Relevant bibliographies by topics / PRIOR CONTEXT

Academic literature on the topic 'PRIOR CONTEXT'

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Published: 11 September 2023

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Journal articles on the topic "PRIOR CONTEXT"

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Buttny, Richard. "Putting Prior Talk Into Context: Reported Speech and the Reporting Context." Research on Language & Social Interaction 31, no. 1 (January 1998): 45–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1207/s15327973rlsi3101_3.

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Herr, Paul M. "Priming Price: Prior Knowledge and Context Effects." Journal of Consumer Research 16, no. 1 (June 1989): 67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/209194.

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Suzuyama, Yuki, Kazuhiro Hotta, and Haruhisa Takahashi. "Context Based Prior Probability Estimation of Object Appearance." IEEJ Transactions on Electronics, Information and Systems 129, no. 5 (2009): 832–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1541/ieejeiss.129.832.

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Brothers, Trevor, Eddie W. Wlotko, Lena Warnke, and Gina R. Kuperberg. "Going the Extra Mile: Effects of Discourse Context on Two Late Positivities During Language Comprehension." Neurobiology of Language 1, no. 1 (March 2020): 135–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/nol_a_00006.

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During language comprehension, online neural processing is strongly influenced by the constraints of the prior context. Although the N400 event-related potential (ERP) response (300–500 ms) is known to be sensitive to a word’s semantic predictability, less is known about a set of late positive-going ERP responses (600–1,000 ms) that can be elicited when an incoming word violates strong predictions about upcoming content (late frontal positivity) or about what is possible given the prior context (late posterior positivity/P600). Across three experiments, we systematically manipulated the length of the prior context and the source of lexical constraint to determine their influence on comprehenders’ online neural responses to these two types of prediction violations. In Experiment 1, within minimal contexts, both lexical prediction violations and semantically anomalous words produced a larger N400 than expected continuations ( James unlocked the door/laptop/gardener), but no late positive effects were observed. Critically, the late posterior positivity/P600 to semantic anomalies appeared when these same sentences were embedded within longer discourse contexts (Experiment 2a), and the late frontal positivity appeared to lexical prediction violations when the preceding context was rich and globally constraining (Experiment 2b). We interpret these findings within a hierarchical generative framework of language comprehension. This framework highlights the role of comprehension goals and broader linguistic context, and how these factors influence both top-down prediction and the decision to update or reanalyze the prior context when these predictions are violated.
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Gupta, Pankaj, Yatin Chaudhary, Florian Buettner, and Hinrich Schütze. "Document Informed Neural Autoregressive Topic Models with Distributional Prior." Proceedings of the AAAI Conference on Artificial Intelligence 33 (July 17, 2019): 6505–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1609/aaai.v33i01.33016505.

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We address two challenges in topic models: (1) Context information around words helps in determining their actual meaning, e.g., “networks” used in the contexts artificial neural networks vs. biological neuron networks. Generative topic models infer topic-word distributions, taking no or only little context into account. Here, we extend a neural autoregressive topic model to exploit the full context information around words in a document in a language modeling fashion. The proposed model is named as iDocNADE. (2) Due to the small number of word occurrences (i.e., lack of context) in short text and data sparsity in a corpus of few documents, the application of topic models is challenging on such texts. Therefore, we propose a simple and efficient way of incorporating external knowledge into neural autoregressive topic models: we use embeddings as a distributional prior. The proposed variants are named as DocNADEe and iDocNADEe. We present novel neural autoregressive topic model variants that consistently outperform state-of-the-art generative topic models in terms of generalization, interpretability (topic coherence) and applicability (retrieval and classification) over 7 long-text and 8 short-text datasets from diverse domains.
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Lerche, Veronika, Ursula Christmann, and Andreas Voss. "Impact of Context Information on Metaphor Elaboration." Experimental Psychology 65, no. 6 (November 2018): 370–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1027/1618-3169/a000422.

