Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Prise de décision environnementale'
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Nana, Nzépa Olivier. "Les ONG et la prise de décision internationale en matière environnementale, le Sommet de la terre, 1992." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1997. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk3/ftp04/nq26708.pdf.
Full textKhemir, Souhir. "Perception, utilité et influence de l'information environnementale, sociale et de gouvernance sur la prise de décision d'investissement." Thesis, Toulouse 1, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014TOU10027.
Full textIn addition to financial reporting, more and more companies report Environmental, Social and Governance (ESG) information. This practice is intended to fulfill the information needs of all the company’s stakeholders, and more specifically the investors. This thesis aims to analyze the perception, usefulness and influence of ESG information on the investment decision of financial professionals. For this, the decision-usefulness information theory is mobilized. The empirical investigation consists of two steps: the first is an exploratory study of both qualitative (based on focus groups as well as semi-structured interviews) and quantitative (based on an online questionnaire). It reveals professional financial interest for 11 indicators related to ESG information issued from the G3.1 guidelines of the Global Reporting Initiative. The second step consists of an experiment with the aim to verify the effect of the indicators revealed during the exploratory phase on the investment allocation decisions of a sample of 245 subjects, among which half of them are experienced financial professionals. The results show that ESG information overall, the investor’s level of experience and the investment time horizon all influence the investment allocation decision. In addition, the Social and Governance information has more influence than Environmental information
Jaeck, Louis. "La dynamique du réglementation environnementale : bienveillance ou opportunisme du décideur public." Aix-Marseille 3, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010AIX32048.
Full textThis thesis contributes to the political economy literature on environmental policy. It seeks to explain the divergence between economist’s prescription on one hand and policy implementation on the other hand. In the first part, it looks at the theories of regulation and discusses the realism of the benevolence assumption of public decision maker. It refers to the development of Austrian Political Economy based on the principle of policy learning and on the empirical evidences of public choice theorists that relates to the determinants of environmental regulation. In the second part, it uses the Public Choice methodology based on opportunistic policymaker and investigates from a theoretical point of view the determinants of the dynamic of environmental regulation. It refers to rent seeking theory and develop a model of a dynamic of regulation that is based on the influence of cognitive bias on public policies. Such a model enables us to determine the conditions of cycles in environmental regulation. It enhances to understand and predict environmental policies that are surrounded on scientific controversies, such as climate policies
Ferranna, Maddalena. "Three Essays on the Decision Making under Risk and Equity Concerns." Thesis, Toulouse 1, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015TOU10057/document.
Full textFlesselle, David. "Conception et mise en oeuvre d'une méthodologie de pilotage de projets de construction de bâtiments intégrant l'approche Haute Qualité Environnementale (HQE®)." Artois, 2003. http://www.theses.fr/2003ARTO0204.
Full textControlling the environmental impacts of buildings is becoming an unavoidable requirement for the construction industry. The French building sector refers to the "Haute Qualité Environnementale" approach to buildings, or HQE®. Including this concept in construction activities is a complex problem, connected with the technical aspects of buildings, the economic context and also the human and operational context of the construction process. The purpose of the research work presented here is to elaborate a methodology for managing environmental sustainability in building construction projects thanks to the French HQE® approach. This methodology aims at integrating the concept of HQE® in the phase of building programming and at following the evolution of this environmental quality during the design phase. Suited to common professional practice, this method is organised around the traditional process of construction and decision-making. The construction project methodology proposed control activity model resulting from modelling and analysis, according to an integrated Process-Product approach, the activities and data concerned by environmental quality in building programming and design phases
Alhamwi, Hussam. "La prise en compte des incertitudes dans l’évaluation de la qualité environnementale des bâtiments tertiaires : démarche HQE®." Thesis, Paris Est, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012PEST1173/document.
Full textIt is well known that the construction sector is considered one of the main factors that affect the energy consumption and the emissions of greenhouse gases. Thus, the enhancement of the environmental quality of buildings is an important response to the challenges of sustainable development. In such context, this research discusses the problem of the uncertainty inherent in the French approach HQE®, particularly the assessment of the environmental quality of tertiary buildings. In fact, this study is based on possibility theory, which presents interesting advantages in terms of our problem, especially its ability to model human expertise or knowledge in addition to simple and unique presentation of uncertainties and inaccuracies on the basis of a limited amount of information. Moreover, this work aims to associate a credibility assessment of the environmental quality of buildings by handling two types of input parameters which are the quantitative and the qualitative ones. This uncertainty modeling offers the designers a better prioritization of the impacts of the different parameters, which thus contribute to the improvement of the environmental quality of a building, and identify the information that would require more instigation to enhance the credibility of the environmental assessment
Alhamwi, Hussam, and Hussam Alhamwi. "La prise en compte des incertitudes dans l'évaluation de la qualité environnementale des bâtiments tertiaires : démarche HQE®." Phd thesis, Université Paris-Est, 2012. http://pastel.archives-ouvertes.fr/pastel-00836644.
Full textBornes, Laetitia. "Méthodes et outils systémiques concrets pour faire face à la complexité environnementale et aux effets rebond pendant un processus de design ou de décision." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Toulouse, ISAE, 2024. http://www.theses.fr/2024ESAE0064.
