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1
Pozzo, Barbara. La nuova direttiva sullo scambio di quote di emissione: La prima attuazione europea dei meccanismi previsti dal protocollo di Kyoto. Milano: Giuffrè, 2003.
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Lovegrove, Austin. The framework of judicial sentencing: A study in legal decision making. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1997.
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Howard League for Penal Reform. Managing prisons: The Howard League response to Agency status for the prison service, a draft framework document issued by the Prison Service. London: Howard League for Penal Reform, 1993.
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Ellis, R. Jeffery. Managing strategy in the real world: Conclusions and frameworks from field studies of business practice. Lexington, Mass: Lexington Books, 1988.
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Krcmar, Emina. Framework to support impact analyses of renewal strategies of forestlands affected by mountain pine beetle. Victoria, B.C: Pacific Forestry Centre, 2009.
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Urrutia Sánchez, Elena. 10 didactic activities for intermediate english classes. Bogotá. Colombia: Universidad de La Salle. Ediciones Unisalle, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.19052/9789585136441.
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This book has been created for both intermediate English students and their English teachers, who will be able to find a variety of activities to complement their English classes. Although this book has been particularly designed for Intermediate English levels and academic spaces at the Licenciatura en Lengua Castellana, Inglés y Francés, such as Language and Communication I II, Language Interaction and Anglophone Society I II, and even Pedagogical Practicum and Formative Research, it can be adapted to several other levels of mastery of the language, as well as to a wide range of educational EFL (English as a Foreign Language) and ESL (English as a Second Language) settings, given the fact that the book's main aim is to provide students with the opportunity to take a prime role as the center of the leaming process of a rich experience of language in use (Krashen, 1989). Such goal can be achieved through didactic class tasks that can ignite the thirst for communicating in English in order to consolidate the concepts already learned in class and, beyond that, by letting go of any fear and anxiety to 'function' well-or 'accurately'-in English class, and sharing their own background knowledge and their own 'self' towards the construction of new ways of thinking and seeing the world that surrounds them within an educational framework.
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Cavender, Gray, and Nancy C. Jurik. Analytic Framework. University of Illinois Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.5406/illinois/9780252037191.003.0002.
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This chapter develops the framework for analyzing Prime Suspect. The framework will serve as a benchmark for examining gender and justice issues in cultural productions, including film and television. In contrast to some cultural studies approaches that claim to avoid value assessments of fictional works, the chapter adopts an approach that not only examines but advocates for works that promote hopes for and actions toward social justice. The first component of the framework rests on the idea that a feminist crime genre has emerged in the past few decades. The second and interrelated component of the framework is a model of progressive moral fiction. The model can be used as a framework for media research and for using media to teach about gender and justice issues.
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Subbotsky, Eugene. Faith Through the Prism of Psychology: A New Framework for Existentialism. Taylor & Francis Group, 2021.
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Subbotsky, Eugene. Faith Through the Prism of Psychology: A New Framework for Existentialism. Taylor & Francis Group, 2021.
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Faith Through the Prism of Psychology: A New Framework for Existentialism. Taylor & Francis Group, 2021.
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11
Boxall, Peter. The Goals of HRM. Edited by Peter Boxall, John Purcell, and Patrick M. Wright. Oxford University Press, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199547029.003.0003.
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This article examines a range of frameworks, theories, and research contributions that throw some light on the goals of HRM. As a business school discipline, much of the literature in HRM is normative, designed to support management education and thus setting out an argument about what managers should do or, more modestly, offering an analytical framework to assist practitioners to shape their own policy prescriptions. Fortunately, it also contains studies that test the predictions of theoretical models and thus provide a descriptive picture of what employers actually do. The article reviews both normative and empirical contributions within the HRM canon but its prime objective is to outline the goals of HRM in practice and what needs further research.
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Lovegrove, Austin. Framework of Judicial Sentencing: A Study in Legal Decision Making. Cambridge University Press, 2009.
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Lovegrove, Austin. Framework of Judicial Sentencing: A Study in Legal Decision Making. Cambridge University Press, 2011.
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Taxman, Faye S., and Brandy Blasko. Policy and Program Innovations in Prisons. Edited by John Wooldredge and Paula Smith. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199948154.013.31.
