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Journal articles on the topic 'PRIOR CONTEXT'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 11 September 2023

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1

Buttny, Richard. "Putting Prior Talk Into Context: Reported Speech and the Reporting Context." Research on Language & Social Interaction 31, no. 1 (January 1998): 45–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1207/s15327973rlsi3101_3.

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2

Herr, Paul M. "Priming Price: Prior Knowledge and Context Effects." Journal of Consumer Research 16, no. 1 (June 1989): 67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/209194.

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3

Suzuyama, Yuki, Kazuhiro Hotta, and Haruhisa Takahashi. "Context Based Prior Probability Estimation of Object Appearance." IEEJ Transactions on Electronics, Information and Systems 129, no. 5 (2009): 832–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1541/ieejeiss.129.832.

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4

Brothers, Trevor, Eddie W. Wlotko, Lena Warnke, and Gina R. Kuperberg. "Going the Extra Mile: Effects of Discourse Context on Two Late Positivities During Language Comprehension." Neurobiology of Language 1, no. 1 (March 2020): 135–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/nol_a_00006.

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During language comprehension, online neural processing is strongly influenced by the constraints of the prior context. Although the N400 event-related potential (ERP) response (300–500 ms) is known to be sensitive to a word’s semantic predictability, less is known about a set of late positive-going ERP responses (600–1,000 ms) that can be elicited when an incoming word violates strong predictions about upcoming content (late frontal positivity) or about what is possible given the prior context (late posterior positivity/P600). Across three experiments, we systematically manipulated the length of the prior context and the source of lexical constraint to determine their influence on comprehenders’ online neural responses to these two types of prediction violations. In Experiment 1, within minimal contexts, both lexical prediction violations and semantically anomalous words produced a larger N400 than expected continuations ( James unlocked the door/laptop/gardener), but no late positive effects were observed. Critically, the late posterior positivity/P600 to semantic anomalies appeared when these same sentences were embedded within longer discourse contexts (Experiment 2a), and the late frontal positivity appeared to lexical prediction violations when the preceding context was rich and globally constraining (Experiment 2b). We interpret these findings within a hierarchical generative framework of language comprehension. This framework highlights the role of comprehension goals and broader linguistic context, and how these factors influence both top-down prediction and the decision to update or reanalyze the prior context when these predictions are violated.

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5

Gupta, Pankaj, Yatin Chaudhary, Florian Buettner, and Hinrich Schütze. "Document Informed Neural Autoregressive Topic Models with Distributional Prior." Proceedings of the AAAI Conference on Artificial Intelligence 33 (July 17, 2019): 6505–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1609/aaai.v33i01.33016505.

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We address two challenges in topic models: (1) Context information around words helps in determining their actual meaning, e.g., “networks” used in the contexts artificial neural networks vs. biological neuron networks. Generative topic models infer topic-word distributions, taking no or only little context into account. Here, we extend a neural autoregressive topic model to exploit the full context information around words in a document in a language modeling fashion. The proposed model is named as iDocNADE. (2) Due to the small number of word occurrences (i.e., lack of context) in short text and data sparsity in a corpus of few documents, the application of topic models is challenging on such texts. Therefore, we propose a simple and efficient way of incorporating external knowledge into neural autoregressive topic models: we use embeddings as a distributional prior. The proposed variants are named as DocNADEe and iDocNADEe. We present novel neural autoregressive topic model variants that consistently outperform state-of-the-art generative topic models in terms of generalization, interpretability (topic coherence) and applicability (retrieval and classification) over 7 long-text and 8 short-text datasets from diverse domains.

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6

Lerche, Veronika, Ursula Christmann, and Andreas Voss. "Impact of Context Information on Metaphor Elaboration." Experimental Psychology 65, no. 6 (November 2018): 370–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1027/1618-3169/a000422.