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Abstract. In experiments by Gibbs, Kushner, and Mills (1991) , sentences were supposedly either authored by poets or by a computer. Gibbs et al. (1991) concluded from their results that the assumed source of the text influences speed of processing, with a higher speed for metaphorical sentences in the Poet condition. However, the dependent variables used (e.g., mean RTs) do not allow clear conclusions regarding processing speed. It is also possible that participants had prior biases before the presentation of the stimuli. We conducted a conceptual replication and applied the diffusion model ( Ratcliff, 1978 ) to disentangle a possible effect on processing speed from a prior bias. Our results are in accordance with the interpretation by Gibbs et al. (1991) : The context information affected processing speed, not a priori decision settings. Additionally, analyses of model fit revealed that the diffusion model provided a good account of the data of this complex verbal task.
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Zhang, Duzhen, and Chuancai Liu. "Salient Object Detection Based on Context and Location Prior." International Journal of Signal Processing, Image Processing and Pattern Recognition 8, no. 4 (April 30, 2015): 125–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.14257/ijsip.2015.8.4.11.

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Webb, William Michael, and Stephen Worchel. "Prior experience and expectation in the context of crowding." Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 65, no. 3 (September 1993): 512–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.65.3.512.

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Ferguson, Brian S., Matthew J. Rogatzki, Matthew L. Goodwin, Daniel A. Kane, Zachary Rightmire, and L. Bruce Gladden. "Lactate metabolism: historical context, prior misinterpretations, and current understanding." European Journal of Applied Physiology 118, no. 4 (January 10, 2018): 691–728. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00421-017-3795-6.

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Ghazi, Diman, Diana Inkpen, and Stan Szpakowicz. "Prior and contextual emotion of words in sentential context." Computer Speech & Language 28, no. 1 (January 2014): 76–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.csl.2013.04.009.

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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "PRIOR CONTEXT"

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Song, Qi. "Globally optimal image segmentation incorporating region, shape prior and context information." Diss., University of Iowa, 2012. https://ir.uiowa.edu/etd/2989.

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Accurate image segmentation is a challenging problem in the presence of weak boundary evidence, large object deformation, and serious mutual influence between multiple objects. In this thesis, we propose novel approaches to multi-object segmentation, which incorporates region, shape and context prior information to help overcome the stated challenges. The methods are based on a 3-D graph-theoretic framework. The main idea is to formulate the image segmentation problem as a discrete energy minimization problem. The prior region, shape and context information is incorporated by adding additional terms in our energy function , which are enforced using an arc-weighted graph representation. In particular, for optimal surface segmentation with region information, a ratio-form energy is employed, which contains both boundary term and regional term. To incorporate the shape and context prior information for multi-surface segmentation, additional shape-prior and context-prior terms are added, which penalize local shape change and local context change with respect to the prior shape model and the prior context model. We also propose a novel approach for the segmentation of terrain-like surfaces and regions with arbitrary topology. The context information is encoded by adding additional context term in the energy. Finally, a co-segmentation framework is proposed for tumor segmentation in PET-CT images, which makes use of the information from both modalities. The globally optimal solution for the segmentation of multiple objects can be obtained by computing a single maximum flow in a low-order polynomial time. The proposed method was validated on a variety of applications, including aorta segmentation in MRI images, intraretinal layer segmentation of OCT images, bladder-prostate segmentation in CT images, image resizing, robust delineation of pulmonary tumors in MVCBCT images, and co-segmentation of tumors in PET-CT images. The results demonstrated the applicability of the proposed approaches.
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Behzad, Nima. "3D Context of Objects : A prior for Object Detection and Place Classification." Thesis, Örebro universitet, Institutionen för naturvetenskap och teknik, 2021. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:oru:diva-92522.

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Contextual information is helpful for object detection and object-based placerepresentation. 3D data significantly helps to capture geometrical informationabout scenes. In this work, a feature descriptor for object context in full 3Dpointclouds of places is introduced together with a method to extract featuresand build the context model.The proposed model is evaluated in experiments on pointclouds from differenttypes of places which include different object categories. Results showthe promising ability of the model to predict the possible context of objects inpointclouds or complete 3D maps of an environment.Among various applications for this, the author suggests object contextmodels to be used in place categorization and semantic mapping and discussesa method for it. To the knowledge of the author, this work is unique regardingits use of full 3D pointcloud of scenes and also introducing this descriptor tobe used to represent places.
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Filik, Ruth. "Focus particles and parsing in context : the influence of only and prior referential context on the processing of syntactically ambiguous sentences." Thesis, University of Derby, 2004. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.400452.

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Powell, Joshua McKay. "THE PERSONAL AND SOCIAL CONTEXT OF JUSTINIANIC RELIGIOUS POLICY PRIOR TO THE THREE CHAPTERS CONTROVERSY." UKnowledge, 2017. http://uknowledge.uky.edu/history_etds/48.