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This chapter discusses current policy and program innovations in institutional corrections. Several jurisdictions have made considerable policy and program revisions in order to align correctional practices with evidence-based approaches. The authors present the advances in policies that emphasize the Risk-Need-Responsivity framework, reentry, and good-time credits in order to emphasize how these policies provide a foundation for the expansion of prison programming. Next, novel programming approaches, including efforts to build self-efficacy through strength-based approaches, build attachments and empathy to advance interpersonal skills, and address obstacles to reentry to the community, are reviewed. The link between prison programming and the legitimacy of a prison regime is discussed. Finally, a research agenda designed to advance policy and program innovations in prison settings is presented.
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Frost, Natasha A., and Todd R. Clear. Theories of Mass Incarceration. Edited by John Wooldredge and Paula Smith. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199948154.013.5.
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This essay focuses in greater detail on sources of the massive increase in US prison admissions in the late 20th century. It argues that subtle, and not so subtle, shifts in policy and practice lead to changes in the way people approach crime prevention and control, and those shifts ultimately explain changing rates of incarceration. Elsewhere, these dynamics have been referred to as the “iron law” of prison populations. Explaining increases (or decreases) in prison populations is fairly straightforward-it is invariably a question of policies that drive prison populations up or down. Explaining what led to those policies, how they came to exist, and why they were deemed necessary is much more complicated. The recent downturn in incarceration rates is also considered within this framework.
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Gould, Rebecca Ruth. The Persian Prison Poem. Edinburgh University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.3366/edinburgh/9781474484015.001.0001.
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The Persian Prison Poem is the first study of the prison poem genre (habsiyyat) across twelfth-century Central, South, and West Asia. While documenting the emergence of a concept of poetry as a form of political resistance, the book shows the profound entanglements of poetry and power across premodern Eurasia. This book traces the political role of poetry in shaping the prison poem genre across twelfth-century Central, South, and West Asia. The emergence of the genre is indebted to the changing role of the poet, who came into increasing conflict with Ghaznavid and Saljuq sovereigns as the genre developed. Uniting the polarities of perpetuity and contingency, the poet’s body became the medium for the prison poem’s oppositional poetics. Bringing modern European theorists such as Ernst Kantorowicz, Walter Benjamin, and Theodor Adorno into conversation with classical Persian poetics, this book offers an unprecedented account of prison poetry before modernity, and of premodern Persianate culture within the framework of world literature and global politics.
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Ezcurdia, Maite. Semantic complexity. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198714217.003.0006.
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Neale has presented a bold empirical thesis about noun phrases in natural language, namely that they are either semantically structured restricted quantifiers or semantically unstructured rigidly referring expressions. This chapter aims to undermine this thesis by questioning whether there are any prima facie or general reasons for believing it and for adopting the strategy of explaining seeming counterexamples away. The chapter questions the second disjunct, in particular whether there are any good reasons for thinking that there are no semantically structured or complex referring expressions. It reviews a variety of considerations from reference, rigidity, the intelligibility of sentences with referring expressions, Neale’s own act-syntactic framework, and syntax. It argues that none of these provides good prima facie or general motivation for upholding the thesis. It claims that referring expressions could be semantically complex and provides some reasons for thinking that complex demonstratives are an example.
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Skarbek, David. The Puzzle of Prison Order. Oxford University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190672492.001.0001.
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The Puzzle of Prison Order presents a theory of why prisons and prison life vary so much. While many people think prisons are all the same—rows of cells filled with violent men who officials rule with an iron fist, life behind bars varies in incredible ways. In some facilities, prison officials govern with care and attention to prisoners’ needs. In others, officials have remarkably little influence on the everyday life of prisoners, sometimes not even providing necessities like food and clean water. Why does prison social order around the world look so remarkably different? This book shows that how prisons are governed—sometimes by the state and sometimes by the prisoners—is tremendously important. It investigates life in a wide array of facilities—prisons in Brazil, Bolivia, Norway, England and Wales, a prisoner of war camp, women’s prisons in California, and a gay and transgender housing unit in the Los Angeles County Jail—to understand the hierarchy of life on the inside. Drawing on theories from political economy and a vast empirical literature on prison systems, the book offers a framework for understanding how social order evolves and takes root behind bars.
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Chamberlen, Anastasia. Embodying Punishment. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198749240.001.0001.
