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Journal articles on the topic 'Prisoners – New South Wales – Mortality'

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Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 1 February 2022

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1

Sullivan, Elizabeth, Stephen Ward, Reem Zeki, Sarah Wayland, Juanita Sherwood, Alex Wang, Faye Worner, Sacha Kendall, James Brown, and Sungwon Chang. "Recidivism, health and social functioning following release to the community of NSW prisoners with problematic drug use: study protocol of the population-based retrospective cohort study on the evaluation of the Connections Program." BMJ Open 9, no. 7 (July 2019): e030546. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2019-030546.

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IntroductionThe rising rate of incarceration in Australia, driven by high reoffending, is a major public health problem. Problematic drug use is associated with increasing rates of reoffending and return to custody of individuals. Throughcare provides support to individuals during imprisonment through to post-release, improving both the transition to community and health outcomes post-incarceration. The aim of this study is to evaluate the Connections Programme (CP) that utilises a throughcare approach for release planning of people in prison with a history of problematic drug use. The study protocol is described.Methods and analysisPopulation-based retrospective cohort study. The study will use record linkage of the Connections dataset with 10 other New South Wales (NSW) population datasets on offending, health service utilisation, opioid substitution therapy, pregnancy, birth and mortality. The study includes all patients who were eligible to participate in the CP between January 2008 and December 2015 stratified by patients who were offered CP and eligible patients who were not offered the programme (non-CP (NCP)). Propensity-score matching will be used to appropriately adjust for the observable differences between CP and NCP. The differences between two groups will be examined using appropriate univariate and multivariate analyses. A generalised estimating equation approach, which can deal with repeat outcomes for individuals will be used to examine recidivism, mortality and other health outcomes, including perinatal and infant outcomes. Survival analysis techniques will be used to examine the effect of the CP by sex and Indigenous status on the ‘time-to’ health-related outcomes after adjusting for potential confounders.Ethics and disseminationEthical approval was received from the NSW Population and Health Services Research Ethics Committee, the Justice Health and Forensic Mental Health Network Human Research Ethics Committee, the Aboriginal Health and Medical Research Council Ethics Committee, the Corrective Services NSW Ethics Committee and the University of Technology Sydney Human Research Ethics Committee.

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2

Heilpern, David. "Sexual Assault of New South Wales Prisoners." Current Issues in Criminal Justice 6, no. 3 (March 1995): 327–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10345329.1995.12036663.

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3

Butler, Tony, Stephen Allnutt, David Cain, Dale Owens, and Christine Muller. "Mental Disorder in the New South Wales Prisoner Population." Australian & New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry 39, no. 5 (May 2005): 407–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/j.1440-1614.2005.01589.x.

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Objectives: To determine the prevalence of mental illness among prisoners in New South Wales (NSW), Australia. Method: Mental illness was examined in two NSW prisoner populations: (i) new receptions to the correctional system; and (ii) sentenced prisoners. Reception prisoners were screened at four male centres and one female centre in NSW. The sentenced population was randomly selected from 28 correctional centres across the state. Reception prisoners were screened consecutively whenever possible while the sentenced group was randomly selected as part of the 2001 Inmate Health Survey. We adopted the same instrument, Composite International Diagnostic Interview – Auto (CIDI-A), for diagnosing mental illness as used in the Australian National Survey of Mental Health and Wellbeing. Results: Overall, 43% of those screened had at least one of the following diagnoses: psychosis, anxiety disorder, or affective disorder. Reception prisoners suffered from mental illness to a greater extent than sentenced prisoners (46% vs. 38%). Women had higher levels of psychiatric morbidity than men (61% vs. 39%). Nine percent (9%) of all prisoners had experienced psychotic symptoms (due to any cause) in the prior 12 months. Twenty percent (20%) of all prisoners had suffered from at least one type of mood disorder and 36% had experienced an anxiety disorder. Posttraumatic stress disorder was the most common disorder, diagnosed in 26% of receptions and 21% of sentenced prisoners. Conclusions: These findings confirm that prisoners are a highly mentally disordered group compared with the general community. Given the high prevalence of mental illness identified by this study, it is essential that prison mental health services be adequately resourced to address the demand and, at minimum, ensure that mental health does not deteriorate during incarceration.

