Journal articles on the topic 'Prismatic Battery Cell'
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1
Fofana, Gaoussou Hadia, and You Tong Zhang. "Thermal Analysis of Li-ion Battery." Applied Mechanics and Materials 401-403 (September 2013): 450–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.401-403.450.
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Abstract. The paper has built 3D-FEA models to simulate the electro-thermal behavior of Li-ion battery cells with Pouch Cell and Prismatic Cell by ANSYS. As for two models, the Li-ion battery system is simplified as a single equivalent battery layer (Pouch Cell) or multiple equivalent battery layers (Prismatic Cell) with the equivalent electrodes and separator. They were simulated under air cooling conditions. Simulations were compared with available battery temperature measurements. This shows that the 3D electro-thermal model applied in this study characterizes the electro-thermal behavior of the Li-ion battery cells reasonably well.
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Schwolow, Simon, Muhammad Ammad Raza Siddiqui, Philipp Bauer, and Thomas Vietor. "Impact Tests and Computed Tomography Scans of Prismatic Battery Cells." Energies 15, no. 22 (November 8, 2022): 8330. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en15228330.
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Recently, the use of prismatic cells in electric vehicles has increased significantly. Unlike the cylindrical or pouch format, the prismatic cell format has not been sufficiently investigated. In this study, quasi-static mechanical tests are performed on prismatic cells. The tests include a cylindrical and a hemispherical impactor that mechanically load the cells in all three spatial directions. In both in-plane directions, a cell stack consisting of three cells is tested to capture the influence and loading of the outer cells of a cell stack. It is found out that, in the in-plane tests, short-circuiting occurs first in the outer cells and subsequently in the middle cell, which is targeted by the impactor. This result can also be supported by computed tomography scans. The results illustrate that, when evaluating the crash safety of battery cells, several cells should always be tested in order to capture the different loading of the cells.
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Xia, Bizhong, Fan Liu, Chao Xu, Yifan Liu, Yongzhi Lai, Weiwei Zheng, and Wei Wang. "Experimental and Simulation Modal Analysis of a Prismatic Battery Module." Energies 13, no. 8 (April 20, 2020): 2046. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en13082046.
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The battery pack is the core component of a new energy vehicle (NEV), and reducing the impact of vibration induced resonance from the ground is a prerequisite for the safety of an NEV. For a high-performance battery pack design, a clear understanding of the structural dynamics of the key part of battery pack, such as the battery module, is of great significance. Additionally, a proper computational model for simulations of battery module also plays a key role in correctly predicting the dynamic response of battery packs. In this paper, an experimental modal analysis (EMA) was performed on a typical commercial battery module, composed of twelve 37Ah lithium nickel manganese cobalt oxide (NMC) prismatic cells, to obtain modal parameters such as mode shapes and natural frequencies. Additionally, three modeling methods for a prismatic battery module were established for the simulation modal analysis. The method of simplifying the prismatic cell to homogenous isotropic material had a better performance than the detailed modeling method, in predicting the modal parameters. Simultaneously, a novel method that can quickly obtain the equivalent parameters of the cell was proposed. The experimental results indicated that the fundamental frequency of battery module was higher than the excitation frequency range (0–150 Hz) from the ground. The mode shapes of the simulation results were in good agreement with the experimental results, and the average error of the natural frequency was below 10%, which verified the validity of the numerical model.
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Yessayan, Garo, Dipesh D. Patel, and Ziyad M. Salameh. "Large Prismatic Lithium Iron Phosphate Battery Cell Model Using PSCAD." Journal of Power and Energy Engineering 02, no. 02 (2014): 21–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.4236/jpee.2014.22003.
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Nguyen, T. D., J. Deng, B. Robert, W. Chen, and T. Siegmund. "Experimental investigation on cooling of prismatic battery cells through cell integrated features." Energy 244 (April 2022): 122580. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.energy.2021.122580.
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Saariluoma, Heikki, Aki Piiroinen, Eero Immonen, Heidi Piili, and Antti Salminen. "Designing of aluminium case lid of prismatic battery cell for laser powder bed fusion." Journal of Laser Applications 34, no. 4 (November 2022): 042025. http://dx.doi.org/10.2351/7.0000743.
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The present work provides an overview on an additive manufacturing (AM) design case of a novel battery cell lid structure (patent pending) for electrical vehicle applications. The benefits of AM have not yet been explored on metal case structures of prismatic battery cells. The method allows the manufacturing of complex hollow structures and integration of multiple functions in one part. The main challenge is to address thermal management in an optimal location in the battery cell. More efficient charging and discharging by maintaining the batteries at optimum operating conditions allows a longer battery lifetime. Recent research shows that elevating the charging temperature enables significantly shorter charging times. The aim of this study is to develop a lid structure to support higher peak current, faster charging, and reduced production steps and enable mass customization. The optimum performance simulated with computational fluid dynamics calculations is realized to determine the optimum design. The design case study is verified via laser powder bed fusion prototypes. This study shows that it is possible to produce integrated thermal management liquid channels to the battery lid. Significant improvement is achieved with localized battery cell temperature management. The novel design integrates six critical functionalities of the lid in one part. The design of the features is optimized to avoid support structures in AM and to maximize the number of parts in the printing chamber volume. The better thermal management extends the driving range of the vehicle and improves vehicle safety. Reducing the parts significantly simplifies cell production.
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Choi, Woongchul, and Sungsoo Hong. "An Experimental Study on the Cell Balancing Parameters for Faulty Cell Detection in a Battery Module." Batteries 8, no. 11 (November 5, 2022): 218. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/batteries8110218.
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Along with global efforts to reduce the carbon footprint, electrification of powertrains is occurring in various applications, certainly including transportation systems. One of the most important components is an electric energy storage system, i.e., a battery pack. Regardless of battery form factors, such as cylindrical, pouch and prismatic type, it is critical to maintain the safety of the battery module/pack by monitoring the conditions of each and every battery cell of the battery pack. It becomes even more critical as the battery cells are used over many charging and discharging cycles. Thermal runaways of the battery packs can even be triggered by a single faulty battery cell which degrades in an unexpected manner and speed compared to the neighboring battery cells, resulting in extreme fire hazards. Typically, this faulty cell with an abnormally increased internal resistance can be detected using a voltage sensor or a temperature sensor. However, in this study, instead of depending on those sensors, activities of cell balancing switching devices are used to identify a degraded cell compared to other cells in a relative manner. A currently proposed faulty cell detection algorithm was developed through multiple simulations with Matlab Simulink®, then, a simple BMS prototype was built and tested as a proof of concept.
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Löbberding, Hendrik, Saskia Wessel, Christian Offermanns, Mario Kehrer, Johannes Rother, Heiner Heimes, and Achim Kampker. "From Cell to Battery System in BEVs: Analysis of System Packing Efficiency and Cell Types." World Electric Vehicle Journal 11, no. 4 (December 10, 2020): 77. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/wevj11040077.
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The motivation of this paper is to identify possible directions for future developments in the battery system structure for BEVs to help choosing the right cell for a system. A standard battery system that powers electrified vehicles is composed of many individual battery cells, modules and forms a system. Each of these levels have a natural tendency to have a decreased energy density and specific energy compared to their predecessor. This however, is an important factor for the size of the battery system and ultimately, cost and range of the electric vehicle. This study investigated the trends of 25 commercially available BEVs of the years 2010 to 2019 regarding their change in energy density and specific energy of from cell to module to system. Systems are improving. However, specific energy is improving more than energy density. More room for improvements is thus to be gained in packaging optimization and could be a next step for further battery system development. Other aspects looked at are cell types and sizes. There, a trend to larger and prismatic cells could be identified.
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Kleiner, Jan, Lidiya Komsiyska, Gordon Elger, and Christian Endisch. "Thermal Modelling of a Prismatic Lithium-Ion Cell in a Battery Electric Vehicle Environment: Influences of the Experimental Validation Setup." Energies 13, no. 1 (December 20, 2019): 62. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en13010062.
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In electric vehicles with lithium-ion battery systems, the temperature of the battery cells has a great impact on performance, safety, and lifetime. Therefore, developing thermal models of lithium-ion batteries to predict and investigate the temperature development and its impact is crucial. Commonly, models are validated with experimental data to ensure correct model behaviour. However, influences of experimental setups or comprehensive validation concepts are often not considered, especially for the use case of prismatic cells in a battery electric vehicle. In this work, a 3D electro–thermal model is developed and experimentally validated to predict the cell’s temperature behaviour for a single prismatic cell under battery electric vehicle (BEV) boundary conditions. One focus is on the development of a single cell’s experimental setup and the investigation of the commonly neglected influences of an experimental setup on the cell’s thermal behaviour. Furthermore, a detailed validation is performed for the laboratory BEV scenario for spatially resolved temperatures and heat generation. For validation, static and dynamic loads are considered as well as the detected experimental influences. The validated model is used to predict the temperature within the cell in the BEV application for constant current and Worldwide harmonized Light vehicles Test Procedure (WLTP) load profile.