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This book offers a theoretical and empirical exploration of women’s lived experiences of imprisonment in England. It puts forward a feminist critique of the prison, and argues that prisoner bodies are central to our understanding of modern punishment, and particularly of women’s survival and resistance during and after prison. Drawing on a feminist phenomenological framework informed by a serious engagement with scholars such as Maurice Merleau-Ponty, Simone de Beauvoir, Erwin Goffman, Michel Foucault, Sandra Lee Bartky, and Tori Moi, Embodying Punishment revisits and expands the literature on the pains of imprisonment, and offers an interdisciplinary examination of the embodiment and identities of prisoners and former prisoners to press the need for a body-aware approach to criminology and penology. The book develops this argument through a qualitative study with prisoners and former prisoners by discussing themes such as: the perception of the prison through time, space, smells, and sounds; the change of prisoner bodies; the presentation of self in and after prison, including the centrality of appearance and prison dress in the management of prisoner and ex-prisoner identities; and a range of coping strategies adopted during and after imprisonment, including prison food, drug misuse, and a case study on women’s self-injuring practices. Embodying Punishment brings to the fore and critically analyses longstanding and urgent problems surrounding women’s multifaceted oppression through imprisonment, including matters of discriminatory and gendered treatment as well as issues around penal harm, and argues for an experientially grounded critique of punishment.
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Great Britain. HM Prison Service. and Great Britain Home Office, eds. National framework for the throughcare of offenders in custody to the completion of supervision in the community: The Prison and Probation Services working in partnership. [Great Britain]: HM Prison Service, 1994.
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Lovegrove, Austin. The Framework of Judicial Sentencing: A Study in Legal Decision Making (Cambridge Studies in Criminology). Cambridge University Press, 2006.
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22
Thomas, Shenique S., and Johnna Christian. Betwixt and Between. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198810087.003.0018.
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This chapter draws from a qualitative study of incarcerated men to investigate the social processes and interactions between both correctional authorities and family members that inform their sense of belonging and legitimacy. It reveals that prison visitation rooms present a complex environment in which incarcerated men have access to discreet periods of visibility and relevance to their family members and the broader community. There are, however, several precarious aspects to these processes. The family members who are central to enhancing men’s visibility and legitimacy are primarily women from economically disadvantaged, racial, and ethnic minority groups, resulting in their own marginalization, which is compounded within prison spaces. By illuminating both the challenges and opportunities of familial connections, this chapter informs a social justice framework for understanding the experiences of both incarcerated men and their family members.
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Gay, David. Bunyan in Prison. Edited by Michael Davies and W. R. Owens. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199581306.013.9.
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Prison was a difficult yet defining experience for John Bunyan. His writings of the 1660s complement the introspective mode of Grace Abounding (1666) with polemical and pastoral purposes. I Will Pray with the Spirit (?1662) is a forceful attack on the Book of Common Prayer and the regulation of worship by the restored regime. His prison poems present discrete subjects for religious meditation set within an overarching narrative framework of providential history. His writings reshape the boundaries of time and space imposed by the harsh conditions of imprisonment. Christian Behaviour (1663), The Holy City (1665), and The Resurrection of the Dead (?1665) address different aspects of Christian temporal experience under the pressure of persecution. These and other texts of the 1660s anticipate some of the main themes of Bunyan’s major allegories.
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Graham, Coop, and Seif Isabella. Part II Investor-State Arbitration in the Energy Sector, 10 ECT and States’ Right to Regulate. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/law/9780198805786.003.0010.
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This chapter explores the Energy Charter Treaty (ECT) and states' right to regulate. The stability of a host state's regulatory framework is of prime importance for foreign investors, particularly in the energy sector. Changes in the host state's regulatory framework (for example, the reduction or removal of subsidies, or imposition or increase of taxes) can cause harm to the investment. Looking at concluded ECT cases, this chapter analyzes how tribunals have balanced states' substantive obligations to foreign investors under the ECT against their sovereign right to regulate within their own territory. In this context, the chapter touches upon recent cases in the renewable energy sector and discusses the extent to which investment protection under the ECT may lead to a so-called ‘regulatory chill’.
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Ahmed, Mohamed. Arabic in Modern Hebrew Texts. Edinburgh University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.3366/edinburgh/9781474444439.001.0001.
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In the late 1950s, Iraqi Jews were either forced or chose to leave Iraq for Israel. Finding it impossible to continue writing in Arabic in Israel, many Iraqi Jewish novelists faced the literary challenge of switching to Hebrew. Focusing on the literary works of the writers Shimon Ballas, Sami Michael and Eli Amir, this book examines their use of their native Iraqi Arabic in their Hebrew works. It examines the influence of Arabic language and culture and explores questions of language, place and belonging from the perspective of sociolinguistics and multilingualism. In addition, the book applies stylistics as a framework to investigate the range of linguistic phenomena that can be found in these exophonic texts, such as code-switching, borrowing, language and translation strategies. This new stylistic framework for analysing exophonic texts offers a future model for the study of other languages. The social and political implications of this dilemma, as it finds expression in creative writing, are also manifold. In an age of mass migration and population displacement, the conflicted loyalties explored in this book through the prism of Arabic and Hebrew are relevant in a range of linguistic contexts.