Full textThe challenge of climate change and the impact of human activity on the environment is undoubtedly one of the most pressing and urgent issues of our time. However, attempts to solve this problem have so far been inadequate. For years, efforts have focused on reducing the direct material impact of systems, particularly energy consumption, through system optimization (Park, 2004; Blair, 2020) and persuasive design in Sustainable Human-Computer Interaction (SHCI). An increasing number of researchers are acknowledging the complexity of sustainability, the need for a form of sobriety, and in particular the role of rebound effects in undermining these efforts. For instance, since 2014, the SHCI community has identified the necessity for a more systemic approach, and some researchers are now advocating for a systemic approach to addressing rebound effects (Bremer, 2023; Widdicks, 2023). To equip designers and decision-makers to identify, anticipate, understand, prevent, and mitigate rebound effects, we draw on systemic methods and tools from systems thinking, system dynamics, and systemic design. In particular, we propose a card-based tool to help designers and decision-makers identify potential future rebound effects that could result from a design intervention or decision. Furthermore, we have developed a collective systemic modeling methodology to enable stakeholders to represent and understand existing rebound effects through modeling and to build and compare design strategies through simulation. We developed a prototype simulation tool specifically for this purpose, which enabled us to better understand the requirements of consequential modeling of the indirect effects of a product or service within a socio-technical system. The proposed methodology and tools were implemented in a series of case studies to assess their usefulness and usability, reveal insights into the mitigation of rebound effects through design, and identify avenues for future research
Salahaldin, Linda. "Utilisation des options réelles pour l’aide à la décision d’investissement dans le transport durable." Paris 9, 2007. https://portail.bu.dauphine.fr/fileviewer/index.php?doc=2007PA090047.
Full textIn this thesis, we study the problem of investment in sustainable transport. We first develop a model, based on the IPAT method, to calculate the cost of transport externalities. Then, using real options method, we show how to maximize the inter-generational utility. First, under population growth uncertainty, we obtain explicit closed form expression for the population threshold above which it is optimal to invest. Second, under both demand and cost project uncertainties, like in the case of the construction of hydrogen infrastructure, we develop a numerical algorithm that helps making decisions. We calculate the expected waiting time until investing and show that we must wait a longer time before investing when the uncertainty is high
Harscoet, Erwan. "Développement d'une comptabilité environnementale orientée vers la création de valeur : l'application à un investissement de prévention des pollutions." Phd thesis, Paris, ENSAM, 2007. http://pastel.archives-ouvertes.fr/pastel-00003071.
Full textBlanquart, Stéphanie. "Role de l'aide multicritère à la décision (AMCD) dans la promotion d'une agriculture durable : Application à la régulation des pesticides au sein du secteur horticole de la Région Provence-Côte d'Azur." Nice, 2006. http://www.theses.fr/2006NICE0042.
Full textNatural resources management suffers from multiple dysfunctions: ecological, social-economic, territorial, but also informational. Facing these dysfunctions, a recent literature is trying to adapt various means to go beyond them, with the sustainable development as a common purpose. As the first user of soil, water for irrigation, ecosystems and biological diversity, agriculture is directly concerned by this concept. Indeed, there is a need for considering both agriculture and environment within a sustainable agriculture. In that respect, this study is proposing a local process (LP) based on modern decision methods such as Multi-Criteria Decision-Aid (MCDA), in order to promote a sustainable agriculture at a local level. Applied to pesticide control within the horticultural sector and used to answer a request from the INRA (National Institute of Agronomic Research), the promotion of a sustainable horticulture needs adopting an integrated biological protection (IBP) that would use in priority biological protection against chemicals. The final purpose of this study is to help local authorities determine their own agricultural sector requirements and propose an adapted environmental policy. Results from implementing the AMCD-LP are showing an incentive based on informational management problems related to the adoption of new agricultural practices and the reality of a “technological lock-in”. In a local policy context, recommendations are proposing an experimental phase with local horticulturists. The latter are being sorted in three criteria groups (technical, behavioural and sustainability) allowing high-quality information broadcast within the area
Haffoudhi, Houda. "Analyse économique des négociations environnementales internationales et application au problème de changement climatique." Paris 1, 2005. http://www.theses.fr/2005PA010007.
Full textOuvrard, Benjamin. "Les nudges dans la régulation environnementale : alternative ou complément aux instruments monétaires ?" Thesis, Strasbourg, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016STRAB011/document.
Full textIn this thesis, we propose to mode! individuals' reaction to a nudge, based on the announcement of the socially optimal contribution. We want to compare the efficiency of this incentive, with the efficiency of a tax to improve environmental quality. We test the theoretical predictions we obtained in a laboratory experiment. We show that the reaction to our nudge depends on subjects' environmental sensitivity, contrary to the tax. ln a second experiment, we test the existence of persistent effects of these two instruments in the long term. We also consider a mix tool (tax and nudge), to raise subjects' awareness (with the nudge) that they are taxed because their behaviour is not optimal. ln the last chapter, we extend our analysis considering agents arranged in fixed networks. We analyze how the equilibria are shaped under the implementation of our nudge
Bourgeois, Guillaume. "Analyse et modélisation de l’impact environnemental du système d’information." Electronic Thesis or Diss., La Rochelle, 2023. http://www.theses.fr/2023LAROS023.
Full textDigital technology has become an integral part of our daily lives, but it has a significant environmental impact, particularly in terms of energy consumption, greenhouse gas production, electronic waste, water and air pollution, deforestation, and biodiversity loss. Organizations are becoming aware of their environmental responsibility and are seeking to reduce their carbon footprint related to information systems. To help organizations manage their IS carbon footprint, this thesis proposes a decision support framework based on a detailed modeling of the environmental impact of the information system. This framework identifies the most effective actions to reduce the environmental impact of the IS, taking into account the operational and financial constraints of the organizations. The WeNR tools are presented as concrete applications of this decision support framework, which allow measuring the environmental impact of the IS within organizations and proposing concrete measures to reduce it. Finally, the author presents the prospects of a responsible digital SaaS decision support tool that would automatically collect data on the organization’s digital carbon footprint, analyze it, propose specific actions to reduce it, and provide key environmental performance indicators
Bruel, Aurélien. "Proposition d'indicateurs des externalités environnementales basés sur l'ACV et les services écosystémiques." Thesis, Troyes, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016TROY0035/document.
