Academic literature on the topic 'Prisoners of war – France – Normandy'
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Journal articles on the topic "Prisoners of war – France – Normandy"
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Reshetnikov, S. V. "Repatriation of Soviet Сitizens and Soviet Partisans of the French Resistance from France to the USSR." Modern History of Russia 13, no. 3 (2023): 745–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.21638/spbu24.2023.313.
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The article is devoted to aspects of the repatriation of citizens and Soviet partisans of the French Resistance from France to the USSR. For the Soviet Union the first facts of the mass presence of its citizens on French territory began to appear even before the allied landings in Normandy, in 1944. After the liberation of most of French territory, in October 1944, the allies handed over to the USSR information about the presence in their zone of occupation of about 30.000 soviet citizens who became prisoners of war. The repatriation of Soviet citizens from France was one of the earliest repatriation activities for the USSR during the war years. The activity of the Soviet department for the repatriation of Soviet citizens began on 10 November, 1944 even before the signing of an agreement with the allies on the mutual return of their citizens. The publication examines the categories of Soviet citizens in France, the course of the organization of repatriation, as well as the problems that the Soviet mission has faced. The position of Soviet citizens at the time of their liberation on French territory, the attitude of Soviet citizens to their return to the USSR and their post-war fate are considered. It is noted that the factor of the presence among the repatriated “false partisans” and former soldiers of the ost-troops of the Wehrmacht for the worse affected the fate of some of the true heroes of the Resistance. The result of the study shows that most of the Soviet participants in the Resistance after the war were discriminated throughout their lives and were deprived of their rights, despite their contribution to the defeat of the enemy in a foreign land.
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Schneider, Valentin. "Burying Friend and Foe: The Employment of German Prisoners of War in the Construction of Military Cemeteries in Normandy after 6 June 1944." International Journal of Military History and Historiography 38, no. 2 (October 20, 2018): 196–222. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/24683302-03802004.
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The history of the German prisoners of war of World War II held by British and American authorities in Europe remains a field of study that is largely ignored by historiography. Although the Allies made an extended use of this prisoner manpower for labour purposes, employing hundreds of thousands of captive German soldiers for all kinds of tasks, all but a few material traces of the prisoners’ life and activities in liberated Europe have vanished. An exception to this are several British, American, and German military cemeteries, especially in Normandy, many of which had been built during or immediately after the battle using the workforce of thousands of German soldiers that had been captured in the region during the summer of 1944. This article examines the general organization of the Allied labour service for German prisoners in Normandy and focuses especially on their work on the military cemeteries, before addressing the question of the memory – or rather the absence of memory – of this process, not only in Normandy itself (and in the United States and Great Britain), but also in German society.
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Nazirah, Nazirah, and Asep Iwa Seomantri. "Naval Strategy in the Normandy Invasion." Indonesian Journal of Interdisciplinary Research in Science and Technology 2, no. 4 (April 29, 2024): 465–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.55927/marcopolo.v2i4.8858.
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The Normandy invasion, also known as Operation Overlord, was one of the most monumental events in the history of World War II. On June 6, 1944, nearly three million Allied troops crossed the English Channel from England into France occupied by Nazi Germany. The invasion of Normandy opened the way to the liberation of Europe and finally ended World War II. Naval strategy was crucial in this operation to support the landing of troops on the beaches of Normandy. In the context of naval strategy, the Normandy invasion involved coordination between the navy, army, and air force. The writing methodology uses a descriptive method by analyzing the facts that occurred during the 1944 Normandy battle and is supported by literature studies, literature and various scientific journals.
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Buonaiuto, Zoë Rose. "A Grave Reconciliation: The Establishment of German War Cemeteries in Normandy, 1944–1964." International Journal of Military History and Historiography 38, no. 2 (October 20, 2018): 170–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/24683302-03802003.