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Sigl, Martina E., Sophie Grabmann, Luca-Felix Kick, Amanda Zens, Roman Hartl, and Michael F. Zaeh. "Cell-Internal Contacting of Prismatic Lithium-Ion Batteries Using Micro-Friction Stir Spot Welding." Batteries 8, no. 10 (October 10, 2022): 174. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/batteries8100174.
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The reliable production of high-quality lithium-ion battery components still poses a challenge, which must be met to cope with their rising demand. One key step in the production sequence is the process of cell-internal contacting, during which the electrode carrier foils of the anode and the cathode are joined with the arrester. This is usually done with ultrasonic or laser beam welding. Both joining processes, however, show limitations concerning the quality of the weld. This paper presents a new approach for cell-internal contacting by using micro-friction stir spot welding. Welding experiments were conducted in which joints with high mechanical strengths were produced. It was also shown that large stacks with foil numbers of 100 can be joined in only a few tenths of a second. The process is therefore especially of interest for the fast production of large-scale battery cells or other new types of high-energy-dense battery cells.
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Kim, Dongyeop, Jeong-Sun Park, Wang-Geun Lee, Yunseok Choi, and Youngsik Kim. "Development of Rechargeable Seawater Battery Module." Journal of The Electrochemical Society 169, no. 4 (April 1, 2022): 040508. http://dx.doi.org/10.1149/1945-7111/ac6142.
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Rechargeable seawater batteries (SWBs) use Na+ ions dissolved in water (seawater or salt-water) as the cathode material. They are attracting attention for marine applications such as light buoys, marine drones, auxiliary power for sailing boats and so on. So far, SWB design has been developed from the coin-type to prismatic-shape cell for research purposes to investigate cell components and electrochemical behaviors. However, for commercial applications, that generally require >12 V and >15 W, the development of an SWB module is required, including cell assembly and packing design. The purpose of this work was to conduct research on the SWB cell assembly method while considering the SWB’s properties and minimizing current imbalance. Additionally, a 5 Series (S) 4 Parallel (P) SWB module is constructed and validated using commercially available light buoys (12 V, 15 W).
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Clerici, Davide, Francesco Mocera, and Aurelio Somà. "Experimental Characterization of Lithium-Ion Cell Strain Using Laser Sensors." Energies 14, no. 19 (October 2, 2021): 6281. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en14196281.
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The characterization of thickness change during operation of LFP/Graphite prismatic batteries is presented in this work. In this regard, current rate dependence, hysteresis behaviour between charge and discharge and correlation with phase changes are deepened. Experimental tests are carried out with a battery testing equipment correlated with optical laser sensors to evaluate swelling. Furthermore, thickness change is computed analytically with a mathematical model based on lattice parameters of the crystal structures of active materials. The results of the model are validated with experimental data. Thickness change is able to capture variations of the internal structure of the battery, referred to as phase change, characteristic of a certain state of charge. Furthermore, phase change shift is a characteristic of battery ageing. Being able to capture these properties with sensors mounted on the external surface the cell is a key feature for improving state of charge and state of health estimation in battery management system.
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Kim, Min-Sung, Jae-Hyun Shim, Bom Kim, Woo-Jin Kim, and Jae-Hoon Kim. "Comparative Study on the Electrochemical Properties of Cylindrical and Pouch-Type Lithium Ion Battery." ECS Meeting Abstracts MA2022-02, no. 7 (October 9, 2022): 2581. http://dx.doi.org/10.1149/ma2022-0272581mtgabs.
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As the field expands from portable electronic devices to large energy storage devices such as electric vehicles, more reliable and innovative battery technologies are more important than ever. Currently, there are three types of lithium battery packaging: cylindrical, prismatic and pouch. Cylindrical batteries with a cylindrical shape and structure were one of the first mass-produced battery types and are still mass-produced and dominate in some applications. On the other hand, prismatic batteries are gaining popularity due to their high capacity, thin form, and efficient use of space. Due to the angular shape, multiple cells can be easily connected to form larger packs. Finally, pouch batteries are known for their lighter construction, using a sealed flexible foil as the packaging material. Each of these battery types offers a set of advantages and disadvantages. There is no clear winner, but the battery you choose can influence your product design in many ways. For example, each of these battery form factors can have a different temperature distribution and heat transfer model. In this study, a cylindrical battery and a pouch-type battery of the same capacity were manufactured using the same four major materials (positive electrode, negative electrode, separator, and electrolyte), respectively, to study the cell chemical characteristics of Li-ion secondary batteries. In particular, it is intended to provide a field to which each type of lithium ion secondary battery can be applied by understanding the characteristics of thermal and deterioration.
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Hoelle, S., S. Scharner, S. Asanin, and O. Hinrichsen. "Analysis on Thermal Runaway Behavior of Prismatic Lithium-Ion Batteries with Autoclave Calorimetry." Journal of The Electrochemical Society 168, no. 12 (December 1, 2021): 120515. http://dx.doi.org/10.1149/1945-7111/ac3c27.
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A total number of 25 different types of prismatic lithium-ion cells with a capacity between 8 and 145 Ah are examined in an autoclave calorimetry experiment in order to analyze their behavior during thermal runaway (TR). The safety relevant parameters such as mass loss, venting gas production and heat generation during TR are determined in two experiments per cell type and the results are compared to literature. An approximately linear dependency of the three parameters on the cell capacity is observed and hence correlations are derived. Due to the wide range in cell properties the correlations can be used as input for simulations as well as to predict the behavior of future battery cells within the property range of those tested and therefore contribute to the design of a safer battery pack.
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Abdul-Quadir, Yasir, Tomi Laurila, Juha Karppinen, Kirsi Jalkanen, Kai Vuorilehto, Lasse Skogström, and Mervi Paulasto-Kröckel. "Heat generation in high power prismatic Li-ion battery cell with LiMnNiCoO2cathode material." International Journal of Energy Research 38, no. 11 (February 10, 2014): 1424–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/er.3156.
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Dol, Yogesh P., Vivek Anami, and Yogesh Jaju. "A Systematic Approach to Evaluation of Various Cooling Strategies for EV Battery Pack Prismatic Cell using Analytical and Numerical Methods." ARAI Journal of Mobility Technology 1, no. 1 (November 10, 2021): pp69–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.37285/ajmt.1.0.9.
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Technology to maximize energy density and life of Lithium-ion batteries at a gradually reducing cost is evolving day by day. Fast charging of the battery pack has become one of the major requirements of electric vehicles. Such a requirement invariably poses certain challenges to the cells of the EV battery pack. One of them is to achieve an efficient and an optimal thermal management of the battery pack to maintain uniform operating temperature of the cells and within the manufacturers’ allowable range to ultimately increase the lifespan and reliability of the battery pack. The current work discusses the design strategies of cell cooling, heat load estimation & features of different cooling strategies. A MS Excel spreadsheet-based design tool was developed to quickly estimate the cell temperature gradient. The results from the spreadsheet-based tool, which was based on fundamental equations, correlated well with 3D CFD simulation results. The results were analysed and the cooling strategy for the battery pack was decided based on the analytical and numerical values obtained from the analysis of various cell parameters.
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Trinuruk, Piyatida, Warongkorn Onnuam, Nutthanicha Senanuch, Chinnapat Sawatdeejui, Papangkorn Jenyongsak, and Somchai Wongwises. "Experimental and Numerical Studies on the Effect of Lithium-Ion Batteries’ Shape and Chemistry on Heat Generation." Energies 16, no. 1 (December 26, 2022): 264. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en16010264.
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Data sets of internal resistances and open-circuit voltage of a particular battery are needed in ANSYS Fluent program to predict the heat generation accurately. However, one set of available data, called Chen’s original, does not cover all types and shapes of batteries. Therefore, this research was intended to study the effects of shapes and polarization chemistries on heat generation in Li-ion batteries. Two kinds of material chemistries (nickel manganese cobalt oxide, NMC, and lithium iron phosphate, LFP) and three forms (cylindrical, pouch, and prismatic) were studied and validated with the experiment. Internal resistance was unique to each cell battery. Differences in shapes affected the magnitude of internal resistance, affecting the amount of heat generation. Pouch and prismatic cells had lower internal resistance than cylindrical cells. This may be the result of the forming pattern, in which the anode, cathode, and separator are rolled up, making electrons difficult to move. In contrast, the pouch and prismatic cells are formed as sandwich layers, resulting in electrons moving easily and lowering the internal resistance. The shapes and chemistries did not impact the entropy change. All batteries displayed exothermic behavior during a lower SOC that gradually became endothermic behavior at around 0.4 SOC onwards.