Full textIn today's society, it is difficult to spread the Industrial ecology. This can be explained by the fact that information for decision makers is mainly outcome from the natural and engineering sciences. Thus, information provided in the decision process is focused on the physical study of material and energy flows. It seems irrelevant to challenge the industrial and public decision makers. For this, this thesis aims to understand which indicators to use to better integrate environmental impacts in the process of industrial and public decision. It is particularly interested in the integration of environmental externalities in the decision process. It seeks to understand what are the interactions between the life cycle of a product and ecosystem services of a territory by using the methodology of Life cycle assessment. This proposal was put to the test by developing an illustrative case study by modeling two ecosystem services related to eutrophication. Then indicators of industrial systems on ecosystem services are tested in an experimental validation process in two different contexts of decision making
Arcis, Vincent. "Influence des facteurs environnementaux sur le comportement de fourragement chez le rat : structure physique et disponibilité en nourriture." Nancy 1, 2003. http://www.theses.fr/2003NAN10225.
Full textAccording to the Optimal Foraging Theory an animal is expected to enter into a given activity depending on associated costs and benefits. Numerous studies have suggested that energetic reward is balanced by predation risk in foraging decisions. Therefore, the use of information about indirect cues of predation risk such as physical structure (e. G. Cover) can give individuals a selective advantage. We studied foraging behaviour in the laboratory rat in an experimental maze; it allowed us to vary two environmental parameters: food availability and physical structure. In a first experiment rats were offered a choice between two areas only differing in cover density. In a second experiment the two areas only differed in food density. In a third experiment we crossed both parameters. Results showed that high "cover" patch was preferentially exploited (exp. 1) and that rats foraged more in the high food density patch (exp. 2). The last experiment showed that rats partially trade-off between cover density and food availability. Therefore, we suggest that foraging decisions depend primarily on safety needs, rather than food availability, at least when animals are not severely food-deprived
Arcangelo, Filippo Maria D'. "Essays in Environmental Economics : Carbon Markets, Competitiveness and Common Pool Resources." Thesis, Toulouse 1, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020TOU10013.
Full textThis thesis contains three essays investigating empirically how firms and individuals respond to environmental policies. All chapters share an overarching element in that they investigate some unexpected consequences of environmental policy. The first two chapters discuss how the European carbon market, designed to reduce polluting emissions, has also impacted firms' competitiveness and international investments. The third chapter shows empirically how the social preferences in individuals with access to a common pool resource affect, sometimes surprisingly, preservation policies. In the first chapter, I empirically investigate the effect of the European Emission Trading Scheme (EU ETS) on cross-country investments, employing a model of the firm's investment decision in conjunction with novel firm-level data. In contrast with the previous literature, I stress the importance of firms' heterogeneity in the analysis. I derive conditions on the firms' optimal emissions to construct a measure of investment sensitivity to carbon pricing from observed pollution data. This allows me to identify the effect of the EU ETS on international investments, by comparing the expected profits from investing in several different countries. I find that investments react to carbon pricing and that the effect is stronger for more polluting investments. However, the aggregate amount of diverted investments is small. I moreover show that the lost investments do not justify, alone, the generous compensations scheme aimed at retaining investments. In the second chapter, Giulia Pavan, Sara Calligaris and I provide evidence of the causal impact of the EU ETS on firms' input choices and total factor productivity. We combine structural estimation of firms' production function and techniques for policy evaluation to estimate the effect of the EU ETS on Italian manufacturing firms. Our results show a slightly negative effect of the policy on productivity, albeit the effect is heterogeneous across sectors. These findings are consistent with fuel switching, rather than a substantial change in the production process. In the third chapter, with George Joseph, Gautam Gupta, Barry Sopher, and Quentin Wodon, we study, in a lab-in-the-field experiment, the effect on social preferences of providing heterogeneous harvesting rights to a resource. In the underlying game, neither variations in the actions nor payoffs identify social preferences. We overcome this problem estimating the empirical game in a two-steps procedure, which can be applied more generally to estimate other-regarding preferences. We find that the models with social preferences explain better the data than the self-regarding model and that altruism explains it better than inequity aversion. When we asymmetrically increase harvesting rights, individuals increase their other-regarding behavior, becoming less selfishly. When we introduce a proportional sharing rule, this effect is further increased, but participants become equity averse if their payoff is lower than the others'
Beaudoin, Anne-Josée. "Les effets du vieillissement sur la performance et les stratégies d'interception en fonction de contraintes environnementales et sur la locomotion et la prise de décision en situation piétonnière." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 2000. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk1/tape4/PQDD_0021/NQ48966.pdf.
Full textMaison, Dominique Antoine. "Information et prise de décision dans la gestion des risques sanitaires environnementaux : Les apports de l'intelligence économique et territoriale Exemples de l'Organisation Mondiale de la santé et de la Guyane française." Toulon, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010TOUL0011.