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Abstract. In experiments by Gibbs, Kushner, and Mills (1991) , sentences were supposedly either authored by poets or by a computer. Gibbs et al. (1991) concluded from their results that the assumed source of the text influences speed of processing, with a higher speed for metaphorical sentences in the Poet condition. However, the dependent variables used (e.g., mean RTs) do not allow clear conclusions regarding processing speed. It is also possible that participants had prior biases before the presentation of the stimuli. We conducted a conceptual replication and applied the diffusion model ( Ratcliff, 1978 ) to disentangle a possible effect on processing speed from a prior bias. Our results are in accordance with the interpretation by Gibbs et al. (1991) : The context information affected processing speed, not a priori decision settings. Additionally, analyses of model fit revealed that the diffusion model provided a good account of the data of this complex verbal task.

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7

Zhang, Duzhen, and Chuancai Liu. "Salient Object Detection Based on Context and Location Prior." International Journal of Signal Processing, Image Processing and Pattern Recognition 8, no. 4 (April 30, 2015): 125–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.14257/ijsip.2015.8.4.11.

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8

Webb, William Michael, and Stephen Worchel. "Prior experience and expectation in the context of crowding." Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 65, no. 3 (September 1993): 512–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.65.3.512.

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9

Ferguson, Brian S., Matthew J. Rogatzki, Matthew L. Goodwin, Daniel A. Kane, Zachary Rightmire, and L. Bruce Gladden. "Lactate metabolism: historical context, prior misinterpretations, and current understanding." European Journal of Applied Physiology 118, no. 4 (January 10, 2018): 691–728. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00421-017-3795-6.

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10

Ghazi, Diman, Diana Inkpen, and Stan Szpakowicz. "Prior and contextual emotion of words in sentential context." Computer Speech & Language 28, no. 1 (January 2014): 76–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.csl.2013.04.009.

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11

Imburgio, Michael J., and Annmarie MacNamara. "Cognitive reappraisal in an unpredictable world: Prior context matters." International Journal of Psychophysiology 146 (December 2019): 173–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijpsycho.2019.09.003.

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12

Ellis, Alan L. "Prior Interpersonal Contact With and Attitudes Towards Gays and Lesbians in an Interviewing Context." Journal of Homosexuality 25, no. 4 (November 23, 1993): 31–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1300/j082v25n04_03.

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13

Carvalho, Pedro, Américo Pereira, and Paula Viana. "Automatic TV Logo Identification for Advertisement Detection without Prior Data." Applied Sciences 11, no. 16 (August 15, 2021): 7494. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app11167494.

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Advertisements are often inserted in multimedia content, and this is particularly relevant in TV broadcasting as they have a key financial role. In this context, the flexible and efficient processing of TV content to identify advertisement segments is highly desirable as it can benefit different actors, including the broadcaster, the contracting company, and the end user. In this context, detecting the presence of the channel logo has been seen in the state-of-the-art as a good indicator. However, the difficulty of this challenging process increases as less prior data is available to help reduce uncertainty. As a result, the literature proposals that achieve the best results typically rely on prior knowledge or pre-existent databases. This paper proposes a flexible method for processing TV broadcasting content aiming at detecting channel logos, and consequently advertising segments, without using prior data about the channel or content. The final goal is to enable stream segmentation identifying advertisement slices. The proposed method was assessed over available state-of-the-art datasets as well as additional and more challenging stream captures. Results show that the proposed method surpasses the state-of-the-art.

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14

Rabin, Ely, and Andrew M. Gordon. "Influence of fingertip contact on illusory arm movements." Journal of Applied Physiology 96, no. 4 (April 2004): 1555–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/japplphysiol.01085.2003.

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Recent evidence suggests that reaching movements are more accurate when end point contact occurs, suggesting that fingertip contact contributes to a final estimation of arm position. In the present study we tested two hypotheses: 1) that fingertip contact influences illusions of arm movement produced by muscle vibration and 2) that this influence depends on the a priori context of the stability of the contact surface. Subjects sat with their elbows on a table and eyes closed. They demonstrated the perceived orientation of the left (cue) arm by mirroring the location with the right (report) arm. We manipulated deep proprioceptive cues by vibrating the left biceps brachia, causing illusions of elbow extension, and tested whether these illusions were altered when the fingertip remained in contact with a stable external surface. The context at this point represents a prior assumption that the external contact surface is stable. Midway through the experiment, the context was changed by challenging the prior assumption that the contact surface was stable by demonstrating that it could move. Unbeknownst to the subject, the external contact surface remained stable during data collection throughout the experiment. As expected, without tactile cues, biceps vibration caused illusory elbow extension. Conditions with fingertip contact and biceps vibration in the stable context demonstrated that contact largely eliminated the overestimation of cue arm elbow angle. However, in the context of a possibly unstable (movable) contact surface, the reports of elbow extension returned. Thus a priori notions about the stability context of an external contact surface influence how this tactile cue is integrated with proprioceptive sensory modalities to generate an estimate of arm location in space. These findings support the notion that tactile cues are used to calibrate proprioception against external spatial frameworks.

