui, W. H.; Cheng, K. K.-Y. The Mark of an Ex-Prisoner: Perceived Discrimination and Self-Stigma of Young Men after Prison in Hong Kong. Deviant Behavior 2013, 34 (8), 671–684. https://doi.org/10.1080/01639625.2013.766532
(8) Giousmpasoglou, C.; Brown, L.; Marinakou, E. Training Prisoners as Hospitality Workers: The Case of the CLINK Charity; Paper presented at the Travel & Tourism Research Association (TTRA) 2019: European Chapter Conference, 2019. http://eprints.bournemouth.ac.uk/31827/1/Giousmpasoglou-Brown-Marinakou_TTRA19_conference_Final.pdf (accessed Dec 1, 2021).
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Peternelj-Taylor, Cindy. "The Introduction of Prison Needle and Syringe Programs in Canadian Federal Prisons." Journal of Forensic Nursing 14, no. 3 (2018): 123–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/jfn.0000000000000213.
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Filc, D., H. Ziv, M. Nassar, and N. Davidovitch. "Palestinian Prisoners' Hunger-Strikes in Israeli Prisons: Beyond the Dual-Loyalty Dilemma in Medical Practice and Patient Care." Public Health Ethics 7, no. 3 (August 11, 2014): 229–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/phe/phu021.
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Adshead, Gwen. "The community of the excluded: mental health and confidentiality in prisons." Journal of Medical Ethics 41, no. 6 (February 3, 2015): 501–2. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/medethics-2014-102474.
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Gentile, Guendalina, Marta Nicolazzo, Rachele Bianchi, Paolo Bailo, Michele Boracchi, Stefano Tambuzzi, and Riccardo Zoja. "Mortality in Prisons: The Experience of the Bureau of Legal Medicine of Milan (Italy) (1993–2017)." Medicine, Science and the Law 61, no. 1_suppl (January 2021): 67–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0025802420934266.
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We undertook a retrospective analysis of deaths that took place in prisons in Milan between 1993 and 2017, by identifying cases from a total of 24,101 autopsies that were performed at the Section of Forensic Medicine of the University of Milan. From the archives of this institution, we found 227 autopsy reports relating to deaths that had taken place in one of Milan’s three detention facilities. These deaths were divided into two types: natural deaths ( n=135; 59.5%) and violent deaths ( n=92; 40.5%). The groups have different characteristics: while natural deaths mostly resulted from cardiovascular diseases, suicides were mainly the result of hanging. Further, people who died by suicide often had a history of psychiatric disease and/or drug abuse, and over a quarter of them had previous suicide attempts and/or had declared suicidal intentions. This study confirms the need for good quality healthcare services for prisoners, given that they remain a population at high risk of early death.
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Crole-Rees, Clare, and Andrew Forrester. "Developing a clinical pathway for traumatic stress in prisons." Medicine, Science and the Law 62, no. 1 (January 2022): 4–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/00258024211072770.
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Lösel, Friedrich, Eva Link, Martin Schmucker, Doris Bender, Maike Breuer, Lena Carl, Johann Endres, and Lora Lauchs. "On the Effectiveness of Sexual Offender Treatment in Prisons: A Comparison of Two Different Evaluation Designs in Routine Practice." Sexual Abuse 32, no. 4 (August 27, 2019): 452–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1079063219871576.
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Although there is less continuity of sexual offending in the life course than stereotypes suggest, treatment should lead to a further reduction of reoffending. Contrary to this aim, a recent large British study using propensity score matching (PSM) showed some negative effects of the core sex offender treatment program (SOTP) in prisons. International meta-analyses on the effects of sex offender treatment revealed that there is considerable variety in the results, and methodological aspects and the context play a significant role. Therefore, this study compared different designs in the evaluation of sex offender treatment in German prisons. PSM was compared with an exact matching (EM) by the Static-99 in a sample of 693 sex offenders from Bavarian prisons. Most results were similar for both methods and not significant due to low base rates. There was a treatment effect at p < .05 on general recidivism in the EM and at p = .06 on serious reoffending in the PSM. For sexual recidivism, EM showed a negative trend, whereas PSM suggested the opposite. Overall, the study underlines the need for more replications of evaluations of routine practice, methodological comparisons, sensitive outcome criteria, and differentiated policy information.