Full textWould it be short and magnetic waves, nanotechnologies or more traditionally fields like air or drinking water quality, environmental health topics has now gained a fully-fledged part in public debates. All through the development of civilisations, intuitions or descriptions have identified the effect of the human environment on health. Nevertheless, health and environment are more prone to be considered as distinct fields than as a single corpus. Sanitary aspects are often seen as a minor part of public health, a domain often considered mainly as the management of health care systems, with the physician as an emblematic figure. Now, the social demand has been increasing after that effect of environment on health has been heavily questioned such as for microwaves, soil or air contaminants. Necessity arises to define, implement and be accountable for public policies in that matter. This work deals with this approach seen under the information aspects: their nature, gathering, building and final use in the decision process. Specifically, we will assess the possible inputs of techniques and methods developed by economic and territorial intelligence. In a first part, we set the theoretical framework for environmental health: technical fields, problem formulating. This step conditions widely the handling of problems and thus public policies. Those policies in France do rely on actors and intervention tools the functions of which are presented through some significant examples. They show the limits of institutional and technical knowledge, finally set aside in many cases to make the final decision. Among the reasons are the lack of understanding for the technical features of environmental health, as well as the incapacity to work out the whole set of data needed to make a decision. Moreover, the shattering of public stakeholders falls sometimes into rivalry and bickering and reflects the lack of understanding of environmental health as a corpus, not as punctual stakes. The always heavier influence of international institutions on norms and regulations is neither anticipated nor taken into account, in France at least. All those reasons participate in shrinking the scope of the decisions on the one hand; on the other hand they do strip the deciders from their role in benefit of bureaucratic and supranational actors. Go-between decisions and intermediate steps are in cause. Corps of civil servant emerged from this process, developing distinct interests and ambitions, that may different from the common interest and using technical pretexts. Recently, a u-turn has been taken in that respect, purely political and organisational decisions being made on behalf of technical inputs. A result of this first part of our reflexion is the growingly intricate weight of territories interests, would it be global with the World Health Organization or European with the EU, besides “traditional” territories as the state and local territories that still have to affirm themselves. In order to identify the links created by information through those different territories and set of interest, we take the example of a remote French territory in South America, French Guiana. Regulations implemented there result from WHO, EU, French national state with some consequences and lack of adaptation due to specific local settings. Classical “top down” approaches are all the more useless that local reality differs from common settings. We do propose 3 case-studies to illustrate this hypothesis. We also use those studies to try to identify causes of failures or success. Among them is the necessity to identify key information that is able to push the decider to take a decision. Technical aspects are not enough under that aspect. Formalized participation of stakeholders and beneficiaries can help and should be systematically used, starting upstream any program and being able to confer some kind of sustainability. But more, there is a need to develop an integrated sanitary intelligence at the territory scale, the only way to encompass fully the many impacts of environment on health for public policies
Ben, Mechlia Malek. "Dimensionnement et typologie d’une flotte de véhicules tenant compte de l’impact environnemental et de la maintenance." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Université de Lorraine, 2021. http://www.theses.fr/2021LORR0344.
Full textNowadays, taking into account hard customer requirements, logistics represent one of the most important key of success for companies. It is clear that the expectations have led companies to explore new ways to improve their economic performance while respecting the imposed requirements. In this context, introducing the decision support tools taking into account operational and environmental constraints in the logistics field has become a major issue to turn up this challenge. Therein, we were interested in this research project in the economical sizing of a fleet of vehicles taking into account the environmental impact and maintenance, while considering two types of vehicles (fuel, electric). The operating mode, the energy consumption as well as the environmental impact caused by the means of transport are taken into account in presenting the various works studied. For the sizing and typology of a vehicle fleet based on maintenance and environmental impact we proposed three strategies, where each is illustrated through the development of an analytical model and a numerical resolution based on an example. The first relates to the strategy of acquisition and resale of all vehicles used at the end of missions, the second is about the strategy of leasing and the third concerns the strategy of acquisition, the subcontracting at the end of missions and resale at the end of the subcontracting contract. The optimization of each strategy is developed in order to determine the optimal number of vehicles of each type to be exploited, the duration of its use, and the preventive maintenance (PM) policy to be adopted for each types of vehicles. Numerical results show the differences between strategies and prove the robustness of the analytical models developed. We note that the impact of the period of health crisis (Covid-19) on the preventive maintenance strategy has been taken into consideration for the first strategy developed
Simard, Louis. "Conflits d'environnement et concertation : le cas des lignes THT en France et au Québec." Paris, Institut d'études politiques, 2003. http://www.theses.fr/2003IEPP0008.
Full textGlaize, Annabelle. "Prise de décision en santé : une approche de décision multicritère." Thesis, Lille 1, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019LIL1A006.
Full textDecisions in healthcare are often complex and difficult to make and justify. Multi-criteria decision analysis (MCDA) is a decision-making tool that has been proven to be useful in numerous applications in healthcare contexts. Specifically, this operations research tool enables the integration of multiple conflicting criteria and encourages stakeholders to participate in the decision-making process. The purpose of this PhD dissertation is to contribute to the scientific literature on MCDA methods and how they should be applied in healthcare contexts, which are characterised by complex decision-making, by expanding these methods’ possible applications. This research is composed of three essays, each of which answers a specific research question related to decision-making in healthcare. The first essay maps the literature and assesses how the steps of the MCDA process are followed in different healthcare contexts. The second essay combines the business process improvement (BPI) methodology and lean methods to assess a chemotherapy outpatient service that suffers from difficulties in the patient flow process and propose improvement opportunities. The third essay builds on the findings of the second and applies the ELECTRE III method to define which actions could help improve the quality of care and patient satisfaction of the outpatient service
Alcaraz, Fabien. "Circuits thalamocorticaux de la prise de décision." Thesis, Bordeaux, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015BORD0446/document.
Full textSurvival of living organisms depends on the ability to make decision adapted to theircurrent needs and desires. Such an ability results from the integration of multiple basiccognitive processes such as events prediction and action control. These processes are bestinvestigated within the framework of associative learning. Past research has demonstratedthat these processes are supported by a widespread neuronal circuit, in which the prefrontalcortex and his major afferent structure, the mediodorsal thalamus (MD), play a central role.In this context, this thesis work aimed at investigating the functional role of the exchangesbetween these two structures in decision making.In a first part of this work, we assessed the role of the MD in prediction and control.We showed that MD lesioned rats are unable to adapt their behavior to a change in rewardvalue, in an experimental procedure asking the integration of instrumental and Pavloviancontingencies. This result confirmed the fundamental role of MD in goal representation. As asecond step, we performed an anatomical study in order to characterize the architecture ofthe thalamocortical pathways arising from the MD. We first showed that multiplethalamocortical pathways originate from segregated neuronal populations within the MD.We also discovered a poorly known thalamic structure innervating the orbitofrontal cortex,the submedius nuclei. In order to understand the functional role of these pathways, we useda conditional chemogenetic technique aimed at inactivating neuronal populations selectedon the basis of their projections. Using this technique, we showed that the animal’s abilitiesto represent either the value or the action-reward relationship depend on the directionalityof MD and prefrontal cortex exchanges. Finally, we identified a specific role for thesubmedius nuclei in updating Pavlovian contingencies, by using a more classical lesioningapproach.Taken together, these results support the idea that decision making involved severalthalamocortical loops, differentially supporting prediction and action control
Gingras, François. "Prise de décision à partir de données séquentielles." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1999. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk1/tape9/PQDD_0019/NQ56697.pdf.