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Akkaldevi, Chaithanya, Sandeep Dattu Chitta, Jeevan Jaidi, Satyam Panchal, Michael Fowler, and Roydon Fraser. "Coupled Electrochemical-Thermal Simulations and Validation of Minichannel Cold-Plate Water-Cooled Prismatic 20 Ah LiFePO4 Battery." Electrochem 2, no. 4 (November 22, 2021): 643–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/electrochem2040040.
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This paper discusses the quantitative validation carried out on a prismatic 20 Ah LiFePO4 battery sandwiched between two minichannel cold-plates with distributed flow having a single U-turn. A two-way coupled electrochemical-thermal simulations are performed at different discharge rates (1–4 C) and coolant inlet temperatures (15–35 °C). The predicted battery voltage response at room temperature (22 °C) and the performance of the Battery Thermal Management System (BTMS) in terms of the battery surface temperatures (maximum temperature, Tmax and temperature difference, ΔT) have been analyzed. Additionally, temperature variation at ten different locations on the battery surface is studied during the discharge process. The predicted temperatures are compared with the measured data and found to be in close agreement. Differences between the predicted and measured temperatures are attributed to the assumption of uniform heat generation by the Li-ion model (P2D), the accuracy of electrochemical property input data, and the accuracy of the measuring tools used. Overall, it is suggested that the Li-ion model can be used to design the efficient BTMS at the cell level.
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Lowy, Daniel, and Bence Mátyás. "Sea Water Activated Magnesium-Air Reserve Batteries: Calculation of Specific Energy and Energy Density for Various Cell Geometries." DRC Sustainable Future: Journal of Environment, Agriculture, and Energy 1, no. 1 (December 27, 2019): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.37281/drcsf/1.1.1.
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We address sustainable energy issues via scrutinizing magnesium-air reserve batteries. Such energy storage systems can hold their energy indefinitely, releasing it on demand, in emergency situations. Main advantage of water-activated batteries is that their electrolyte is supplied by the environment, where they get deployed, hence, only light weight electrodes and battery frames should be transported, rather than the significantly heavier aqueous electrolyte. Recent literature in the field is reviewed. One merit of this account is that recently, battery storage has become an effective way to increase share of renewables in photovoltaic energy systems utilized in farming. While the specific energy of reserve batteries can be determined unequivocally, their energy density calculation needs a clear definition of the considered battery volume. Therefore, this paper proposes a new modality of evaluating specific energy and energy density of seawater-activated metal-air reserve batteries for prismatic and cylindrical geometries, respectively.
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Orangi, Sina, and Anders Strømman. "A Techno-Economic Model for Benchmarking the Production Cost of Lithium-Ion Battery Cells." Batteries 8, no. 8 (August 5, 2022): 83. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/batteries8080083.
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In response to the increasing expansion of the electric vehicles (EVs) market and demand, billions of dollars are invested into the battery industry to increase the number and production volume of battery cell manufacturing plants across the world, evident in Giga-battery factories. On the other side, despite the increase in the battery cell raw material prices, the total production cost of battery cells requires reaching a specific value to grow cost-competitive with internal combustion vehicles. Further, obtaining a high-quality battery at the end of the production line requires integrating numerous complex processes. Thus, developing a cost model that simultaneously includes the physical and chemical characteristics of battery cells, commodities prices, process parameters, and economic aspects of a battery production plant is essential in identifying the cost-intensive areas of battery production. Moreover, such a model is helpful in finding the minimum efficient scale for the battery production plant which complies with the emergence of Giga-battery plants. In this regard, a process-based cost model (PBCM) is developed to investigate the final cost for producing ten state-of-the-art battery cell chemistries on large scales in nine locations. For a case study plant of 5.3 GWh.year−1 that produces prismatic NMC111-G battery cells, location can alter the total cost of battery cell production by approximately 47 US$/kWh, which is dominated by the labor cost. This difference could decrease by approximately 31% at the minimum efficient scale of the battery production plant, which is 7.8 GWh.year−1 for the case study in this work. Finally, a comprehensive sensitivity analysis is conducted to investigate the final prices of battery cell chemistries due to the changes in commodities prices, economic factors of the plant, battery cell production parameters, and production volume. The outcomes of this work can support policy designers and battery industry leaders in managing production technology and location.
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Liebig, Gerd, Ulf Kirstein, Stefan Geißendörfer, Frank Schuldt, and Carsten Agert. "The Impact of Environmental Factors on the Thermal Characteristic of a Lithium–ion Battery." Batteries 6, no. 1 (January 2, 2020): 3. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/batteries6010003.
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To draw reliable conclusions about the thermal characteristic of or a preferential cooling strategy for a lithium–ion battery, the correct set of thermal input parameters and a detailed battery layout is crucial. In our previous work, an electrochemical model for a commercially-available, 40 Ah prismatic lithium–ion battery was validated under heuristic temperature dependence. In this work the validated electrochemical model is coupled to a spatially resolved, three dimensional (3D), thermal model of the same battery to evaluate the thermal characteristics, i.e., thermal barriers and preferential heat rejection patterns, within common environment layouts. We discuss to which extent the knowledge of the batteries’ interior layout can be constructively used for the design of an exterior battery thermal management. It is found from the study results that: (1) Increasing the current rate without considering an increased heat removal flux at natural convection at higher temperatures will lead to increased model deviations; (2) Centralized fan air-cooling within a climate chamber in a multi cell test arrangement can lead to significantly different thermal characteristics at each battery cell; (3) Increasing the interfacial surface area, at which preferential battery interior and exterior heat rejection match, can significantly lower the temperature rise and inhomogeneity within the electrode stack and increase the batteries’ lifespan.
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Afzal, Asif, Awatef Abidi, Ad Samee, Rk Razak, Manzoore Soudagar, and Ahamed Saleel. "Effect of parameters on thermal and fluid flow behavior of battery thermal management system." Thermal Science, no. 00 (2020): 290. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/tsci191206290a.
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In modern electric vehicles the thermal stability problems associated with Lithium-ion (Li-ion) battery system is of major concern. Proper battery thermal management systems (BTMS) is required to ensure safety and efficient performance of battery cells. A realistic conjugate heat transfer and fluid flow analysis of Li-ion prismatic battery cell is performed. The flow of air as coolant, is laminar, flowing between the heat generating battery cells. The effect of few important working parameters like volumetric heat generation ( q), conduction-convection parameter (?cc), Reynolds number (Re), Aspect ratio (Ar), and spacing between the cells ( f) is investigated in this work. For the wide range of parameters considered, the temperature variations in battery cell and coolant is carried out. Focusing mainly on effect of Re and f, behavior of local Nusselt number (Nux), local friction coefficient (Cf, x), average Nusselt number (Nuavg), average friction coefficient (Cf, avg), maximum temperature, mean fluid temperature, heat removed from the lateral surface of cell are discussed. Nuavg increased with increase in Re but decreased with increase in f, whereas Cf, avg decreased with increase in Re and f. It is also found that their exists an upper and lower limit on Re and f above and below which the change in Cf, avg and Nuavg is negligible. Maximum temperature is significantly influenced at low Re and for all f. From the lateral surface of battery over which the coolant flows, more than 96% of heat generated in cell is removed.
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Nguyen, T. D., W. Tsutsui, A. Williams, J. Deng, B. Robert, W. Chen, and T. Siegmund. "Design and thermomechanical analysis of a cell-integrated, tapered channel heat sink concept for prismatic battery cells." Applied Thermal Engineering 189 (May 2021): 116676. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2021.116676.
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Angermeier, Sebastian, Jonas Ketterer, and Christian Karcher. "Liquid-Based Battery Temperature Control of Electric Buses." Energies 13, no. 19 (September 23, 2020): 4990. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en13194990.
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Previous research identified that battery temperature control is critical to the safety, lifetime, and performance of electric vehicles. In this paper, the liquid-based battery temperature control of electric buses is investigated subject to heat transfer behavior and control strategy. Therefore, a new transient calculation method is proposed to simulate the thermal behavior of a coolant-cooled battery system. The method is based on the system identification technique and combines the advantage of low computational effort and high accuracy. In detail, four transfer functions are extracted by a thermo-hydraulic 3D simulation model comprising 12 prismatic lithium nickel manganese cobalt oxide (NMC) cells, housing, arrestors, and a cooling plate. The transfer functions describe the relationship between heat generation, cell temperature, and coolant temperature. A vehicle model calculates the power consumption of an electric bus and thus provides the input for the transient calculation. Furthermore, a cell temperature control strategy is developed with respect to the constraints of a refrigerant-based battery cooling unit. The data obtained from the simulation demonstrate the high thermal inertia of the system and suggest sufficient control of the battery temperature using a quasi-stationary cooling strategy. Thereby, the study reveals a crucial design input for battery cooling systems in terms of heat transfer behavior and control strategy.
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Mahfoudi, Nadjiba, M’hamed Boutaous, Shihe Xin, and Serge Buathier. "Thermal Analysis of LMO/Graphite Batteries Using Equivalent Circuit Models." Batteries 7, no. 3 (August 27, 2021): 58. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/batteries7030058.