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4

HOLLAND, R. "ANAESTHETIC MORTALITY IN NEW SOUTH WALES." British Journal of Anaesthesia 59, no. 7 (July 1987): 834–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/bja/59.7.834.

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5

Butler, T., B. Donovan, J. Taylor, A. L. Cunningham, A. Mindel, M. Levy, and J. Kaldor. "Herpes simplex virus type 2 in prisoners, New South Wales, Australia." International Journal of STD & AIDS 11, no. 11 (November 1, 2000): 743–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1258/0956462001915174.

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Our objectives were to determine the prevalence of, and risk factors for, herpes simplex virus type 2 (HSV-2) antibodies in male and female prisoners. A cross-sectional random sample was used consisting of 789 prisoners (657 males and 132 females) from 27 correctional centres across New South Wales (NSW), stratified by sex, age and Aboriginality. Participants were questioned about demographics and behavioural risk factors and were screened for serum antibody to HSV-2. The overall prevalence of HSV-2 antibodies was higher in females (58%) than males (21%), and in Aborigines (34%) compared with non-Aborigines (24%). HSV-2 prevalence increased with the number of sexual partners. Few prisoners (1%) reported a previous diagnosis of genital herpes. Independent risk factors for the presence of HSV-2 antibodies were increasing age and Aboriginality for men, and higher reported number of lifetime sexual partners and the presence of hepatitis C antibodies for women. HSV-2 infection is common in prison inmates. There is a need to incorporate information about STDs, including HSV-2, into education programmes for inmates.

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6

Kariminia, Azar, Matthew G. Law, Tony G. Butler, Michael H. Levy, Simon P. Corben, John M. Kaldor, and Luke Grant. "Suicide risk among recently released prisoners in New South Wales, Australia." Medical Journal of Australia 187, no. 7 (October 2007): 387–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.5694/j.1326-5377.2007.tb01307.x.

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7

Butler, T., A. Kariminia, M. Levy, and M. Murphy. "The self-reported health status of prisoners in New South Wales." Australian and New Zealand Journal of Public Health 28, no. 4 (August 2004): 344–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-842x.2004.tb00442.x.

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8

Jin, Xingzhong, Stuart A. Kinner, Robyn Hopkins, Emily Stockings, Ryan J. Courtney, Anthony Shakeshaft, Dennis Petrie, Timothy Dobbins, and Kate Dolan. "Brief intervention on Smoking, Nutrition, Alcohol and Physical (SNAP) inactivity for smoking relapse prevention after release from smoke-free prisons: a study protocol for a multicentre, investigator-blinded, randomised controlled trial." BMJ Open 8, no. 10 (October 2018): e021326. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2017-021326.

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IntroductionSmoking remains the leading risk factor for disease burden and mortality worldwide. Heavy Smoking is often associated with poor Nutrition, Alcohol abuse and Physical inactivity (known as ‘SNAP’). Australia’s first prison smoking ban was introduced in the Northern Territory in July 2013. However, relapse to smoking after release from prison is normative. Holistic and cost-effective interventions are needed to maintain post-release abstinence to realise the potential public health impact of smoke-free prison policies. Rigorous, large-scale trials of innovative and scalable interventions are crucial to inform tobacco control policies in correctional settings.Methods and analysisThis multicentre, investigator-blinded, randomised parallel superiority trial will evaluate the effectiveness of a brief intervention on SNAP versus usual care in preventing smoking relapse among people released from smoke-free prisons in the Northern Territory, Australia. A maximum of 824 participants will be enrolled and randomly assigned to either SNAP intervention or usual care at a 1:1 ratio at baseline. The primary endpoint is self-reported continuous smoking abstinence three months after release from prison, verified by breath carbon monoxide test. Secondary endpoints include seven-day point prevalence abstinence, time to first cigarette, number of cigarettes smoked post release, Health Eating Index for Australian Adults, Alcohol Use Disorder Identification Test-Consumption and International Physical Activity Questionnaire scores. The primary endpoint will be analysed on an intention-to-treat basis using a simple log binomial regression model with multiple imputation for missing outcome data. A cost-effectiveness analysis of the brief intervention will be conducted subsequently.Ethics and disseminationThis study was approved by the University of New South Wales Human Research Ethics Committee (HREC), Menzies HREC and Central Australia HREC. Primary results of the trial and each of the secondary endpoints will be submitted for publication in a peer-review journal.Trial registration numberACTRN12617000217303; Pre-results.