Full textDubus, Jean-Philippe. "Prise de décision multiattribut avec le modèle GAI." Phd thesis, Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris VI, 2010. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00812558.
Full textFlora, Dominique. "Organisation, motivation et prise de décision dans l'entreprise." Paris 10, 1992. http://www.theses.fr/1992PA100048.
Full textMoraïtis, Pavlos. "Paradigme multi-agent et prise de décision distribuée." Paris 9, 1994. https://portail.bu.dauphine.fr/fileviewer/index.php?doc=1994PA090046.
Full textMathis, Jérôme. "Prise de décision, expertise et information partiellement vérifiable." Cergy-Pontoise, 2005. http://biblioweb.u-cergy.fr/theses/05CERG0263.pdf.
Full textOur contemporary societies are marked more and more by a search of productivity and rationalization. This requires the detention and correct use of information (whatever economic, scientist, technological, social or political). Thus, the expert's report and communication activities are increasing. The producers and transmitters of information (experts) can influence the decision-making by strategically withholding some information. This thesis studies from a theoretical, normative and positive point of view, the impact of the possibilities for certifying information on those of influencing the decision outcome. The first part treats an advisory decision-making (the experts are consulted by the decision maker). The second part treats a deliberative decision-making (the decision-making is directly entrusted to the experts having to decide through a deliberation)
Cohen, Gérard. "Théorie de la décision, décision et non-decision dans l'électronucléaire : le rôle du décideur." Reims, 2005. http://theses.univ-reims.fr/exl-doc/GED00000311.pdf.
Full textThe electro-nuclear industry is a minefield for decision makers. The problem has migrated from the economic to the political sphere, a phenomenon which the latter would rather have avoided. . . How and why? The first part of this thesis presents a diagnostic of the formal decision making system in the electro-nuclear field. It is clear that this system is structurally inefficient. The second part explores the true decision making system in the electro-nuclear field, revealing the existence of an underlying, virtually secret decision making system, unique to this industry. This is explained (particularly with a diagram) and proved twice by the facts. The conclusion is also very clear : in the electro-nuclear industry, everyone knows what must (inevitably ) be done, but no one will make any decisions! Quid about a theory in this case ? The third part investigates precisely how academic thought might explain the situation. The conclusion is, again, clear : no theory can satisfactorily explain exactly what is observed. The conclusion of this study proposes defining the electro-nuclear field as a “meta problem” or a “meta organization“. It shows how this particular definition can better explain what is happening in this field, essentially by means of six new diagrams, which, juxtaposed with the first one, can serve as a graphic summary of it
Zhu, Shuguang. "Three essays on mechanism design, information design and collective decision-making." Thesis, Toulouse 1, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018TOU10008/document.
Full textThis thesis investigates several topics in Microeconomic Theory, with a focus on incorporating information control into mechanism design, checking the robustness of mechanisms, and providing a foundation for inconsistent collective decision-making. This work helps to optimize information transmission and acquisition in organizational communications, advertisement and policy design. It also sheds light on how inconsistent group decisions derive from heterogeneity in group members, and proposes ways to restore efficiency. The thesis consists of three chapters, each of which is self-contained and can be read separately. The first chapter studies a mechanism design environment where the principal has control over the agents’ information about a payoff-relevant state. The principal commits to an information disclosure policy where each agent observes a private signal, while the principal directly observes neither the true state nor the signal profile. Examples include (1) assessing whether a new product matches consumers’ preferences through their feedback on sample product trials, and (2) gathering intelligence by authorizing investigators to collect various aspects of information. I establish optimality of individually uninformative and aggregately revealing disclosure policy, where (i) each agent obtains no new information about the state after observing any realization of his own signal, but (ii) the principal can nevertheless infer the true state from the agents’ reports about their signals. Furthermore, this optimal disclosure policy admits simple and intuitive implementation (such as certain types of blinded experiments, or restrictions on access to certain information) under additional assumptions. If attention is restricted to linear settings, I characterize a class of environments (including those satisfying the standard regularity conditions in mechanism design) where an equivalence result holds between private disclosure and public disclosure.The second chapter, co-authored with Takuro Yamashita, is motivated by Chung and Ely (2007), who establish maxmin and Bayesian foundations for dominant-strategy mechanisms in private-value auction environments. We first show that similar foundation results for ex post mechanisms hold true even with interdependent values if the interdependence is only cardinal. Conversely, if the environment exhibits ordinal interdependence, which is typically the case with multi-dimensional environments, then in general, ex post mechanisms do not have foundation. That is, there exists a non-ex-post mechanism that achieves strictly higher expected revenue than the optimal ex post mechanism, regardless of the agents’ high-order beliefs. The third chapter shows that dynamic inconsistency in collective decision-making can derive from heterogeneity in group members’ outside options (i.e. opportunity costs that individuals have to pay in order to join the group), even if individuals share the same exponentially discounting time preference. This model of endogenous dynamic inconsistency facilitatesthe analysis of welfare consequences, since time-consistent individual preferences allow for a well-defined measurement of social welfare. We further characterize the optimal Bayesian persuasion information disclosure policy, which takes the form of upper revealing rules, to alleviate the welfare distortion caused by inconsistent collective decisions. Our framework proves to be highly adaptable to various contexts, including provision of public facilities and assignment on team work
Mokaled, Ghadi. "L'efficacité de la décision administrative." Poitiers, 2004. http://www.theses.fr/2004POIT3019.
