Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Prise de décision – Psychologie cognitive'
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Michelet, Thomas. "Contribution à l'étude du cortex cingulaire antérieur dans la planification de l'action et l'adaptation comportementale : une approche électrophysiologique du rôle de l'aire 24c chez le primate." Bordeaux 2, 2005. http://www.theses.fr/2005BOR21304.
Full textThe understanding of how motivation and cognition interact in the process of decisionmaking is a major issue in Neuroscience. Imaging studies suggest that the anterior cingulate cortex (ACC) plays a key role in this computational function. The ACC is particularly involved in situations requiring-conflict monitoring and error-detection in an emotional context. However, how these functions are processed at the neuronal level remains largely unknown. The goal of this thesis project was to study the properties of area 24c (within the dorsal ACC) in the context of such processes in monkeys. To this end, we use a non-verbal form of the stroop-test which is adaptable in both species. Such a task makes it possible to investigate several motivational and cognitive aspects of action planning (attention, reward-prediction, conflict monitoring, decision-making, evaluation of performances). The main question was to know whether neuronal activity is more particularly influenced by certain components of the task. First, this categorization of neuronal activity according to epoch allowed us to infer a role in the monitoring and correcting behavioural errors. Second, our results emphazise the role of cingulate neurons in decision making processes. Last, we found a surprising discrepancy between the large polyphasicy and the relative monotony of neuronal responses. This suggests that almost the whole monotonous responses serve in the construction of a few original encoding properties
Zamani, Mojdeh. "La découverte des propriétés pertinentes de la tâche : étude à partir du test de Passalong." Paris 8, 1999. http://www.theses.fr/1999PA083803.
Full textNavarre, Aglaé. "Étude de l'effet d'ancrage appliqué au domaine judiciaire." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Bourgogne Franche-Comté, 2022. http://www.theses.fr/2022UBFCC020.
Full textDecision-making under uncertainty can be influenced by several cognitive biases. Among these, the anchoring effect is probably one of the most famous. In this article-based thesis, we propose several studies aimed at better understanding the mechanisms involved in the anchoring effect, and at testing different factors that may be moderators of this phenomenon. Most of these studies are conducted in the context of judicial decision-making, a field in which the anchoring effect can have dramatic consequences. In the first chapter (articles 1 and 2), we review the state of the art of the researches carried out on the anchoring effect over the last fifty years, and highlight some of the links that may exist between this heuristic and another phenomenon that seems to share characteristics with anchoring, but which has been studied in the field of reasoning: the Einstellung effect. In the second chapter (articles 3 and 4), we test two factors that can reduce the influence of an anchor: the influence of a warning and the presence of a second anchor of different relevance. The results of these studies show that these factors can limit - or even eliminate - the anchoring effect in the context of judicial decisions on simulated jurors. Finally, the third chapter (article 5) deals with the influence of the anchoring effect on the creation of false memories. The study presented in this section highlights the emergence of false memories following exposure to a numerical anchor and discusses the common mechanisms between these two phenomena. Finally, we discuss the contributions of these studies and propose different research perspectives that seem interesting in order to deepen the first results obtained in the framework of this thesis and to investigate other reaserch questions related to the anchoring effect
Aïte, Ania Alexandra. "Processus émotionnels et cognitifs dans le développement des capacités de prise de décision sous ambiguïté." Thesis, Paris 5, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013PA05H121/document.
Full textDecision-making under ambiguity is critical in our everyday life. Indeed, we make most of our choices with no information on the potential consequences of these choices or on the probabilities that govern these consequences. To better characterize the underlying mechanisms engaged in this complex ability, we tested the Somatic Marker Hypothesis (SMH), a key theory in this field. This theory posits that decision-making under ambiguity relies on the development of emotional responses to the world (i.e., an integral emotional signal) that bias people toward advantageous choices in ambiguous circumstances. Thus, the goal of this thesis was to test (i) the role of emotional processes and (ii) the possible implication of cognitive processes in our ability to choose advantageously in ambiguous context. In our first study, we investigated the factors at the root of the decision-making deficit of pathological gamblers by assessing the impact of alexithymia – a recurrent emotional disorder in this population – on their decision-making skills. In line with the SMH, we found that alexithymia was a key factor to understand pathological gamblers’ decision-making deficit. In a second study, we designed an emotional priming paradigm to provide direct evidence that decision making relies on the creation of an integral emotional signal in healthy adults. Our data supports the SMH by evidencing that decision-making can be improved when the integral emotional signal is reinforced. Finally, in our third study, we investigated the development of decision-making abilities by focusing on the strategic adjustments in children, adolescents and adults. Our data suggest that the inhibition of a spontaneous tendency to shift after a loss might be critical to choose advantageously. In conclusion, the results of this thesis broadened the scope of the HMS by emphasizing the need to study both emotional and cognitive processes to better understand decision making under ambiguity. Keywords: Decision-making under ambiguity; Emotional processes; Cognitive processes; Cognitive development the SMH by evidencing that decision-making can be improved when the integral emotional signal is reinforced. Finally, in our third study, we investigated the development of decision-making abilities by focusing on the strategic adjustments in children, adolescents and adults. Our data suggest that the inhibition of a spontaneous tendency to shift after a loss might be critical to choose advantageously. In conclusion, the results of this thesis broadened the scope of the HMS by emphasizing the need to study both emotional and cognitive processes to better understand decision making under ambiguity
Laborde, Sylvain. "Facteurs psychologiques et performance : l’influence des émotions sur la prise de décision du sportif." Caen, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011CAEN2060.