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15

Hao, Huaqing, Weibin Liu, and Weiwei Xing. "Context Prior based Semantic-Spatial Graph Network for Human Parsing." Neurocomputing 457 (October 2021): 13–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.neucom.2021.05.094.

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16

Xu, Lu, Shengbo Gao, Lijuan Shi, Boxuan Wei, Xiaowei Liu, Jicong Zhang, and Yihua He. "Exploiting Vector Attention and Context Prior for Ultrasound Image Segmentation." Neurocomputing 454 (September 2021): 461–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.neucom.2021.05.033.

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17

Zheng, Amin, Gene Cheung, and Dinei Florencio. "Context Tree-Based Image Contour Coding Using a Geometric Prior." IEEE Transactions on Image Processing 26, no. 2 (February 2017): 574–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tip.2016.2627813.

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18

Drescher, B. A., and M. P. Eckstein. "Prior expectations of context and saccadic decisions in natural scenes." Journal of Vision 4, no. 8 (August 1, 2004): 339. http://dx.doi.org/10.1167/4.8.339.

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19

Jolicoeur, Pierre, and Bruce Milliken. "Identification of disoriented objects: Effects of context of prior presentation." Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition 15, no. 2 (1989): 200–210. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/0278-7393.15.2.200.

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20

Pienciak-Siewert, Alison, Anthony J. Barletta, and Alaa A. Ahmed. "Transfer of postural adaptation depends on context of prior exposure." Journal of Neurophysiology 111, no. 7 (April 1, 2014): 1466–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.00235.2013.

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Postural control is significantly affected by the postural base of support; however, the effects on postural adaptation are not well understood. Here we investigated how adaptation and transfer of anticipatory postural control are affected by stance width. Subjects made reaching movements in a novel dynamic environment while holding the handle of a force-generating robotic arm. Each subject initially adapted to the dynamics while standing in a wide stance and then switched to a narrow stance, or vice versa. Our hypothesis is that anticipatory postural control, reflected in center of pressure (COP) movement, is not affected by stance width, as long as the control remains within functional limits; therefore we predicted that subjects in either stance would show similar COP movement by the end of adaptation and immediately upon transfer to the other stance. We found that both groups showed similar adaptation of postural control, by using different muscle activation strategies to account for the differing stance widths. One group, after adapting in wide stance, transferred similar postural control to narrow stance, by modifying their muscle activity to account for the new stance. Interestingly, the other group showed an increase in postural control when transferring from narrow to wide stance, associated with no change in muscle activity. These results confirm that adaptation of anticipatory postural control is not affected by stance width, as long as the control remains within biomechanical limits. However, transfer of control between stance widths is affected by the initial context in which the task is learned.

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21

Ogallar, Pedro M., Juan M. Rosas, Manuel M. Ramos-Álvarez, José A. Alcalá, James B. Nelson, Manuel Aranzubia, and José E. Callejas-Aguilera. "Prior extinction increases acquisition context specificity in human predictive learning." Behavioural Processes 169 (December 2019): 103984. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.beproc.2019.103984.

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22

Ma, Cong, Zhenjiang Miao, Xiao-Ping Zhang, and Min Li. "A Saliency Prior Context Model for Real-Time Object Tracking." IEEE Transactions on Multimedia 19, no. 11 (November 2017): 2415–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tmm.2017.2694219.

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23

Pierce, Robert S. "Influence of prior and subsequent context on comprehension in aphasia." Aphasiology 2, no. 6 (November 1988): 577–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02687038808248968.

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24

Rose, E. M. "Prior to the Prioress: Chaucer's Clergeon in Its Original Context." Studies in the Age of Chaucer 44, no. 1 (2022): 63–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/sac.2022.0030.