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After the Battle of Normandy, one of the primary concerns in the region was what to do with the bodies of the former occupiers: the German war dead. As the Allied graves registration units left Normandy, local French leaders were responsible for the care of German war graves until the German War Graves Commission (Volksbund Deutsche Kriegsgräberfürsorge, VDK) took over maintenance responsibilities in the mid-1950s and officially inaugurated them as VDK sites in the early 1960s. This essay traces that transition and argues that in the period between 1944 and 1964 it was necessary for Normandy and greater France to assume the role of host to German war dead in perpetuity. The act of hosting German war dead on French soil smoothed the conditions necessary for Franco-German reconciliation in the second half of the 20th century.
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Guse, John C. "Polo Beyris: A Forgotten Internment Camp in France, 1939–47." Journal of Contemporary History 54, no. 2 (February 5, 2018): 368–400. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0022009417712113.
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Polo Beyris is a virtually unexplored example of internment under French and German authorities. From 1939 to 1947 the camp of Polo Beyris in Bayonne held successively: Spanish Civil War refugees, French colonial prisoners of war, suspected ‘collaborators’ and German prisoners of war. Despite having up to 8600 prisoners at one time, the large camp and its numerous satellite work detachments were literally ‘forgotten’ for decades. Although similar to other camps in its improvised nature, wretched living conditions, lack of food and constant movement of prisoners, Polo Beyris was also unique: located in a dense urban area, within the wartime Occupied Zone and close to the Spanish frontier. Its civil and military administrators were faced with constantly changing, and often chaotic, political and military circumstances. Not a waystation in the Holocaust, Polo Beyris has been lost from the sight of historians. It provides an additional dimension to the complex history of internment in twentieth century France.
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Krammer, Arnold, and Howard Margolian. "Conduct Unbecoming: The Story of the Murder of Canadian Prisoners of War in Normandy." Journal of Military History 62, no. 4 (October 1998): 954. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/120229.
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Diamond, Hanna. "‘Prisoners of the Peace’: German Prisoners-of-War in Rural France 1944–48." European History Quarterly 43, no. 3 (July 2013): 442–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0265691413490885.
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Laudicina, Matthew. "Book Review: D-Day: The Essential Reference Guide." Reference & User Services Quarterly 58, no. 1 (October 10, 2018): 62. http://dx.doi.org/10.5860/rusq.58.1.6852.
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The Normandy Landings, commonly referred to as D-Day, was a pivotal moment in the course of the Second World War. This successful invasion of the northwestern beaches of France marked the beginning of the Allied liberation of the western front, and would ultimately lead to the defeat of Nazi Germany. D-Day: The Essential Reference Guide successfully provides quality reference information on this major historical event.
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Reghina Rizqy Syifaranie, Lukman Yudho Prakoso, Hafidz Kuncoro Jati, and Puja Sari Putri. "Strategy Implementation Of The Indirect Approach In The Battle Of Normandy And The Ukraine-Russia War." Santhet (Jurnal Sejarah Pendidikan Dan Humaniora) 7, no. 1 (April 30, 2023): 89–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.36526/santhet.v7i1.2601.
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The Russia-Ukraine War is still rolling today, potential and factual threats can make the war even more late. In building a defense and security system the best can be done by studying the history of battles in the past. One of them is the Battle of Normandy which was fought by America and its allies with Germany in northern France. This article aims to gain benefits to build a better strategy for sea defense operations from the events of the Battle of Normandy and the Russia-Ukraine war. The method used is qualitative by using literature as a source of data. The results of the analysis and discussion carried out on these two events, the researcher found that both carried out the concept of implementing the Indirect Approach strategy echoed by Sir Basil Liddell Hart in which Ukraine carried out an unexpected attack on the Russian cruiser, Moskva, which caused the sinking the ship. So that the concept of the Indirect approach strategy carried out by America and its allies in the 2nd World War is still relevant to strategic maritime defense operations in the 21st century.
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Harvey, John H., Shelly K. Stein, and Paul K. Scott. "Fifty Years of Grief: Accounts and Reported Psychological Reactions of Normandy Invasion Veterans." Journal of Narrative and Life History 5, no. 4 (January 1, 1995): 315–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/jnlh.5.4.02fif.