Full textMahboub, Karim. "Modélisation des processus émotionnel dans la prise de décision." Phd thesis, Université du Havre, 2011. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00696675.
Full textStal-Le, Cardinal Julie. "Approche systémique de la prise de décision en entreprise." Habilitation à diriger des recherches, Université de Nantes, 2009. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00786203.
Full textImmordino, Giovanni. "Rôle de l'incertitude scientifique dans la prise de décision." Toulouse 1, 1999. http://www.theses.fr/1999TOU10055.
Full textMahboub, Karim. "Modélisation des processus émotionnels dans la prise de décision." Le Havre, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011LEHA0018.
Full textEmotion is inseparable from cognitive processes and therefore plays a major role in decision making. As a result, it is becoming increasingly important in today's scientific research. The aim of this thesis is to show the advantages of an emotional approach, and to prove that in certain cases computer models equipped with artificial emotions prove to be more efficient than their purely cognitive equivalents. Based on this observation, two emotional models were realised from different study perspectives. They underline the impact of the addition of an emotional dimension in the elaboration of a fast, adaptive and efficient decision. The first developed model uses a graph for strategies representation in order to solve a ten-year-old pupil mathematics exercise called the "Cascades problem". Emotion is represented there as weighting values in the graph edges dynamically managed by an ant algorithm. The tests carried out on two versions, one emotional and the other one fully cognitive, show that the use of an emotional model produces a more efficient and adaptive solving. In addition, a second model named "GAEA" aims at simulating a robot equipped with sensors and effectors and thrown into a prey-predators environment inside which it must survive. Its behaviour is determined by its internal program that evolves thanks to a linear genetic program algorithm manipulating a population of program individuals. Results are promising and indicate that the population produces individuals whose behaviour is more and more adapted, and whose internal activity is analogous to the emergence of relevant emotional reactions
Froger, Géraldine. "Rationalité et prise de décision en économie de l'environnement." Paris 1, 1996. http://www.theses.fr/1996PA010055.
Full textEnvironmental risks (the greenhouse effect, acid rains. . . ) take place in a context of ecological globalization and complexity. This result justify our work about decisionmaking based on specific hypothesis of rationality and their abibilty to rationalize some choices of environmental preservation. In complete information, game theory modelize strategic interactions in the field of environmental risks. This analysis, based on substantive rationality, suppose that the instrumental and cognitive rationalities of the agents are strong. We point out this kind of hypothesis is limited to rationalize and explain the choices of environmental preservation. Then we study situations of incomplete information. The expected utility theory, based on substantive rationality, suppose that the cognitive rationality of the agents is a little bit weakened. We developp the reasons why this approach don't take complexity and indetermination into consideration. This results justify the necessity to adopt a larger criterion of rationality called procedural rationality. The naiade method, based on this hypothesis of rationality, suppose that the instrumental and cognitive rationalities of the agents are weakened. We illustrate how this method which articulates multicriteria analysis and fuzzy set theory justify some choices of environmental preservation
Castellanos-Paez, Sandra. "Apprentissage de routines pour la prise de décision séquentielle." Thesis, Université Grenoble Alpes (ComUE), 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019GREAM043.
Full textIntuitively, a system capable of exploiting its past experiences should be able to achieve better performance. One way to build on past experiences is to learn macros (i.e. routines). They can then be used to improve the performance of the solving process of new problems. In automated planning, the challenge remains on developing powerful planning techniques capable of effectively explore the search space that grows exponentially. Learning macros from previously acquired knowledge has proven to be beneficial for improving a planner's performance. This thesis contributes mainly to the field of automated planning, and it is more specifically related to learning macros for classical planning. We focused on developing a domain-independent learning framework that identifies sequences of actions (even non-adjacent) from past solution plans and selects the most useful routines (i.e. macros), based on a priori evaluation, to enhance the planning domain.First, we studied the possibility of using sequential pattern mining for extracting frequent sequences of actions from past solution plans, and the link between the frequency of a macro and its utility. We found out that the frequency alone may not provide a consistent selection of useful macro-actions (i.e. sequences of actions with constant objects).Second, we discussed the problem of learning macro-operators (i.e. sequences of actions with variable objects) by using classic pattern mining algorithms in planning. Despite the efforts, we find ourselves in a dead-end with the selection process because the pattern mining filtering structures are not adapted to planning.Finally, we provided a novel approach called METEOR, which ensures to find the frequent sequences of operators from a set of plans without a loss of information about their characteristics. This framework was conceived for mining macro-operators from past solution plans, and for selecting the optimal set of macro-operators that maximises the node gain. It has proven to successfully mine macro-operators of different lengths for four different benchmarks domains and thanks to the selection phase, be able to deliver a positive impact on the search time without drastically decreasing the quality of the plans
Cherkaoui, Hajar. "Vers une prise de décision robuste en maintenance conditionnelle." Thesis, Troyes, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017TROY0040.
Full textThis thesis is a contribution to robust decision making in maintenance of systems subject to gradual degradation. Our first contribution is to develop a criterion allowing the joint evaluation of the mean economic performance and the robustness of different types of maintenance strategies. The advantage of the proposed criterion is that it adapts to different types of maintenance strategies and provides access to a simple and relevant evaluation model. The second contribution is devoted to the development and the evaluation of a joint maintenance and spares parts management strategy that applies to multi-component systems with different qualities. For the proposed joint strategy, prognostic indicator is used for both maintenance and procurement decision-making. The evaluation criterion proposed above is used for the evaluation of this policy as well. The third contribution corresponds to the proposal of two conditional maintenance strategies with hybrid inspections for the maintenance of multi-component systems with different and unknown qualities. For the strategies proposed, online monitoring information is used to disclose the quality of system components to be maintained using statistical techniques of classification and estimation
Haydar, Jamal. "Prise de décision orientée QoS dans les réseaux hétérogènes." Paris 6, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010PA066184.