Full textThe aim of this doctoral work was to understand the influence of emotions on athletes’ decision making. We sought here to answer some crucial questions: What are the consequences and antecedents of dysfunctional emotions? Which individual differences might influence the relationship between emotions and decision-making? What is the influence of emotions on the option-generation model of decision-making? The first part was an in-depth study through inter- and intra-individual processes on the field. It showed that dysfunctional emotions influence negatively coping effectiveness, and researched the specific antecedents of dysfunctional emotions in this team. The second part showed that there is an influence of trait emotional intelligence and of the preference of intuition and deliberation in athletes’ performance and affects when they face a stressful situation. The third part showed that the physiological component of emotions influenced the option-generation process of athletes. More specifically, a higher increase of the parasympathetic system and a lower increase of the sympathetic system lead to better and faster decisions. Moreover, trait emotional intelligence was found to lower the increase of stress. Altogether, these findings pointed out the necessity to take into account the affective states of athletes when they make decisions, in order to improve our understanding, and therefore to integrate this part to training
Mahboub, Karim. "Modélisation des processus émotionnel dans la prise de décision." Phd thesis, Université du Havre, 2011. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00696675.
Full textGiraud, Raphaël. "Une théorie de la décision pour les préférences imparfaites." Paris 1, 2004. http://www.theses.fr/2004PA010011.
Full textMichinov, Nicolas. "Etudes expérimentales de quelques déterminants des stratégies de comparaison sociale." Clermont-Ferrand 2, 1995. http://www.theses.fr/1995CLF20083.
Full textSince social comparison theory, many works tried to determine the direction of comparison : upward, downward or lateral. The first part of the thesis consisted in a critical review of the literature in which two classical measures can be distinguished : choice of a comparison target and preference judgment about different targets (e. G. , work partner). It appeared that motivational explanations conducted researchers to neglect that social comparison was an individual and dynamic cognitive process. Studies have only examined social comparison strategies in a static perspective an have neglected to study their social determinants as sociocultural value of dimensions. The second part of the thesis described three experiments. Subjects (high, low and medium achievers) whose performance on a highly vamied task (geometry) or a low-moderately valued task (drawing) where either not evaluated (neutral position), evaluated positively (superiority position), or negatively (inferiority position) by an experimenter. The task consisted in looking for information about stimulus persons from whom they had to choose one work partner. A "process tracing method" permitted to examine more precisely the process of gathering comparative information about other people presented in a matrix on a computer screen. Results suggest that subjects used different social comparison strategies, particularly after an inferiority experience on a high valued task
Habib, Marianne. "Influence des émotions sur la prise de décision chez l’enfant, l’adolescent et l’adulte : Comment le contexte socio-émotionnel et le développement des émotions contrefactuelles influencent-ils nos choix ?" Thesis, Paris 5, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012PA05H111/document.
Full textThe general goal of this thesis was to study (i) the influence of different socio-emotional contexts on decision-making under risk, in children, adolescents and adults and (ii) the developmental dynamics of the Types 1 (heuristic) and 2 (analytic) of reasoning within the framework of the Dual Process theories, and their articulation with the Prospect Theory. According to us, a better articulation between these two theories could account more efficiently of the influence of emotions on reward and punishment sensitivity in decision-making. Therefore, we first examined the influence of an incidental emotional context on the framing effect - a classical bias in decision-making - on adult participants. We started by studying the influence of the valence of the emotions (positive or negative) and then the influence of different specific emotions (anger and fear) on this bias. Our results revealed that the participants were no longer affected by the framing effect following an exposure to a positive emotional context, due to a decrease of risk aversion in the loss frame. The two negative emotions we considered had opposite effects on risk taking: fear tended to increase risk taking, whereas anger tended to decrease it. In a follow-up study, we investigated the influence of incidental positive emotions on the framing effect during adolescence, a critical period for risk taking. In adolescents, the framing effect was modulated by the amount of the outcome at stake, and the emotional context had different impact on this bias depending of the amount of the outcome considered. Then, we examined the development of two integral (and counterfactual) emotions, regret and relief, and how these emotions affect our willingness to reconsider a choice. We elaborated a new gambling task and we manipulated the outcome obtained by the participants to induce regret or relief. This study provided evidence that the ability to experience regret and relief and the ability to take them into consideration continue to develop during late childhood and adolescence. We finally studied the development of social regret and relief from late childhood to adulthood, using a situation of social competition (playing against a playmate). This socio-emotional context seems to bias the rational evaluation of regret and relief in adolescence, as some situations are evaluated as more desirable, as compared to the same situations in a context of individual game. These results are discussed in light of the Prospect theory, as reward and punishment sensitivity seems to be differently modulated by socio-emotional context, at each developmental stage
Trémolière, Bastien. "La rationalité des mortels : les pensées de mort perturbent les processus analytiques." Phd thesis, Université Toulouse le Mirail - Toulouse II, 2013. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00979659.
Full textMartin, Marie. "Evaluation psychocognitive des représentations des patients sur le traitement de l’information du médecin et de l’accompagnateur au dépistage dans le cadre de la communication préventive du cancer colorectalprise de décision, profils interactifs et réduction des inégalités sociales de santé : prise de décision, profils interactifs et réduction des inégalités sociales de santé." Caen, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014CAEN1021.
Full textDespite the establishment of an organized colorectal cancer screening in France, participation remains low (1/3), particularly for people affected by social inequalities in health. The physician-patient communication is of paramount importance, especially during the exchange when the CRC screening test, the Hemoccult-II ®, is presented. Inspired by the "patient navigator" program (Freeman, 1995), our team has developed the PRADO project: its objective is to assess the impact of the patient navigator on the increasing participation in this screening, in a context of social inequalities in health. Its role is to provide personalized support to the beneficiary to overcome these obstacles. The psychological study, included in this project, explore the cognitive, behavioural, relational and emotional mechanisms on which the patient navigator can intervene. This doctoral work, integrated to the project, studies the patient's representations of their communication with the physician versus the patient navigator, in terms of cognitive psychology. Our focus is on the processing of medical information by the patient, in order to an informed decision-making. The results suggest that the doctor retains a favoured interlocutor position and that the patient navigator is credited as a third resource. The intervention of the patient navigator is indeed complementary to the physician's, provided that the preliminary interview with the physician has made a good first impression
Sibony, Olivier. "Comprendre et prévenir l’erreur récurrente dans les processus de décision stratégique : l’apport de la Behavioral Strategy." Thesis, Paris Sciences et Lettres (ComUE), 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017PSLED039/document.