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Abstract From Normandy combat veterans, we obtained narrative evidence on the experiences of loss and grief associated with their involvement in the invasion in France, June 6, 1944. Twelve veterans were interviewed in person in Nor-mandy at the time of the 1994 reunion, and 31 were subsequently interviewed by telephone. We present veterans' reports of battle experiences on D-Day and how they believe those experiences were manifest in psychological reactions over the last 50 years. Our analysis of these reports is framed by a theoretical conception that emphasizes the value of developing and communicating story-like constructions, which we refer to as accounts, as a constructive way of psychologically coping with severe stressors and loss over time. Most of the veterans reported lifelong grieving associated with their losses at Normandy. This grief recurred for most on anniversary dates and when thinking of war and death in general. For some, it was manifest in compelling, regular thoughts about the loss of their friends and their firsthand experiences of loss during the D-Day fighting. Many veterans also reported years of depression associated with their war experience. Some indicated that they kept their stories and feelings mostly private over the half century, and only now, around the time of the commemoration, did they open up. Veterans who indicated that they coped best with their trauma over time emphasized the healing power of working on and telling their stories to close others. (Grief Work, Social and Clinical Psy-chology) "These are the fathers we never knew, the uncles we never met, the friends who never returned, the heroes we can never repay."-President Bill Clinton speak-ing at the American cemetery near Omaha Beach, Normandy, France, June 6, 1994. "I don't think there's a day that goes by that I don't think and grieve about it. When you think about it, you think it was just yesterday. It's so clear in my mind. I'll never forget."-Normandy combat veteran, age 74, reflecting on his experience during the D-Day invasion.
Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Prisoners of war – France – Normandy"
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Schneider, Valentin. "A total reversal of the balance of power? : German prisoners of war in Normandy, 1944-1948." Thesis, University of Nottingham, 2016. http://eprints.nottingham.ac.uk/33162/.
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This dissertation interrogates the relation between the French national identity, constructed around the idea of hereditary enmity with Germany, and the behaviour between French and German prisoners of war on the individual level in Normandy between 1944 and 1948. This question is important since it is widely accepted that Franco-German relations reached an all-time low during World War II, especially in areas like Normandy that had been heavily occupied between 1940 and 1944. This position is examined through an entangled analysis of low and high level records both from German and French sources, but also from American, British, and Swiss origins. It appears that individual Franco-German relations depended on the distance between the French official discourse of national recovery and the reality experienced by the civil population. During the Allied presence in Normandy, contradictions were obvious and the relations between French and German prisoners of war in Allied hands were marked with violence. When discourse and reality began to overlap, after the transfer of the prisoners to French custody, individual Franco-German relations normalised. This rapid evolution points to the symbolic character of the enmity between French and Germans, used as a tool to reinforce the national cohesion in times of threat.
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Norton, Mason. "Resistance in Upper Normandy, 1940-1944." Thesis, Edge Hill University, 2017. http://repository.edgehill.ac.uk/10030/.
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This thesis aims to make an original contribution to knowledge by looking at the phenomenon of resistance in the French region of Upper Normandy between 1940 and 1944 from a perspective of ‘history from below’, by looking principally at the testimonies of former resisters, and demonstrating a political history of resistance. The introduction defines what is meant by Upper Normandy and justifies its choice as a region for this study, before analysing both the historiography and the epistemology of resistance, both locally and nationally, and then giving a justification and an analysis of the methodology used. The main body of the thesis is then divided into four chapters. Chapter one looks at resistance that was designed to revolutionise society, by looking at Communist resisters and the idea of the grand soir, as well as the sociological origins of these resisters, and how this influenced their resistance action. Chapter two looks at more gradualist forms of resistance, which were conceived to slowly prepare for an eventual liberation and the struggle against Vichyite hegemony, arguing that these resisters formed a ‘resistance aristocracy’, aiming to slowly forge a post-Vichy vision of the polis. Chapter three analyses resistance purely from a patriotic angle, and identifies three different forms of patriotism, before arguing that resistance was part of a process to ‘remasculate’ France after the defeat of 1940, and that these resisters saw their engagement as primarily being one of serving France. Chapter four looks at auxiliary resistance, or resistance actions that were designed to help people, whether they were fleeing persecution or were active resisters, aiming to show that resistance went beyond just organisations and networks, and could be about facilitating other actions rather than direct confrontation. The conclusion then argues for a new understanding of resistance, not as une organisation or even un mouvement, but as a form of la cité, or polis, engaged in creating a new form of polity. It shows that the political history of resistance is a combination of institutional politics and expression politics, and that resistance, even if not necessarily politicised, was political by its very nature.