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Sajó, András, and Renáta Uitz. The Executive Power. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198732174.003.0008.
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This chapter examines the self-perpetuation of the executive branch. Since constitutions usually concentrate on the position and powers of the chief executive, they feed the mistaken impression that the executive branch is synonymous with the will of a single president or prime minister. In reality, executive power in a modern regulatory state is not a one-man show. The chapter provides an overview of where the executive branch comes from before discussing the origins and scope of presidential power. It then considers the role of cabinets, councils, and prime ministers in parliamentary systems, along with the confidence mechanism that serves as the lifeline between the legislature and the executive (cabinet). It also explores the responsibility and accountability of the executive branch, and considers measures aimed at limiting the powers of the executive within the constitutional framework.
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Schäfer, Andreas, and David Meiering, eds. (Ent-)Politisierung? Nomos Verlagsgesellschaft mbH & Co. KG, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.5771/9783748904076.
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Contradictory trends of depoliticisation and (re-)politicisation seem to characterise current democratic society. Protest movements and populism polarise opinions on both the streets and social media, while anonymous algorithms or scientific expertise threaten to technocratise political decision-making. At the same time, these phenomena raise the question of democratic theoretical standards of evaluation. This special volume provides a conceptual framework for the analysis and interpretation of these processes and relates previously unconnected fields of research. Theoretical perspectives and empirical findings thus form a debate on the understanding as well as the manifestations and dynamics of politics in the 21st century. With contributions by Priska Daphi, Beth Gharrity Gardner, Anna Geis, Samuel Greef, Simon Hegelich, Eva Her-schinger, Fabienne Marco, David Meiering,Michael Neuber, Orestis Papakyriakopoulos, Friedbert W. Rüb, Linda Sauer, Andreas Schäfer, Wolfgang Schroeder, Hanna Schwander, Grit Straßenberger, Jennifer Ten Elsen, Lena Ulbricht and Claudia Wiesner.
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Maull, Hanns W., ed. The Rise and Decline of the Post-Cold War International Order. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198828945.001.0001.
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This books surveys the evolution of the international order in the quarter century since the end of the Cold War through the prism of developments in key regional and functional parts of this “liberal international order 2.0” (LIO 2.0) and the roles played by two key ordering powers, the United States and the People’s Republic of China. Among the partial orders analyzed in the individual chapters are the regions of Europe, the Middle East, and East Asia and the international regimes dealing with international trade, climate change, nuclear weapons, cyberspace, and international public health emergencies, such as SARS and Zika. To assess developments in these various segments of the LIO 2.0, and to relate them to developments in the two other crucial levels of political order, order within nation-states and at the global level, the volume develops a comprehensive, integrated framework of analysis that allows systematic comparison of developments across boundaries between segments and different levels of the international order. Using this framework, the book presents a holistic assessment of the trajectory of the international order over the last decades, the rise, decline, and demise of the LIO 2.0, and causes of the dangerous erosion of international order over the last decade.
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Graham, Peter J. Sincerity and the Reliability of Testimony. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198743965.003.0005.
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“Content Preservation” by Tyler Burge is one of the most influential articles in the epistemology of testimony. Burge argues for three theses: (1) That we enjoy a prima facie entitlement to take testimony (presentations-as-true) at face value, (2) That this entitlement has an a priori basis, based in the nature of reason, and (3) That in some cases testimony-based beliefs are warranted a priori. Most of the debate in the testimony literature is over the truth of (1). Most of the criticism of Burge’s paper focuses on (3). Burge has since abandoned (3). What about (2)? Burge’s argument for (2) is compressed; the underlying nuts and bolts are difficult to understand. This chapter reconstructs Burge’s overall teleo-functional reliabilist framework and then reconstructs Burge’s overall argument for (2) in some detail. Three criticisms are then offered of the argument. Even granting (1), Burge’s argument does not establish (2).
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Jeffcote, Nikki, Karen Van Gerko, and Emma Nicklin. Meaningful service user participation in the pathway. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198791874.003.0006.