Full textMany types of strategic decisions result in recurring, systematic errors. Extant theories of organizations are insufficient to account for this phenomenon. Behavioral Strategy suggests that an explanation may be found in the psychology of decision makers, and particularly in their cognitive biases. This, however, calls for a link between individual-level cognition and affects, and organization-level choices. We propose “Strategic Choice Routines” as a middle level of analysis to bridge this gap, and identify three broad types of Strategic Choice Routines.This leads us to formulate hypotheses on how Strategic Choice Routines can be modified to minimize strategic errors. We illustrate these hypotheses through case studies; test some of them quantitatively; and analyze preferences that drive their adoption by executives. Finally, we discuss theoretical and managerial implications
Wahab, Mejda. "Modélisation des interactions bidirectionnelles entre les processus cognitifs et l'addiction chez le rat." Thesis, Poitiers, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018POIT2259.
Full textDrug addiction is a chronic psychiatric disorder characterized by compulsive drug seeking and drug taking in spite of negative consequences. In the last years, it has been clearly shown that cognitive processes (impulsivity, behavioral flexibility, working memory, etc.) play a major role in this disorder. In fact, on the one hand, cognitive deficits appear to be risk factors for the development and maintenance of addiction and, on the other hand, repeated drug taking induces cognitive deficits. The objective of this thesis has been to investigate the bidirectional interactions between addiction and cognitive processes. In the first part of this work, we have been worked at developing a new procedure to study choice impulsivity in rats allowing improving existing Delay Discounting procedures. Our procedure could represent a new tool to gain insights into neurobiological processes underlying decision-making and the consequences of drugs on it. The second part of my thesis has consisted in investigating the effects of cognitive exercise on cocaine self-administration in rats. Surprisingly, we found that making a cognitive effort before a cocaine self-administration session increases drug consumption. Therefore, it appears that similarly to what described in humans, in rats, cognitive effort could induce a sort of “mental fatigue” that has negative effects on addiction
Clerfeuille, Fabrice. "Les profils attitudinaux des consommateurs : analyse de la congruence des éléments cognitif, affectif et conatif." Phd thesis, Université de la Réunion, 2000. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00490782.
Full textGros, Marie-Hélène. "La fabrique du citoyen à l'aune de l'orientation scolaire : Une contribution d'une conseillère d'orientation-psychologue." Caen, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013CAEN1722.
Full textOur research has brought to light links between the political sphere and the relationship which young people have with school orientation. Youths live through, and narrate for themselves their study tracks in different ways, according to their diverse streams (denial of responsibility, trivialization). The relations of these youths to politics as well as to values are also declined differently, according to their streams; those who are most competent and perform best in political terms are essentially those belonging to elite courses. We have distinguished several categories of youths through a (partial) re-use of Wolfsfeld’s typology. We have designed an action plan towards monitoring orientation process: it includes a motivational phase (Forner & Ronzeau), a decisional phase (Gelatt, de Bono) and a self-knowledge phase (typologies of interests according to Holland and of values according to Schwartz). This plan allowed for an increase in self-efficacy in the orientation process, and through a transfert of self-efficacies capacitation in political domains. The results obtained confirm the pertinence of measuring self-efficacy at a specific level. The research raises the question of the operationalization of self-efficacy in orientation process, and it confirms the quality of the operationalization of political competence. Finally, this study has allowed to further develop the Career counselor’s proficiency
Packwood, Sonia. "Conceptualisation des fonctions exécutives : prolifération, organisation et mesure." Thesis, Université Laval, 2011. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2011/28568/28568.pdf.
Full textLee, Douglas. "The metacognitive control of decision-making." Thesis, Sorbonne université, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019SORUS525.
Full textEverything we do is guided by value. In brief, the value we assign to something summarizes the impact we thinkitwill have on our lives. The term value can be used to assess virtually anything. Value is goal-dependent: e.g., value for water is different than value for a soft bed. Value is context-dependent: e.g., value for a hammer is different when building versus fishing. Value is subjective: e.g., a work of art might be treasure to some, garbage to others. Even when taking all this into account, however, the values that we express for particular options are not always consistent. We do not always choose according to our preferences, as derived byassessing options individually. Under current theories, such preference reversals are interpretedas errors that arise from unreliable signaling within the brain. We alternatively propose that people can change their mind after reassessing the value of options while pondering the decision. So, why do we carefully ponder some decisions, but not others? We develop a computational model of the metacognitive control of decisions, where we assume that the amount of cognitive resources deployed is controlled by an effort-confidence tradeoff. Importantly, the anticipated benefit of allocating resources varies according to difficulty and importance. The model predicts choices, choice confidence, mental effort, and preference change, in a critically different manner from current models. We compare and test these predictions in a systematic manner, using a dedicated behavioral paradigm. Our results provide a mechanistic link between effort, confidence, and preference reversals, in a way that has not previously been considered
Delaume, Raluca. "Evaluation of cognitive biases in procurement decisions : an empirical analysis." Thesis, Paris 2, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019PA020053.