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The emperor Justinian's religious policy has sometimes been characterized as haphazard or incoherent. This dissertation examines religious policy in the Roman Empire from the accession of the emperor Justin to the inception of the Three Chapters controversy in the mid 540's AD. It considers the resolution of the Acacian Schism, Justinian's apparent ambivalence with regard to the Theopaschite formula, the attempt to court the anti-Chalcedonians in Constantinople in the period leading up to the Council of 536, and the relationship between the genesis of the Three Chapters and Second Origenist controversies. Even during these seemingly disparate episodes, this dissertation argues that it is possible to account for the apparent incoherence of this period. To do so, we create an account which includes and appreciates the embeddedness of imperial policy within a social context with two key features. First, we must bear in mind the shifting interests and information available to the individual agents through and over whom the emperor hoped to project influence. Second, we must identify the shifting and hardening symbolic and social boundaries established through the interactions of these same, competing agents. These form the basis for in- and out-group categorization. The individual interests of individual people—whether Justinian, Vitalian, Dioscorus, Leontius, Eusebius, Theodore Askidas, or Pelagius—within complex networks must always be accounted for to give a complete picture. When this social context is accounted for, Justinian's approach appears as that of a rational actor, having incomplete information, with consistent policy goals, working within inconsistent constraints to achieve those goals.
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Moore, Alrika. "Recognition of prior learning in a contemporary South African context a non-formal educational approach /." Thesis, Pretoria : [s.n.], 2000. http://upetd.up.ac.za/thesis/available/etd-03162006-160045.

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Wu, Mu. "The Role of Personal Experience in Forming Spatial Presence in a Video Gaming Context." Cleveland State University / OhioLINK, 2010. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=csu1281739307.

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Hamoda, Haitham. "The assessment of sublingual route of misoprostal administration in the context of medical abortion and cervical priming prior to surgical termination of pregnancy." Thesis, University of Aberdeen, 2006. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.446087.

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The overall aim of the studies included in the Thesis is to improve the standard of care provided in the area of fertility control, and to increase the choices available to women. We initially assessed the efficacy of medical abortion using mifespristone and misoprostol administered vaginally at 9-13 weeks gestation and analgesia requirements with medical abortion, prior to proceeding to assess the sublingual route of misoprostol administration.  The sublingual route of misoprostol administration was assessed both in the context of medical abortion and cervical priming prior to surgical termination of pregnancy.  The hypothesis tested was that sublingual administration of misoprostol was as effective and acceptable as vaginal administration in the context of medical abortion and cervical priming prior to surgical termination of pregnancy. The studies carried out in this Thesis demonstrated the feasibility and acceptability of the sublingual route of misoprostol administration both with medical abortion and in the context of cervical priming prior to surgical termination of pregnancy and showed it to be an effective alternative to the vaginal route of administration.  The application of these findings will increase the choice available to women and help improve the provision of clinical care in this important area of reproductive health.
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Yli-Vakkuri, Tuomo Juhani. "Essays on semantic content and context-sensitivity." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2012. http://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:bbdfacab-c35b-42a9-9f77-28479e3015b9.

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The thesis comprises three foundational studies on the topics named in its title, together with an introduction. Ch. 1 argues against a popular combination of views in the philosophy of language: Propositionality, which says that the semantic values of natural language sentences (relative to contexts) are the propositions they express (in those contexts) and Compositionality, which says that the semantic value of a complex expression of a natural language (in a context) is determined by the semantic values its immediate constituents have (in that same context) together with their syntactic mode of combination. Ch. 1 argues that the Naïve Picture is inconsistent with the presence of variable-binding in natural languages. Ch. 2 criticizes the strategy of using “operator arguments” to establish relativist conclusions such as: that the truth values of propositions vary with time (Time Relativism) or that they vary with location (Location Relativism). Operator arguments purport to derive the conclusion that propositions vary in truth value along some parameter P from the premise that there are, in some language, sentential operators that operate on or “shift” the P parameter. I identify two forms of operator argument, offer a reconstruction of each, and I argue that both they rely on an implausible, coarse-grained conception of propositions. Ch. 3 is an assessment of the prospects for semantic internalism. It argues, first, that to accommodate Putnam’s famous Twin Earth examples, an internalist must maintain that narrow semantic content determines different extensions relative to agents and times. Second, that the most thoroughly worked out version of semantic internalism – the epistemic two-dimensionalism (E2D) of David Chalmers – can accommodate the original Twin Earth thought experiments but is refuted by similar thought experiments that involve temporally or spatially symmetric agents.
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Yuan, Andy H. (Andy Han). "Prion biology in the context of bacteria." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/115450.