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9

Gorta, Angela, and Tony Sillavant. "Escapes from new south wales gaols: placing the risk in perspective." Australian & New Zealand Journal of Criminology 24, no. 3 (December 1991): 204–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/000486589102400303.

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This article seeks to place the risk posed by escapees in perspective by presenting information on escapees from NSW gaols, based on a detailed record study of the 812 prisoners who escaped during the 6 year period, July 1983 to June 1989. Escapes from NSW gaols are a relatively rare occurrence. The majority of escapes (68.4%) occurred from within minimum security institutions. A further 12.3% of escapes refer to prisoners who fall to return on time from an unescorted temporary absence from the gaol, such as day/weekend leave, attendance at technical college or university, etc. Escapees tended to be younger, more likely to be serving sentences for property offences, more likely to be held in minimum security, more likely to have lower security classifications and less likely to be held on remand than prisoners in general. There is no particular point in their sentence when escapees are more likely to escape. While there are variations in patterns of escape or characteristics of escapees from year to year, there are no clear trends over time. The characteristics of escapees determined in this study suggest that reasons exist for escaping other than the presentation of the opportunity. More than one-quarter (28.6%) of the escapees were recaptured on either the day they escaped or the following day. Half (50%) of the escapees were recaptured within 8 days of their escape. The majority of escapees (74.2%) were not convicted of committing any offences whilst at large. Of those who were convicted, offences committed whilst at large are most commonly property offences (74.9%) such as break, enter and steal or larceny of a motor vehicle

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10

Vormfelde, Stefan V., and Wolfgang Poser. "Mortality associated with New South Wales methadone programs." Medical Journal of Australia 171, no. 8 (October 1999): 442. http://dx.doi.org/10.5694/j.1326-5377.1999.tb123729.x.

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11

Caplehorn, John R. M., and Olaf H. Drummer. "Mortality associated with New South Wales methadone programs." Medical Journal of Australia 171, no. 8 (October 1999): 442. http://dx.doi.org/10.5694/j.1326-5377.1999.tb123730.x.

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12

Wodak, Alex. "Mortality associated with New South Wales methadone programs." Medical Journal of Australia 171, no. 8 (October 1999): 442–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.5694/j.1326-5377.1999.tb123731.x.

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13

Harris, Ian, Aman Madan, Justine Naylor, and Shanley Chong. "Mortality rates after surgery in New South Wales." ANZ Journal of Surgery 82, no. 12 (October 22, 2012): 871–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1445-2197.2012.06319.x.

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14

Nielssen, Olav, and Shavtay Misrachi. "Prevalence of Psychoses on Reception to Male Prisons in New South Wales." Australian & New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry 39, no. 6 (June 2005): 453–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/j.1440-1614.2005.01603.x.

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Objective: To estimate the prevalence of psychotic illnesses among men received to prisons in New South Wales. The study also sought to estimate the sensitivity and specificity of the psychosis screener in the Composite International Diagnostic Interview (CIDI-Auto). Method: The study was part of a larger study on psychiatric disorder in men received to New South Wales prisons. Using a structured questionnaire, the CIDI-Auto (modified), which included screening questions for psychotic illness, the prisoners who gave positive responses to the screening questions for psychosis as well as any subjects considered by the experienced clinicians performing the CIDI-Auto interviews to show features of a psychotic illness, were referred to the researchers for a clinical assessment. The clinical assessment included a review of all available information. Results: Of the prisoners, 5.1% were thought to have definite psychotic illness and 1.9% to have possible psychotic illness. The psychosis screener was found to be neither sensitive nor specific. Conclusions: The rate of psychotic illness among people remanded to New South Wales prisons is between 10 and 14 times the rate found in a similar study in the wider community. The poor performance of the psychosis screener suggests that screening for psychotic illness on reception to prisons should be performed by clinically trained staff.

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15

Cregar, Jan, Susan Kippax, and June Crawford. "Sex, Contagion, Control: Prison Officers vs Condoms in New South Wales Gaols." Australian & New Zealand Journal of Criminology 29, no. 3 (December 1996): 227–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/000486589602900302.

