Journal articles: 'Prison suicides'

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Bird, Sheila M. "Changes in male suicides in Scottish prisons: 10-year study." British Journal of Psychiatry 192, no. 6 (June 2008): 446–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1192/bjp.bp.107.038679.

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BackgroundIn 1999 I estimated the expected number of UK prison suicides, taking into account that opioid users' deaths from suicide were 10 times the number expected for their age and gender. Changes have since taken place in Scottish prisons.AimsTo estimate the expected number of male suicides in Scottish prisons in 1994–2003, having taken age and opioid dependency into account; and to consider the extremes of prisoner age.MethodThe effective number that prisons safeguard in terms of suicide risk was approximated as 10 times the number of opioid-dependent inmates plus other inmates. By applying age-appropriate suicide rates for Scottish males to these effective numbers, expectations for male suicides in Scottish prisons were calculated.ResultsIn 1994-98, there were at least 57 male suicides, significantly exceeding the age- and opioid-adjusted expectation of 41. In 1999–2003, the 51 male suicides in prison were consistent with expectation (upper 95% limit: at least 54). During the decade 1994–2003, observed and expected suicides were mismatched at both extremes of age: 40 males aged 15-24 years died by suicidev.24 expected, and 13 males aged 45+ v. 2 expected. Against 4.5 prison suicides expected for males aged 15-24 years during a 2-year period, actual suicides were 3 in 2002 + 2003 and 4 in 2004 + 2005.ConclusionsScotland has redressed an excess of male suicides, especially by its youngest prisoners.

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Gore, Sheila M. "Suicide in prisons." British Journal of Psychiatry 175, no. 1 (July 1999): 50–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1192/bjp.175.1.50.

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BackgroundA recent review showed that opioid users' deaths from suicide were 10 times as common as expected on the basis of age and gender. Surveys showing prisoners' high prevalence of injecting or opioid dependence have led to a new statistical approach to prison suicides.AimsTo estimate the expected number of UK prison suicides annually, having taken account of inmates' age, gender and opioid dependence.MethodBy gender, estimate the effective number of individuals (in terms of community-equivalent suicide risk) for whom prisons have a duty of care as 10 times the number of opioid-dependent inmates plus the number of non-opioid user inmates. Apply the gender and age-appropriate national suicide rates to work out the expected number of prison suicides.ResultsThe Scottish Prison Service can expect 7.1 suicides per annum, and annual totals up to 12 without exacerbation of suicides due to incarceration. For the Prison Service in England and Wales, 19.3 suicides per annum can be expected in prisons, and annual totals may range up to 28 without indicating incarceration; the total of self-inflicted deaths was 47 in 1993–94ConclusionsPrisons cannot prevent all suicides. An alert may be warranted if prison suicides exceed 12 per annum in Scotland, or 28 in England and Wales.

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Fruehwald, Stefan, Patrick Frottier, Teresa Matschnig, and Reinhard Eher. "The relevance of suicidal behaviour in jail and prison suicides." European Psychiatry 18, no. 4 (June 2003): 161–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0924-9338(03)00064-6.

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AbstractPurposeSuicide rates in correctional institutions have been increasing during the last decades. There has been little interest in whether suicidal ideation and intent has been documented by non-medical prison staff (reports of attempted suicide, suicide threats, self-harm), and whether these signs of suicidality had the consequence of adequate intervention efforts.MethodsThe personal files of inmates who committed suicide in the 29 Austrian jails and prisons during the last 25 years (1975–1999) were included. We analysed personal characteristics, criminological data, circumstances of custody and information about psychiatric disorders and treatment.ResultsOf a total of 250 suicides, 220 personal files were available and included. Suicide attempts were known in 50% of all suicides and 37% had expressed suicidality. In >20%, non-medical staff had documented signs of suicidality, but no further preventive action (e.g. referral to psychiatric care) had taken place.ConclusionsSigns of suicidality play an important role in vulnerability profiles for jail and prison suicides and should have the minimal consequence of further psychiatric care.

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Gauthier, Saskia, Thomas Reisch, and Christine Bartsch. "Swiss Prison Suicides Between 2000 and 2010." Crisis 36, no. 2 (June 1, 2015): 110–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1027/0227-5910/a000302.

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Background: Suicide is the leading cause of death in Swiss prisons. The Federal Statistics Office provides numbers but no further details. Previous studies worldwide have focused on identifying suicide risk factors in prisoners, but very few have looked at the methods used in relation to prevention strategies. Aims: To obtain details of Swiss prison suicides, determine new findings in an international context, and establish prevention strategies based on the information acquired. Method: Retrospective data analysis of prison suicides extracted from the database of all suicides investigated by Swiss institutes of legal medicine between 2000 and 2010, using a standardized assessment sheet. Results: Out of 4,885 suicides investigated in the institutes of legal medicine in Switzerland, we identified 50 (1.02%) inmate suicides. Most were unmarried Swiss men, with a median age of 32 years. The two most common methods used were hanging and tricyclic antidepressant overdose. Two died due to self-immolation. Conclusion: Swiss prison suicides do not differ from those in other countries regarding sociodemographic details and the most common method of hanging. Anchoring devices, even low ones, should be avoided to prevent hanging and medication intake should be monitored. As prisoners use tricyclic antidepressants to die by suicide, we recommend the general monitoring of intake.