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Thomson, Andrew A. "'Over there' 1944/45 : Americans in the liberation of France : their perceptions of, and relations with, France and the French." Thesis, University of Kent, 1996. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.318112.
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Capps-Tunwell, David. "WWII conflict archaeology in the Forêt Domaniale des Andaines, NW France." Thesis, University of Exeter, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10871/22611.
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This thesis integrates archaeological survey, aerial photographs and historical documents to undertake the first analysis of the conflict landscapes and military history of some of the most important German logistics facilities in northern France during the Battle of Normandy in 1944. Post-war survival of features has been remarkably good in this forested setting and this likely constitutes one of the best- preserved and most extensive examples of a non-hardened WWII archaeological landscape yet documented in northwest Europe. Over 900 discrete archaeological earthworks have been mapped and interpreted with the aid of primary source material from both Allied and German archives to characterise munitions, fuel and rations depots in the Forêt Domaniale des Andaines around Bagnoles-de-l’Orne, Orne Département, Basse-Normandie. These landscapes also preserve bomb craters associated with air raids on the facilities by the US Ninth Air Force and these have been mapped and analysed to show that despite 46 separate attacks by over 1000 aircraft, and the dropping in excess of 1100 tons of bombs in the forest during the spring and summer of 1944, the depots continued to function and to support German Army operations until the area was occupied by American forces in August 1944. In some areas of the forest it has been possible to link discrete arrays of bomb craters to individual air raids and even specific flights of aircraft. This work is yielding new perspectives on the character and operation of fixed depots in the German logistics system in Normandy both before and during the battles of 1944, while also permitting a detailed analysis of the effectiveness of Allied intelligence gathering, targeting and bombing operations against forest-based supply facilities. In doing so it is making a unique contribution to the newly-emerging record of WWII conflict archaeology to be found in the forests of northwest Europe.
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Cox, Devon. "Stages of captivity : Napoleonic prisoners of war & their theatricals, 1808-1814." Thesis, University of Warwick, 2017. http://wrap.warwick.ac.uk/103472/.
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In 2011, the Performance and Theatre Collection at the Victoria and Albert Museum in London acquired an archive of materials relating to the French prisoners of war held at Portchester Castle from 1810 to 1814. This archive consisted of scripts, playbills, and abstracts from the prisoners’ Théâtre des Variétés built and operated in the basement of the castle’s keep. These materials have provided new and unique insights into the experiences of Napoleonic prisoners of war and have served as a catalyst for this first major critical study of Napoleonic prisoners-of-war theatricals. The majority of the theatre’s sociétaires were captured in the French defeat at the Battle of Bailen in July 1808. This study will be charting the journey of these French prisoners through their captivity in Spain, the Baeleric Islands, and Britain. While this particular group of prisoners has been the subject of previous historic surveys, their theatrical endeavours have been sidelined or relegated to footnotes or dismissed as a way to pass the time. In this study I will draw the prisoners’ theatricals to the centre of critical discussion examining their repertoire in greater detail underlining the vital role that theatre served in the prisoners’ emotional and psychological survival in captivity.
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Ambuhl, Rémy. "Prisoners of war in the Hundred Years War : the golden age of private ransoms." Thesis, University of St Andrews, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/10023/757.