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This chapter describes the context, aims, challenges, and growth of a user involvement programme spanning both prison and community services in the Offender Personality Disorder (OPD) pathway. Involving and empowering high-risk individuals to enhance pathway service provision has the potential to bring significant benefits in terms of social integration, well-being, and desistance from offending, while also requiring careful management of internal and external safety. The chapter describes the particular challenges involved and the support and governance framework that has enabled the user involvement programme to flourish within the London Community Pathway. Successful initiatives are described and service users’ own narrative accounts of their experience of involvement are included throughout. The chapter concludes with a review of the challenges that have emerged as the programme has grown, the learning they have afforded, and ideas for future continuing developments.
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Ince, Onur Ulas. Introduction. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190637293.003.0001.
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This chapter outlines the research question, the argument, and the interventions of the book. It presents the book’s objective of “rematerializing” the relationship between liberalism and empire by disclosing the mediation of that relationship by capitalism. It defines the book’s central theoretical problematic as the tension between the liberal conception of capitalism in metropolitan political economy and the coercive capitalist transformations and structures in the colonies. It clarifies the specific usages of key terms, such as “colonial capitalism,” “primal norms of liberalism,” and “disavowal,” and explains the reasons for focusing on John Locke and property in America, Edmund Burke and trade in India, and Edward Gibbon Wakefield and labor in Australasia. Following an overview of the structure of the book, the chapter concludes by summarizing the contribution of the framework of colonial capitalism to the study of liberal ideas.
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Butt, Simon, and Tim Lindsey. Media Law. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199677740.003.0021.
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The Indonesian media is vibrant and expanding, although ownership concentration is a significant problem. This chapter describes the regulatory framework governing the media that was developed after Soeharto’s system of tight control was abolished. It pays particular attention to the Press Council and the Indonesian Broadcasting Commission. It also covers journalists’ associations, press freedom, censorship, and the right to privacy; and the law of defamation and related provisions in the law on electronic transactions and information. Freedom of information law and laws protecting state secrets are also covered. The chapter discusses two high-profile defamation cases that created controversy in Indonesia—those involving Prita Mulyasari and Tommy Soeharto. These reveal serious flaws in the current legal regime governing the media in Indonesia.
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Schroeder, Charles E., Jose L. Herrero, and Saskia Haegens. Neuronal Dynamics and the Mechanistic Bases of Selective Attention. Edited by Anna C. (Kia) Nobre and Sabine Kastner. Oxford University Press, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199675111.013.031.
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Selective attention is a process by which the brain enhances its representation of task relevant, over irrelevant information. This ‘active control’ is essential to normal perception and cognition because it enables information processing to adapt to the immediate goals of the observer. This chapter places the focuses on recent conceptual/empirical developments in four areas that the authors think have significantly advanced the discussion and debate on the mechanistic underpinnings of selective attention: (1) the role of neuronal oscillations, (2) the distinctions between differing modes of dynamic operation, (3) potentially unique roles of specific oscillatory frequencies, (4) the neurochemistry of attention. The authors end by replacing attention within an ‘active sensing’ framework, and posing a set of prime questions for future study.
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Foster, Michelle, and Hélène Lambert. International Refugee Law and the Protection of Stateless Persons. Oxford University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198796015.001.0001.
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This book addresses a critical gap in existing scholarship by examining statelessness through the prism of international refugee law, in particular by examining the extent to which the 1951 Refugee Convention protects de jure stateless persons. It responds to the need for a coherent and inclusive legal framework to address the plight of stateless individuals who fear persecution. The central hypothesis of this book is that the capacity and potential of the 1951 Refugee Convention to protect stateless persons has been inadequately developed and understood. This is particularly so when we consider the significant transformation that has occurred over the past sixty years in delimiting state discretion in matters of nationality, including in relation to the acquisition and deprivation of nationality, and the treatment of non-nationals. While it may once have been correct to assume that matters of nationality were largely outside the realm of international law, the advent of international human rights law in particular has limited state sovereignty in this respect. Accordingly, whether a stateless person is also a refugee potentially admits of a very different answer in light of modern international human rights law as compared to 1951.
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Rhodes, R. A. W. On Focus Groups. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198786115.003.0005.
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This chapter suggests that focus groups are a useful ethnographic tool in the study of governing elites. Focus groups provide an alternative way of ‘being there’ when the rules about secrecy and access prevent participant observation. The chapter describes the job of prime ministers’ chiefs of staff before explaining the research design, the preparations for the focus group sessions, and the strategies used to manage the dynamics of a diverse group that included former political enemies and factional rivals. It outlines the approach to analysis and interpretation before reviewing the strengths and weaknesses of focus groups for research into political and administrative elites. It concludes that focus groups are a valuable tool for making tacit knowledge explicit, but they must be located in a broader framework and be part of a larger toolkit.