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Radeloff, Daniel, Marian ten Hövel, Gerald Brennecke, Franziska S. Stoeber, Thomas Lempp, Mattias Kettner, Hannes Zacher, Kai von Klitzing, and Katharina Bennefeld-Kersten. "Suicide after reception into prison: A case-control study examining differences in early and late events." PLOS ONE 16, no. 8 (August 3, 2021): e0255284. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0255284.

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Objective Prisoners constitute a high-risk group for suicide, with suicide rates about 5 to 8 times higher than in the general population. The first weeks of imprisonment are a particularly vulnerable time, but there is limited knowledge about the risk factors for either early or late suicide events. Methods Based on a national total sample of prison suicides in Germany between 2005 and 2017, suicides within the first 2 (4 and 8) weeks after reception into prison were matched by age and penalty length with cases that occurred later. Factors that potentially influence the timing of suicide were investigated. Results The study has shown that 16.7% (31.5%) of all 390 suicides in German prisons occurred within the first two weeks (two months) of imprisonment. Factors that facilitate adaptation to the prison environment (e.g. prior prison experience) were negatively associated with early suicide events. Factors that hindered the adaptation process (e.g. withdrawal from illicit drugs) were observed more frequently in early suicide events than in late ones. These factors are active at different times of imprisonment. Conclusion At reception, particular attention should be paid to the following factors associated with early suicide events: widowed marital status, lack of prison experience, and drug dependency.

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Gentile, Guendalina, Stefano Tambuzzi, Michele Boracchi, Paolo Bailo, Domenico Di Candia, Rachele Bianchi, and Riccardo Zoja. "Uncommon suicide methods in the detention regime in Milan (1993–2019): Forensic contribution on autopsy cases." Medico-Legal Journal 89, no. 2 (March 10, 2021): 117–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0025817220986714.

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We analysed the recorded cases of suicides committed other than by hanging in prison in Milan. A retrospective analysis was conducted on 25,512 autopsies performed from 1993 to 2019, selecting all the suicides in prison but our attention was focused solely on cases where an alternative mode to hanging was used. From a total of 97 suicide events in prison, 15 were consistent with the established search criteria: 6 victims died from plastic bag suffocation, 4 by direct inhalation of butane gas, 2 associated plastic bag suffocation to inhalation of butane gas, one committed suicide with an edged weapon, one by self-burning and, finally, one by voluntary ingestion of a food to which he was allergic, with the intent of inducing an anaphylactic shock. Our analysis has shown that the landscape of prison suicides is diverse, not limited solely to hanging. Therefore, it is necessary for the forensic scientific community to raise awareness of potentially unusual suicide methods in prisons and, in the same way, for the Penitentiary Administration to put adequate preventive measures and strategies in place.

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Kirillova, Tat'yana, and Aleksander Rogov. "Suicidal behavior of suspected, accused and convicted persons – a study." Russian Journal of Deviant Behavior 2022, no. 2 (July 28, 2022): 164–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.35750/2713-0622-2022-2-164-180.

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Introduction. The analysis of the suicides committed in 2015-2020 according to the data of the Office of educational, social, and psychological work in the system of Russian Federal Penal Correction Service (FPCS) proves that the rate of suicides in the prison system is still higher than countrywide. The goal of the research is to study the suicides committed by the suspects, accused, and convicted persons. Methods. The research has been based on the analysis of the reviews and other technical materials offered by the FPCS concerning suicide preventions measures among the suspects, accused, and convicted persons in the prison system. Results. The authors have researched the personal characteristics of the suspects, accused, and convicted persons who committed suicides, the circumstances, and conditions of the suicides. To achieve this, the authors analyzed the data gathered in the prison system in case of suspect, accused, and convicted persons suicides (case records, internal review findings), as well as the results of psychological testing of the suspects, accused, and convicted who committed suicides in the Russian prison system in 2020. As a part of the study the authors gathered information on the suspects, accused and convicted persons who committed suicide. The authors have researched a phenomenon of a suicidal behavior of the suspects, accused, and convicted persons. In the theoretical and empirical study, they review both the scientific papers on the suicidal behavior and the FPCS guidelines on prevention of the suicidal behavior of the suspects, accused, and convicted persons. The authors propose measures on preventing of the suicidal behavior of the suspects, accused, and convicted persons. The authors created a profile of the persons committing suicide accounting for their demographic characteristics, their criminal past, and their status in the prison system, considering their psychological status, conditions, and circumstances of the suicide. To form a correlation matrix, the authors have used objective and subjective characteristics of the suspects, accused, and convicted persons who committed suicide. As the result of the correlation analysis, the authors have found a statistically strong connection (r = 0,092; p ≥ 0,05) between the objective and subjective characteristics. Following the founded statistically significant connection, the authors conclude that demographic characteristic and the criminal past of the convicted relate to their suicidal tendencies and may led to the committing of the suicide. The results of the correlation analysis have been used to formulate the recommendations for the suicidal behavior prevention among the convicted persons. The authors have attempted to find a connection between the suicidal behavior and the personal characteristics of the suspects, accused, and convicted persons mentioned in their registry files, and demonstrate the incidence of the certain traits of the suicidal persons. Using content-analysis of the registry files, the authors have chosen the most frequently mentioned personal traits in the psychological profiles of the persons who committed suicides. The interviews with the workers of the FPCS Interregional office of psychological work have shown an additional proof of the hypothesis that the results of the psychological tests correlate with the results of the profile analysis of the suicidal persons and supplement them. The authors have also analyzed the conditions, and circumstances of the suicides, proposed potential directions of the psychological prevention of the suicidal behavior of the suspect, accused, and convicted persons. Practical significance. Implementation of the study findings by the personnel of the prison system in the field of prevention of the suicidal behavior of the suspects, accused, and convicted persons.