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Thesis: Ph. D., Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Department of Biology, 2015.
Cataloged from PDF version of thesis. Vita.
Includes bibliographical references.
Prions are infectious amyloid aggregates first described in the context of mammalian neurodegenerative diseases collectively known as the transmissible spongiform encephalopathies. Prions have also been uncovered in yeast, where they function as protein-based units of heredity that confer unique phenotypic traits on those cells that harbor them. To date, the discovery of prions and prion-like phenomena has been confined to the Eukarya. The work presented in this thesis seeks to explore the possibility that prion-like mechanisms are operative in the bacterial domain of life. In what follows, we demonstrate that Escherichia coli cells can propagate a model yeast prion in a chaperone-dependent manner, establishing that the bacterial cytoplasmic milieu in general and a molecular machine in particular are poised to support protein conformation-based heredity in bacteria. Moreover, we provide evidence that a bacterial transcription termination factor exhibits prion-like behavior in E. coli and yeast. Our work thus suggests that bacterial prions exist and may function as previously unrecognized reservoirs of phenotypic diversity among the most abundant organisms on earth.
by Andy H. Yuan.
Ph. D.
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Joshi, Neel Suresh. "Enhancing photographs using content-specific image priors." Diss., Connect to a 24 p. preview or request complete full text in PDF format. Access restricted to UC campuses, 2008. http://wwwlib.umi.com/cr/ucsd/fullcit?p3320953.

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Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of California, San Diego, 2008.
Title from first page of PDF file (viewed October 3, 2008). Available via ProQuest Digital Dissertations. Vita. Includes bibliographical references (p. 134-145).
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Books on the topic "PRIOR CONTEXT"

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New challenges in recognition: Recognition of prior learning and recognition in a global context. Strasbourg: Council of Europe, 2008.

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Filik, Ruth. Focus particles and parsing in context: The influence of "only" and prior referential context on the processing of syntqctically ambiguous sentences. [Derby: University of Derby], 2004.

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Jessup, Gilbert. Accreditation of prior learning in the context of national vocational qualifications: A summary of the national programme. London: National Council for Vocational Qualifications, 1990.

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Macpherson, Linda. Downstream: Context, understanding, acceptance : effect of prior knowledge of unplanned potable reuse on the acceptance of planned potable reuse. Alexandria, Va: WateReuse Research Foundation, 2013.

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University of Ulster. Accreditation of Prior Experiential Learning Research Project. The development of accreditation of prior learning in higher education and its application within a nursing, midwifery and health visiting context.: Standards, guiding principles and procedures for the accreditation of prior learning. [Jordanstown]: University of Ulster, 1997.

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University of Ulster. Accreditation of Prior Experiential Learning Research Project. The development of accreditation of prior learning in higher education and its application within a nursing, midwifery and health visiting context. [Jordanstown]: University of Ulster, 1997.

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Project, University of Ulster Accreditation of Prior Experiential Learning Research. The development of accreditation of prior learning in higher education and its application within a nursing, midwifery and health visiting context.: Guidance notes for assessors. [Jordanstown]: University of Ulster, 1997.

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University of Ulster. Accreditation of Prior Experiential Learning Research Project. The development of accreditation of prior learning in higher education and its application within a nursing, midwifery and health visiting context.: Guidance notes for advisers. [Jordanstown]: University of Ulster, 1997.

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University of Ulster. Accreditation of Prior Experiential Learning Research Project. The development of accreditation of prior learning in higher education and its application within a nursing, midwifery and health visiting context.: Guidance notes for students. [Jordanstown]: University of Ulster, 1997.

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University of Ulster. Accreditation of Prior Experiential Learning Research Project. The development of accreditation of prior learning in higher education and its application within a nursing, midwifery and health visiting context.: Guidance notes for students. [Jordanstown]: University of Ulster, 1997.

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Book chapters on the topic "PRIOR CONTEXT"

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Myhill, Debra. "Prior Knowledge and the (RE)Production of School Written Genres." In Writing in Context(s), 117–36. Boston, MA: Springer US, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/0-387-24250-3_6.

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Zheng, Haitao, and Xiaoxi Mao. "Incorporating Prior Knowledge into Context-Aware Recommendation." In Neural Information Processing, 499–508. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-46675-0_55.