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Dhameja, Nand Lal, Manish Dhameja, Amandeep Dhaliwal, and Ridhi Khatter. "Good Governance in India - Current Scenario: Issues of Concern: A Policy Perspective." Delhi Business Review 23, no. 2 (2022): 41–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.51768/dbr.v23i2.232202205.
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Purpose: The government believes in minimum government and maximum governance; the study is an attempt to examine it by analysing aspects relating to social security and social justice; prisons and prisons’ occupancy; corruption and bribery rate; judiciary and pressure on judiciary highlighting pendency at different courts. Design/Methodology/Approach: The study is exploratory and descriptive in nature. The data for the study has been drawn from government policy documents, published reports, and research studies and publications. The study is presented in five parts. Current economic scenario and prospects are contained in part one. The second part discusses aspects relating to social security and social justice; it also deals with norms relating to legislatures; prisons and prisons’ occupancy; corruption and bribery rate; judiciary and pressure on judiciary. Findings: Financial inclusion is in the progressive stage though is not very bright and the number of districts in states is below par bank branches. India’s ranking on the ease of doing business (EoDB) has improved to 63 ranks and has an objective to enhance it to 50. Research Limitations: The major limitation of the study is that the study is limited to the extensive review. Managerial Implications: The managerial implications reflect the following policy changes: (a) Universal Basic Income (UBI) promising farmers and the poor Rs. 6,000 pa, should be on top of public health and education to make a direct transfer to an individual’s bank account, (b) Uniform policy on the bonanza announced by political parties in their election manifesto, (c) Simultaneous elections for the states and the Union, (d) Politics does not impinge on the laid-out economic policies. Originality/Value: The study showcased the original work of the authors in the discussing the policy issue with respect to Governance.
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Hinojosa-Alcalde, Ingrid, and Susanna Soler. "Critical Feminist Service-Learning: A Physical Activity Program in a Woman’s Prison." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 18, no. 14 (July 14, 2021): 7501. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18147501.
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In recent decades, increasing emphasis has been placed on the role of universities in ensuring inclusive and equitable quality education. Higher education strategies such as critical feminist service-learning (CFSL) can help achieve true university-community engagement to achieve social good while allowing students to develop academic competencies, values, and social responsibility. This study analyzes the impact of a university physical activity–based CFSL project implemented at a woman’s prison. The study combined quantitative and qualitative research methods. Eighty-one students (24 women and 57 men) participated in the project over the 3 years in which it was run (2017–2018, 2018–2019, and 2019-2020). Aspects related to the four principles of CFSL were analyzed using data collected from questionnaires and reflective learning journals completed by the students and a semi-structured interview with the prison sports instructor. Our findings show that participating in the project brought about significant changes in students’ beliefs and preconceptions about prisons, and helped them to develop their critical awareness. They also show that the project strengthened the collaborative relationship between the establishments and agents involved. In conclusion, CFSL is a powerful higher education strategy that can be used to show future educators and practitioners how sport and physical activity can drive social justice and contribute to the achievement of the United Nation’s 2030 Sustainable Development Goals.
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Sindeev, A. "Legal, medical and epidemiological characteristics of persons exempt from criminal liability in the National Prison Institute of Peru, 2014-2019." Revista Española de Sanidad Penitenciaria 23, no. 2 (June 14, 2021): 49–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.18176/resp.00031.
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Objectives: To describe and correlate the epidemiological, clinical and legal characteristics of persons exempt from criminal liability registered in the National Prison Institute of Peru in the period 2014-2019. Material and method: Retrospective, cross-sectional descriptive study with correlational components and secondary sources. The sample consisted of all the persons exempt from criminal liability who formed part of the prison population of Peru during the study period. A validated data collection sheet was used. Data were analyzed through descriptive statistics using SPSS v24 software. For inferential analysis, a simple binary logistic regression was carried out. Results: A total of 179 persons exempt from criminal liability were identified in 36 Peruvian prisons; 94.4% were males, with an average age of 35 years; 6.1% were undocumented. 67.0% had a diagnosis of the schizophrenia spectrum. The main crimes were against freedom (39.1%) and against life, body and health (36.8%). In 74.6% of cases, the duration of involuntary commitment was more than five years; 11.5% remained in prison after the date of release. In 18.4%, involuntary commitment was established by the Peruvian National Prison Institute. Associations between variables such as diagnosis, type and severity of the crime were found. Discussion: Aspects that violate national and international regulations (excessive length of involuntary commitment, in unsuitable locations, unjustified imprisonment, etc.) were identified, affecting the fundamental human rights of persons exempt from criminal liability in prison.