Full textThe evolution of Procurement function over the past decades requires to take a new perspective to understand how Procurement managers can contribute to the firm’s competitiveness and support the strategy of the organisation. For this, we use the bounded rationality theory to examine the decision-making process in Procurement. Our study follows the tradition of Behavioural research in Management field by considering the heuristics and the consequent cognitive biases. We use advances from Behavioural Economics in order to understand the effects of psychological, social, cognitive, and emotional factors on the decisions of Procurement managers and we aim to explain why and how their behaviour does not follow the predictions of economic models. For these purposes, this study takes empirical examinations of the decisions in the various steps of the Procurement cycle using qualitative and quantitative data. Three main studies have been performed. First, we identify and depict the main cognitive biases affecting the decisions of Buyers. Second, we aim to understand if there is a statistically significant difference between the Buyers of goods and Buyers of services with regard to the main cognitive biases they are prone to exhibiting. Third, a case study illustrates how the main cognitive biases emerge in the Procurement decisions and how stakeholders from other departments influence the decisions in Procurement space.This dissertation ultimately seeks to demonstrate that increasing the realism of the psychological underpinnings of the decisions in the Procurement space will help the organisations to recognise and potentially avoid decision errors and thus contribute to an increase the organisation’s competitiveness
Dimara, Evanthia. "Information Visualization for Decision Making : Identifying Biases and Moving Beyond the Visual Analysis Paradigm." Thesis, Université Paris-Saclay (ComUE), 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017SACLS367/document.
Full textThere are problems neither humans nor computers can solve alone. Computer-supported visualizations are a well-known solution when humans need to reason based on a large amount of data. The more effective a visualization, the more complex the problems that can be solved. In information visualization research, to be considered effective, a visualization typically needs to support data comprehension. Evaluation methods focus on whether users indeed understand the displayed data, can gain insights and are able to perform a set of analytic tasks, e.g., to identify if two variables are correlated. This dissertation suggests moving beyond this "visual analysis paradigm" by extending research focus to another type of task: decision making. Decision tasks are essential to everybody, from the manager of a company who needs to routinely make risky decisions to an ordinary person who wants to choose a career life path or simply find a camera to buy. Yet decisions do not merely involve information understanding and are difficult to study. Decision tasks can involve subjective preferences, do not always have a clear ground truth, and they often depend on external knowledge which may not be part of the displayed dataset. Nevertheless, decision tasks are neither part of visualization task taxonomies nor formally defined. Moreover, visualization research lacks metrics, methodologies and empirical works that validate the effectiveness of visualizations in supporting a decision. This dissertation provides an operational definition for a particular class of decision tasks and reports a systematic analysis to investigate the extent to which existing multidimensional visualizations are compatible with such tasks. It further reports on the first empirical comparison of multidimensional visualizations for their ability to support decisions and outlines a methodology and metrics to assess decision accuracy. It further explores the role of instructions in both decision tasks and equivalent analytic tasks, and identifies differences in accuracy between those tasks. Similarly to vision science that informs visualization researchers and practitioners on the limitations of human vision, moving beyond the visual analysis paradigm would mean acknowledging the limitations of human reasoning. This dissertation reviews decision theory to understand how humans should, could and do make decisions and formulates a new taxonomy of cognitive biases based on the user task where such biases occur. It further empirically shows that cognitive biases can be present even when information is well-visualized, and that a decision can be ``correct'' yet irrational, in the sense that people's decisions are influenced by irrelevant information. This dissertation finally examines how biases can be alleviated. Current methods for improving human reasoning often involve extensive training on abstract principles and procedures that often appear ineffective. Yet visualizations have an ace up their sleeve: visualization designers can re-design the environment to alter the way people process the data. This dissertation revisits decision theory to identify possible design solutions. It further empirically demonstrates that enriching a visualization with interactions that facilitate alternative decision strategies can yield more rational decisions. Through empirical studies, this dissertation suggests that the visual analysis paradigm cannot fully address the challenges of visualization-supported decision making, but that moving beyond can contribute to making visualization a powerful decision support tool
Louapre, Philippe. "De la plante à l'homme via les guêpes parasitoïdes : comment décider sans calculer ?" Phd thesis, Université Rennes 1, 2011. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00667870.
Full textEdward, Lydie. "Modélisation décisionnelle de personnages virtuels autonomes évoluant dans un environnement virtuel pour la prévention des risques sur les sites SEVESO." Compiègne, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011COMP1942.
Full textOur research deals with the design of a training system to support decision-making in the preparation and the management of maintenance interventions in high-risk industries namely SEVESO sites. The proposed system incorporates virtual reality and artificial intelligence to simulate virtual autonomous characters and their cognitive processes in dangerous working situations. It generates behaviour-based errors to support learning and risk prevention. It uses new mechanisms taking into account human factors with respect to cognitive modelling of human behaviour regarding risky situations. In the simulated environment the trainee can visualize the risks incurred during his work with the virtual agents. The emergent risks depend on the cognitive characteristics of the virtual operators and on the expertise of the trainee. We propose a multi-agent system to support the control of virtual operators represented by virtual cognitive agents. The difference with a classic MAS is that our cognitive agents are enriched with a planner for selecting actions according to goals, the environment and to the personal characteristics of the agents (time pressure, caution, tiredness, hunger)
Constant, Thomas. "Éléments de game design pour le développement d'une attitude réflexive chez le joueur." Thesis, Paris, CNAM, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017CNAM1139/document.
Full textThis thesis introduces the results of experiments testing specific game mechanics to help the players to develop reflective decision making. Our approach is, firstly, to bias the players’ judgment. Then, through the bias awareness, we want to help them to have a better understanding about their judgment processes. To do this, we try to place the player in an overconfident state while playing video games. To measure their behavior, the players must use an integrated tool to the game progression: a bet system through which they assess on their confidence in their chances of success. Two games were developed to measure the influence of the biases on the confidence of the player: one focusing on the effect of anchoring and confirmation biases, another one on the hard / easy effect
Ghilani, Djouaria. "The Coming Past: A social psychological approach of the uses of historical analogies and their effects in political contexts." Doctoral thesis, Universite Libre de Bruxelles, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/2013/ULB-DIPOT:oai:dipot.ulb.ac.be:2013/284096.