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An efficient thermal management system (TMS) of electric vehicles requires a high-fidelity battery model. The model should be able to predict the electro-thermal behavior of the battery, considering the operating conditions throughout the battery’s lifespan. In addition, the model should be easy to handle for the online monitoring and control of the TMS. Equivalent circuit models (ECMs) are widely used because of their simplicity and suitable performance. In this paper, the electro-thermal behavior of a prismatic 50 Ah LMO/Graphite cell is investigated. A dynamic model is adopted to describe the battery voltage, current, and heat generation. The battery model parameters are identified for a single cell, considering their evolution versus the state of charge and temperature. The needed experimental data are issued from the measurements carried out, thanks to a special custom electrical bench able to impose a predefined current evolution or driving cycles, controllable by serial interface. The proposed battery parameters, functions of state of charge (SOC), and temperature (T) constitute a set of interesting and complete data, not available in the literature, and suitable for further investigations. The thermal behavior and the dynamic models are validated using the New European Driving Cycle (NEDC), with a large operating time, higher than 3 h. The measurement and model prediction exhibit a temperature difference less than 1.2 °C and a voltage deviation less than 3%, showing that the proposed model accurately predicts current, voltage, and temperature. The combined effects of temperature and SOC provides a more efficient modeling of the cell behavior. Nevertheless, the simplified model with only temperature dependency remains acceptable. Hence, the present modeling constitutes a confident prediction and a real step for an online control of the complete thermal management of electrical vehicles.
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Zhu, Lingxiao, Yong Xia, Yuanjie Liu, Yulong Ge, Lin Wang, and Lei Zhang. "Extending a Homogenized Model for Characterizing Multidirectional Jellyroll Failure in Prismatic Lithium-Ion Batteries." Energies 14, no. 12 (June 10, 2021): 3444. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en14123444.
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Lithium-ion batteries have been widely used in electric vehicles but may cause severe internal short circuit during extreme intrusion-type accidents. A well-defined homogenized model of battery or jellyroll is necessary for safety assessment and design on large-scale structure level. In our previous study, the jellyroll of prismatic lithium-ion battery cell shows anisotropic mechanical behavior and failure tolerance. For homogenized characterization of jellyroll, in the present paper, the user subroutine of a constitutive model taking anisotropy into account is implanted into Abaqus finite element analysis software, which is capable of capturing the force versus displacement responses along different loading directions before jellyroll failure. To extend the capability of the homogenized model, five single-parameter failure criteria and two combined failure criteria are examined in predicting the failure onsets in jellyroll along different directions. The result proves the combined failure criteria is competent to correctly predict the multidirectional failure onsets compared with the single-parameter ones.
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Austen, Michael, Johannes Noneder, and Marion Merklein. "Use of FEM and DoE to Reduce the Forming Force during Cold Extrusion of Prismatic Cell Housings." Key Engineering Materials 611-612 (May 2014): 989–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.611-612.989.
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These days, the call for more efficient cars, e.g. EURO 6, to reduce substantial the emissions of carbon dioxide and nitrous oxide raises the demand and development for Battery Electric Vehicles (BEV) or Plug-in Hybrid Electric Vehicles (PHEV). Thus, the German Government in cooperation with the industry has the goal to get at least 6 million electric vehicles on German streets by the year 2030. Until today battery systems increase the cars weight significantly, therefore weight reduction and utilization of the required space are two of the most important strategies. Because of its low density and high formability aluminum is preferred as cell housing material. Besides a light material it is necessary to use the required space of the battery pack in the car as efficient as possible. Thus a prismatic shape is favored compared to a cylindrical one. Unfortunately a prismatic cell causes an asymmetric material flow and an asymmetric tool loading during the production via bulk metal forming as the material tends to flow into the direction of the larger edges of the housing walls. That is why new forming tools for bulk forming have to be developed. To do this economically the development will be done by using design of experiments (DoE) and the finite element method (FEM). On the one hand DoE shortens time-consuming FE-simulations by stating exactly which simulations need to be done to identify main determining factors for the personal command variable(s) e.g. tool lifetime. On the other hand FEM can be used to achieve simulation results, e.g. tool loading, which are comparable to real life experiments. By using DoE, 2D FE-simulations show that the geometry of the punchs extrusion shoulder can decrease the required forming force precisely. In addition the geometry of so called deceleration seams can affect the forming force in minor degree. In combination of all significant geometric parameters and the number and position of deceleration seams the tool loading of a cold extrusion punch could be reduced significantly.
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Kino, Koichi, Takanori Itoh, Takeshi Fujiwara, Ryunosuke Kuroda, Nagayasu Oshima, Masahito Tanaka, Akira Watazu, Takashi Kamiyama, Masao Yonemura, and Yoshihisa Ishikawa. "Nondestructive quantitative imaging for spatially nonuniform degradation in a commercial lithium-ion battery using a pulsed neutron beam." Applied Physics Express 15, no. 2 (February 1, 2022): 027005. http://dx.doi.org/10.35848/1882-0786/ac4c45.
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Abstract A quantitative nondestructive Bragg-edge imaging technique for power-storage degradation was developed using commercial prismatic-shaped lithium-ion battery cells. The C or Li atoms/ions column density [cm−2] images for five phases of the negative electrode material (graphite, Li0.04C6, Li0.2C6, Li0.5C6, and Li1.0C6) with a 1 mm spatial resolution were obtained by considering the crystalline orientation for both fresh and fatigue cells. In the fresh cell, most of the graphite was uniformly converted to Li1.0C6 by charging, and in the fatigue cell, the graphite changed to various phases (especially, Li1.0C6 and Li0.5C6) by charging, and their spatial distributions were nonuniform.
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Yi, Haozhe, Meng Wang, Daniel J. Noelle, Yang Shi, Anh V. Le, Rui Kou, Dengguo Wu, Jiang Fan, and Yu Qiao. "Mitigating internal short circuit in prismatic lithium‐ion battery pouch cell by using microstructured current collector." International Journal of Energy Research 45, no. 9 (April 6, 2021): 13801–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/er.6708.
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Daubinger, Philip, Matthias Schelter, Ronny Petersohn, Felix Nagler, Sarah Hartmann, Matthias Herrmann, and Guinevere A. Giffin. "Mechanical Effects Occurring inside Large Format 94 Ah Prismatic Lithium-Ion Cells at Different Bracing during Aging." ECS Meeting Abstracts MA2022-01, no. 2 (July 7, 2022): 436. http://dx.doi.org/10.1149/ma2022-012436mtgabs.
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One of the biggest obstacles to the widespread adoption of fully electrified vehicles is the limited volumetric/gravimetric energy density of lithium-ion batteries to achieve driving ranges comparable to vehicles with internal combustion engines. Electrode thicknesses are being increased to enhance the energy density of the battery cells. Furthermore, the space within the confinements of the cell housing is utilized as much as possible. Today’s state-of-the-art (SoA) electrode materials exhibit volume and Young’s modulus change during formation and cycling, e.g. a volume change up to ~10% for graphite [1] and a threefold increase of the Young’s modulus of the graphite active particles [2]. This leads to a pressure build up within the cells due to reversible and irreversible volume changes, especially of the anode materials, during cycling. The optimized packing for SoA electrodes and the volume changes of the electrodes result in increased electrochemical/mechanical interactions that leads to stress inside the cells. In this work, the interactions between mechanical bracing and aging are studied for large format prismatic 94 Ah lithium-ion battery cells [3]. The impact of external bracing is shown for lithium-ion cells cycled up to over 7000 cycles with 100% depth of discharge (Figure 1 (a)), where the braced cells show an enhanced performance in the region of 80% state of health (SOH). The braced cells reach this threshold around 900 cycles later compared to the unbraced cells. Furthermore, the unbraced cells have a thickness change of around 17.5% after more than 7000 cycles (Figure 1 (b)). After cycling, the cells are examined with post-mortem analysis, showing significantly increased aging phenomena (e.g. lithium plating) in the unbraced cell compared to the braced cell. Inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry (ICP-OES) analyses confirm these assumptions (Figure 1 (c) + (d)). In contrary to the enhanced lithium plating on the anode of the unbraced cell, X-Ray diffraction (XRD) show that bracing leads to an increased structural cathode degradation compared to the unbraced cells. Those ex-situ post-mortem experiments were also confirmed by electrochemical tests in laboratory cells, showing only small capacity fading of the aged anodes of the braced cell compared to unaged reference anode cells. Nevertheless the main factor for capacity loss inside the prismatic 94 Ah cells is the loss of lithium inventory. External pressure on cells is beneficial to guarantee sufficient contact of the components within an electrode stack and hence decreased aging phenomena mainly on the anode. The downside of the increased pressure on the cells are the significantly increased morphological and structural degradation of the cathode, which, however, plays a minor role in the overall cell degradation. The external bracing results in a more ‘homogeneous’ aging over the entire cell with only little locally different degradation characteristics. References: [1] Daubinger, P., Ebert, F., Hartmann, S., & Giffin, G. A. (2021). Impact of electrochemical and mechanical interactions on lithium-ion battery performance investigated by operando dilatometry. Journal of Power Sources, 488, 229457. [2] Qi, Y., Guo, H., Hector Jr, L. G., & Timmons, A. (2010). Threefold increase in the Young’s modulus of graphite negative electrode during lithium intercalation. Journal of The Electrochemical Society, 157(5), A558. [3] Daubinger, P., Schelter, M., Petersohn, R., Nagler, F., Hartmann, S., Herrmann, M. & Giffin, G. A. (2021). Impact of Bracing on Large Format Prismatic Lithium-Ion Battery Cells During Aging. Accepted manuscript at Advanced Energy Materials. Figure 1
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Li, Junfu, Shaochun Xu, Changsong Dai, Ming Zhao, and Zhenbo Wang. "Characteristic Prediction and Temperature-Control Strategy under Constant Power Conditions for Lithium-Ion Batteries." Batteries 8, no. 11 (November 4, 2022): 217. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/batteries8110217.