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Rouhi, Ebad, Leila Raisi Dezaki, and Mahmoud Jalali Karveh. "Protection of Prisoner’s Human Rights in Prisons through the Guidelines of Rule of Law." Journal of Politics and Law 10, no. 1 (December 29, 2016): 71. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/jpl.v10n1p71.
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Punishing the criminals is one of the criminal justice mechanisms to compensation and reparation for victims and society. In this regards some of the punishments are determined by criminal justice systems in every society. Imprisonment is one of these penalties which specified in this regard and through this punishment the convicted persons are detained in prison. However, the guilty is sentenced to prison and restriction of his or her liberties, but she or he has fundamental rights and freedoms that must be protected even if in prison and has the right to how to be punished. All of these rights and freedoms are protected by the rule of law. This issue means that how to be punished is restricted under the definite principles which have to be exercised when the retribution and punishment is ongoing. This matter of criminal law and criminal justice is considered as right on how to be punished. The area of this right and authority of prison’s heads and its personnel is determined by law. In order to do that and protection of prisoner’s human rights and regulating manner with them and also for prison management, the rule of law provided a set of guidelines. According to these guidelines prison is managed in the legal framework as well as in this context the prisoner’s rights are protected effectively. These guidelines are provided in some of international legal instruments. This article investigates these guidelines and in respect of their human rights aspects which related to the environmental, educational, management, health care, personnel and humanistic dimensions of imprisonment these guidelines and instructions are studied and analyzed.
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Bernardes Filho, Fred, Jaci Maria Santana, Regina Coeli Palma de Almeida, Glauber Voltan, Natália Aparecida de Paula, Marcel Nani Leite, Claudia Maria Lincoln Silva, et al. "Leprosy in a prison population: A new active search strategy and a prospective clinical analysis." PLOS Neglected Tropical Diseases 14, no. 12 (December 10, 2020): e0008917. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pntd.0008917.
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Background This study evaluates an active search strategy for leprosy diagnosis based on responses to a Leprosy Suspicion Questionnaire (LSQ), and analyzing the clinical, immunoepidemiological and follow-up aspects for individuals living in a prison population. Methods A cross-sectional study based on a questionnaire posing 14 questions about leprosy symptoms and signs that was distributed to 1,400 prisoners. This was followed by dermatoneurological examination, anti-PGL-I serology and RLEP-PCR. Those without leprosy were placed in the Non-leprosy Group (NLG, n = 1,216) and those diagnosed with clinical symptoms of leprosy were placed in the Leprosy Group (LG, n = 34). Findings In total, 896 LSQ were returned (64%), and 187 (20.9%) of the responses were deemed as positive for signs/symptoms, answering 2.7 questions on average. Clinically, 1,250 (89.3%) of the prisoners were evaluated resulting in the diagnosis of 34 new cases (LG), based on well-accepted clinical signs and symptoms, a new case detection rate of 2.7% within this population, while the NLG were comprised of 1,216 individuals. The confinement time medians were 39 months in the LG while it was 36 months in the NLG (p>0.05). The 31 leprosy cases who responded to the questionnaire (LSQ+) had an average of 1.5 responses. The symptoms “anesthetized skin area” and “pain in nerves” were most commonly mentioned in the LG while “tingling, numbness in the hands/feet”, “sensation of pricks and needles”, “pain in nerves” and “spots on the skin” responses were found in more than 30% of questionnaires in the NLG. Clinically, 88.2% had dysesthetic macular skin lesions and 97.1% presented some peripheral nerve impairment, 71.9% with some degree of disability. All cases were multibacillary, confirming a late diagnosis. Anti-PGL-I results in the LG were higher than in the NLG (p<0.0001), while the RLEP-PCR was positive in 11.8% of the patients. Interpretation Our findings within the penitentiary demonstrated a hidden prevalence of leprosy, although the individuals diagnosed were likely infected while living in their former communities and not as a result of exposure in the prison. The LSQ proved to be an important screening tool to help identify leprosy cases in prisons.
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Scallan, Eilish, Kari Lancaster, and Fiona Kouyoumdjian. "The “problem” of health: An analysis of health care provision in Canada’s federal prisons." Health: An Interdisciplinary Journal for the Social Study of Health, Illness and Medicine 25, no. 1 (May 6, 2019): 3–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1363459319846940.