Full textDoctorat en Sciences psychologiques et de l'éducation
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Pavlicek, Beth. "Value-based decision making, cognitive regulation and obesity." Paris 6, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013PA066449.
Full textObesity and overweight are serious public health problems. Understanding how the brain makes and regulates food choices is a research priority. Food decisions are based on subjective valuations, and these valuations can be modulated by cognitive regulation, a conscious effort to up- or down-regulate the valuation process. Little is known on how lean and overweight individuals differ in these processes and whether such differences are a function of internal (i. E. Hunger of the decision maker) and external (healthiness of the foods) state. Do overweight individuals have altered valuation processes of foods, or do they cognitively regulate differently? These open questions are examined in this thesis. After testing lean and overweight individuals across hungry and satiated internal states and in response to a range of healthy and unhealthy stimuli, I observed that the the overweight group demonstrated significantly higher valuation of unhealthy foods relative to lean but only in the hungry state. Additionally, I found a within-groups difference: the lean participants consistently reported higher values for healthy over unhealthy foods, regardless of internal state. By contrast, the hungry overweight participants valuated the two types of foods similarly. These findings are the first evidence that the difference in excess weight between the two BMI groups may not be due to weaker ability in cognitive control, rather it is more likely due to a higher valuation for foods specifically when they are hungry. More research is needed in order to fully understand how lean and overweight individuals depart from one another in value-based decision making processes
Latchimy, Ingrid. "Justifier une prise de décision en situation de dilemme : Aspects cognitifs et émotionnels." Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012AIXM3031.
Full textFew studies have analyzed the content of justifications made at the end of a choice facing a moral dilemma, although this choice causes serious consequence for others. Several studies have shown that moral judgments were largely intuitive and, therefore, were hardly explained by individuals. However, studying the content of these rationalizations afterthought is expected to provide new information on the relationships between cognitive and emotional aspects at work in a morally difficult decision. The experimental design of this study was to ask adults to provide a judgment on a personal (Bridge) or impersonal (Switch) dilemma explaining the reasons of the direction of their choice either by oral or in writing. Several observables were developed on the nature of the deontological and utilitarian arguments and the emotional and cognitive lexicon used. The main expectation of this thesis is to show that what adults say about their choice is highly dependent on the nature of the dilemma they were submitted to, on their judgment and on the constraints making their mode of expression more or less easier. In other words, the content of their post hoc rationalization would greatly depend on the conditions under which they were produced. More precisely, the content of justifications produced by 331 participants was analyzed with an analytical grid of the deontological and utilitarian arguments and with Tropes software, enabling two scenarios of automatic counting of the emotional lexicon (EMOTAIX) and cognitive lexicon (COGNITAIX). The results show that individuals do not only produce one kind of argument (utilitarian or deontological)
Ligneau, Catherine. "La prise de perspective à différents âges." Tours, 2001. http://www.theses.fr/2001TOUR2010.
Full textLe, Pors Thierry. "Simulation cognitive de la prise de décision d'experts ; application au trafic maritime." Phd thesis, Université de Bretagne Sud, 2010. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00547128.
Full textArdiale, Éléonore. "Sélection stratégique et vieillissement cognitif : rôle du changement stratégique intra-item." Thesis, Aix-Marseille 1, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011AIX10074.
Full textPsychology research has shown that young and older adults used different strategies to accomplish a cognitive task. Thus, the issue of how we choose a strategy among several available strategies is raised. In order to further understand strategy selection, the goal of this thesis was to investigate the within-item strategy switching and its evolution with age, on one hand, and to highlight mechanisms involved in the selection strategy, on other hand. Our data show that different variables, intrinsic and extrinsic to the problems, affect the ability of switching strategies within item during aging. Young and older adults interrupt a mid-execution strategy and choose a different strategy than previously executed. Participants switched strategies more frequently to choose the best strategy, and especially when the strategy was easy to execute. Older adults had more difficulties than young adults to switch strategies and therefore, they chose less frequently the best strategy. We also show that the strategy selection is associated with increased brain activities in prefrontal regions, well known to be the seat of executive functions. Finally, we discuss how these results have important implications for theoretical models of strategy selection, and for cognitive aging
Lerda, Robert. "Les déterminants cognitifs des conduites de décision : le cas du football." Aix-Marseille 2, 1993. http://www.theses.fr/1993AIX22062.
Full textGeyres, Béatrice. "Biais d'ancrage et ajustement sur les décisions judiciaires : effet de l'expertise." Toulouse 2, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009TOU20064.
Full textAnchoring and adjustment phenomenon is a cognitive bias, which was first theorized by Tversky and Kahneman in 1974. It was studied in extremely various fields and proved to be particularly robust and powerful. The person who has to make a judgment in a numerical way proves to be very affected by any value (or anchor) that was previously suggested. The target of this PhD thesis is to study this phenomenon in a domain where both individual and social issues at stake are fundamental: penal judgment. Two archival data studies and two experiments involving experienced magistrates enabled not only to confirm the existence of this bias in the sentencing decisions but also to define the extent of the phenomenon according to the judges' expertise and to the plausibility of the presented anchors (within the framework of legal judgment, the anchor corresponds to the prosecutor's sentence proposition). A last experimentation was conducted with fans of a popular sport – soccer – in order to put to the test a major hypothesis, which was hard to validate in the Justice field: anchoring and adjustment effects are a linear function of knowledge on the judgment's field; i. E. The more knowledge a decision maker has on the judgment's object, the less he is sensible to anchoring effects
Fortin-Guichard, Daniel. "Attention sélective et prise de décision chez les volleyeurs : comparaison entre passeurs et autres joueurs." Doctoral thesis, Université Laval, 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/67504.