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Accurate characteristic prediction under constant power conditions can accurately evaluate the capacity of lithium-ion battery output. It can also ensure safe use for new-energy vehicles and electrochemical energy storage. As the battery voltage continues to drop under constant power conditions, the battery current output will accordingly increase, which brings a risk of thermal runaway in instances of weak heat dissipation. Therefore, knowing how to control the battery temperature is very critical for safe use. At present, the model-based method for characteristic prediction and temperature control has been used by most scholars, and that is also the key to this method. This work firstly extends a cell model to a pack-based electrochemical two-dimensional thermal coupling model, considering the heterogeneity of different cells inside the pack, and obtains the model parameters for a prismatic lithium-ion battery with a rated capacity of 42 Ah. Characteristic prediction under constant power conditions is then conducted based on an iterative solution method. Validations of characteristic prediction indicate the convenience of the developed models, with average absolute errors of voltage and temperature less than 36 mV and 0.4 K, respectively, and power error less than 0.005%. Finally, two model-based temperature feed-forward control strategies with lower cooling costs and shorter prediction times were developed based on the battery characteristic predictions, which leaves room for further controller development.
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Pierri, Erika, Valentina Cirillo, Thomas Vietor, and Marco Sorrentino. "Adopting a Conversion Design Approach to Maximize the Energy Density of Battery Packs in Electric Vehicles." Energies 14, no. 7 (March 31, 2021): 1939. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en14071939.
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Innovative vehicle concepts have been developed in the past years in the automotive sector, including alternative drive systems such as hybrid and battery electric vehicles, so as to meet the environmental targets and cope with the increasingly stringent emissions regulations. The preferred hybridizing technology is lithium-ion battery, thanks to its high energy density. The optimal integration of battery packs in the vehicle is a challenging task when designing e-mobility concepts. Therefore, this work proposes a conceptual design procedure aimed at optimizing the sizing of hybrid and battery electric vehicles. Particularly, the influence of the cell type, physical disposition and arrangement of the electrical devices is accounted for within a conversion design framework. The optimization is focused on the trade-off between the battery pack capacity and weight. After introducing the main features of electric traction systems and their challenges compared to conventional ones, the relevant design properties of electric vehicles are analyzed. A detailed strategy, encompassing the selection of battery format and technology, battery pack design and final assessment of the proposed set-up, is presented and implemented in an exemplary application, assuming an existing commercial vehicle as the reference starting layout. Prismatic, cylindrical and pouch cells are configured aiming at achieving installed battery energy as close as possible to the reference one, while meeting the original installation space constraint. The best resulting configuration, which also guarantees similar peak power performance of the reference battery-pack, allows reducing the mass of the storage system down to 70% of its starting value.
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Ponnaiah, Arjunan, Subadevi Rengapillai, Diwakar Karuppiah, Sivakumar Marimuthu, Wei-Ren Liu, and Chia-Hung Huang. "High Capacity Prismatic Type Layered Electrode with Anionic Redox Activity as an Efficient Cathode Material and PVdF/SiO2 Composite Membrane for a Sodium Ion Battery." Polymers 12, no. 3 (March 16, 2020): 662. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym12030662.
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A prismatic type layered Na2/3Ni1/3Mn2/3O2 cathode material for a sodium ion battery is prepared via two different methods viz., the solid state and sol–gel method with dissimilar surface morphology and a single phase crystal structure. It shows tremendous electrochemical chattels when studied as a cathode for a sodium-ion battery of an initial specific discharge capacity of 244 mAh g−1 with decent columbic efficiency of 98% up to 250 cycles, between the voltage range from 1.8 to 4.5 V (Na+/Na) at 0.1 C under room temperature. It is much higher than its theoretical value of 173 mAh g−1 and also than in the earlier reports (228 m Ah g−1). The full cell containing this material exhibits 800 mAh g−1 at 0.1 C and withstands until 1000 cycles with the discharge capacity of 164 mAh g−1. The surpassing capacity was expected by the anionic (oxygen) redox process, which elucidates the higher capacity based on the charge compensation phenomenon.
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Cho, Jungsang, Gautam Ganapati Yadav, Meir Weiner, Jinchao Huang, Aditya Upreti, Xia Wei, Roman Yakobov, et al. "Hydroxyl Conducting Hydrogels Enable Low-Maintenance Commercially Sized Rechargeable Zn–MnO2 Batteries for Use in Solar Microgrids." Polymers 14, no. 3 (January 20, 2022): 417. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym14030417.
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Zinc (Zn)–manganese dioxide (MnO2) rechargeable batteries have attracted research interest because of high specific theoretical capacity as well as being environmentally friendly, intrinsically safe and low-cost. Liquid electrolytes, such as potassium hydroxide, are historically used in these batteries; however, many failure mechanisms of the Zn–MnO2 battery chemistry result from the use of liquid electrolytes, including the formation of electrochemically inert phases such as hetaerolite (ZnMn2O4) and the promotion of shape change of the Zn electrode. This manuscript reports on the fundamental and commercial results of gel electrolytes for use in rechargeable Zn–MnO2 batteries as an alternative to liquid electrolytes. The manuscript also reports on novel properties of the gelled electrolyte such as limiting the overdischarge of Zn anodes, which is a problem in liquid electrolyte, and finally its use in solar microgrid applications, which is a first in academic literature. Potentiostatic and galvanostatic tests with the optimized gel electrolyte showed higher capacity retention compared to the tests with the liquid electrolyte, suggesting that gel electrolyte helps reduce Mn3+ dissolution and zincate ion migration from the Zn anode, improving reversibility. Cycling tests for commercially sized prismatic cells showed the gel electrolyte had exceptional cycle life, showing 100% capacity retention for >700 cycles at 9.5 Ah and for >300 cycles at 19 Ah, while the 19 Ah prismatic cell with a liquid electrolyte showed discharge capacity degradation at 100th cycle. We also performed overdischarge protection tests, in which a commercialized prismatic cell with the gel electrolyte was discharged to 0 V and achieved stable discharge capacities, while the liquid electrolyte cell showed discharge capacity fade in the first few cycles. Finally, the gel electrolyte batteries were tested under IEC solar off-grid protocol. It was noted that the gelled Zn–MnO2 batteries outperformed the Pb–acid batteries. Additionally, a designed system nameplated at 2 kWh with a 12 V system with 72 prismatic cells was tested with the same protocol, and it has entered its third year of cycling. This suggests that Zn–MnO2 rechargeable batteries with the gel electrolyte will be an ideal candidate for solar microgrid systems and grid storage in general.
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Cheng, Li, Ruan, and Wang. "Thermal Runaway Characteristics of a Large Format Lithium-Ion Battery Module." Energies 12, no. 16 (August 12, 2019): 3099. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en12163099.
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The overheat abuse experiment of a 12S1P 37 Ah prismatic Lithium-ion battery module in a nominal energy of 1.65 kWh is conducted in this work. The cell behaviors and characterization in the process of thermal runaway propagation is investigated, including the gas eruption, the fire ejection, the flame combustion, the audio features, and the heat transfer, respectively. In the experiment, the central cell is heated on both sides until the pole temperature moves beyond 300 °C, the thermal runaway undergoes about 43 min and propagates from the central to both sides in the module, and all 12 cells burn. Results show that the first three runaway cells spout gas at first, and, then, emit sound with close amplitudes, frequencies, and energies, about 200 seconds earlier than the fire ejection. Then, the characteristic of the internal short circuit is the temperature rate zone of 1.0 K/s with time greater than 20 seconds. Moreover, the proposed thermal propagation coefficient is used to assess the thermal propagation capabilities of the runaway cells on their adjacent cells, and this explains the runaway sequence. It is anticipated that the experimental results can provide the deep understanding, thermal runaway warning, and evaluation method for the module safety design.