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If the issue of prisoners of war has given rise to numerous studies in recent years, nevertheless, this topic is far from exhausted. Built on a large corpus of archival sources, this study fuels the debate on ransoms and prisoners with new material. Its originality lies in its broad chronological framework, i.e. the duration of the Hundred Years War, as well as its perspective – that of lower ranking as well as higher-ranking prisoners on both side of the Channel. What does it mean for those men to live in the once coined ‘golden age of private ransoms’? My investigations hinge around three different themes: the status of prisoners of war, the ransoming process and the networks of assistance. I argue that the widespread practice of ransoming becomes increasingly systematic in the late Middle Ages. More importantly, I show how this evolution comes ‘from below’; from the individual masters and prisoners who faced the multiple obstacles raised by the lack of official structure. Indeed, the ransoming of prisoners remained the preserve of private individuals throughout the war and no sovereign could afford that this became otherwise. It is specifically the non-interventionism of the crown and the large freedom of action of individuals which shaped the ransom system.
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Jarymowycz, Roman J. "The quest for operational maneuver in the Normandy campaign : Simonds and Montgomery attempt the armoured breakout." Thesis, McGill University, 1997. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=34742.
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Mechanization signaled the end of the cavalry but the renaissance of heavy cavalry doctrine. The tank heralded the return of breakthrough operations and maneuver warfare. Initially, the western cavalries refused doctrinal revision and chose instead to fight bitter rear guard actions against Fullerist zealots.The Canadian Cavalry, prompted by Blitzkrieg's triumphs, effortlessly evolved into a tank force---virtually overnight. Canadian doctrine, however, was ersatz. Denied its own vast training areas, the RCAC was sandwiched into southern England and saddled with British warfighting techniques developed in the Western Desert. In Normandy, Canadian operational art was driven by Generals Simonds and Crerar, both gunners, who had neither the skill nor experience to conduct armoured warfare. Hampered by General Montgomery's inability to reproduce a strategic offensive comparable to that demonstrated on the Russian front, Allied armoured forces were squandered in mismanaged frontal attacks.
In the United States, the attempts to protect the horse forced a praetorian's revolt that ended with General Chaffee garroting the US Cavalry, eliminating it from future battlefields. The doctrinal dominance of the American Armored Force was subsequently threatened by a cabal under artillery General Leslie McNair who imposed the Tank Destroyer philosophy. Internecine squabbles and economic nationalism prevented America from producing a tank capable of meeting German panzers on even terms. Though failing technically, the US Armored force succeeded doctrinally via the Louisiana maneuvers and produced a balanced Armored Division. General Bradley's 12th Army Group arrived in France with a purposeful dogma that had been further refined at the Combat Command, Divisional, and Corps level in North Africa and Sicily.
American armour maneuvered during Operation Cobra but it did not fight massed panzers; this was soon redressed in Lorraine where American armoured doctrine reached tactical maturity. Canadian armour fought tank battles throughout Operations Spring, Totalize and Tractable, but it did not maneuver. American and Canadian armour's best opportunity for strategic victory occurred in Normandy. The Canadians, despite better tanks and favourable terrain, failed operationally and received no second chance.
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Flint, E. R. "The Development of British civil affairs and its employment in the British sector of allied military operations during the Battle of Normandy, June to August 1944." Thesis, Department of Applied Science, Security and Resilience, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/1826/4017.
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Civil Affairs and its more robust sibling, Military Government, were military
organisations designed to ensure that basic civil order and welfare were
maintained in those allied and enemy states encountered on operations during
the Second World War. In so doing, they enabled formation commanders to
focus on defeating enemy forces without being distracted by possible civilian
problems. Using the battle of Normandy as a case study, this research assesses
the utility of Civil Affairs in supporting military needs during operations. This
contrasts with previous studies that concentrate on aspects of social and
diplomatic history.
If the need for Civil Affairs was generally axiomatic, there was much debate as to
the extent and method of delivery required. Civil Affairs quickly recognised that
in dealing with direct problems such as “disorganisation, disease and unrest” it
was necessary for seemingly indirect aspects of civilian life to be maintained.