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Patton, Raymond A. Thatcher, Reagan, Jaruzelski. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190872359.003.0006.
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This chapter examines punk’s intertwined relationship with the rise of neoconservative/neoliberal politics amid the regimes of US president Ronald Reagan, UK prime minister Margaret Thatcher, and martial law Poland under first secretary of the Communist Party General Wojciech Jaruzelski. In each country, punk was intertwined with a shift from a Cold War political framework toward neoliberalism and an increasingly culturally based political alignment. Examining Oi! and 2 Tone in the United Kingdom, and straightedge, hardcore, and the punks around the ’zine Maximum Rocknroll in the United States, it shows how punk scenes around the world became entangled in these shifts and found themselves fracturing along the newly relevant political categories. In Eastern Europe, market reforms and efforts to revive the Polish economy and cultural sphere exacerbated tensions between subcultural capital and actual capital, creating analogous divisions within its punk scenes.
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Mills, M. G. L., and M. E. J. Mills. Introduction. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198712145.003.0001.
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Most cheetah studies have been confined to mesic savannahs, yet much of its distribution range covers arid systems. The prime objective in this study was to examine the species’ adaptations to an arid region, to compare the results with those from other cheetah studies, especially from the Serengeti, and to analyse the data within the framework of carnivore population and behavioural ecology. The study was conducted in the Kgalagadi Transfrontier Park South Africa/Botswana, an area receiving 180–250 mm rainfall per year. Tracking spoor with the help of Bushmen trackers and continuous follows of 21 VHF radio-collared cheetahs were the main study methods used. These were supported by photographic records for individual identification, DNA studies for genetic aspects including paternity, and the use of doubly labelled water and the fitting of miniature data loggers for energetic studies. The statistical tests used to analyse the data are described.
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Keiser, Jessica. Varieties of Intentionalism. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198791492.003.0008.
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In Imagination and Convention: Distinguishing Grammar and Inference in Language, Ernie Lepore and Matthew Stone offer a multifaceted critique of the Gricean picture of language use, proposing in its place a novel framework for understanding the role of convention in linguistic communication. They criticize Lewis’s and Grice’s commitment to what they call ‘prospective intentionalism,’ according to which utterance meaning is determined by the conversational effects intended by the speaker. Instead, they make a case for what they call ‘direct intentionalism’, according to which utterance meaning is determined by the speaker’s intentions to use it under a certain grammatical analysis. I argue that there is an equivocation behind their critique, both regarding the type of meaning that is at issue and the question each theory is attempting to answer; once we prise these issues apart, we find that Lepore and Stone’s main contentions are compatible with the broadly Lewisian/Gricean picture.
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Rauch, Andreas, and Michael Frese. A Personality Approach to Entrepreneurship. Edited by Susan Cartwright and Cary L. Cooper. Oxford University Press, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199234738.003.0006.
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The aim of this article is to review the personality approach on the basis of the theoretical framework, which assumes that the effects of a person's traits on his or her entrepreneurial behavior are mediated by specific traits and motivations, and moderated by environmental conditions. The article relies to a considerable extent on meta-analytical evidence. It argues that although the personality approach to entrepreneurship may help in explaining entrepreneurial behavior, it should be supplemented by sound and theoretically justified developments of modern personality psychology. The article also argues that it is essential to include a process view: Prime candidates for mediating processes are characteristics which are more proximal to the actions and the behavior of entrepreneurs. Although an individual's personality consists of stable trait components as well as of less stable ones, a personality approach also needs to consider the process dynamics of personality constructs.
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Bailey, James. Muriel Spark's Early Fiction. Edinburgh University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.3366/edinburgh/9781474475969.001.0001.
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This book presents a detailed critical analysis of a period of significant formal and thematic innovation in Muriel Spark’s literary career. Spanning the mid-1950s to the mid-1970s, it identifies formative instances of literary experimentation in texts including The Comforters, The Driver’s Seat and The Public Image, with an emphasis on metafiction and the influence of the nouveau roman. As the first critical study to draw extensively on Spark’s vast archives of correspondence, manuscripts and research, it provides a unique insight into the social contexts and personal concerns that dictated her fiction. Offering a distinctive reappraisal of Spark’s fiction, the book challenges the rigid critical framework that has long been applied to her writing. In doing so, it interrogates how Spark’s literary innovations work to facilitate moments of subversive satire and gendered social critique. As well as presenting nuanced re-readings major works like The Prime of Miss Jean Brodie, it draws unprecedented attention to lesser-discussed texts such as her only stage play, Doctors of Philosophy, and early short stories.