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Jung, Jae-Beom, Min-Gyu Lim, Jin-Yong Kim, Byeong-Gill Han, ByungKi Kim, and Dae-Seok Rho. "Safety Assessment for External Short Circuit of Li-Ion Battery in ESS Application Based on Operation and Environment Factors." Energies 15, no. 14 (July 11, 2022): 5052. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en15145052.
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In recent years, the demand for medium and large secondary batteries in EV (electric vehicle) and ESS (energy storage systems) applications has been rapidly increasing worldwide, and accordingly, the market size is increasing exponentially. However, the recent fire accidents related to secondary batteries for EVs and ESS are having a negative impact on the battery market. Therefore, this paper implements an accident simulation device to perform an external short-circuit test, one of the typical safety tests for NMC-series prismatic and pouch-type batteries that are widely used among battery cells used in medium and large secondary batteries. The implemented accident simulation device for the external short-circuit test is composed of short-circuit resistance, measuring device, control device, etc., and is configured to analyze external short-circuit characteristics according to various test conditions. Based on this, an external short-circuit test according to the type, short-circuit resistance and SOC (states of charge) of the lithium-ion battery was performed to confirm the current and temperature characteristics according to each condition. As a result of performing an external short-circuit test for each protection device in the battery module and preprocessing temperature, it is certain that the module fuse operates over 120 times faster than the cell fuse based on the same SOC conditions, and the quantity of electric charge in the module fuse is over 110 times smaller than of the cell fuse in the case of a short-circuit fault. It is also found that the highest and lowest preprocessing temperatures are considered to be severe conditions. Based on the proposed mechanism of an external short circuit in a Li-ion battery and the test device for the external short circuit, it is confirmed that this paper can contribute to the safety assessment of Li-ion battery-based ESS.
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Lee, Dongcheul, Seohee Kang, Byungmook Kim, and Chee Burm Shin. "Thermal Modeling of a Lithium-Ion Battery Module for Energy-Storage Applications." ECS Meeting Abstracts MA2022-01, no. 55 (July 7, 2022): 2266. http://dx.doi.org/10.1149/ma2022-01552266mtgabs.
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Lithium-ion batteries (LIBs), which store electric energy and can be easy to use when power is needed, are preferred as an energy storage device to expand renewable energy use and improve the efficiency of the power industry. However, when LIBs are charged at a high rate in a low temperature, metallic lithium is deposited on an anode, which could cause safety problems due to internal short circuit. Also, when LIBs are operated at a high temperature, it promotes aging by increasing the SEI and degradation of electrode structure. Thermal management is essential for maintaining the proper temperature of LIBs for energy-storage applications. It is important to develop a thermal modeling methodology to reflect the combined effects the thermal properties of the various components of a battery cell as well as the complex structures of the battery module. In this work, a three-dimensional modeling is carried out to investigate the effects of operating conditions on the thermal behavior of an LIB module. The battery module consisting of 28 prismatic pouch-type LIB cells fabricated by LG Chem. is modeled. The LIB cell has a nominal capacity of 63 Ah and is composed of lithium nickel manganese cobalt oxide (NMC) positive electrodes, graphite negative electrodes, and porous separators impregnated with plasticized electrolyte. In the battery module, 2 cells are connected in parallel, composing a single strand, and then 14 strands are connected in series (2P 14S configuration). The non-uniform distribution of the heat generation rate in an LIB cell within the module is calculated based the modeling results of the potential and current density distributions of the baPttery cell. Thermal modeling of an LIB module is validated by the comparison between the experimental measurements and modeling results.
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Jinasena, Asanthi, Odne Stokke Burheim, and Anders Hammer Strømman. "A Flexible Model for Benchmarking the Energy Usage of Automotive Lithium-Ion Battery Cell Manufacturing." Batteries 7, no. 1 (February 22, 2021): 14. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/batteries7010014.
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The increasing use of electric vehicle batteries in the world has a significant impact on both society and the environment. Thus, there is a need for the availability of transparent information on resource allocation. Battery manufacturing process details in this regard are not available in academia or the public. The available energy data on manufacturing has a high variation. Furthermore, different process steps have different energy and material demands. A process model can benchmark the energy usage, provide detailed process data, and compare various cell productions which in turn can be used in life-cycle assessment studies to reduce the variation and provide directions for improvements. Therefore, a cell manufacturing model is developed for the calculation of energy and material demands for different battery types, plant capacities, and process steps. The model consists of the main process steps, machines, intermediate products and building service units. Furthermore, the results are validated using literature values. For a case study of a 2 GWh plant that produces prismatic NMC333 cells, the total energy requirement on a theoretical and optimal basis is suggested to be 44.6Whinproduction/Whcellcapacity. This energy consumption in producing batteries is dominated by electrode drying, and dry room. Energy usage for a variety of cell types for a similar plant capacity shows that the standard deviation in the results is low (47.23±13.03Wh/Wh).
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Barbieri, Michele, Massimo Ceraolo, Giovanni Lutzemberger, and Claudio Scarpelli. "An Electro-Thermal Model for LFP Cells: Calibration Procedure and Validation." Energies 15, no. 7 (April 5, 2022): 2653. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en15072653.
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Lithium batteries for energy storage systems are a prominent solution for both stationary and mobile applications. Electro-thermal modelling of the cell is a useful tool for monitoring voltage and temperature in order to predict battery behaviour especially in cases of critical operative conditions. This paper provides a modelling approach focusing on the calibration of parameters of an electro-thermal model for large prismatic LFP lithium cells. The designed model is tuned by means of experimental tests that identify a set of parameters that are function of a cell’s state-of-charge and temperature. The model outputs are voltage, cell surface, and internal temperature profiles, which are validated against experimental data referring to realistic working conditions, even providing an intense level of thermal stress. The model accuracy is marked by a voltage mean average error lower than 1% and a mean cell surface temperature deviation lower than 1 K.
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Hoelle, S., F. Dengler, S. Zimmermann, and O. Hinrichsen. "3D Thermal Simulation of Lithium-Ion Battery Thermal Runaway in Autoclave Calorimetry: Development and Comparison of Modeling Approaches." Journal of The Electrochemical Society 170, no. 1 (January 1, 2023): 010509. http://dx.doi.org/10.1149/1945-7111/acac06.
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In this paper, three different empirical modeling approaches for the heat release during a battery cell thermal runaway (TR) are analyzed and compared with regard to their suitability for TR and TR propagation simulation. Therefore, the so called autoclave calorimetry experiment conducted with a prismatic lithium-ion battery (>60 Ah) is modeled within the 3D-CFD framework of Simcenter Star-CCM+® and the simulation results are compared to the experiments. In addition, the influence of critical parameters such as mass loss during TR, the jelly roll’s specific heat capacity and thermal conductivity is analyzed. All of the three modeling approaches are able to reproduce the experimental results with high accuracy, but there are significant differences regarding computational effort. Furthermore, it is crucial to consider that the mass loss during TR and both specific heat capacity as well as thermal conductivity of the jelly roll have a significant influence on the simulation results. The advantages and disadvantages of each modeling approach pointed out in this study and the identification of crucial modeling parameters contribute to the improvement of both TR as well as TR propagation simulation and help researchers or engineers to choose a suitable model to design a safer battery pack.
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Döge, Volker, and Árpád W. Imre. "Charge Transport in Energy Storage and Conversion Devices." Diffusion Foundations 19 (November 2018): 1–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/df.19.1.
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Charge transport is one of the most important phenomena, which directly influences the performance of the energy storage and conversation devices. In this work, the authors provide an overview of various rechargeable energy storage battery chemistries and designs, and discuss the charge transport processes related to power capability of the lithium-ion technology. The load distribution by parallel connection of high power batteries or supercapacitor and high-energy cells is discussed and general conclusions are provided. Thus, the reduced peak power load on the high-energy cells are approved by simulation and experiment in passive parallel circuitry of high power and a high energy lithium-ion cells. The definition and advantages of the earlier deduced electrical loss time are explained. It is shown, that at a constant C-rate, defined as the ratio of the applied current and the rated cell capacity in Ah, the electrical loss time has a direct linear correlation to efficiency, and that the electrical loss time allows a direct power capability comparison of various battery cell chemistries and systems. The power capability, specific energy, and energy density of the industry relevant Li-ion battery cells based on electrical loss time approach are summarized and the following conclusions made. Today prismatic cells reach the maximum specific energy of small cylindrical cells, at the same time showing a little bit better power capability, than the investigated high energy cylindrical cells.
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Haber, Marc, Sylvie Genies, Philippe Azaïs, Alexis Martin, Marion Chandesris, and Olivier Raccurt. "Parametrization of a Doyle-Fuller-Newman (DFN) Model for a Commercial 37Ah Li-Ion Battery and Validation with Incremental Capacity Analysis." ECS Meeting Abstracts MA2022-01, no. 2 (July 7, 2022): 191. http://dx.doi.org/10.1149/ma2022-012191mtgabs.