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Spinellis, Calliope D., and Olga Themeli. "Suicide in Greek Prisons: 1977 to 1996." Crisis 18, no. 4 (July 1997): 152–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1027/0227-5910.18.4.152.

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Data obtained from the records of the Greek Ministry of Justice revealed that there were 457 deaths in the Greek prison system (which includes prisons, mental hospitals and other general hospitals) over the past 20 years. Of these deaths, 93 were recorded as suicides — an average of 4.65 suicides per year or 112 per 100,000 inmates classified as convicted, on remand or hospitalized. The suicide rates fluctuated widely, from a low rate of 32.3 in 1982 to the incredibly high rate of 390.8 in 1979 (11 total suicides, 10 of which occurred in prison hospitals). The present study, the first of its kind in Greece, was based solely on unpublished prison data, which revealed defects in recording (e. g., 11% of the deaths recorded by the correctional administration remained without specification of cause in the years 1977 through 1996; social and penal demographic data of the inmates who committed suicide were kept unsystematically; detailed information on the circumstances of suicide was not always available, etc.). Despite a noticeable decrease in the suicide rate in the years 1995 and 1996, the limited data suggest that the suicide rate in the Greek prison system has basically remained stable over the past 20 years.

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9

Dooley, Enda. "Prison Suicide in England and Wales, 1972–87." British Journal of Psychiatry 156, no. 1 (January 1990): 40–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1192/bjp.156.1.40.

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The case notes of 295 suicides (98.3% of the total) in prisons in England and Wales between 1972 and 1987 were studied. This period has witnessed an increase in the suicide rate far in excess of the rate of rise in the prison population. The most common method of suicide was by hanging, usually at night. There was a frequent past history of psychiatric treatment and self-injury. People charged or convicted of violent or sexual offences were over-represented, as were those serving life sentences. There was an association between suicide and both guilt for the offence and being charged or convicted of a homicide offence. Some suicides occurred many years after reception into prison. Routine enquiry about previous suicide attempts must be implemented, along with better, ongoing, active communication between staff and inmates.

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Stoliker, Bryce E. "Attempted Suicide: A Multilevel Examination of Inmate Characteristics and Prison Context." Criminal Justice and Behavior 45, no. 5 (February 9, 2018): 589–611. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0093854818754609.

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Correctional institutions in the United States witness higher rates of suicide compared with the general population, as well as a higher number of attempted suicides compared with completed cases. Prison research focused little attention on investigating the combined effects of inmate characteristics and prison context on suicide, with studies using only one level of analysis (prison or prisoner) and neglecting the nested nature of inmates in prisons. To extend this literature, multilevel modeling techniques were employed to investigate individual- and prison-contextual predictive patterns of attempted suicide using a nationally representative sample of 18,185 inmates in 326 prisons across the United States. Results revealed that several individual-level factors predicted odds for attempted suicide, such as inmate characteristics/demographics, prison experiences, having a serious mental illness, and symptoms of mental health issues. Some prison-contextual variables, as well as cross-level interaction effects, also significantly predicted odds for attempted suicide. Policy and research implications are discussed.

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Favril, Louis, Ciska Wittouck, Kurt Audenaert, and Freya Vander Laenen. "A 17-Year National Study of Prison Suicides in Belgium." Crisis 40, no. 1 (January 2019): 42–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1027/0227-5910/a000531.

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Abstract. Background: Suicide is a leading cause of mortality in prisoners worldwide, yet empirical data on this matter are lacking in Belgium. Aims: This study sought to describe characteristics associated with a consecutive series of suicides in Belgian prisons from 2000 to 2016 inclusive, in order to inform suicide prevention strategies. Method: All documented cases of suicide ( N = 262) were reviewed using a standardized assessment checklist. Official records were abstracted for prisoners' sociodemographic, criminological, and clinical information, as well as for suicide-related characteristics. Results: Over the 17-year study period, suicides accounted for one third of all deaths in Belgian prisons. The average annual suicide rate in Belgium from 2000 to 2016 was 156.2 per 100,000 prisoners. Examination of all cases highlights both individual (psychiatric disorders and a history of suicide attempt) and situational (the early period of incarceration, interfacility transfers, and placement in solitary confinement) factors common in many prison suicides; some of them amenable to (clinical) management, which presents several potential avenues for suicide prevention. Limitations: Given the absence of a matched control group, no conclusions could be ascertained regarding risk factors. Conclusion: Suicide is a common, preventable cause of death among prisoners in Belgium. The results underscore the timely need for national standards and guidelines for suicide prevention in Belgian prisons.

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Pratt, D., L. Appleby, M. Piper, R. Webb, and J. Shaw. "Suicide in recently released prisoners: a case-control study." Psychological Medicine 40, no. 5 (September 1, 2009): 827–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0033291709991048.