Various forms of bureaucratic friction resulted and several Civil Affairs
approaches were used, before the model for the North West Europe campaign
was agreed. Nevertheless, the organisation employed in Normandy was
arguably the most extensive and best prepared of the war. However, it also had
to deal with many different civilian problems and in trying military
circumstances. Consequently, the battle is fertile ground for the examination of
the extent and nature of the organisation’s operational utility.
Using primary and secondary sources, this paper argues that Civil Affairs was
militarily both useful and necessary. Furthermore, it was able to provide wider
diplomatic and political benefits as well as serving core military needs. The
research concludes by acknowledging that whilst mistakes were made, the
various improvements made to Civil Affairs in preparation for, together with the
lessons learnt during, Normandy stood the organisation in good stead for the
significantly larger problems encountered later in the war.
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Duche, Elodie. "A passage to imprisonment : the British prisoners of war in Verdun under the First French Empire." Thesis, University of Warwick, 2014. http://wrap.warwick.ac.uk/66883/.
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This thesis explores parole detention as a site of transnational exchange through a case study of Verdun, a central depot for British civilian and military prisoners of war in Napoleonic France. By focusing on the interactions between captives and captors, this study throws into relief the ambiguities of nation-building and the totalisation of warfare, which kept these two countries at odds in the long eighteenth century. The main finding that has arisen from this work is the predominance of social dynamics over national, martial and religious antagonisms during this forced cohabitation, which nuances the truism of French and British identities forged against each other during the period. Furthermore, moving beyond the common assumption that the concept of honour lost its substance in France after 1789, I argue that parole detention in Verdun was based on gendered and ad hoc practices of internment, which syncretised old and revolutionary understandings of the notion. Whilst the situation of sequestered women has received little attention, this thesis makes the original claim that parole was in fact tailored to the presence of female 'voluntary captives' in Verdun. Composed of seven thematic chapters, and drawing on a variety of sources (ego-documents, newspapers, botanical specimens, material and visual culture), this thesis intends to provide a fresh sociocultural and transnational contribution to the burgeoning field of POW studies. Beyond conventional and nation-centric 'histoire-batailles', which so frequently place the question of military captivity within the rigid frame of a three-staged 'experience'– a trope inspired by memoirs of captivity – this thesis re-considers the experience of detention as a liminal 'passage'. By putting emphasis less on being than becoming a captive, this perspective situates military detention in a wider temporal framework, which includes the aftermath of 1814 and lifewriting as part of the experience.
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Gray, Colleen Allyn. "Captives in Canada, 1744-1763." Thesis, McGill University, 1993. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=69625.
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The captivity narratives have long been recognized as an important literary source. Most recently, scholars have viewed them in terms of their ethnographic value. Few, however, have considered them within the context of the history of New France.This study attempts to draw attention to the richness and diversity of these documents. The chapters, built upon the basis of similarities among the narratives, explore different facets of the French colony during the years 1744-1763. Specifically, they discuss techniques of military interrogation, the Quebec prison for captives (1745-1747), French-Indian relations and how the writers of these tales viewed both the war and their enemies.
Books on the topic "Prisoners of war – France – Normandy"
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D'Este, Carlo. Decision in Normandy. New York, NY: HarperPerennial, 1991.
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D'Este, Carlo. Decision in Normandy. 5th ed. London: HarperPerennial, 1994.
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John, Buckley. The Normandy Campaign 1944. Hoboken: Taylor & Francis Ltd., 2006.
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1965-, Trew Simon, ed. The Normandy battles. London: Cassell, 2000.
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Bando, Mark. Breakout at Normandy. Osceola, WI: MBI Pub., 1999.
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Hargreaves, Richard. The Germans in Normandy. Mechanicsburg, PA: Stackpole Books, 2008.
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Zaloga, Steve. Operation Cobra 1944: Breakout from Normandy. Westport, Conn: Praeger, 2004.
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Thers, Alexandre. D-Day in Normandy, 6 June, 1944. Paris: Histoire & Collections, 2004.