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Since the beginning of the HIV/AIDS epidemic, public health experts have identified prison populations as a target for preventive strategies in order to minimise transmission of HIV among the general community. Public opinion favours supplying condoms to prisoners, but this was successfully resisted by prison officers in New South Wales for eight years. This paper examines expert and community opinions, HIV/AIDS and prison policies, public and correctional discourse, and statements made by prison officers' union representatives. It offers an account of the prison officers' success in blocking condom distribution, based on three major discursive themes emerging from the analysis.

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16

Christie, David G. S., Anthony M. Brown, Richard J. Taylor, Margaret A. Seccombe, and Marylon S. Coates. "Mortality in the New South Wales coal industry, 1973‐1992." Medical Journal of Australia 163, no. 1 (July 1995): 19–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.5694/j.1326-5377.1995.tb126082.x.

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17

Warden, John C., Christopher L. Borton, and Brian F. Horan. "Mortality associated with anaesthesia in New South Wales, 1984‐1990." Medical Journal of Australia 161, no. 10 (November 1994): 585–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.5694/j.1326-5377.1994.tb127636.x.

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18

McCredie, Margaret, Marylon S. Coates, Peter Day, and Jane C. Bell. "Changes in cancer incidence and mortality in New South Wales." Medical Journal of Australia 163, no. 10 (November 1995): 520–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.5694/j.1326-5377.1995.tb124717.x.

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19

WARDEN, J. C., C. L. BORTON, and B. F. HORAN. "Mortality associated with anaesthesia in New South Wales, 1984?1990." Pediatric Anesthesia 5, no. 4 (July 1995): 228. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1460-9592.1995.tb00288.x.

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20

Ross, Joanne, Courtney Field, Sharlene Kaye, and Julia Bowman. "Prevalence and correlates of low self-reported physical health status among prisoners in New South Wales, Australia." International Journal of Prisoner Health 15, no. 2 (June 10, 2019): 192–206. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijph-06-2018-0039.

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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to examine the prevalence and predictors of low self-reported physical health status among NSW prison inmates. Design/methodology/approach Cross-sectional random sample of 1,098 adult male and female prisoners, interviewed as part of the 2015 Justice Health and Forensic Mental Health Network Patient Health Survey. Findings Almost a quarter of participants had “low self-reported physical health status”. Independent predictors of “low health status” were having been in out of home care before the age of 16 years, being illiterate, smoking 20 or more cigarettes a day, not eating more than one serve of fruit a day, not being physically active in the 12 months before incarceration, higher body mass index score and low self-reported mental health status. Many of these predictors are modifiable risk factors for chronic disease, which could be targeted during incarceration. Originality/value This paper demonstrates the utility of a using a single item measure of self-reported physical health status among Australian prisoners, and helps to characterise those prisoners in greatest need of intervention for issues relating to their health.

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21

Robertson, S. M., M. A. Friend, and B. J. King. "Mild congenital goitre increases lamb mortality in southern New South Wales." Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture 48, no. 7 (2008): 995. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ea08005.

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Congenital goitre, symptomatic of iodine deficiency, can be associated with elevated levels of lamb mortality. This study details an outbreak east of Wagga Wagga in southern NSW, where goitre has previously not been documented. Measurements were taken on flocks at two sites near Ladysmith. Up to 82% of dead lambs had thyroid : weight ratios of more than 0.4 g/kg bodyweight, potentially large enough to affect survival. Up to 16% of lambs surviving to marking had enlarged thyroids (i.e. estimated by palpation). Lambs with enlarged thyroids may be more prone to dystocia, with ewes requiring assistance at delivery. Sex and birthweight were not related to thyroid size, but of lambs surviving to marking, a greater proportion of Merino than crossbred lambs had enlarged thyroids. At the second site, growth rate from birth to marking but not to weaning was reduced in lambs with higher thyroid scores. The high incidence of goitre in these flocks suggests that iodine deficiency may be an important factor in lamb mortality in some years in this region, but is unlikely to be detected due to the relatively small degree of thyroid enlargement.