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BackgroundRecently released prisoners are at markedly higher risk of suicide than the general population. The aim of this study was to identify key risk factors for suicide by offenders released from prisons in England and Wales.MethodAll suicides committed by offenders within 12 months of their release from prison in England and Wales, between 2000 and 2002, were identified. One control matched on gender and date of release from prison was recruited for each case. Univariate and multivariate logistic regression modelling identified key independent risk factors for suicide.ResultsOf 256 920 released prisoners, 384 suicides occurred within a year of release. Factors significantly associated with post-release suicide were increasing age over 25 years, released from a local prison, a history of alcohol misuse or self-harm, a psychiatric diagnosis, and requiring Community Mental Health Services (CMHS) follow-up after release from prison. Non-white ethnicity and a history of previous imprisonment were protective factors.ConclusionsThere is a need to improve the continuity of care for people who are released from prison and for community health, offender and social care agencies to coordinate care for these vulnerable individuals.

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Haycock, Joel. "Crimes and Misdemeanors: A Review of Recent Research on Suicides in Prison." OMEGA - Journal of Death and Dying 23, no. 2 (October 1991): 81–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.2190/cgkf-4dg0-018k-bu0r.

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By contrast with the attention that jail suicide has received in the last decade, suicide among longer-term prisoners has occasioned little public concern and less scholarly interest. This article reviews recent empirical studies of prison suicides, whose results call into question the conventional belief that longer-term prisoners rarely kill themselves. These studies suggest that completed suicide in prison is a serious public health problem, and that for certain sub-groups, the risks of completed suicide approach, and perhaps exceed those of jail detainees. Recent research bears out the connection between outward-turned aggression and suicide, and raises doubts about conventional conceptions of the anti-social personality. The implications for future suicide rates of the “graying” of the prison population, and of the AIDS epidemic within prisons are discussed, as are the needs for future research.

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House, Allan. "Prison suicides." British Journal of Psychiatry 156, no. 4 (April 1990): 586–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1192/bjp.156.4.586.

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Welldon, E. V. "Prison suicides." BMJ 302, no. 6773 (February 16, 1991): 410–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmj.302.6773.410-d.

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Borrill, Jo, Lisa Cook, and Amy Beck. "Suicide and supervision." Probation Journal 64, no. 1 (November 18, 2016): 6–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0264550516677770.

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Suicides by offenders in the community have been relatively under-researched in comparison with prison suicides. This study examined in-depth the events and experiences of 28 service users under probation supervision, based on continuous records from the start of their sentence to their death by suicide. The study presents novel findings through mapping suicidal behaviour onto the probation supervision process, and demonstrates the complex pathways leading to suicide in this population. Key issues identified include missed appointments, the impact of legal proceedings, changes in supervision, and the importance of recording risk.

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Liebling, Alison. "Suicides in Prison." Criminal Justice Matters 14, no. 1 (December 1993): 22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09627259308552656.

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Ilangaratne, J. B. "Suicides in prison." BMJ 304, no. 6838 (May 23, 1992): 1376. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmj.304.6838.1376-b.

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Dooley, Enda. "SUICIDES IN PRISON." Criminal Behaviour and Mental Health 3, no. 4 (November 1993): 531. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cbm.1993.3.4.531.

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LESHCHENKO, SVETLANA A., and ANDREI N. POPOV. "International practice of preventing suicide among prison staff." Vedomosti (Knowledge) of the Penal System 227, no. 4 (2021): 30–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.51522/2307-0382-2021-227-4-30-35.

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Abstract. The article is devoted to the international experience in the prevention of suicidal tendencies among employees of penitentiary institutions. Statistics on the number of suicides in Europe and the United States among officers of correctional institutions is provided. Constructive Ведомости уголовно-исполнительной системы № 4/2021 31 учреждений. Выделены конструктивные про- граммы и успешные методики по профилакти- ке самоубийств среди сотрудников. Подчер- киваются меры предосторожности со стороны профильных служб по организации работы с сотрудниками, имеющими склонность к само- повреждениям в зарубежных пенитенциарных учреждениях. Ключевые слова: суицидальные наклонно- сти, профилактика самоубийств, психическое здоровье, стресс, депрессивное состояние, по- пытка самоубийств. programs and successful techniques for the prevention of suicide among employees are highlighted. Precautions on the part of specialized services in foreign penitentiary institutions for organizing work with employees who are prone to self-harm are emphasized. Key words: suicidal tendencies, suicide prevention, mental health, stress, depression, suicide attempt.

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Liebling, Alison. "Suicides in Prison and the Safer Prisons Agenda." Probation Journal 49, no. 2 (June 2002): 140–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/026455050204900208.

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Wool, Rosemary J., and Enda Dooley. "A Study of Attempted Suicides in Prisons." Medicine, Science and the Law 27, no. 4 (October 1987): 297–301. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/002580248702700412.

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To date there have been very few studies of attempted suicide occurring in prison. This study analyses 111 reports of attempted suicide occurring in a one-year period in the prisons of the Midlands and South West regions of England. Unlike the general population, where there are marked differences (age, sex, etc.) between those attempting and those completing suicide, the characteristics for both groups in prison are similar, high risk being associated with youth, with being on remand or recently sentenced, and with a history of mental or physical illness. There is some indication that those in Young Offender Establishments may be more likely to attempt suicide by hanging. The motivation given by the inmates most commonly stated some form of emotional stress relating to poor communication with family or friends, and in this respect they are similar to attempters outside prison.

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Humber, N., M. Piper, L. Appleby, and J. Shaw. "Characteristics of and trends in subgroups of prisoner suicides in England and Wales." Psychological Medicine 41, no. 11 (May 6, 2011): 2275–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0033291711000705.