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Physico-chemical modeling is considered as a very interesting way of simulating the behavior of a Li-ion battery cell by linking its internal state to its performance and aging. However, an accurate parametrization of such models is necessary for a truly representative outcome. In the case of commercial batteries, the parametrization procedure is hardly ever entirely undergone, leaving room for parameters tweaking and inaccurate simulation results. In the framework of this work, over 70% of the parameters were measured for a Samsung SDI 37Ah Li-ion prismatic battery (NMC111/Graphite) for PHEV (Plug-in Hybrid Electric Vehicle) applications. A Doyle-Fuller-Newman (DFN) Pseudo 2D model is chosen based on the work of Dufour et al.1. The major electrochemical characterization technics and measurement results for every component in the cell will be presented. The cells were opened in the ante-mortem procedure2, materials were identified, geometrical parameters were measured and samples were taken for coin-cell experiments. A small portion of the electrolyte was recovered and studied to conclude that it was made of EC-DMC-EMC at 1:1:2 portions. A similar solution was synthetized in order to conduct ionic conductivity measurements at temperatures ranging from -30 to 60°C. Samples from the separator were taken for both effective ionic conductivity and porosity measurements. The tortuosity of the electrodes was calculated via an EIS (Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy) with a blocking-electrodes configuration, and finally the diffusion factor in the active particles was estimated via GITT (Galvanostatic Intermittent Titration Technique) experiments. A very slow current regime was used to lithiate and de-lithiate the active materials in a half-cell experiment for electrode balancing purposes. The model was compiled using COMSOL Multiphysics 5.5, and results were compared to validation experiments conducted on the full-setup prismatic cell. The charge curve was validated under different current and power regimes at 25°C, and the Incremental Capacity (IC) curve showed a reasonable accuracy. With this in hand, the following step would be to couple this performance model to an aging model and to compare the evolution of the IC peaks with the experimental aging. References: N. Dufour, M. Chandesris, S. Geniès, M. Cugnet, and Y. Bultel, Electrochimica Acta, 272, 97–107 (2018) http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0013468618307229. T. Waldmann et al., Journal of The Electrochemical Society, 163, A2149–A2164 (2016) https://doi.org/10.1149/2.1211609jes. Figure 1
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Park, Bo Keun, Yong Min Kim, and Ki Jae Kim. "Analysis of Deterioration Mechanism of Al-Pouch Film Used As Packaging Materials for Lithium Ion Batteries." ECS Meeting Abstracts MA2022-01, no. 4 (July 7, 2022): 531. http://dx.doi.org/10.1149/ma2022-014531mtgabs.
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Generally, lithium ion batteries (LIBs) can be divided into three different types: cylindrical, prismatic, and pouch-type LiBs with regard to the packaging form. Contrary to cylindrical or prismatic type batteries, pouch-type battery uses a pouch as an exterior material to protect inside of the cell from external influences, and have a metal lead-taps to receive and deliver electricity from external source. To safeguard the inside of the lithium ion battery, the pouch must have high resistance to gas and moisture permeability and excellent corrosion resistance to electrolytes. However, Al-pouch can be prone to contamination from electrolyte containing lithium salt during the electrolyte injection process, a key part of their manufacturing process. This electrolyte contamination can be fatal to the long-term reliability or durability of pouch-type LiBs. In this study, we investigate deterioration behavior of aluminium pouch film due to the electrolyte contamination. In order to clarify deterioration mechanism of Al-pouch film, we prepared exposure test of Al-pouch film and dummy cell samples which were stained by electrolyte droplet (LiPF6 in EC:EMC=1:2 (v/v) + 2 % VC). The change of micro-structure of the samples was tracked during 20 weeks by storing them under accelerated test conditions (RH 95 %, 60 ℃). As a result, we find out severe defect of the samples of Al-pouch film by damage to outermost nylon film and aluminium layer, and confirmed the effects on the battery after the defects occurred. To understand such phenomena, the micro-defect of Al-pouch films was observed by characterization techniques (XRD, FT-IR, SEM, EDX). We demonstrate that outermost layer of nylon film is damaged when it reacts with an electrolyte containing LiPF6 salt such as decreasing crystallinity, surface crazing, forming microdefects. The degradation of nylon film leads to severe surface cracking, followed by nylon locally peeling off from the Al-pouch. Peeling of the nylon film causes to expose the underlying thin aluminum film that constitute the middle layer of Al-pouch. Once partially exposed to the atmosphere, severe pitting corrosion of the aluminum film occurs due to atmospheric moisture and acids produced by LiPF6. Finally, a large amount of moisture to easily penetrate pouch-type LiBs through these corroded pits, showing the detrimental effects of electrolyte contamination on pouch-type LiBs’ long-term durability and reliability. Figure 1
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Akbarzadeh, Mohsen, Theodoros Kalogiannis, Joris Jaguemont, Jiacheng He, Lu Jin, Maitane Berecibar, and Joeri Van Mierlo. "Thermal modeling of a high-energy prismatic lithium-ion battery cell and module based on a new thermal characterization methodology." Journal of Energy Storage 32 (December 2020): 101707. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.est.2020.101707.
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Lei, Zhiguo, and Jiawei Zhai. "Comparison between detailed model and simplified models of a Li-ion battery heated at low temperatures." Thermal Science, no. 00 (2022): 175. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/tsci220128175l.
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With the development of hybrid electric vehicles (HEVs) and electric vehicles (EVs), more and more attention has been paid to Li-ion batteries (LIBs). Since the charge-discharge performances of LIBs are affected by the temperature, an effective thermal management system is the key to solve the problem. Therefore, it is necessary to establish different simulation models to simulate the effects of the various thermal management systems. The prismatic pouch LIB cell is composed of multiple cell units connected in parallel, to reduce the calculation, the simplified models are used to simulate the LIB. In this paper, one detailed model and two simplified models are established to simulate temperature uniformity of heating LIB cells, and heating methods are the self-heating LIB structure heating method (SHLBHM) and the wide-line metal film heating method (WLMFHM). The simulation results of the detailed model and two simplified models are compared and analyzed. The results show that there are difference between the detailed model and two simplified models about temperature difference of the LIB cell, and the two simplified models have the same simulation results. Finally, the simulation results of the detailed models with different footprint areas are compared. The comparison results show that different footprint areas have no effect on the simulation results for both the self-heating LIB structure heating method and the wide-line metal film heating method.
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Baskaran, Rajesh, Debanjan Mitra, Steve Smollack, Jagjot Grewal, Lionel Goubault, and Stephane Blanchin. "Estimation of Discharge Capacities Using Generalized Peukert’s Equation for Saft Industrial Standby Batteries." ECS Meeting Abstracts MA2022-02, no. 6 (October 9, 2022): 589. http://dx.doi.org/10.1149/ma2022-026589mtgabs.
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Saft Industrial Standby (ISD) battery utilizes robust nickel-cadmium alkaline electrochemistry that delivers reliable performance and long life of at least 15 years over a wide range of temperature (-20 °C to 50 °C). The battery is designed with nickel based positive electrode and plastic bonded cadmium electrode in a vented prismatic cell. Typically, telecom applications used to require long duration backup power sources. With the advent of 4G/5G, the duration for backup power has been reduced to 1 hour or less. Therefore, new ISD battery was designed for power applications like 174 W/cell discharge for 1 hour and at the same time it can deliver high energy density up to 100 Wh/l. Additionally, low water consumption due to the high charge efficiency makes this battery ideal for the maintenance free remote installations. All these features render the battery aptly suitable for providing back-up power in telecom networks (4G and 5G) including remote cabinets at the lowest total cost of ownership. The ISD battery (Tel.X-Plus) is compliant to the Telecordia GR (Generic Requirement)-3020 CORE standard, which is recommended for the secondary alkaline batteries used in the telecom back-up application. This standard requires declaration of minimum 28 discharge currents entailing different durations and end voltages for a specific battery capacity. Hence, correct estimation of deliverable capacities for any definite duration and end voltage can reduce significant number of test trials. In addition, it helps sizing the battery for different power and energy installations. There are a few analytical techniques, such as Peukert’s and Shepherd’s equations that can be used to model the discharge characteristics of batteries. There are three different forms of generalized Peukert’s equations: algebraic, hyperbolic tangent and complementary error functions. In this study, to evaluate the discharge capacities we investigated the complementary error function of the generalized Peukert’s equations described in the equation 1: C= (Cm/erfc(-1/n)) * efrc(((i/ik)-1)/n) ... (1) where, C is the capacity of the battery during discharge, Cm is the highest discharge capacity, i is the discharge current, ik and n are statistical parameters. We know that phase transition is key to the discharge of a battery. Therefore, we selected the equation which also defines the phase transition process. The discharge capacities were calculated between 24-hour and 0.20-hour discharge durations for 1 V/cell, 1.05 V/cell, 1.10 V/cell and 1.14 V/cell end points using the equation 1. Here, the discharge capacity that was experimentally determined at the nominal C/24 rate was used as the maximum discharge capacity, Cm. The value of the statistical parameter n is within 0 and 1 to satisfy the capacity limits when discharge current tends to infinite and zero. For example, n equals to 0.6 is used for the calculations pertaining to the 180 Ah rated battery. The other statistical parameter ik was empirically selected for each end point voltage e.g., 250 A for 1.1 V/cell. Figure 1 shows the results for the calculated discharge capacities along with the experimental values at the 1.1 V/cell cut-off. The calculated numbers closely match with the experimentally obtained values with the r2 of 0.998 (Figure 1) Results for the other cut-off voltages (1.0 V/cell, 1.05 V/cell and 1.14 V/cell) were also obtained using the equation 1 and closely match the experimental values. Thus, the phase transition form of generalized Peukert’s equation (complementary error function) can be used for evaluating the capacities between 24-hour and 0.20-hour of discharge durations. Consequently, it enhances the test efficiency remarkably and sets the stage for battery sizing. Future studies include but not limited to the significance of n and ik, algebraic form of Peukert’s equation and Shepherd’s equation to understand the effectivity of each model with a focus on the discharge durations below 0.20-hour. Figure 1
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Jordan, Skylar, Owen Schreiber, Suryanarayana Kolluri, Krishna Shah, and Mohammad Parhizi. "A New Multiphysics Modeling Framework to Simulate Large Battery Packs." ECS Meeting Abstracts MA2022-02, no. 28 (October 9, 2022): 2609. http://dx.doi.org/10.1149/ma2022-02282609mtgabs.