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22

Sturgess, Gary L., Sara Rahman, and George Argyrous. "Convict Transportation to New South Wales, 1787-1849: Mortality Rates Reconsidered." Australian Economic History Review 58, no. 1 (August 6, 2017): 62–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/aehr.12137.

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23

Taylor, Richard, Stephen Morrell, Jane Estoesta, and Ann Brassil. "Mammography Screening and Breast Cancer Mortality in New South Wales, Australia." Cancer Causes & Control 15, no. 6 (August 2004): 543–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/b:caco.0000036153.95908.f2.

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24

Burnley, I. H. "Mortality from respiratory system cancer in New South Wales and Sydney." Australian Journal of Public Health 16, no. 3 (February 12, 2010): 251–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1753-6405.1992.tb00063.x.

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25

Riddell, Steven, Olav Nielssen, Tony Butler, Macdonald Christie, and Graham Starmer. "The Relationship Between Amphetamine Use, Crime and Psychiatric Disorder Among Prisoners in New South Wales." Psychiatry, Psychology and Law 13, no. 2 (November 2006): 160–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1375/pplt.13.2.160.

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26

Alexander, C. "From Dreamtime to Nightmare: The voices of 168 Aboriginal (ex-)prisoners in New South Wales." Australian and New Zealand Journal of Sociology 23, no. 3 (December 1987): 323–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/144078338702300301.

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27

Moriarty, Andrew, Glen Saunders, and Barry J. Richardson. "Mortality factors acting on adult rabbits in central-western New South Wales." Wildlife Research 27, no. 6 (2000): 613. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/wr99084.

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Mortality of radio-tagged adult rabbits (Oryctolagus cuniculus) (n = 274) was monitored for one year in central-western New South Wales. The overall mortality rate was 82%. Predation was the most important and consistent cause of adult rabbit mortality, accounting for 44% of the total number of rabbits, followed by Rabbit Haemorrhagic Disease (RHD) (16%), myxomatosis (9%), unknown causes (9%), and enteritis/peritonitis (2%). Foxes were the most important predators, accounting for 28% of radio-tagged rabbits. Medium to large birds of prey were less important, accounting for 10%, followed by cats, which were responsible for 6% of the deaths of radio-collared rabbits. Myxomatosis outbreaks occurred in February/March and November–January. An RHD outbreak occurred during July, with 40% of the adult rabbit population being killed. The number of male and female radio-collared adult rabbits killed by each mortality agent throughout the year was similar. The proportions of warren-dwelling rabbits and surface-dwelling, solitary rabbits killed were similar overall; however, a significantly higher number of warren-dwelling rabbits were killed by myxomatosis and a significantly higher number of surface-dwelling rabbits were killed by RHD.

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28

Supramaniam, Rajah, Hari Grindley, and Lisa Jackson Pulver. "Cancer mortality in Aboriginal people in New South Wales, Australia, 1994-2002." Australian and New Zealand Journal of Public Health 30, no. 5 (October 2006): 453–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-842x.2006.tb00463.x.

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29

CAREY, V., G. VIMPANI, and R. TAYLOR. "Childhood injury mortality in New South Wales: Geographical and socio-economic variations." Journal of Paediatrics and Child Health 29, no. 2 (March 10, 2008): 136–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1440-1754.1993.tb00466.x.

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30

Burnley, I. H. "Stomach cancer mortality in New South Wales and Sydney, 1980 to 1985." Australian Journal of Public Health 15, no. 2 (February 12, 2010): 88–100. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1753-6405.1991.tb00317.x.

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31

McCarthy, Weston, and Hampton. "Governing Prisoners’ Health: The Development of the Prison Medical Service in New South Wales, 1840–1900." Health and History 22, no. 1 (2020): 8. http://dx.doi.org/10.5401/healthhist.22.1.0008.

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32

Butler, Tony, Stephen Allnutt, Azar Kariminia, and David Cain. "Mental Health Status of Aboriginal and Non-Aboriginal Australian Prisoners." Australian & New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry 41, no. 5 (May 2007): 429–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00048670701261210.