Full textIn sports psychology, researchers mostly analyzed athletes’ perceptual cognitive skills using the “experts-novices” paradigm (Wrisberg, 2001). Depending on the research context (e.g., expertise, task representativeness), the number and duration of ocular fixations vary (Broadbent et al., 2015). However, one result seems consistent from one study to the next: expert athletes anticipate better the follow-up action than novices do (McRobert et al., 2011). In the last two decades, an observable trend in sports psychology invites researchers to clarify the notion of perceptual-cognitive expertise by comparing expert athletes among themselves. These studies aim at isolating subtle factors involved in expert performance (e.g., Milazzo et al., 2015). A factor yet to be studied in this perspective concern decisional responsibilities. From an expertise perspective, volleyball is quite interesting: it is one of the sports where specialization in a specific position is the most marked. Most importantly, one position, namely the setter, involves greater decisional responsibility than other positions. They frequently have to decide to which hitter they need to set the ball to in order to maximize the chances of scoring. Therefore, the general goal of the thesis is to compare experts with important decisional responsibility with experts from the same domain having less responsibility. Two studies with specific goals address this question. The first study is based on the Recognition-primed decision model (RPDM). The RPDM explains how experts make decisions when facing situations from their area of expertise. The aim of the study is to analyze, with respect to the model, how setters differ regarding anticipation process compared to other experts and non experts. Twenty-five setters, 36 other players and 19 controls viewed 50 volleyball video sequences: 10 services, 10 receptions, 10 sets, 10 attacks and 10 blocks. Sequences stopped 120 ms before ball contact and participants had to explain their anticipation process by answering four questions verbally: “What would you do facing this situation?”, “What were you looking at?”, “What were you thinking of?” and “What led you to this decision?”. Answers were transcribed verbatim. Scores were computed, where points were awarded depending on verbalization number and relevance with the model. Results revealed that setters scored generally higher than other players and controls. Other players also had higher scores than controls. Results support the validity of the RPDM to explain how volleyball players with different levels of decision-making responsibilities differ. Discussion suggests the validity of the RPDM and to use it as a tool to identify key decision-makers. The second study considers more frequent perceptual-cognitive measures, namely eye movement and anticipation efficacy. The same participants as in the first study (in addition to a supplementary setter and a control) watched the same video sequences. Sequences stopped 120 ms before ball contact and participants, whose eye movements were recorded, had to predict the ball direction. Results revealed that setters and controls made more but shorter fixations than other players. However, both expert groups made better predictions than controls. Dynamic analysis of eye movement over time shows that players’ upper body is a most relevant attentional cue right before all types of ball contact, as both expert groups attend this specific area of interest more than controls. Results are discussed in terms of decision-making responsibilities to identify key decision-makers in volleyball and in general. Results point towards specific perceptual-cognitive abilities found in setters and support the idea that setters constitute a subgroup of experts, although they are not better than other players in anticipating the game.Taken altogether, the results from both studies indicate that setters can be considered a subgroup of expert volleyball players, as they present with a different way of gathering visual information and explaining their anticipation process. These results suggest that decisional responsibility could be considered as a factor indiversifying athletes’ perceptual-cognitive skills. It is recommended that in-situ studies be carried out, both in volleyball and in other sports where a position with decision-making responsibility can be identified (e.g., quarterback in American football).
Servant, Mathieu. "Mécanismes de prise de décision dans des environnements conflictuels : approches comportementales, computationnelles et électrophysiologiques." Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015AIXM4764.
Full textA perceptual decision is a deliberative process that aims to choose a categorical proposition or course of action from a set of alternatives on the basis of available sensory information. Models of perceptual decision-making assume that sensory information is accumulated to some threshold level, whence the decision terminates in a choice. The recent discovery of neural correlates of these theoretical predictions in the non-human primate brain has reinforced their validity. However, neurophysiological studies of perceptual decision-making mechanisms in humans are relatively scarce. This work aims at enhancing our understanding of the computations and neurophysiology underpinning such mechanisms in humans, through the study of decision-making contexts more complex than those used in monkey research
Devaux, Marie-Lise. "Contextes et prises de décision : rôle de l'âge et de la personnalité." Tours, 2005. http://www.theses.fr/2005TOUR2002.
Full textEl-Sayegh, Nicolas. "La motivation robotique." Caen, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012CAEN1686.
Full textCanivet, Delphine. "Contribution à l'étude de la prise de décision partagée dans les contextes de haute incertitude en oncologie." Doctoral thesis, Universite Libre de Bruxelles, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/2013/ULB-DIPOT:oai:dipot.ulb.ac.be:2013/231669.
Full textDoctorat en Sciences psychologiques et de l'éducation
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Meyer-Durat, Laurence. "La prise de décision dans la formation des dirigeants : qu'est-ce que le dirigeant fait de la décision et qu'est-ce que la décision fait de lui ?" Strasbourg 1, 2003. https://publication-theses.unistra.fr/public/theses_doctorat/2003/DURAT_Laurence_2003.zip.
Full textAfter having produced a critical analysis of decisional theories, as well as of the different conceptions of the manager's role and approached the learning process in action , we have chosen to study the decision under an original point of view. Instead of considering the capacity to take decision as a training aim, we make the assumption that by the manager, the decision is often considered as an learning opportunity, or as a learning strategy inserted in a wider perspective of identity construction. This places our research within two perspectives, to be considered at the same time : education within the action but also throughout identity construction. To check the validity of our proposal, we have interviewed a panel of 21 managers, finalized by a quantitative and qualitative analysis. The results of the survey reveals particularly that decisional training is possible when 4 factors are present : appropriate organisational context, favourable action situation, reference models and a specific manager attitude
Laporte, Sandra. "Essays on consumer judgment and decision making under uncertaingy." Jouy-en Josas, HEC, 2010. https://pastel.archives-ouvertes.fr/pastel-00604896.