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25

Murray, Caroline. "Indexing in an XML context." Indexer: The International Journal of Indexing: Volume 24, Issue 2 24, no. 2 (October 1, 2004): 66–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.3828/indexer.2004.24.2.5.

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26

Apolinário-Souza, Tércio, Juliana O. Parma, Vinícius R. Carvalho, Maicon R. Albuquerque, Guilherme M. Lage, and Lidiane A. Fernandes. "Electrocortical activity prior to predictable and unpredictable stimuli requiring a motor response." Brazilian Journal of Motor Behavior 16, no. 3 (September 1, 2022): 240–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.20338/bjmb.v16i3.299.

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BACKGROUND: The fronto-central slow-wave known as the contingent negative variation (CNV) is an electroencephalographic measure related to the ability of the motor system to extract spatial-temporal regularities to produce a motor response. AIM: This study aimed to investigate the levels of electrocortical activity prior to predictable and unpredictable stimuli in a motor control task, and the association between CNV and reaction time (RT). METHOD: Seventeen participants performed a task that consisted of removing the right index finger from the space bar as fast as possible after stimulus onset. All participants practiced under both a predictable (PC) and an unpredictable (UC) context. RESULTS: Results indicated that RT under the unpredictable context was slower than under the predictable context. However, CNV levels under predictable and unpredictable contexts did not differ. CONCLUSION: The certainty of stimulus appearance in the UC may have produced effects similar to those under the PC, resulting in similar CNV levels. However, the use of this mechanism under the UC was suboptimal to motor performance.

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27

Barbalat, G., M. Rouault, N. Bazargani, S. Shergill, and S. J. Blakemore. "The influence of prior expectations on facial expression discrimination in schizophrenia." Psychological Medicine 42, no. 11 (March 12, 2012): 2301–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0033291712000384.

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BackgroundBelief inflexibility is a thinking style observed in patients with schizophrenia, in which patients tend to refute evidence that runs counter to their prior beliefs. This bias has been related to a dominance of prior expectations (prior beliefs) over incoming sensory evidence. In this study we investigated the reliance on prior expectations for the processing of emotional faces in schizophrenia.MethodEighteen patients with schizophrenia and 18 healthy controls were presented with sequences of emotional (happy, fearful, angry or neutral) faces. Perceptual decisions were biased towards a particular expression by a specific instruction at the start of each sequence, referred to as the context in which stimuli occurred. Participants were required to judge the emotion on each face and the effect of the context on emotion discrimination was investigated.ResultsFor threatening emotions (anger and fear), there was a performance cost for facial expressions that were incongruent with, and perceptually close to, the expression named in the instruction. For example, for angry faces, participants in both groups made more errors and reaction times (RTs) were longer when they were asked to look out for fearful faces compared with the other contexts. This bias against sensory evidence that runs counter to prior information was stronger in the patients, evidenced by a group by context interaction in accuracy and RTs for anger and fear respectively.ConclusionsOverall, the present data suggest an overdependence on prior expectations for threatening stimuli, reflecting belief inflexibility, in schizophrenia.

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28

Alsultan, Fahad M. "The Local Context of U.S. Arabic Gulf Policy prior to 1980." مجلة بحوث کلیة الآداب . جامعة المنوفیة 29, no. 113 (April 1, 2018): 3513–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.21608/sjam.2018.144475.

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29

Huang, Linjieqiong, Adrian Staub, and Xingshan Li. "Prior context influences lexical competition when segmenting Chinese overlapping ambiguous strings." Journal of Memory and Language 118 (June 2021): 104218. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jml.2021.104218.

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30

Jolicoeur, Pierre, and Bruce Milliken. ""Identification of disoriented objects: Effects of context of prior presentation": Errata." Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition 15, no. 4 (1989): 555. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/0278-7393.15.4.555.

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31

Jantzen, K. J., F. L. Steinberg, and J. A. S. Kelso. "Brain networks underlying human timing behavior are influenced by prior context." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 101, no. 17 (April 12, 2004): 6815–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0401300101.