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BackgroundThe suicide rate is higher in prisoners compared with the general population. The aim was to describe the characteristics of and longitudinal trends in prisoner suicides in England and Wales.MethodA case series was ascertained from the Safer Custody and Offender Policy Group at the Ministry of Justice and included a 9-year (1999–2007) national census of prisoner suicides. Questionnaires were completed by prison staff on sociodemographic, custodial, clinical and service-level characteristics of the suicides.ResultsThere was a fall in the number of prison suicides and a decline in the proportion of young prisoner (18–20 years) suicides over time. Females were over-represented. Upward trends were found in prisoners with a history of violence and with previous mental health service contact. A downward trend was found in those with a primary psychiatric diagnosis of drug dependence. Drug dependence was found to be significant in explaining suicides within the first week of custody.ConclusionsThe findings provide an important insight to aid a target set in the National Suicide Prevention Strategy in England to reduce suicides in the prisoner population by 20% and highlight an important area for policy development in mental health services. Examining trends identified subgroups that may require improved mental healthcare and recognized those that appeared to be having their treatment needs more adequately met. Evidence suggests that targeted suicide prevention strategies for subgroups of prisoners are required.

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Tremblay, Pierre. "Les suicides en prison." Canadian Journal of Criminology 31, no. 2 (April 1989): 197–210. http://dx.doi.org/10.3138/cjcrim.31.2.197.

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Lemire, Guy. "Les suicides en prison." Canadian Journal of Criminology 31, no. 1 (January 1989): 87–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.3138/cjcrim.31.1.87.

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Themeli, Olga. "Suicide in the Greek Penal System and the Problem of Various Limitations in Relevant Studies." Crisis 27, no. 3 (May 2006): 135–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1027/0227-5910.27.3.135.

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Suicides in prison are not merely self-destructive acts or a “cry for help.” They reflect the inherent need for freedom and the repercussions of imprisonment. SPACE statistics on suicides in prison reveal a rate above 10 per 10,000 in 10 European countries, 4 of which have a rate above 20. Greek data do not appear in all SPACE statistics. This fact has stimulated the present paper. Unpublished data obtained from the Greek Ministry of Justice reveal that Greece belongs to the group of countries with a rate below 10 in 1995 (the year of SPACE statistics). However, the suicide rates fluctuated widely in Greece from a low rate of 3.2 per 10,000 prisoners (convicted, on remand, or hospitalized) in 1982 to the incredibly high rate of nearly 40 in the year 1979 (11 suicides, 10 of which occurred in prison hospitals). A review of the literature indicates that various limitations mentioned in relevant studies lie in the unreliability of data (doubts about the validity of official statistics, missing data in archives, missing files on the victims, suicide in juvenile institutions not always recorded separately, etc.). The research emphasizes the importance of improving suicide statistics (recording, clearing up the incidents of deaths that are recorded without specification of cause, etc.) in order to plan and enforce suicide prevention and intervention strategies that seem to “work” in a particular milieu and are not debatable (e.g., the use of “suicide proof” cells).

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Dooley, Enda. "Prison Suicide— Politics and Prevention: A View from Ireland." Crisis 18, no. 4 (July 1997): 185–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1027/0227-5910.18.4.185.

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The pattern of suicide in Ireland broadly matches that in various neighbouring countries, with the prevalence among males being significantly greater than among women. Over recent years there has been a significant increase in suicide among young men. Similarly, prison suicide patterns mirror those in neighbouring jurisdictions, with a marked increase in prison suicides occurring over the last 10 years. Media interest in prison suicide is grossly disproportionate to its frequency. Existing prevention policies based on the identification of individuals at risk would appear to have failed, and it is argued that it would be more productive—albeit with significant difficulty—to re-orient prevention strategies towards identifying and remedying risk factors in the overall prison environment as opposed to identifying particular individuals.

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Herzog-Evans, Martine. "Droit français et prévention du suicide en prison." Criminologie 34, no. 2 (July 31, 2007): 9–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.7202/027503ar.

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Résumé Le système juridique français tente, depuis quelques années, d'organiser la prévention du suicide des détenus. Il était temps : le nombre de suicides n'a cessé d'augmenter depuis 10 ans. Cet article présente cette situation difficile, ainsi que les outils juridiques de prévention et de traitement du suicide. Il suggère également des changements de nature à l'améliorer.

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Biles, David, and Vicki Dalton. "Deaths in Private and Public Prisons in Australia: A Comparative Analysis." Australian & New Zealand Journal of Criminology 34, no. 3 (December 2001): 293–301. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/000486580103400306.

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Public opinion in Australia has been divided on the question of whether private prisons are welcome and one of the issues in dispute has been the question of whether or not private prisons are associated with proportionately more or fewer deaths of prisoners, particularly suicides, than public prisons. The available evidence is examined, and when the number of deaths, or suicides, per 1000 prisoner years served for all private and public prisons are calculated it is found that the rate for all deaths is significantly lower in private prisons at the 0.05 level of confidence. However, the difference in the suicide rates is not statistically significant.The lower overall death rate is particularly surprising as private prisons in Australia hold proportionately more unconvicted remandees,who are at higher risk, than public prisons. A close examination of the data for three relatively new remand and reception prisons, two private and one public, shows that all have much higher rates for both all deaths and for suicides than the national averages. This is an updated and expanded version of a paper by the same authors published by the Australian Institute of Criminology in June 1999. That paper was admitted into evidence at a coronial inquiry that was held into five deaths that occurred in the Port Phillip Prison in Victoria. Address for correspondence: D. Biles, 25 Kidston Cres, Curtin ACT 2605, Australia.