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Objective: To compare the mental health of Aboriginal and non-Aboriginal prisoners in New South Wales. Methods: The sample consisted of a cross-sectional random sample of sentenced prisoners, and a consecutive sample of reception prisoners. The sample was drawn from 29 correctional centres (27 male, two female) across New South Wales. Overall, 1208 men (226 Aboriginal), and 262 women (51 Aboriginal) participated in the study. Mental illness was detected using the Composite International Diagnostic Interview (CIDI-A) and a number of other screening measures incorporated into the programme. Results: No differences were detected in mental illness between Aboriginal and non-Aboriginal men, apart from depression, which was lower in the latter group. Aboriginal woman were more likely than non-Aboriginal women to screen positive for symptoms of psychosis in the prior 12 months and have a higher 1 month and 12 month prevalence of affective disorder; they also had higher psychological distress scores. Suicidal thoughts and attempts were the same in both groups. Conclusions: These findings confirm that the demand for mental health services in prisons is considerable, and that Aboriginal women are one of the most vulnerable groups. Services and programmes providing an alternative to incarceration are needed, as are culturally sensitive approaches to treatment.

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33

O'Driscoll, Colmán, Anthony Samuels, and Mark Zacka. "Suicide in New South Wales Prisons, 1995–2005: Towards a Better Understanding." Australian & New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry 41, no. 6 (June 2007): 519–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00048670701341863.

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Objectives: This paper reports on a review of suicides in New South Wales (NSW) prisons from 1 January 1995 to 31 December 2005 in an attempt to gain a better understanding of the nature and quality of the problem of suicide among prisoners. Method: All deaths in NSW prisons for the period were reviewed. Those identified as self-inflicted, with a coronial finding of death by suicide or those awaiting a coronial hearing but reported as possible death by suicide were included. A data set was collected on each case and entered into a database. Results: A total of 92 cases were identified as deaths by suicide in NSW prisons from 1 January 1995 to 31 December 2005, representing 41% of all deaths in custody for the period. Conclusion: The rate of suicide in NSW prisons has been declining over the past 10 years, but remains approximately 10-fold that of the NSW community. Suicide was the leading cause of death among NSW inmates from 1995 to 2005. Suicide is a rare event, making its prediction a difficult task, with the prison environment a further compounding factor. This review highlights a number of factors, which appear to be common in many cases. Increased monitoring during the first week of incarceration may be an effective intervention. It is recommended that consideration be given to the length of time spent on remand and the value of custodial sentences of ≤6 months.

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34

Graham. "‘Made Ill by Bad Management’: The Health and Welfare of Prisoners in Nineteenth-Century New South Wales." Health and History 22, no. 1 (2020): 47. http://dx.doi.org/10.5401/healthhist.22.1.0047.

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35

Bell, Jane C., Margaret McCredie, Marylon S. Coates, and Bruce K. Armstrong. "Trends in colorectal cancer incidence and mortality in New South Wales, 1973–1992." Medical Journal of Australia 166, no. 4 (February 1997): 178–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.5694/j.1326-5377.1997.tb140070.x.

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36

Burnley, I. H. "Disadvantage and male cancer incidence and mortality in New South Wales 1985–1993." Social Science & Medicine 45, no. 3 (August 1997): 465–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0277-9536(96)00366-8.

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37

McCulloch, Glenn. "Response from Dr McCulloch to Mortality rates after surgery in New South Wales." ANZ Journal of Surgery 83, no. 4 (April 2013): 297–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/ans.12099.

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38

Hayes, Ian F., and Ross L. Goldingay. "Use of fauna road-crossing structures in north-eastern New South Wales." Australian Mammalogy 31, no. 2 (2009): 89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/am09007.

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The vast network of roads around the world has had a significant effect on wildlife and ecosystems through habitat fragmentation, reduced dispersal and mortality by collision with vehicles. Road agencies worldwide now frequently install dedicated structures to facilitate the safe crossing of roads by wildlife. We conducted surveys to determine the use of dedicated wildlife overpasses and nearby underpasses at two locations on the Pacific Highway in north-eastern New South Wales. Road-kill surveys were conducted to provide some understanding of the species commonly killed and whether the rate of road-kill was lower at one location where crossing-structures were located. Use of the crossing-structures by wildlife was monitored with sand-transects. The most frequent users were macropods, bandicoots and rodents. Macropods made greater use of overpasses (n = 104 tracks) than underpasses (n = 36), whereas underpasses were used more by bandicoots (n = 87) and rodents (n = 82) than were overpasses (n = 28, n = 15, respectively). We identified 78 road-kills of 21 species on two sections of the Pacific Highway over a 7-week period. Bandicoots (n = 16) and macropods (n = 9) were the most frequently observed victims. The mortality of wildlife was lower along the highway section with the crossing-structures (0.04 road-kills km–1) than it was along the highway section without structures (0.15 road-kills km–1). The lack of replication precludes any firm conclusion that the crossing-structures reduced road mortality but the high level of use of the crossing-structures by species that were common victims of road-kill suggests an influence.