Full textThe dissertation studies several factors that impact likelihood judgments and decisions in concrete situations characterized by uncertainty. The first two essays study the entry decision in a lottery where the number of participants is unknown. This decision is not affected by the number of prizes, i. E. By the number of winners to be rewarded (Essay 1), whereas it is influenced by the similarity with the previous winners, a logically irrelevant factor (Essay 2). Consumers’ insensitivity to the number of prizes is driven by the combined effect of the low evaluability of this attribute and decision making without likelihood judgment. Similarity with the previous winners increases participation intention because of the Interpersonal Hot Hand Fallacy: consumers believe their chances of winning the next random drawing are higher when they are similar to the lucky previous winners than when they are dissimilar. The final essay shows that, when regretting a recent decision before its consequences are known, people tend to be optimistic about these consequences, provided that the self-significance of the decision is limited
Dracon, Nadège. "@Modalités de prises de décision dans l'élaboration de choix tactiques chez les experts et les novices : application au rugby." Caen, 2000. http://www.theses.fr/2000CAEN1278.
Full textBrisbois, Xavier. "Le processus de décision dans le choix modal : importance des déterminants individuels, symboliques et cognitifs." Phd thesis, Grenoble, 2010. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00556569.
Full textGiger, Jean-Christophe. "Etats affectifs transitoires et consistance attitude-comportement." Clermont-Ferrand 2, 2003. http://www.theses.fr/2003CLF20005.
Full textMerlhiot, Gaëtan. "Perception des risques, incertitude et prise de décision en situation de catastrophe naturelle liée au volcanisme." Thesis, Clermont-Ferrand 2, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016CLF20019.
Full textThe overall aim of this thesis is to examine the decision-making of individuals at risk of natural disaster, specifically related to volcanism, and to achieve potential applications, notably to improve the decision-making of individuals at risk. We focused on the uncertainty, an essential aspect of natural disaster events, which greatly impacts individuals’ emotions and decision-making. On the one hand, the situational uncertainty is an essential component for prospective emotions such as fear, and on the other hand, the uncertainty of consequences determines the use of affect heuristics (emotions used as relevant aspects of the decision) in decision-making (system 1). This doctoral thesis followed three complementary axes. In the first axis, namely Situational Uncertainty, Framing Effect and Decision-Making, we exhibited that the mere exposure to situational uncertainty could negate the framing effect, which could be explained, based on previous works, by an increase of systematic processing (system 2), stemming from the processes of the fronto-amygdala regulation. In the second axis, Uncertainty of Consequences, Information to Population and Decision-Making, we have evidenced that a reduction of the uncertainty of consequences applied to the information to population could improve, under certain circumstances, the individuals’ decisions. This effect was only identified in situations of highly charged anticipatory emotions (home environment, moral dilemmas), which are frequently encountered situations during natural disasters. Lastly, in the third axis, Creation of a Stimuli Dataset for the Study of the Human Behavior Facing Natural Hazard, we detailed the conception and validation of an image dataset dedicated to natural disasters and volcanism, named “Natural Disasters Picture System” (NDPS)
Salvador, Alexandre. "Modulation pharmacologique du raisonnement et de la prise de décision : apports pour la psychiatrie." Thesis, Sorbonne Paris Cité, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017USPCB007/document.
Full textSuccessful new drug development has declined in psychiatry in the last decades. This is in part the resut of a high failure rate in translating positive preclinical efficacy results to positive clinical trials. Limitations in the validity of animal models and shortcomings in the usefullnes of the current categorical diagnostic system. Cognitive neurosciences and particularly reinforcement learning and its computational analysis might provide biomarkers required to develop new ways of classifying mental disorders on the basis of both observable behaviour and neurobiological measues. Used in conjunction with pharmacological challenges, it may bring new insights into the physiopahtology and brain mechanisms underlying psychiatric disorders. It may also help design new animal models with imporved predictive validity for the develoment of medications relying on innovative mechanisms of action. We illustrate the use of reinforcement learning and pharmacological challenge in two experimental studies. In the first experiment, we administered a reinforcement learning task that involves both direct learning from obtained outcomes and indirect learning from forgone outcomes to two groups of Gilles de la Tourette patients, one receiving aripiprazole, one unmedicated and to a group of healty subjects. In the second experiment, we administered two probabilistic stimulus selection learning tasks (one simple, one with occasional reversals) to healthy subjects randomly and blindly allocated to either escitalopram, a typical serotonin reuptake inhibitor, agomelatine, an antidepressant with a different mechanism of action, or placebo. The experiment compard the effect of these two classes of antidepressants to placebo after both short term (3 days) and long term (8 weeks) treatment. These experiments bring insights into the understanding of the clinical condition studied, and the effects of the drugs tested. Implications of this approach for the translational approach to drug development is discussed
Werly, Patrick. "Du choix irréversible à la vocation infinie : le devenir de la décision et de ses modèles dans la littérature et les arts." Paris, EHESS, 2000. http://www.theses.fr/2000EHES0007.
Full textAudusseau, Jean. "Prise de décision sous incertitude et raisonnement probabiliste chez l’enfant : aspects développementaux et différentiels." Thesis, Rennes 2, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016REN20015/document.