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Rzeźniczak, Angelika. "Suicides in Penitentiaries and Detention Centres." Teisė 116 (October 6, 2020): 147–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.15388/teise.2020.116.11.

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This article deals with the problem of suicides and self-inflicted injuries in prisons and detention centres. The main aim of the article is an attempt to determine the characteristics of a prisoner who performs self-destructive behavior. The second aim is to get to know better the problems of inmates committing suicides. Knowing these problems will help to find preventive solutions. The article describes the information collected during interviews with 18 people, including: prisoners (women and men), prison chaplains, directors of prisons, officers and employees of penitentiary units.

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Peate, Ian. "No change on prison suicides." British Journal of Nursing 31, no. 2 (January 27, 2022): 63. http://dx.doi.org/10.12968/bjon.2022.31.2.63.

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Thomas, Sandra P. "Suicides of Women in Prison." Issues in Mental Health Nursing 30, no. 6 (January 2009): 353. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/01612840902812921.

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Ziherl, S., and B. Zalar. "Male prison suicides in Slovenia." European Psychiatry 23 (April 2008): S402—S403. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.eurpsy.2008.01.1393.

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Fruehwald, S., K. Drexler, and P. Frottier. "FC15-01 - The „viennese instrument for suicidality in correctional institutions“ (VISCI) - evaluation of two years routine administration in austrian correctional institutions." European Psychiatry 26, S2 (March 2011): 1898. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0924-9338(11)73602-1.

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Suicide rates in prisoners are considerably higher than in the general population. A better identification of mental illnesses and alcohol use problems and avoidance of placing prisoners at high risk in single accommodation, are considered as key components of successful suicide prevention in these high-risk circumstances. The “Viennese Instrument for Suicidality in Correctional Institutions” (VISCI) is based on results of a large case-control study assessing suicide in prison inmates and comparisons with surviving controls. The screening instrument has well established psychometric properties differentiating well between suicides and non-suicides. VISCI routine administration in Austrian Correctional Institutions was introduced in December 2007 and data from the first two years of routine use were analysed for various aspects. During this period, VISCI was administered in > 15.000 admissions, recommending for 21.5% to avoid placement in single accommodation, and for 6.6% additionally a quick referrals to medical and psychiatric care. During these two years, 6 (2008) and 7 (2009) suicides occurred in all 28 Austrian jails and prisons, resulting in a suicide rate of 75.2 per 100.000 inmates, a marked reduction of suicide incidents compared to the years before implementation of screening procedures and interventions (mean suicide rate between 1992 and 2007 was 166.2, SD 5.5). However, it has to be stated that results of VISCI administrations are available for only two years up to now. With a longer period studied we hope we will have the possibility to demonstrate the effectiveness of this screening tool with even more strength.

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35

Bender, Eve. "Averting Prison Suicides Requires Special Strategies." Psychiatric News 39, no. 24 (December 17, 2004): 15–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1176/pn.39.24.00390015.

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36

Gordon, Harvey. "Suicide in secure psychiatric facilities." Advances in Psychiatric Treatment 8, no. 6 (November 2002): 408–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1192/apt.8.6.408.

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Suicide may be defined as intentional self-killing, although the definition has been the subject of critical review (Fairbairn, 1995). As the determination of whether intent was present at the time of death by suicide can be difficult, coroner's inquests tend to underestimate the number of suicides. At the time of suicide, the vast majority of people are suffering from some form of mental disorder, although there may, exceptionally, be a few rational suicides. Suicide is a relatively uncommon event, but the possibility of suicide by those with mental disorders is always a potential hazard faced by health and allied professionals responsible for their care. Detention of a patient in hospital under mental health legislation is often precipitated by concern regarding risk of self-harm and/or risk of harm to others and potential for absconding and, at times, admission to a locked or secure facility is necessary. Detained patients in secure facilities include both offender patients, admitted through the courts or transferred during sentence from prison, and patients on civil orders under sections 2 or 3 of the Mental Health Act 1983. The relationship between suicidal behaviour and that which is violent or homicidal is complex but relevant to an understanding of the phenomenon of suicide in secure conditions.

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Biggar, Kathy, and David Neal. "Caring for the Suicidal in Custody: Developing a Multi-Disciplinary Approach." OMEGA - Journal of Death and Dying 33, no. 3 (January 1, 1996): 207–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.2190/qpq3-hj5t-23fp-mnn3.

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Faced with a sharp increase in the overall number of completed suicides in the prison population in England and Wales (up to 5 times the average for the rest of the population in 1989/90), HM Prison Service, with the support of The Samaritans, has been developing a new strategy to reduce the level of suicide and self-harm in custody. The strategy focuses on replacing the “medical model” with a “community care” model, involving prison staff, prisoners, medical staff and Samaritan volunteers as “helpers” in the very difficult area of supporting those at risk of suicide while in prison. It places particular emphasis on a better quality of care through supportive relationships at all levels. This article describes the background to the problem and gives a general outline of the new strategy, an example of the strategy in practice, the role of training and support, and the steps that have been taken to spread good practice.