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Bailout Over Normandy: A Flyboy's Adventures with the French Resistance and Other Escapades in Occupied France. Casemate, 2017.
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Fahrenwald, Madeleine. Bailout over Normandy: A Flyboy's Adventures with the French Resistance and Other Escapades in Occupied France. Mustang Books, 2023.
Find full textBook chapters on the topic "Prisoners of war – France – Normandy"
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Schneider, Valentin. "American, British, and French PoW Camps in Normandy, France (1944–1948). Which Role for Archaeology in the Memorial Process?" In Prisoners of War, 117–28. New York, NY: Springer New York, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4614-4166-3_7.
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Early, Robert. "Excavating the World War II Prisoner of War camp at La Glacerie, Cherbourg, Normandy." In Prisoners of War, 95–115. New York, NY: Springer New York, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4614-4166-3_6.
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Footitt, Hilary. "Liberation on the Move: Normandy." In War and Liberation in France, 37–65. London: Palgrave Macmillan UK, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/9780230509979_3.
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Moore, Bob. "Continuing Captivity." In Prisoners of War, 416–45. Oxford University Press, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198840398.003.0015.
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As the war turned against the Axis, the many Italian prisoners in Allied hands were supplemented by increasing numbers of men in German uniforms as Western Europe began to be liberated. British and American commanders had to house and feed hundreds of thousands of prisoners in France, Belgium, the Netherlands, and Italy before the final German surrender on 8 May 1945. This led to many millions of new prisoners and a major crisis involving the American ‘Rhine Meadow Camps’ as temporary accommodation. To alleviate the pressures on resources both the British and Americans re-categorized all those surrendered on or after 8 May as Surrendered Enemy Personnel (SEP) or Disarmed Enemy Forces (DEF) respectively. They were thereby removed from the provisions of the Geneva Convention and rapidly released back into civilian life. Their counterparts captured beforehand had very different experiences—being redeployed as labour for the Allies or handed over to other European powers such as France, Belgium, and the Netherlands where they were put to work in dangerous reconstructive work including mine clearance. In these cases, Germans often remained in captivity until 1947 or 1948 before being returned home.
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Moore, Bob. "Scandinavia and the Low Countries." In Prisoners of War, 90–113. Oxford University Press, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198840398.003.0004.
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Often overlooked in the wider history of the Second World War, the German handling of prisoners taken in the Norwegian and Low Countries campaigns was ostensibly in accordance with the terms of the Geneva Convention to which all parties had been signatories. However, political considerations also played a role in the process, with the Germans deciding not to maintain the internment of the majority of Norwegian, Dutch, or Flemish prisoners who were regarded as racially compatible with the future Greater German Reich. While partly a hearts-and-minds operation, it also served to free up space for the huge numbers of prisoners taken during the campaign against France. This mass demobilization left only francophone Belgians and some intransigent Norwegian and Dutch officers in captivity whose stories have come to have a disproportionate influence on their respective national historiographies.
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Moore, Bob. "Defeat and Internment." In Prisoners of War, 60–89. Oxford University Press, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198840398.003.0003.
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The defeat and incarceration of the bulk of the French Army after June 1940 justifies separate treatment on account of its sheer scale. Having taken some 1.8 million French servicemen as prisoners, the Germans removed around 1.5 million of them to Germany to augment the agricultural labour force inside the Reich where most remained for the duration of the war. Although the terms of the Geneva Convention were largely adhered to, the prisoners’ captivity was also influenced by the bilateral treaties between Pétain’s Vichy regime and Berlin. The Germans also engaged in some largely unsuccessful attempts to encourage the French prisoners to become civilians with the promise of better pay and conditions, and at the same time used them as bargaining counters with the Vichy authorities to extract much more useful civilian skilled industrial labour from France—the so-called Relève. With so many men held as hostages, the Vichy regime also saw the prisoners as an important domestic political issue and went to great lengths to offer protection to their wives and families. There were wartime repatriations and some escapes, but the majority of the officers and soldiers of 1940 remained in Germany until their liberation
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Moore, Bob. "Liberation, Repatriation, Reintegration, Retribution." In Prisoners of War, 381–415. Oxford University Press, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198840398.003.0014.