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Hawthorne, Lesleyanne. Attracting and Retaining International Students as Skilled Migrants. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198815273.003.0010.
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OECD countries compete to attract and retain international students as skilled migrants. By definition former international students are of prime workforce age, face no regulatory barriers, and have self-funded to meet domestic employer demand. Within the global ‘race for talent’ they have emerged as a priority human capital resource. This chapter examines the study-migration pathways that have evolved in the past decade within skilled migration policy frameworks. Three case studies are provided, assessing select challenges in the context of national debate. The first examines the UK’s attempt to reduce net migration flows and the impact of this on student migration. The second explores the retention of international doctoral students in the US amid concerns for labour market substitution rather than complementarity. The third defines the extent to which Australian employers value former international students compared to domestic graduates, including the impact of demand and demographic variables on early employment outcomes.
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Panou, Nikos, and Hester Schadee, eds. Evil Lords. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199394852.001.0001.
Full textAbstract:
This edited volume uses the prism of bad rule or tyranny to sharpen our understanding of political discourse from the ancient world to the Renaissance. Eleven chapters present case studies examining Hebrew, Greco-Roman, Byzantine, early, high, and late medieval, and Renaissance conceptions and representations of bad or tyrannical government. Since bad rule is always a perversion of the norm, its shifting conceptualizations shed light on historically specific assessments of what constitutes legitimate and acceptable political behavior. Meanwhile, political debate also reflects specific power structures, authors, and audiences. The book’s chapters, therefore, examine notions of bad rule within the ideological frameworks and societal patterns of the respective periods, thus painting a picture of historical and intellectual change. However, these often profound variations notwithstanding, the book also shows that it is meaningful to think of its subject as a ‘premodern Western tradition’, in the sense of an exchange of ideas. There are shared roots in Greek and biblical thought, and ongoing cross-fertilization spanning two millennia. Moreover, the rationale of both pro- and anti-monarchical discourse by and large derives from virtue ethics, in their Greek, Roman, and Christian incarnations. This reliance on morality as the foundation of political organization only declined in the sixteenth century, which therefore marks the end of the story of tyranny in premodern political thought told in this volume.
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Macak, Kubo. Internationalized Armed Conflicts in International Law. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198819868.001.0001.
Full textAbstract:
This book examines and analyses the concept, the process, and the consequences of conflict internationalization from the perspective of international law. In a world defined by the twin forces of globalization and fragmentation, very few armed conflicts remain isolated from foreign involvement and confined to the territory of one state. Instead, many begin as internal conflicts that gradually acquire international characteristics of varying degree and nature. This holds true for nearly all major conflicts that have shaped the post-Cold War era: ex-Yugoslavia, Rwanda, Afghanistan, Iraq, Libya, Ukraine, Syria, Yemen, and so on. Accordingly, this book searches for the tipping points that convert non-international armed conflicts into international armed conflicts. On that basis, it argues for a specific conceptualization of ‘internationalized armed conflict’ in international law, understood to comprise prima facie non-international armed conflicts, whose legal nature has transformed, thus triggering the applicability of the law of international armed conflict to them. The book then puts forward a comprehensive catalogue of modalities of the process of internationalization that includes outside intervention, state dissolution, and recognition of belligerency. Turning to the consequences of internationalization, the book highlights that the intra-state origin of internationalized conflicts provides for an uneasy match with many of the precepts of the law of international armed conflict, which has historically evolved as a regulatory framework for inter-state wars. Of those, the regulation of combatancy and the law of belligerent occupation are where the principal legal questions lie and which are examined in depth in this book.
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Cooper, James. A Diplomatic Meeting. University Press of Kentucky, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.5810/kentucky/9780813154305.001.0001.
Full textAbstract:
Drawing on a host of recently declassified documents from the Reagan-Thatcher years, A Diplomatic Meeting: Reagan, Thatcher, and the Art of Summitry provides an innovative framework for understanding the development and nature of the special relationship between British prime minister Margaret Thatcher and American president Ronald Reagan, who were known as "political soulmates." James Cooper boldly challenges the popular conflation of the leaders' platforms, and proposes that Reagan and Thatcher's summitry highlighted unique features of domestic policy in their respective countries. Summits, therefore, were a significant opportunity for the two world leaders to further their own domestic agendas. Cooper uses the relationship between Reagan and Thatcher to demonstrate that summitry politics transcended any distinction between foreign policy and domestic politics—a major objective of Reagan and Thatcher as they sought to consolidate power and implement their domestic economic programs in a parallel quest to reverse notions of their countries' "decline." This unique and significant study about the making of the Reagan-Thatcher relationship uses their key meetings as an avenue to explore the fluidity between the domestic and international spheres, a perspective that is underappreciated in existing interpretations of the leaders' relationship and Anglo-American relations and, more broadly, in the field of international affairs.