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The United Nations states that prisoners should enjoy the same standards of health care that are available in the community. Despite this, persons in prison experience barriers to care and face unique health challenges. Given the ways in which prisons shape health outcomes for incarcerated persons, it is important to interrogate how the provision of health care is governed in custodial settings. In this article, we examine one important aspect of governance: legislation governing the provision of health care in prisons. We view this issue through a critical lens, building on a body of poststructural scholarship which has illuminated how laws and policies are not merely tools of governance but also key sites for the production of meanings around social “problems,” including the “problem of health.” Taking Canada’s Corrections and Conditional Release Act as a case example and applying Carol Bacchi’s “What’s the Problem Represented to Be” analytical framework, we examine how the specific representation of “health” in this legislation works to produce effects for persons in federal prison. Three key themes are formed through this analysis. First, what constitutes “essential services” in the context of federal prisons is more limited compared with the broader community. Second, the dichotomy between the rights of persons in prison versus the protection of society that is produced in development of these laws has significant bearing on the treatment of those in prison. Third, this representation has negative effects on the health of persons in prison. In order to meet United Nations standards, greater attention must be paid to the ways in which laws and other governing practices reproduce inequities in health care provision in prisons.
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Dolan, Kate, David Lowe, and James Shearer. "Evaluation of the Condom Distribution Program in New South Wales Prisons, Australia." Journal of Law, Medicine & Ethics 32, no. 1 (2004): 124–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1748-720x.2004.tb00457.x.
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Male to male unprotected anal sex is the main route of HIV transmission in Australia. The Australian Study of Health and Relationships, a large, representative population survey of sexual health behaviors, found that six percent of males in the general population have engaged in homosexual activity. These findings were consistent with studies in Europeand North America. Condoms have been shown to reduce the transmission of HIV in the community. Barriers to the use of condoms include access,stigma,and cost? Nevertheless, increased condom use has been reported among homosexual males, sex workers and injecting drug users although recent declines in condom use among homosexuals has presented new challenges in HIV prevention.The prevalence of male to male sexual activity may be higher in prison than in the general population. Sexual activity in prison can be consensual and non-consensual involving both homosexual / bisexual and heterosexual men.
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Franke, I. "Pad in forensic psychiatry." European Psychiatry 64, S1 (April 2021): S33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1192/j.eurpsy.2021.115.
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IntroductionA recent court decision in Germany defined assisted suicide as a basic human right. Consequently, the discussion regarding PAD needs to be extended to people who are in forensic/secure psychiatric hospitals or prisons, sometimes without any prospects of release. Several studies have shown that long-term hospitalization and detention are associated with feelings of hopelessness, depression and suicidal ideations. Moreover, the resources for adequate therapy are often rare. This results in complex moral challenges for mental health care.ObjectivesTo review current practices in countries that allow PAD and to discuss ethical conflicts.MethodsLiterature review; international comparison of current regulations.ResultsA majority of the literature on PAD in detention refers to prisoners with terminal medical conditions. Single case reports of PAD-requests of mentally disordered offenders aroused great public interest. The resulting ethical conflicts are similar to those issues regarding PAD and mental disorder in general. However, in secure treatment settings and detention additional aspects such as adverse living conditions and inadequate access to mental health care need to be taken into account.ConclusionsIf unbearable pain is not a precondition for assisted suicide, then mentally disordered and healthy offenders have a right to request PAD, provided they have medical decision-making capacity. Considering the common insufficient mental health care for people in detention, policy and law makers need to ensure that access to PAD will not replace therapy. Professionals involved in PAD evaluations need support by specific guidelines.DisclosureNo significant relationships.
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de Guzman, Allan, Sean Frances Barredo, and Kim Rajah Caillan. "Examining the role of depression in the Filipino elderly’s food preferences in prison setting: data from conjoint analysis and SEM." International Journal of Prisoner Health 16, no. 2 (March 27, 2020): 135–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijph-09-2019-0054.