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32

Maranesi, M., A. Livi, L. Fogassi, G. Rizzolatti, and L. Bonini. "Mirror Neuron Activation Prior to Action Observation in a Predictable Context." Journal of Neuroscience 34, no. 45 (November 5, 2014): 14827–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1523/jneurosci.2705-14.2014.

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33

Zhu, Xiaowei, Yu Han, Shichong Li, and Xinyin Wang. "A spatial-temporal topic model with sparse prior and RNN prior for bursty topic discovering in social networks." Journal of Intelligent & Fuzzy Systems 42, no. 4 (March 4, 2022): 3909–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.3233/jifs-212135.

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With the rapid growth of social network users, the social network has accumulated massive social network topics. However, due to the randomness of content, it becomes sparse and noisy, accompanied by many daily chats and meaningless topics, which brings challenges to bursty topics discovery. To deal with these problems, this paper proposes the spatial-temporal topic model with sparse prior and recurrent neural networks (RNN) prior for bursty topic discovering (ST-SRTM). The semantic relationship of words is learned through RNN to alleviate the sparsity. The spatial-temporal areas information is introduced to focus on bursty topics for further weakening the semantic sparsity of social network context. Besides, we introduced the “Spike and Slab” prior to decouple the sparseness and smoothness. Simultaneously, we realized the automatic discovery of social network bursts by introducing the burstiness of words as the prior and binary switching variables. We constructed multiple sets of comparative experiments to verify the performance of ST-SRTM by leveraging different evaluation indicators on real Sina Weibo data sets. The experimental results confirm the superiority of our ST-SRTM.

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34

Osborne, Dominique, Shashi Narayan, and Shay B. Cohen. "Encoding Prior Knowledge with Eigenword Embeddings." Transactions of the Association for Computational Linguistics 4 (December 2016): 417–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/tacl_a_00108.

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Canonical correlation analysis (CCA) is a method for reducing the dimension of data represented using two views. It has been previously used to derive word embeddings, where one view indicates a word, and the other view indicates its context. We describe a way to incorporate prior knowledge into CCA, give a theoretical justification for it, and test it by deriving word embeddings and evaluating them on a myriad of datasets.

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35

Brasher, Holly, and David Lowery. "The Corporate Context of Lobbying Activity." Business and Politics 8, no. 1 (April 2006): 1–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.2202/1469-3569.1124.

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Despite extensive research on political activity on the part of corporations, clear and consistent findings remain elusive. We identify three reasons for this failure. First, most of the empirical literature on corporate political activity simply studies the wrong phenomena by examining political action committees rather than lobbying more generally. Second, the literature studies an excessively narrow sample of organizations that might engage in lobbying, focusing almost always on extremely large corporations, which inevitably attenuates variance on many of the variables hypothesized to influence engagement in political activity. And third, prior work is rarely attentive to the diversity of corporate activities, narrowly conceptualizing vital aspects of the business context that might influence decisions to engage in political activity. Based on this critique, we develop and test new models of corporate political activity, finding that the diversity of the economic context within which firms work and firm size matter a great deal, if in ways somewhat different from those reported in prior work.

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36

이은정. "Implementation Type of Recognition of Prior Learning in the Higher Education Context." Journal of Education & Culture 24, no. 2 (April 2018): 287–310. http://dx.doi.org/10.24159/joec.2018.24.2.287.

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37

Cardinal, Lucien. "Diagnostic testing in the context of high-value care: Incorporating prior probability." Journal of Community Hospital Internal Medicine Perspectives 6, no. 6 (January 2016): 33674. http://dx.doi.org/10.3402/jchimp.v6.33674.

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38

Zheng, Amin, Gene Cheung, and Dinei Florencio. "Joint Denoising/Compression of Image Contours via Shape Prior and Context Tree." IEEE Transactions on Image Processing 27, no. 7 (July 2018): 3332–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tip.2018.2816818.

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39

Bowen, Holly J., Eric C. Fields, and Elizabeth A. Kensinger. "Prior Emotional Context Modulates Early Event-Related Potentials to Neutral Retrieval Cues." Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience 31, no. 11 (November 2019): 1755–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/jocn_a_01451.