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Li-ion batteries are used in a wide variety of applications, ranging from consumer electronics to electric vehicles (EVs) and large-scale energy storage. There are also ongoing efforts to electrify air transportation. The system level issues such as safety, thermal effects, and cell balancing need to be addressed as use of batteries become widespread in the transportation sector. These issues can be studied experimentally, however, extensive experimental testing at system level involving large battery packs is impractical. Additionally, experimental testing alone cannot provide insights into these issues. This makes experimental characterization studies necessary as well, which are not feasible beyond the lab scale. Appropriate use of modeling and simulation can provide an attractive alternative to gain insights into the system level issues. Presently, simplified equivalent circuit and empirical models are typically used at pack level. Since these models do not capture various physical phenomena and electrochemical processes, they cannot provide necessary insights into these issues. There are many simulation studies on thermal management of battery packs, but these studies are limited to studying heat transfer and fluid flow without capturing their effect on the life and performance of batteries. At the scale of a single li-ion cell, there are physics-based models incorporating various processes, including transport processes, reaction kinetics, thermal effect, and degradation mechanisms. However, these models are typically not used to study battery packs. One such attempt reported in literature involved the use of thermal single-particle battery model at the pack level, but this study considered simplified thermal boundary conditions representing natural convection type heat transfer, a rather simplistic treatment for the heat leaving the batteries1. There have been other similar studies as well2-4. Since thermal management systems presently used in EVs and new designs developed by researchers involve far more complex heat transfer processes, a model capturing heat transfer processes in these thermal management systems in an accurate manner is necessary. Using an accurate physics-based electrochemical-thermal model at the battery pack level and combing it with a heat transfer model for battery thermal management system can enable studying battery performance, aging, and safety characteristics at the pack level. However, this type of simulation would be computationally prohibitively expensive, especially for large battery packs, like the ones used in EVs. In the present work, we first develop volume averaged heat transfer models for two different battery pack designs, one involving prismatic/pouch cells, and other involving cylindrical cells, like the Tesla EV battery pack. These volume averaged models are informed by full-order steady-state computational fluid dynamics (CFD) simulations, and later validated against full-order transient CFD simulations for a wide variety of operating conditions. The simulations conducted using volume averaged heat transfer models are at least two orders of magnitude faster than conventional simulations while maintaining the same level of accuracy. Next, the volume averaged heat transfer model for one of these battery pack designs and the recently reported volume averaged thermal tank-in-series battery model are used to develop a modeling framework for multiple cells connected in series to form a module, and multiple such modules connected in parallel forming a battery pack. This modeling framework enables fast simulation of large battery packs while considering complex battery physics in each individual battery and heat transfer in the thermal management system. This proposed approach can be used for any battery pack design and configuration. Using this modeling framework, we perform detailed analysis on the battery pack, including studying electrochemical and thermal behavior of individual batteries in the pack as well as pack level characteristics under different operating conditions. Finally, we also study effect of cell-cell to variations due to possible manufacturing variations and variations in the state of charge (SOC) of batteries across the battery pack. References: Guo, M.; White, R. E., Thermal Model for Lithium Ion Battery Pack with Mixed Parallel and Series Configuration. J Electrochem Soc 2011, 158 (10), A1166-A1176. Huang, H. H.; Chen, H. Y.; Liao, K. C.; Young, H. T.; Lee, C. F.; Tien, J. Y., Thermal-electrochemical coupled simulations for cell-to-cell imbalances in lithium-iron-phosphate based battery packs. Appl Therm Eng 2017, 123, 584-591. Schindler, M.; Durdel, A.; Sturm, J.; Jocher, P.; Jossen, A., On the Impact of Internal Cross-Linking and Connection Properties on the Current Distribution in Lithium-Ion Battery Modules. J Electrochem Soc 2020, 167 (12). Wang, B.; Ji, C. W.; Wang, S. F.; Sun, J. J.; Pan, S.; Wang, D.; Liang, C., Study of non-uniform temperature and discharging distribution for lithium ion battery modules in series and parallel connection. Appl Therm Eng 2020, 168.
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Sheng, Lei, Lin Su, Hengyun Zhang, Yidong Fang, Haifeng Xu, and Wen Ye. "An improved calorimetric method for characterizations of the specific heat and the heat generation rate in a prismatic lithium ion battery cell." Energy Conversion and Management 180 (January 2019): 724–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.enconman.2018.11.030.
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Li, Zhijie, Jiqing Chen, Fengchong Lan, and Yigang Li. "Constitutive Behavior and Mechanical Failure of Internal Configuration in Prismatic Lithium-Ion Batteries under Mechanical Loading." Energies 14, no. 5 (February 24, 2021): 1219. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en14051219.
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Internal short circuits and thermal runaway in lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) are mainly caused by deformation-induced failures in their internal components. Understanding the mechanisms of mechanical failure in the internal materials is of much importance for the design of LIB pack safety. In this work, the constitutive behaviors and deformation-induced failures of these component materials were tested and simulated. The stress-strain constitutive models of the anode/cathode and the separator under uniaxial tensile and compressive loads were proposed, and maximum tensile strain failure criteria were used to simulate the failure behaviors on these materials under the biaxial indentations. In order to understand the deformation failure mechanisms of ultrathin and multilayer materials within the prismatic cell, a mesoscale layer element model (LEM) with a separator-cathode-separator-anode structure was constructed. The deformation failure of LEM under spherical punches of different sizes was analyzed in detail, and the results were experimentally verified. Furthermore, the n-layer LEM stacked structure numerical model was constructed to calculate the progressive failure mechanisms of cathodes and anodes under punches. The results of test and simulation show the fracture failure of the cathodes under local indentation will trigger the failure of adjacent layers successively, and the internal short circuits are ultimately caused by separator failure owing to fractures and slips in the electrodes. The results improve the understanding of the failure behavior of the component materials in prismatic lithium-ion batteries, and provide some safety suggestions for the battery structure design in the future.
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Pake Talei, Arash, Wolfgang A. Pribyl, and Günter Hofer. "Considerations for a power line communication system for traction batteries." e & i Elektrotechnik und Informationstechnik 138, no. 1 (January 19, 2021): 3–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00502-020-00861-2.
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AbstractElectric vehicles (EVs) are without a doubt one of the hottest topics of our time because of their advantages over combustion engine vehicles. This has persuaded many developers to try improving EVs so they will be more reliable and cheaper and as a result suitable for a broader range of consumers.In this paper we dive into the proper way of measuring and understanding the impedance of one prismatic cell from 100 kHz up to 1 GHz. Some common measurement mistakes and important points to notice are also explained. The effect of a power bar is shown as well. In order to make sure of the accuracy and the consistency of the measurements, they are compared with finite element simulations as well as with mathematical calculations.Investigations of conducted emissions are also of key importance since it has a direct influence on selecting a suitable frequency range. Accordingly, a thorough lab measurement is conducted to see the distortion harmonics and their influence on the carrier frequency. This knowledge can then be used to implement the power line communication (PLC) method.The PLC technique helps us to reduce the wire harness of a battery pack by using the existing high-voltage lines of the vehicle as the main transmission channel. This leads to cheaper battery packs by reducing the amount of used material for the wire harness and production time as well as assembly complexity.