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Brophy, Justin. "Suicide Outside of Prison Settings among Males Under Investigation for Sex Offenses in Ireland During 1990 to 1999." Crisis 24, no. 4 (July 2003): 155–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1027//0227-5910.24.4.155.

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Summary: Thirty-two cases of suicide outside prison were identified among 7008 Irish men under investigation for sexual offenses between 1990 and 1999. Previously this risk category has not been identified. Risk ratios of 1/1644 for those accused of offenses against adults, and 1/24 for those accused of offending against minors, respectively, were estimated based on the conservative estimates found here. The increase in the base rate of suicide in Ireland during the study period is an insufficient explanation. The frequency is comparable to prison suicides for the period, and the population of risk may overlap. The incidence increases over the study period. It outpaces increases in prosecutions and may reflect responses to the changing social environment of these investigations. These men use community psychiatric services that may need to become aware of the increased risk of suicide they pose.

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Tatarelli, R., I. Mancinelli, F. Taggi, and G. Polidori. "Prison suicides in Italy in 1996—1997." European Psychiatry 14, no. 2 (April 1999): 109–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0924-9338(99)80727-5.

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Austin, Amy E., Corinna van den Heuvel, and Roger W. Byard. "Prison Suicides in South Australia: 1996-2010." Journal of Forensic Sciences 59, no. 5 (March 18, 2014): 1260–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1556-4029.12454.

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Fruehwald, Stefan, Reinhard Eher, and Patrick Frottier. "What Was the Relevance of Previous Suicidal Behaviour in Prison Suicides?" Canadian Journal of Psychiatry 46, no. 8 (October 2001): 763. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/070674370104600818.

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O'Driscoll, Colmán, Anthony Samuels, and Mark Zacka. "Suicide in New South Wales Prisons, 1995–2005: Towards a Better Understanding." Australian & New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry 41, no. 6 (June 2007): 519–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00048670701341863.

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Objectives: This paper reports on a review of suicides in New South Wales (NSW) prisons from 1 January 1995 to 31 December 2005 in an attempt to gain a better understanding of the nature and quality of the problem of suicide among prisoners. Method: All deaths in NSW prisons for the period were reviewed. Those identified as self-inflicted, with a coronial finding of death by suicide or those awaiting a coronial hearing but reported as possible death by suicide were included. A data set was collected on each case and entered into a database. Results: A total of 92 cases were identified as deaths by suicide in NSW prisons from 1 January 1995 to 31 December 2005, representing 41% of all deaths in custody for the period. Conclusion: The rate of suicide in NSW prisons has been declining over the past 10 years, but remains approximately 10-fold that of the NSW community. Suicide was the leading cause of death among NSW inmates from 1995 to 2005. Suicide is a rare event, making its prediction a difficult task, with the prison environment a further compounding factor. This review highlights a number of factors, which appear to be common in many cases. Increased monitoring during the first week of incarceration may be an effective intervention. It is recommended that consideration be given to the length of time spent on remand and the value of custodial sentences of ≤6 months.

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Shaw, Jenny, Denise Baker, Isabelle M. Hunt, Anne Moloney, and Louis Appleby. "Suicide by prisoners." British Journal of Psychiatry 184, no. 3 (March 2004): 263–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1192/bjp.184.3.263.

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BackgroundThe number of suicides in prison has increased over recent years. This is the first study to describe the clinical care of a national sample of prison suicides.AimsTo describe the clinical and social circumstances of self-inflicted deaths among prisoners.MethodA national clinical survey based on a 2-year sample of self-inflicted deaths in prisoners. Detailed clinical and social information was collected from prison governors and prison health care staff.ResultsThere were 172 self-inflicted deaths: 85 (49%; 95% CI 42–57) were of prisoners on remand; 55 (32%; 95% CI 25–39) occurred within 7 days of reception into prison. The commonest method was hanging or self-strangulation (92%; 95% CI 88–96). A total of 110 (72%; 95% CI 65–79) had a history of mental disorder. The commonest primary diagnosis was drug dependence (39, 27%; 95% CI 20–35). Eighty-nine (57%; 95% CI 49–64) had symptoms suggestive of mental disorder at reception into prison.ConclusionsSuicide prevention measures should be concentrated in the period immediately following reception into prison. Because hanging is the commonest method of suicide, removal of potential ligature points from cells should be a priority.

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Green, C., K. Kendall, G. Andre, T. Looman, and N. Polvi. "A Study of 133 Suicides among Canadian Federal Prisoners." Medicine, Science and the Law 33, no. 2 (April 1993): 121–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/002580249303300207.

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This paper reviews the literature on prison suicide. The characteristics of suicide within the Canadian Federal Penetentiary Service are compared with previous data. In the population examined, prison suicide was found to be a predominently male phenomenon, not associated with age, offence type, previous convictions or length of sentence. It was most commonly committed by hanging, frequently occurring in the period shortly after sentencing. Suicide was associated with single marital status, earlier suicide attempts, a history of drug or alcohol abuse, and a previous history of psychiatric illness.

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45

Muhammad Adamin Ghaza, Adneen Sofia, Kamar Azureen Kamaruzaman, Nur Jannah Khairul Anuar, Nur Syazana Md Salleh, Nurus Sakinatul Fikriah Mohd Shith Putera, and Hartini Saripan. "Criminalising Mental Disorder-Induced Attempted Suicide in Malaysia: Breaking the Silence." Malaysian Journal of Social Sciences and Humanities (MJSSH) 6, no. 10 (October 10, 2021): 378–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.47405/mjssh.v6i10.1077.