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Memory retrieval is thought to involve the reactivation of encoding processes. Previous fMRI work has indicated that reactivation processes are modulated by the residual effects of the prior emotional encoding context; different spatial patterns emerge during retrieval of memories previously associated with negative compared with positive or neutral context. Other research suggests that event-related potential (ERP) indicators of memory retrieval processes, like the left parietal old/new effect, can also be modulated by emotional context, but the spatial distribution and temporal dynamics of these effects are unclear. In the current study, we examined “when” emotion affects recognition memory and whether that timing reflects processes that come before and may guide successful retrieval or postrecollection recovery of emotional episodic detail. While recording EEG, participants ( n = 25) viewed neutral words paired with negative, positive, or neutral pictures during encoding, followed by a recognition test for the words. Analyses focused on ERPs during the recognition test. In line with prior ERP studies, we found an early positive-going parietally distributed effect starting around 200 msec after retrieval-cue onset. This effect emerged for words that had been encoded in an emotional compared with neutral context (no valence differences), before the general old/new effect. This emotion-dependent effect occurred in an early time window, suggesting that emotion-related reactivation is a precursor to successful recognition.

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40

Stillman, Gloria. "Impact of prior knowledge of task context on approaches to applications tasks." Journal of Mathematical Behavior 19, no. 3 (July 2000): 333–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0732-3123(00)00049-3.

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41

Leszczyński, Leszek. "Implementing Prior Judicial Decisions as Precedents: The Context of Application and Justification." International Journal for the Semiotics of Law - Revue internationale de Sémiotique juridique 33, no. 1 (October 17, 2019): 231–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11196-019-09674-9.

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Abstract The paper concerns the conditions and methods of using previous judicial decisions as a kind of precedents in the processes of application of law within the statutory legal order. The use of such decisions, not announced by the legislator, depends on the courts, undertaking such actions on the grounds of similarity of cases or of decisional processes. Such decisions do not become an exclusive validation argument and may create a situation of their potential conflict with legal regulations as well as an inferential supplementation of their content. Dissemination of such activity of the courts leads to the development of precedential practice (relevant to the statutory legal order), though, its actual jurisdictional role depends on proper justification of decisions, within which reference to these decisions should be adaptive (in relation to the elements of the current case), generalizing (forming elements of ratio decidendi) as well as argumentative and discursive (in respect of the way in which the decisional reasoning and arguments expressed in the prior justification are used).

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42

Norrie, Christopher S., Annalu Waller, and Elizabeth F. S. Hannah. "Establishing Context." ACM Transactions on Computer-Human Interaction 28, no. 2 (April 2021): 1–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/3446205.

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Current mechanisms for adopting and supporting high-tech augmentative and alternative communication (AAC) within special-education appear limited in their success, despite recognition of the potential benefits they represent for young emerging communicators. Prior research in this field has been restricted to discrete survey or interview methodologies. We present a five-month mixed-methods ethnographic study in a special-education school to explore the facilitators and barriers experienced by those using technology, with children who have little or no functional speech, to stimulate communication and language comprehension. Our analysis supports the outcomes of earlier studies, but also furnishes novel insights into the scale and urgency of addressing the problem—with implications for user-centred design within this community. We highlight infrastructure, policy, and recruitment deficits, and propose a two-fold solution: (i) an increase in engagement with this population through the provision of enhanced, user-centred support; and (ii) induction of the cross-disciplinary role of Assistive Technologist, to serve as mediator between teacher, aided communicator, and their assistive technology. This work represents a contribution towards establishing more effective operational, interactional, and pedagogical support for learners using high-tech communication devices.

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43

Watts, Amber, and Sarah Jen. "CONTEXT-DEPENDENT SEXUAL CHANGES DURING WOMEN’S MIDLIFE TRANSITIONS." Innovation in Aging 6, Supplement_1 (November 1, 2022): 500–501. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/geroni/igac059.1921.