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39

Taylor, Brendan D., and Ross L. Goldingay. "Wildlife road-kills on three major roads in north-eastern New South Wales." Wildlife Research 31, no. 1 (2004): 83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/wr01110.

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Although vehicle-induced mortality of wildlife is well known on roads throughout Australia, few empirical studies describe the extent of this mortality or assess the potential effects on wildlife populations. We recorded 529 roadkills of 53 vertebrate species along a 100-km circuit of three major roads during 20 weekly surveys across winter, spring and summer. This equates to 0.3 road-kills km–1 week–1 or one road-kill every 3.8 km week–1. The most frequently killed native species were the northern brown bandicoot (4 per week), the mountain brushtail possum (2 per week) and the Australian magpie (2 per week). These values are underestimates because our survey technique could not detect all road-kills and ~40% of those left on the roadside disappeared within 7�days. Detailed study of the local population of the brown bandicoot is needed to determine whether such a level of road mortality is sustainable.A logistic regression analysis was used to determine whether any of 10 road and landscape attributes were closely associated with the presence of specific groups of road-kills. Bandicoots were not associated with any measured attributes. Possums were more likely to occur along roads on mid-slopes and ridge-tops. Magpies were associated with roads on ridge-tops. Canopy-dwelling birds were more likely to be killed on 3-lane roads surrounded by dense vegetation.Road-kill surveys such as this are needed to identify species for which road mortality is unsustainable, to determine the influence on threatened species, and to identify important crossing points where road-kills are high. The frequency of road-kill of many ground-dwelling or arboreal mammal species in this study highlights the importance of impact mitigation by road authorities.

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McKay, Carolyn. "Video Links from Prison: Permeability and the Carceral World." International Journal for Crime, Justice and Social Democracy 5, no. 1 (March 1, 2016): 21–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.5204/ijcjsd.v5i1.283.

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As audio visual communication technologies are installed in prisons, these spaces of incarceration are networked with courtrooms and other non-contiguous spaces, potentially facilitating a process of permeability. Jurisdictions around the world are embracing video conferencing and the technology is becoming a major interface for prisoners’ interactions with courts and legal advisers. In this paper, I draw on fieldwork interviews with prisoners from two correction centres in New South Wales, Australia, to understand their subjective and sensorial experiences of using video links as a portal to the outside world. These interviews raised many issues including audio permeability: a soundtrack of incarceration sometimes infiltrates into the prison video studio and then the remote courtroom, framing the prisoner in the context of their detention, intruding on legal process, and affecting prisoners’ comprehension and participation.

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Brieger, David B., Austin C. C. Ng, Vincent Chow, Mario D'Souza, Karice Hyun, Paul G. Bannon, and Leonard Kritharides. "Falling hospital and postdischarge mortality following CABG in New South Wales from 2000 to 2013." Open Heart 6, no. 1 (March 2019): e000959. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/openhrt-2018-000959.

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ObjectivesTo describe changes in mortality among patients undergoing coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG) in New South Wales (NSW) Australia from 2000 to 2013.MethodsPatients undergoing CABG were identified from the NSW Admission Patient Data Collection (APDC) registry, linked to the NSW state-wide death registry database. Changes in all-cause mortality over time were observed following stratification of the study cohort into two year groups.ResultsWe identified 54 767 patients undergoing CABG during the study period. The risk profile of patients increased over time with significant increases in age, comorbidities and concomitant valve surgery (all p < 0.0001). During a median follow-up period of 6 years, a total 12 161 (22.2%) of patients had died. Survival curves and adjusted analyses showed a steady fall in mortality rate: those operated on during 2012–2013 had 40 % lower mortality than those operated on during 2000–2001 (HR 0.61; 95% CI 0.53 to 0.69). This was contributed to both by a fall in mortality both in hospital (HR 0.48, 95% CI 0.37 to 0.62) and postdischarge (HR 0.73; 95% CI 0.61 to 0.86).ConclusionsWe report a consistent reduction in medium-term mortality among a large unselected cohort of NSW patients undergoing CABG between 2000 and 2013. This fall is attributable both to an improvement in outcomes in hospital and in the postdischarge period.