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The collapse and final surrender of the Third Reich presaged the liberation and return home of Allied prisoners of war. Stories of liberation were many and various, as were the accounts of repatriation, with some men refusing to obey orders and wait for an ordered return but trying to get home on their own. Most British and American prisoners were located and soon moved to transit camps, with some arriving home within days of their liberation, while others freed earlier had to make a much longer journey via the Soviet Union. With advance preparations for their reintegration, problems of readjustment were minimized—although not entirely absent. The return of French prisoners was also planned by the provisional Government, but its structures were overwhelmed as the war ended. Moreover, the army of 1940 did not fit the narrative of a resistant France and its men were all but ignored in the process of reconstruction. In complete contrast, Soviet prisoners, whether liberated by the Red Army or indirectly by the Western powers, were treated with suspicion by Stalin’s Government. Subjected to ‘filtration’, interrogations, and long-term discrimination by the regime, having been a prisoner of war had long-term and sometimes fatal consequences for those who had survived Nazi captivity. This included the many hundreds of thousands of their former soldiers who had sympathized with or even joined German formations after their capture. The forcible return of the Cossacks—although widely publicized in the Aldington–Tolstoy case in the United Kingdom in the 1990s—was only the tip of the iceberg and should not mask the fate of many others who were also returned to the tender mercies of the NKVD.
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Morieux, Renaud. "The Anatomy of the War Prison." In The Society of Prisoners, 183–237. Oxford University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198723585.003.0004.
Full textAbstract:
Chapter 4 turns to prison buildings. These spaces of detention were, until the last quarter of the eighteenth century in Britain, and for the whole period in France, not purpose-built for prisoners of war. This absence of specialization tells us something important about the distance between the legal construction of the category of the prisoner of war and actual practices of internment. The chapter shows that war prisons must be understood in the same conceptual framework as prison ‘reform’ in the eighteenth century. Paying attention to the materiality of the prisons also entails looking at the multiple ways in which prisoners reconfigured these spaces, adapting or even destroying them.
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Dworak, David D. "Impact and Conclusion." In War of Supply, 201–16. University Press of Kentucky, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.5810/kentucky/9780813183770.003.0010.
Full textAbstract:
This chapter argues that the experiences and learning that occurred in and around the Mediterranean directly contributed to later Allied success in Normandy and enabled the subsequent drive across France into Germany. Historians have offered a variety of conclusions concerning Allied Mediterranean strategy, but evidence shows that at the very least operations within the Mediterranean served as a crucible for learning, organizational improvement, and development of specialized equipment. To illustrate this the chapter describes the direct impact each Mediterranean campaign had on SHAEF planning and the conduct of the Normandy (Operation Overlord) landings. Included is the experience General Eisenhower gained as a theater commander in the Mediterranean. The chapter concludes by comparing the Allied and German approach to theater support, ultimately leading to Allied victory and German defeat.
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Mansoor, Peter. "From D-Day to the Elbe." In The Oxford Handbook of World War II, 304–26. Oxford University Press, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199341795.013.7.
Full textAbstract:
Abstract This chapter examines the Allied invasion of France on D-Day, June 6, 1944, and the subsequent campaigns across Northwest Europe. It begins with the arguments over and planning for the Normandy invasion, the most complicated military operation ever undertaken in the history of warfare, and it continues with the campaigns to liberate France and the Low Countries, annihilate the Wehrmacht, and overrun Germany. Issues discussed include German preparations, the impact of terrain and weather, command issues, Allied operations, fire support, logistics, intelligence, deception, airborne operations, and the use of airpower. The chapter examines the fighting in Normandy, the breakout and pursuit of German forces across France, the invasion of Southern France, Operation Market-Garden, the Battle of the Hürtgen Forest, the Battle of the Bulge, and the encirclement of the Ruhr. The chapter ends with a brief discussion of the debate over the combat effectiveness of the Germany and American armies.