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Abstract For women, midlife represents an important stage of transition, including shifts in physiological, social, and sexual experiences. Prior research demonstrates that women’s sexuality is more dynamic and context-dependent than men’s. Most research focused on women’s sexuality in mid- to later-life emphasizes physiological changes, while largely ignoring changes stemming from social, psychological, and relational contexts. The present study examined midlife women’s diverse sexual experiences within the context of their lives. We conducted semi-structured interviews with 27 women, ages 39-57 and used interpretive phenomenological analysis to investigate perceptions and interpretations of midlife sexual experiences and changes. Themes included changes in sexual engagement, unwanted sexual experiences, body image, and sexual healthcare. Participants reported changes in frequency of sex and sexual desire within the context of their diverse social roles and identities, prior intimate relationships, and sexual health. Women contrasted perceptions of their own bodies with societal perceptions of sexiness. Frequently reported negative experiences with sexual healthcare informed a distrust of healthcare systems. The diverse and changing nature of participants’ experiences supports prior evidence of sexual fluidity and context-dependence. By questioning societal expectations around sexuality and body image, participants illustrated the potential of counternarratives to combat dominant beliefs and stereotypes about midlife women’s sexuality. To improve sexual health and education, psychoeducational interventions and improved training for healthcare professionals are needed.

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Solow, Andrew R. "On the prior distribution of extinction time." Biology Letters 12, no. 6 (June 2016): 20160089. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsbl.2016.0089.

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Bayesian inference about the extinction of a species based on a record of its sightings requires the specification of a prior distribution for extinction time. Here, I critically review some specifications in the context of a specific model of the sighting record. The practical implication of the choice of prior distribution is illustrated through an application to the sighting record of the Caribbean monk seal.

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Spilker, Gabriele, Quynh Nguyen, and Thomas Bernauer. "Trading Arguments: Opinion Updating in the Context of International Trade Agreements." International Studies Quarterly 64, no. 4 (September 17, 2020): 929–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/isq/sqaa061.

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Abstract Public opinion can often become a key challenge to international cooperation efforts. In their attempt to garner support for their position, stakeholders fight for the hearts and minds of the public based on arguments about the consequences of different policy options. But to what extent do individuals’ preferences change when exposed to such information? And how does this depend on the information being congruent or contradictory to pre-existing preferences? We address these questions in the context of the negotiations on the potentially largest regional trade agreement in history: the Transatlantic Trade and Investment Partnership (TTIP). Based on a two-waves-panel-survey-experiment fielded in Germany and the United States, we examine how individuals’ prior opinion influences the way they process new information. We argue that individuals’ existing priors about how they generally think about economic openness interact with new information to inform their opinion about the specific policy proposal at hand. Our experimental results show that while prior opinion constrains opinion updating to some degree, overall, citizens update their existing beliefs in line with new information. This updating process can even result in respondents changing their opinion, although only in one direction: namely to turn from a TTIP supporter to a TTIP opponent.

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Portnoy, Lindsay, and Talia Lemberger. "Does context shape comprehension: evaluating the influence of presentation on inquiry strategies in science learning." Information and Learning Sciences 123, no. 3/4 (December 27, 2021): 179–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ils-06-2021-0049.

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Purpose Approaches to learning have the ability to influence knowledge acquisition, comprehension, retention and even motivation to learn. Previous work indicates that despite age, experience, or prior knowledge, students have a tendency to approach learning differently as a function of the presented content. The purpose of this study is to explore how context influences student approaches to learning science. Design/methodology/approach The authors adopt a question-asking methodology to evaluate if approaches to learning the same science content vary when presented within the context of Pure Science or the History of Science. Findings Results indicate that contextualizing the presentation of science content, shifts the approaches students take in attempting to learn science content as evidenced by the questions they ask to deepen their understanding. Additional variables of prior experience with each scientific concept, task persistence at a distractor task and later recall of the presented concepts were related to different inquiry strategies. Research limitations/implications Implications for instructional design and pedagogy are discussed. Practical implications The framework in which scientific information is presented may impact how students modify existing and create a new schema, impacting their beliefs about scientific knowledge and the way in which students question, hypothesize and engage within the domain of science. Social implications By studying the role of inquiry while students engage in science learning, the authors explore the role of context, content and knowledge retention. Originality/value The current study probes at the nature of student questioning and its reliance on the content, context and its relationship to outcome variables such as learning and, perhaps, even persistence as it relates to students’ prior knowledge within content areas which may, in turn, lead to varying levels of student self-efficacy.