Full textPeyrafort, Manon. "Emotion et prise de décision chez la seiche, Sepia." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Normandie, 2023. http://www.theses.fr/2023NORMC259.
Full textIn 2013, cephalopods were included in European Directive 2010/63/EU, which requires scientists to provide them with welfare conditions in the laboratory. However, they do not have any evaluation tools. The emotional responses of animals are proving to be good indicators for assessing their welfare in captivity. The aim of this thesis is therefore to identify behavioural indicators in common cuttlefish. Cuttlefish change their appearance (chromatically and texturally) which are similar in function to the facial expressions of vertebrates. These changes are particularly observed in a feeding context, a context that is conducive to the expression of emotions. Firstly, the work described the changes in the appearance of cuttlefish when attacking prey to identify the components expressed. Secondly, these components were evaluated in predation contexts, probably inducing emotions of different valence and intensity, as well as in a competitive social context. The results highlight 8 components (1 textural and 7 chromatic, including 3 observed for the first time) that are expressed differently from one cuttlefish to another and from one context to another. When attacking prey, cuttlefish therefore appear to use two different camouflage strategies (one “chromatic” and the other “textural”) directed towards a predator. These strategies seem to reveal a personality trait. For cuttlefish using the first strategy, the expression of 6 chromatic components seems to correlate with their preferences and motivation. This thesis concludes that chromatic changes probably integrate an emotional component and proposes for the first time that cuttlefish have affective states, but without being able to state it with certainty. In the future, chromatic components could be proposed as a tool for evaluating the welfare of cuttlefish, at least at the feeding level
Harang, Laurence. "Rationalité de l'action et rationalité de la décision." Aix-Marseille 1, 2000. http://www.theses.fr/2000AIX10039.
Full textVeron, Paul. "La décision médicale." Thesis, Montpellier, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015MONTD064.
Full textThe medical relationship is traditionally addressed by the private law academia through the prism of the of the contract concept. In line with another part of the academia, this study aims to put forth a renewed reading, centered on another paradigm: the decision. The law does not govern here a meeting of minds producing obligations but rather a care decision whose purpose is performing a medical procedure on a patient, primarily taken as a human being. The approach can a priori rest on a certain degree of common sense: isn’t medicine, after all, primarily an art – which partly became a science – of the decision?To approach the concept of decision in the field of medical law requires to give up the dominant meaning given to that term in the various legal disciplines. Well-known figure of public law and procedural law, emerging in private law, the notion of decision is largely identified with a unilateral legal action. Such strict interpretation cannot prevail for understanding our object of study: first, the medical decision is not a legal action; secondly, it may be unilateral or bilateral, or, to be precise, it can be individual or shared. It appears to be preferable, in the field of medical law, to return to a common meaning of this notion of decision, as opposed to strictly legal: it is a selecting process geared towards the implementation of a deed.The way the law addresses a medical decision can be summarized in four questions : Who decides? Addressing the issue of identifying the decision makers. How should the decision be taken? Addressing the decision-making procedure. Why and to what aim is a decision taken? Addressing the question of reasons and purposes on which the medical decision is based. Finally, what can we decide? Which means can we implement to cure? This addresses the question of the purpose of the decision. While the first two points are related to the process of decision-making, the last two refer to the issue of decision taken.This approach essentially has dual benefits. First, it offers a unique mean of interpreting the medical care relationship, regardless of the context (public hospital, private clinic or private practice), which appears necessary in view of the legal developments in the last two decades. Second, it allows the conceptualisation of the medical relationship in a theory of power, medical decisions being analysed, in this aspect, as the expression of private power
Deschênes-Beaulieu, Sara Maude. "La prise de décision éthique des consultants : compréhension du processus." Thèse, Université de Sherbrooke, 2014. http://savoirs.usherbrooke.ca/handle/11143/136.
Full textHallaoui, Abdelmjid. "Le consensus comme mode de prise de décision à l'OMC." Nice, 2008. http://www.theses.fr/2008NICE0005.
Full textEven if consensus as mode of decision-making is a principle which is supposed to guarantee the equity and the participation of all of the members, the results of the multilateral negotiations are often, unfortunately, in favour of the developed countries. The great losers are the poor members. Is consensus at WTO in a crisis? The principal cause isn't that this organisation was created for the firs countries, and not for the last ones. It seems that WTO want to be presented as an Organisation for all members, but, in fact all members are not for WTO. Our work end by the conclusion that the world need not just one trade organisation, but several ones which can satisfy the needs of citizens, according to the development levels of their countries; and if WTO should to subsist, it is just to stay as a forum of discussion ,but not an organ of decision making
Nguyen, Quoc Toan. "La prise de décision de l'auditeur dans le contexte vietnamien." Bordeaux 4, 2008. http://www.theses.fr/2008BOR40056.
Full textThe external auditor plays a very important role to ensure accounting information and strengthen the trust between those involved in the company. The auditor has a difficult taskto investigate the accountability and responsability to establish, in an audit report, if accountability is correct and faithful. This mission requires the auditor to make good auditing decisions. However, our research objective is to understand, how and why the audit's decision was taken differently in each specific context. Decision-making in auditing has been widely studied in developped countries, particularly in Europe and America. For Vietnam this study is the first of its kind. Being aware of the importance of the auditors profession in this country, our research contributes to new knowledge on undersqtanding the audit decision in the Vietnamese contexte. The decision making of the Vietnamese auditor is studied through two aspects : cultural and professional. The first is based on the Vietnamese cultural dimension which influences the individual's decision. The religious influences, way of thinking, individual autonomy, collective behaviour, etc. . . The second is based on the auditors work environment in Vietnam which is particularly characterizes by the professional organization of the audit, the regulatory frame, the organizational culture of the firm and the socio-political context. We are also devoted to analyzing the decision making of the Vietnamese auditors through two aproaches : quantitative and qualitative. This analytical approach begins with an explanation for the logic of applied research, and by deepening the empirical treatment on perceptions of the Vietnamese auditor's decision
Chouaf, Mohamed. "La prise de décision à objectifs multiples : une approche dynamique." Dijon, 1986. http://www.theses.fr/1986DIJOE003.