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Every 40 years, a person commits suicide somewhere in the world. Suicide claims the lives of over 800,000 individuals each year, accounting for about 1.4 percent of all deaths globally. In this spectrum, mental disorders are among the strongest predictors of suicide attempts with depression, substance abuse, and psychosis being the most common risk factors. Regardless of suicides being an unprecedented epidemic in the society, Malaysia is one of the few which remains the archaic law in statutes, that criminalises suicide and punishes anyone who attempts or commits any act leading to the commission of such an offence with a sentence of one year in prison, a fine, or both. The present research thus aims at highlighting the challenges of prosecuting attempted suicides in Malaysia based on the attitude of the judiciary, thus addressing the weaknesses of Section 309 of the Penal Code of which the provision for criminalising suicide rests. Employing the doctrinal research methodology, systematic means of legal reasoning based on statutory materials, conventional legal theories, and related case law pertinent to the criminalising of attempted suicide in Malaysia are produced. In dealing with issues as intricate as suicides and mental disorder, the present research argues that the focus should be to develop a regulatory framework that facilitate access to appropriate care in a professional and sensitive manner instead of punishment.

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46

Harvey, Joel, and Alison Liebling. "Suicide et tentatives de suicide en prison : vulnérabilité, ostracisme et soutien social." Criminologie 34, no. 2 (July 31, 2007): 57–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.7202/027505ar.

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Résumé Malgré L'attention considérable des politiques dans ce domaine, le nombre de suicides dans les prisons d'Angleterre et du pays de Galles continue de poser un problème. Suite à la prolifération des études entreprises, d'importants progrès ont été réalisés. Nous allons ici revoir les conclusions clés de différentes études menées dans plusieurs pays au cours des dix dernières années. De plus en plus, le suicide en prison est considéré comme un problème de vulnérabilité et d'adaptation, et l'on croit qu'en améliorant les politiques et les relations on pourra offrir aux prisonniers ce soutien dont ils ont un si grand besoin. Les liens entre la capacité à résoudre des problèmes, l'adaptation, le soutien social et le comportement suicidaire en prison sont évidents ; le présent article soutient donc qu'il faut aborder le suicide dans le cadre des relations sociales interpersonnelles pour arriver à le comprendre. La recherche devrait s'appuyer sur la littérature sociologique facilement disponible et qui insiste sur l'importance des réseaux sociaux au sein de la communauté carcérale. Les détenus qui constituent un risque de suicide sont souvent les plus démunis quand il s'agit d'obtenir du soutien social ou de réagir aux rares sources de soutien disponible. Parallèlement aux méthodes psychologiques et aux tests psychométriques, la recherche devrait s'appuyer sur l'ethnographie et sur les modèles qualitatifs, ainsi que sur l'examen systématique du tissu complexe des relations existantes dans la communauté carcérale. Si cet article sert de tremplin à de plus amples discussions et qu'il génère davantage de recherche, son but aura été atteint.

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King, Carlene, Jane Senior, Roger T. Webb, Tim Millar, Mary Piper, Alison Pearsall, Naomi Humber, Louis Appleby, and Jenny Shaw. "Suicide by people in a community justice pathway: Population-based nested case–control study." British Journal of Psychiatry 207, no. 2 (August 2015): 175–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1192/bjp.bp.114.154831.

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SummaryThe elevated risk of suicide in prison and after release is a well-recognised and serious problem. Despite this, evidence concerning community-based offenders' suicide risk is sparse. We conducted a population-based nested case–control study of all people in a community justice pathway in England and Wales. Our data show 13% of general population suicides were in community justice pathways before death. Suicide risks were highest among individuals receiving police cautions, and those having recent, or impending prosecution for sexual offences. Findings have implications for the training and practice of clinicians identifying and assessing suicidality, and offering support to those at elevated risk.

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Opitz-Welke, Annette, Katharina Bennefeld-Kersten, Norbert Konrad, and Justus Welke. "Prison suicides in Germany from 2000 to 2011." International Journal of Law and Psychiatry 36, no. 5-6 (September 2013): 386–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijlp.2013.06.018.

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Frühwald, Stefan, Michaela Seyringer, Teresa Matschnig, Patrick Frottier, and Franz König. "Epidemiology of jail and prison suicides in Austria." BMC Psychiatry 7, Suppl 1 (2007): S18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/1471-244x-7-s1-s18.

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Bennewith, Olive, David Gunnell, Navneet Kapur, Pauline Turnbull, Sue Simkin, Lesley Sutton, and Keith Hawton. "Suicide by hanging: multicentre study based on coroners' records in England." British Journal of Psychiatry 186, no. 3 (March 2005): 260–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1192/bjp.186.3.260.

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SummaryWe studied 162 cases of hanging by suicide occurring in 24 coroners' jurisdictions in England within a 6-month period in 2001. Prison and psychiatric ward suicides accounted for only 6% of these. The most frequently used ligatures (ropes, belts and cable) and ligature points (beams, girders, lofts and trees) are commonly available in community settings, limiting opportunities for prevention. In only half the cases (52%) were victims fully suspended with both feet off the ground. Four per cent had also taken an overdose.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Prison suicides'

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