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Bollmeyer, Christian, Mathias Pelka, Hartmut Gehring, and Horst Hellbrück. "Wireless medical sensors – context, robustness and safety." Current Directions in Biomedical Engineering 1, no. 1 (September 1, 2015): 349–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/cdbme-2015-0086.

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AbstractWireless medical sensors are an emerging technology. Wireless sensors form networks and are placed in an unknown environment. For indoor scenarios context detection of medical sensors, e.g. removal of sensors from a specific room, is important. Current algorithms for context detection of wireless sensors are based on RF signals, but RF signal propagation and room location show only a weak correlation. Recent approaches with RSSI-measurements are based on prior fingerprinting and therefore costly. In our approach, we equip wireless sensor nodes with a barometric sensor to measure pressure disturbances that occur, when doors of rooms are opened or closed. By signal processing of these disturbances our proposed algorithm detects rooms and estimates distances without prior knowledge in an unknown environment. Based on these measurement we automatically build a topology graph representing the room context and distances for indoor environment in a model for buildings. We evaluate our algorithm within a wireless sensor network and show the performance of our solution.

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Ruscello, Dennis M., Linda I. Shuster, and Annette Sandwisch. "Modification of Context-Specific Nasal Emission." Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research 34, no. 1 (February 1991): 27–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1044/jshr.3401.27.

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An adult patient with context-specific nasal emission was enrolled in a treatment program that attempted to modify the problem through a combination of biofeedback and articulation training. Prior to, during, and at the termination of treatment, perceptual, acoustic, and physiologic measures were obtained. The data indicate that the articulatory pattern was modified and that such patterns are subject to change through speech treatment.

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Huang, Linjieqiong, and Xingshan Li. "Early, but not overwhelming: The effect of prior context on segmenting overlapping ambiguous strings when reading Chinese." Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology 73, no. 9 (June 2, 2020): 1382–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1747021820926012.

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The current study investigated how the prior context influences word segmentation of overlapping ambiguous strings when reading Chinese. Chinese readers’ eye movements were recorded as they read sentences containing a three-character overlapping ambiguous string (ABC), where both AB and BC were two-character words. In the informative condition, prior contexts provided syntactic information that supported either the first word segmentation (AB-C) or the second word segmentation (A-BC). The neutral condition did not provide syntactic constraint for word-segmentation. The post-target contexts were syntactically consistent with either the first word (AB-C) or the second word (A-BC) segmentation. The results showed that there were higher skipping rates and shorter first-fixation durations on the overlapping ambiguous string region in the informative AB-C condition than those in the informative A-BC condition, whereas no difference between the AB-C and A-BC segmentation types was found in the neutral condition. Readers still made regressions into the overlapping ambiguous string region in the informative condition. These results imply that readers use sentence context information immediately to segment the overlapping ambiguous words, but they do not use the context information fully. The first word (AB) has processing advantages over the second word (BC), suggesting a left-side word advantage.

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Charlton, Julie A., Wiktor F. Młynarski, Yoon H. Bai, Ann M. Hermundstad, and Robbe L. T. Goris. "Environmental dynamics shape perceptual decision bias." PLOS Computational Biology 19, no. 6 (June 8, 2023): e1011104. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pcbi.1011104.

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To interpret the sensory environment, the brain combines ambiguous sensory measurements with knowledge that reflects context-specific prior experience. But environmental contexts can change abruptly and unpredictably, resulting in uncertainty about the current context. Here we address two questions: how should context-specific prior knowledge optimally guide the interpretation of sensory stimuli in changing environments, and do human decision-making strategies resemble this optimum? We probe these questions with a task in which subjects report the orientation of ambiguous visual stimuli that were drawn from three dynamically switching distributions, representing different environmental contexts. We derive predictions for an ideal Bayesian observer that leverages knowledge about the statistical structure of the task to maximize decision accuracy, including knowledge about the dynamics of the environment. We show that its decisions are biased by the dynamically changing task context. The magnitude of this decision bias depends on the observer’s continually evolving belief about the current context. The model therefore not only predicts that decision bias will grow as the context is indicated more reliably, but also as the stability of the environment increases, and as the number of trials since the last context switch grows. Analysis of human choice data validates all three predictions, suggesting that the brain leverages knowledge of the statistical structure of environmental change when interpreting ambiguous sensory signals.

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