Full textThe study of decision making under uncertainty in psychology attempts to identify the various processes by which individuals select a course of action among several alternative possibilities in order to reach a particular goal, when the outcomes of this course of action are uncertain. We hypothesize that executive function and logical-mathematical reasoning may play a role in decision making under uncertainty in children aged 5 to 11. We adopt an individual differences approach (between- end within-individual variability) combined with a developmental approach (micro- ans macrogenetic change). Four studies have been conducted. The first two studies underline working memory role in a gambling task in children aged 8 to 11, and cast some doubts on executive function implication in this gambling task in children aged 5 to 7 (test/retest approach). The third study aims to identify the strategies children aged 5 to 6 use in a probability quantification task. By considering both individual and situational variations, we identify various strategies that relates to distinct developmental levels. We show that older children display a greater strategic flexibility in response to situational variations. Finally, the fourth study seeks to investigate decision making in a gambling task with the Expected Valence model in children aged 6 to 11. Our idiographic approach first focuses on an individual model, and then compares the only children whose decisions were appropriately captured by the individual model
Lafond, Daniel. "Formation de concepts et processus décisionnel en catégorisation perceptive : des règles logiques aux arbres de décision." Thesis, Université Laval, 2007. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2007/25002/25002.pdf.
Full textLe, Berre Anne-Pascale. "Métamémoire, prise de décision et motivation dans l’alcoolo-dépendance : Etudes en neuropsychologie et neuroimagerie structurale : [thèse soutenue sur un ensemble de travaux]." Caen, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011CAEN1619.
Full textThe first objective of this thesis was to gain a better understanding of metamemory functioning and to identify the brain substrates underlying decision-making deficits observed in alcoholics early in abstinence and at treatment entry. Our results revealed an overestimation of memory performance in alcoholism, which may be explained by episodic memory deficits and executive dysfunctions. Decision-making deficits were related to structural brain abnormalities in regions involved in emotional and cognitive functions. Thus, alcoholics may be unable to perceive the negative impact of their drinking behaviour and therefore fail to adjust their risky behaviour according to potential negative consequences. The second objective of this thesis was to examine the contribution of cognitive functions and brain structure to a key component of treatment success: motivation to change drinking behaviour. Our data indicated that alcoholics at treatment entry may be little motivated to modify their inappropriate behaviour because of cognitive impairments and cerebral macrostructural abnormalities in regions involved in cognitive, emotional and social abilities. Taken together, these findings emphasize the relevance to evaluate cognitive functioning and to examine brain macrostructure in alcoholics early in abstinence in order to adjust entry
Godard, Loig. "Modèle de Gestion Hiérarchique Distribuée pour la Reconfiguration et la Prise de Décision dans les Équipements de Radio Cognitive." Phd thesis, Université Rennes 1, 2008. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00355352.
Full textGodard, Loïg. "Modèle de gestion hiérarchique distribuée pour la reconfiguration et la prise de décision dans les équipements de radio cognitive." Rennes 1, 2008. https://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00355352.
Full textThis work focuses on the implementation of a management architecture for cognitive radio equipment for applications in the field of radiocommunications. The architecture is named HDCRAM (Hierarchical and Distributed Cognitive Radio Architecture Management). HDCRAM is hierarchically distributed in the equipment to take into account heterogeneity of execution platforms. Thanks to a precise management for both reconfiguration and decision-making leading to a reconfiguration of all or part of the system. Through the use of UML language, for high level of abstraction modeling, we define a platform independent model of HDCRAM which offers an extended opportunity in terms of reusability and modularity. The choice to use an executable metamodeling language as Kermeta for HDCRAM allows describing both structural and behavioral part of our architecture and gives the opportunity to make functional simulation
Gourmat, Nacer. "L' influence des représentations sociales sur la prise de la décision : illustration par la carte cognitive du dirigeant marocain." Lyon 3, 2007. https://scd-resnum.univ-lyon3.fr/out/theses/2007_out_gourmat_n.pdf.
Full textBy defining the representations as a cognitive mode of determination of social behaviours rather than actions, they allow to consider a decision-making situation as constraint by a structure of social connections and by behaviors of the other individuals. The subject is conceived there then as a "knowing actor": having cognitive capacities to build a social behaviour adapted to the situation, and strategic skills to manage the interaction (and its dynamics) who develops between the authors of the decision-making activity. The decision-maker builds rebuilds constantly the reality of the world surrounding him throughout the process of perception and interpretation of the new information and so, their integration in new cognitive schemas giving place to decisions and managerial actions In a context of environmental complexity, we are brought to wonder: how make the leaders "to stabilize" their representations in an environment with fast and uncertain evolution? How do they manage to elaborate and to maintain the coherence of their strategic speeches in a more and more unstable environment? How do they survive the conflicts and the crises which perturb in a rough way their mental plans and their concepts of analysis? In brief, how do they formulate the complex problems and do find a way in the complexity of the reality?
Souchon, Nicolas. "Prises de décisions en handball : influence des stéréotypes arbitraux liés au genre et au niveau de pratique des joueurs." Rennes 2, 2005. http://www.theses.fr/2005REN20041.
Full textThe aim of our thesis is to demonstrate that handball referees, faced with a very difficult information processing activity, could make specific stereotypes active and apply them in real conditions, in accordance with players' gender and competitive level, in order to help them make their decisions. Ninety handball games from departmental, regional and national masculine and feminine championships have been observed to determine whether specific referee stereotypes could find an application in real playing situations (Etude 1). Then an hundred referees took part in a test - study of decision making, to check the real influence of players' gender and competitive level over their decision (Etude 2). In fine, these subjects answered to a questionnaire allowing their specific stereotypes to be measured explicitly (Etude 3). The results reveal that referees' stereotypes could find a better application with failing situations happening when contact with the opponent such as : "blotting out", "bad ball", "loss of ball" and "missed shot", than with successful situations : " passes" and " good shots". The second study reveals that gender of players - and to a lesser extent their competitive level - has a significant influence on sportive and disciplinary decisions made by referees in failing situations. The third study however shows that referees have very consensual stereotypes, whether when gender but also competitive level of players is concerned, which indicates that decision making could be influenced in an equal part by these two dimensions