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Purpose Previous studies suggest that the care for elderly prisoners is a growing problem. The emerging phenomenon such as the correctional ageing crisis is an urgent concern that needs to be collectively and holistically addressed from a multi-sectoral perspective. In a developing country, like the Philippines, where prison congestion is alarming, the need for more empirical investigations that probe into the prison life and services is warranted to better inform penal policy and practice that would improve health outcomes among incarcerated individuals. The purpose of this study is to examine the extent to which depression among Filipino elderly prisoners shape their food choices. Design/methodology/approach A survey of 160 Filipino elderly prisoners of age 60 and above from October to November 2018 was conducted using a three-part research instrument, which consists of a personal and nutrition-related checklist, 15-point geriatric depression scale and a set of cards that were ranked and sorted through the balanced incomplete block design. Findings Results of the survey were subjected to conjoint analysis and structural equation modeling using the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences 24. Interestingly, taste was the most considered attribute (30.765%) while portion size (9.759%) is the least considered by the Filipino elderly prisoners. Notably, depression has a significant positive effect on their food preferences in all attributes except portion size. Research limitations/implications This study was limited to two prison settings in the Philippines. Considering the results from the conjoint analysis, strategies can be developed in designing an individualized meal plan suitable for the needs of each elderly prisoner. Also, sizeable government appropriations should be in place to ensure the nutritional quality of food served to aging Filipino prisoners. Practical implications Provisions for a pool of nutritionists working hand in hand with other health members would guarantee a prison system that promotes the overall well-being of each prisoner. Further, this study can contribute valuable inputs in the menu cycle practice of prisons in the country. There may be a need to prioritize the nutritional aspect of these vulnerable and deprived groups so as to promote a better quality of life among elderly prisoners. Also, other forms of psychosocial, physical and spiritual health activities extended to elderly prisoners may prevent depressive symptoms. Originality/value Conjoint analysis is remarkably gaining prominence in not only the health-care setting (Phillips et al., 2002; Ryan and Farrar, 2000) but also the field of nutrition. It holds a number of unique and practical promises to prison settings.
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Junaidin, Junaidin. "Analysis of Psychological Characteristics of Narcotics Users in Prisons." Jurnal Penelitian Humaniora 23, no. 2 (April 16, 2019): 57–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.21831/hum.v23i2.23374.
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This study was aimed at analyzing the psychological characteristics of drug user inmates in class IIB penitentiary Raba Bima. This study used ex-post facto research method. The population was 85 drug users. The data were collected using questionnaire namely General Health Questionnaire (GHQ-28). The data obtained were then analyzed using descriptive statistical analysis. The study shows that the psychological characteristics of drug user prisoners in the penitentiary are as follows. The psychosomatic aspects of drug user inmates at Class II B Raba Penitentiary, Bima showed a high category of 58.82%; anxiety in the high category with results of 56.47%; social dysfunction in the high enough category with results obtained at 43, 53%; and depression in the high category with a result of 63.53%. Based on the results, this study also becomes a scientific learning for drug user inmates in all Penitentiary to improve their understanding of human resources (HR) about the dangers of drugs to the psychological characteristics of human resources.Analisis Karakteristik Psikologi Narapidana Pengguna Narkoba di Lembaga Pemasyarakatan.Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis karakteristik psikologi narapidana pengguna narkoba di lembaga pemasyarakatan Kelas IIB Raba Bima. Jenis penelitian ini yang digunakan yaitu ex-post facto. Populasi penelitian adalah narapidana pengguna narkoba sebanyak 85 orang. Pengumpulan data pada penelitian ini menggunakan instrumen berupa angket yaitu General Health Questionnaire (GHQ-28). Data yang diperoleh kemudian dianalisis dengan menggunakan analisis statistik deskriptif. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa karakteristik psikologis narapidana pengguna narkoba di Lembaga Pemasyarakatan adalah sebagai berikut. Aspek psiko-somatik narapidana pengguna narkoba di Lembaga Pemasyarakatan Kelas II B Raba, Bima menunjukkan pada kategori tinggi yaitu sebesar 58,82%, kecemasan pada kategori tinggi dengan hasil sebesar 56,47%; disfungsi sosial pada kategori cukup tinggi dengan hasil yang diperoleh sebesar 43,53%; dan depresi pada kategori tinggi dengan hasil sebesar 63,53%. Berdasarkan hasil penelitian yang dilakukan, penelitian ini juga menjadi sebuah pembelajaran ilmiah bagi narapidana pengguna narkoba di seluruh Lembaga Pemasyarakatan untuk meningkatkan pemahaman terkait sumber daya manusia (SDM) tentang bahaya narkoba terhadap karakteristik psikologis SDM.