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Butler, Tony, Eva Malacova, Juliet Richters, Lorraine Yap, Luke Grant, Alun Richards, Anthony M. A. Smith, and Basil Donovan. "Sexual behaviour and sexual health of Australian prisoners." Sexual Health 10, no. 1 (2013): 64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/sh12104.

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Objective To describe prisoners’ sexual experiences and sexual practices while in the community, sexual identities, and sexual health (e.g. self-reported exposure to sexually transmissible infections (STIs) and female reproductive outcomes) using data from the Sexual Health and Attitudes of Australian Prisoners (SHAAP) survey. Methods: This study used a computer-assisted telephone interview to screen randomly selected prisoners using a questionnaire based on the Australian Study of Health and Relationships survey. Results: 2351 men and women prisoners from New South Wales and Queensland took part in the survey. Most men identified as heterosexual (95.7%) and reported sexual attraction (91.0%) and sexual experiences (86.6%) only with the opposite sex, but 28.5% of women prisoners identified as bisexual. Sexual attraction correlated with sexual experience (men: r = 0.63; women: r = 0.84) more than with sexual identity (men: r = 0.53; women: r = 0.54). Male prisoners reported more lifetime opposite-sex partners than women prisoners (median 24 v. 10). Women prisoners were more likely than men to report a prior STI (35.1% v. 20.0%). Conclusions: Prisoners are a high-risk group with regard to sexual health. There is a need for a better understanding of the sexual health of this population group so that education campaigns and interventions specific to this population group can be developed.

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Baguley, Ian J., Melissa T. Nott, Alison A. Howle, Grahame K. Simpson, Stuart Browne, A. Clayton King, Rachel E. Cotter, and Adeline Hodgkinson. "Late mortality after severe traumatic brain injury in New South Wales: a multicentre study." Medical Journal of Australia 196, no. 1 (January 2012): 40–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.5694/mja11.10090.

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Curtis, Kate A., Rebecca J. Mitchell, Shanley S. Chong, Zsolt J. Balogh, Duncan J. Reed, Peter T. Clark, Scott D'Amours, et al. "Injury trends and mortality in adult patients with major trauma in New South Wales." Medical Journal of Australia 197, no. 4 (August 2012): 233–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.5694/mja11.11351.

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Stapleton, Stuart G., Rod O. Bishop, and James L. Mallows. "Injury trends and mortality in adult patients with major trauma in New South Wales." Medical Journal of Australia 198, no. 9 (May 2013): 480–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.5694/mja12.11485.

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Curtis*, Kate A. "Injury trends and mortality in adult patients with major trauma in New South Wales." Medical Journal of Australia 198, no. 9 (May 2013): 481. http://dx.doi.org/10.5694/mja12.11623.

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Caplehorn, John RM, and Olaf H. Drummer. "Mortality associated with New South Wales methadone programs in 1994: lives lost and saved." Medical Journal of Australia 170, no. 3 (February 1999): 104–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.5694/j.1326-5377.1999.tb127675.x.

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Burnley, Ian H. "Transitions and inequalities in acute myocardial infarction mortality in New South Wales, 1969-94." Australian and New Zealand Journal of Public Health 23, no. 4 (August 1999): 343–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-842x.1999.tb01273.x.

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Randall, Deborah A., Sanja Lujic, Alys Havard, Sandra J. Eades, and Louisa Jorm. "Multimorbidity among Aboriginal people in New South Wales contributes significantly to their higher mortality." Medical Journal of Australia 209, no. 1 (July 2018): 19–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.5694/mja17.00878.

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Thomson, Ian, Barry Beiles, and Bernie Bourke. "Response from Dr Thomsonet al. to Mortality rates after surgery in New South Wales." ANZ Journal of Surgery 83, no. 4 (April 2013): 296–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/ans.12087.

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