Full textThe analysis of static multi-objective decision making through the study of the decision and the decision making process undertaken in this thesis attempts to demonstrate the utility, for certain optimisation problems, of considering not a unique criterion but multiple objectives. This work thus leads to the presentation of multi-objective decision making in general and of multi-objective linear programming in particular, of which certain methods of resolution are described in order to solve static optimisation problems. However, a decision cannot be considered outside of its environment or of the context of decisions that preceeded and will follow. In order to comprehend this phenomenon of the interrelationship of decisions, a study of dynamic systems and optimal control problems was necessary to present the two principles of decomposition of a dynamic system into a suite of static problems. Thus, thanks to these principles, which are : the maximum principle (pontryagin), the optimisation principle (bellman), this study shows that in the linear case, an optimal control problem can be reduced to the resolution of a suite of linear problems. In addition, these problems furnish the necessary and suffisant condition of optimality. This results permits the classic optimal control problem, i. E. One having a unique criterion, to be extended to the multi-objective case and thus results in a new tool : linear optimal control with multiple objectives. To illustrate this new type of problems, we have presented a dynamic model based on the leontief input-output system and the french economy
Belaid, Fateh. "Traitement des incertitudes et prise de décision dans l'amont pétrolier." Littoral, 2008. http://www.theses.fr/2008DUNK0272.
Full textTwo important characteristics of petroleum exploration and production investment are the high financial amounts and uncertainties. For these reasons, the risk analysis should be implemented in the projects evaluation and the selection process. Depending on their available resources, petroleum companies choose a number of projects on the basis of som criteria : the net present value, internal rate of return, profitability index. However, these criteria appear to be insufficient if we consider, on the one hand, the absence of risk idea which is an essential element of the petroleum industry, on the other hand the omission of the correlations and interactions between different projects. In this paper, in order to make up for the lacks of the traditional approach, we apply a variant of Markowitzs method to determine the efficient portfolio exploration and production projects that insure the best compromise minimum risk-maximum return under the different constraints faced by the company. A practical application of this method about selection of petroleum exploration projects in the North Sea is presented. This practica case illustrates the influence of the crude price in the choice of the portfolio
Lee, Sahng Gyoun. "La prise de décision de la politique européenne en RFA." Paris 1, 1993. http://www.theses.fr/1993PA010298.
Full textWith the change of the germany's political and economic status in the e. C. After her reunification, this research is concentrated on the analysis of the new european policy-making system in the frg, of the new domestic political system caused by the reunification, and of the relationship between the federation (bund) and the lander in the national european policy-making system. Especially, this thesis tries to explain the 2 key-questions : 1)the mecanisme of interaction between federal actors (chancellor, federal ministries, bundesbank, and bundestag) and regional actors (bundesrat and lander governments) and 2)the tripartite relationship of interdependance between the e. C. , the federal government, and the lander in the making of german european policy
Diago, Ndeye Arame. "Mécanismes de négociation multilatérale pour la prise de décision collective." Thesis, Lyon, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018LYSE1174/document.
Full textCollective decision making is a process in which many participants with different interests interact in order to build a solution to their problem. It is inherent to many organisations and companies. Nowadays, the advances in Artificial Intelligence, notably, Multi-Agents Systems enabled the automation of decision-making processes in order to analyse and to better understand how these mechanisms work. A collective decision may be made by using a voting system or by using negotiation. In this thesis, we focus on multilateral negotiation for collective decision making by proposing negotiation models. The proposed models based on heuristic approach. The agents interact with them in order to build a solution to their problem. This context is different from models based on game theory where the set of possible solutions are supposed to be known by all agents. So heuristic negotiation issue is that agents' reasoning may be very complex. This complexity grows where the number of agents and issues to be negotiated are important. The goal of this research work consists of devising negotiation mechanisms where agents'interaction are fully decentralized. We focus on organisation aspect of the multi-agent system by using divide and conquer approach in order to reduce the negotiation complexity and hence to facilitate research of agreements. Our works tackle negotiation under different contexts which lead us to bring three contributions which focus on agents' organization, interaction protocols, negotiation object, concession strategies and effective and fair solution concept. The proposed mechanisms are implemented in JavaJade. We analyse the convergence of the negotiation, negotiation time and quality of the solution. Our models are compared with a centralized approach where all of the agents are gathered around one group to negotiate. Our empirical analyses show that our propositions allow the agents to reach collectives agreements
Couët, Nicolas. "L'impact d'une formation sur la prise de décision partagée destinée aux médecins sur l'intention des patients de s'engager dans un processus de prise de décision partagée : analyse secondaire d'un essai clinique randomisé par grappe." Master's thesis, Université Laval, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/24960.
Full textWe conducted a secondary analysis of the clustered randomized trial of DECISION+2, a shared decision making training program for family physicians, and assessed its impact on patients’ intention to engage in shared decision making for choosing whether or not to use antibiotics for treating an acute respiratory tract infection in a future consultation. A total of 359 patients contributed data to this secondary analysis. Overall, after adjusting for the clustered design of the trial, we saw no statistically significant difference in the change of score in intention between patients from the DECISION+2 group and those from the control group (proportional odds ratio=1.55; 95% confidence interval=0.81-2.96). Patient-directed interventions may be necessary to achieve such purpose.