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Benjamin, Mike, Dennis McGonagle, Maribel I. Miguel, David A. Bong, and Ingrid Möller. Limb anatomy and medical imaging. Oxford University Press, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199642489.003.0065.
Full textAbstract:
This chapter provides a generalized framework for helping the clinician to understand basic principles of functional anatomy in the limbs in relation to medical imaging, particularly ultrasonography (US). Certain basic design principles that are evident in the limbs are explained: for example, that larger muscles lie proximally, and that tendons are more numerous and longer distally. While the upper limb is ultimately geared to moving the hand with ease and precision in three-dimensional space, the lower limb is both an organ of propulsion and a column supporting body weight. It is important to note that when the foot is on the ground this has an important influence on muscle function. Fundamental principles of muscle design and action are explained, including the distinction between prime movers, antagonists, synergists, and fixators; the fact that movements and not muscles are represented in the cerebral cortex; the all-or-nothing principle of fibre contraction; the modifying influence of gravity on muscle action; and issues relating to fibre architecture. The less appreciated functions of tendons are included and the difference between an enthesis and an enthesis organ is explained. The similar appearance of nerves and tendons in dissections and even in MRI and US images is explained and the importance of fascia is highlighted—particularly its role as an 'ectoskeleton'. Brief mention is made of adipose tissue and blood vessels, and planes of movement between adjacent structures are described in order to inform the ultrasonographer who deals with structures in real time.
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Cave, Terence, and Deirdre Wilson, eds. Reading Beyond the Code. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198794776.001.0001.
Full textAbstract:
This book explores the value for literary studies of relevance theory, an inferential approach to communication in which the expression and recognition of intentions plays a major role. Drawing on a wide range of examples from lyric poetry and the novel, nine of the ten chapters are written by literary specialists and use relevance theory both as an overall framework and as a resource for detailed analysis. The final chapter, written by the co-founder of relevance theory, reviews the issues addressed by the volume and explores their implications for cognitive theories of how communicative acts are interpreted in context. Originally designed to explain how people understand each other in everyday face-to-face exchanges, relevance theory—described in an early review by a literary scholar as ‘the makings of a radically new theory of communication, the first since Aristotle’s’—sheds light on the whole spectrum of human modes of communication, including literature in the broadest sense. Reading Beyond the Code is unique in using relevance theory as a prime resource for literary study, and is also the first to apply the model to a range of phenomena widely seen as supporting an ‘embodied’ conception of cognition and language where sensorimotor processes play a key role. This broadened perspective serves to enhance the value for literary studies of the central claim of relevance theory: that the ‘code model’ is fundamentally inadequate to account for human communication, and in particular for the modes of communication that are proper to literature.
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Park, Gene, Saori N. Katada, Giacomo Chiozza, and Yoshiko Kojo. Taming Japan's Deflation. Cornell University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.7591/cornell/9781501728174.001.0001.
Full textAbstract:
Bolder economic policy could have addressed the persistent bouts of deflation in post-bubble Japan, claims this book. Despite warnings from economists, intense political pressure, and unconventional policy options to address this problem, Japan's central bank, the Bank of Japan (BOJ), resisted taking the bold actions that this book claims would have significantly helped. With Prime Minister Abe Shinzō's return to power, Japan finally shifted course at the start of 2013 with the launch of Abenomics—an economic agenda to reflate the economy—and Abe's appointment of new leadership at the BOJ. The BOJ's resistance to experimenting with bolder policy stemmed from entrenched policy ideas that were hostile to activist monetary policy. The book explains how these policy ideas evolved over the course of the BOJ's long history and gained dominance because of the closed nature of the broader policy network. The explanatory power of policy ideas and networks suggests a basic inadequacy in the dominant framework for analysis of the politics of monetary policy derived from the literature on central bank independence. This approach privileges the interaction between political principals and their supposed agents, central bankers; but this book shows clearly that central bankers' views, shaped by ideas and institutions, can be decisive in determining monetary policy. Through a combination of institutional analysis, quantitative empirical tests, in-depth case studies, and structured comparison of Japan with other countries, the book shows that, ultimately, the decision to adopt aggressive monetary policy depends largely on the bankers' established policy ideas and policy network.