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Debenham, John, and Carles Sierra. "Robust Trust: Prior Knowledge, Time and Context." In Lecture Notes in Business Information Processing, 1–12. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-32273-0_1.

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Reichelt-Brushett, Amanda. "Marine Pollution in Context." In Springer Textbooks in Earth Sciences, Geography and Environment, 1–22. Cham: Springer Nature Switzerland, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-10127-4_1.

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AbstractYou have opened this book because you have an interest in the ocean and the impact of humans upon it. This is a serious issue that gains plenty of media attention, but prior to the early 1950s it was generally considered that oceans were so expansive that they could absorb waste inputs indefinitely.
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Tang Abomo, Paul. "Historical Context of US-Libyan Relations (Prior to 2011)." In R2P and the US Intervention in Libya, 97–131. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-78831-9_5.

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Koychev, Ivan. "Tracking Changing User Interests through Prior-Learning of Context." In Lecture Notes in Computer Science, 223–32. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/3-540-47952-x_24.

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Chen, Dongling, Daling Wang, and Ge Yu. "Unsupervised Text Learning Based on Context Mixture Model with Dirichlet Prior." In Lecture Notes in Computer Science, 172–81. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-89376-9_17.

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Huang, Chuen-Min. "Incorporating Prior Knowledge by Selective Context Features to Enhance Topic Coherence." In Communications in Computer and Information Science, 310–18. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-13-9190-3_32.

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Luo, Mingyuan, Xin Yang, Xiaoqiong Huang, Yuhao Huang, Yuxin Zou, Xindi Hu, Nishant Ravikumar, Alejandro F. Frangi, and Dong Ni. "Self Context and Shape Prior for Sensorless Freehand 3D Ultrasound Reconstruction." In Medical Image Computing and Computer Assisted Intervention – MICCAI 2021, 201–10. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-87231-1_20.

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Hunsberger, Luke. "Generating Bids for Group-Related Actions in the Context of Prior Commitments." In Lecture Notes in Computer Science, 248–63. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/3-540-45448-9_18.

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Conference papers on the topic "PRIOR CONTEXT"

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Yu, Changqian, Jingbo Wang, Changxin Gao, Gang Yu, Chunhua Shen, and Nong Sang. "Context Prior for Scene Segmentation." In 2020 IEEE/CVF Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition (CVPR). IEEE, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/cvpr42600.2020.01243.

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Ma, Cong, Zhenjiang Miao, and Xiao-Ping Zhang. "Saliency prior context model for visual tracking." In 2016 IEEE International Conference on Image Processing (ICIP). IEEE, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/icip.2016.7532653.

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Rajanala, Sailaja, Arghya Pal, Manish Singh, Raphaël C. W. Phan, and KokSheik Wong. "DeSCoVeR: Debiased Semantic Context Prior for Venue Recommendation." In SIGIR '22: The 45th International ACM SIGIR Conference on Research and Development in Information Retrieval. New York, NY, USA: ACM, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/3477495.3531877.

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Cai, Zefeng, and Zerui Cai. "PCVAE: Generating Prior Context for Dialogue Response Generation." In Thirty-First International Joint Conference on Artificial Intelligence {IJCAI-22}. California: International Joint Conferences on Artificial Intelligence Organization, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.24963/ijcai.2022/564.

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Conditional Variational AutoEncoder (CVAE) is promising for modeling one-to-many relationships in dialogue generation, as it can naturally generate many responses from a given context. However, the conventional used continual latent variables in CVAE are more likely to generate generic rather than distinct and specific responses. To resolve this problem, we introduce a novel discrete variable called prior context which enables the generation of favorable responses. Specifically, we present Prior Context VAE (PCVAE), a hierarchical VAE that learns prior context from data automatically for dialogue generation. Meanwhile, we design Active Codeword Transport (ACT) to help the model actively discover potential prior context. Moreover, we propose Autoregressive Compatible Arrangement (ACA) that enables modeling prior context in autoregressive style, which is crucial for selecting appropriate prior context according to a given context. Extensive experiments demonstrate that PCVAE can generate distinct responses and significantly outperforms strong baselines.
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Jiang, Huaizu, Jingdong Wang, Zejian Yuan, Tie Liu, and Nanning Zheng. "Automatic salient object segmentation based on context and shape prior." In British Machine Vision Conference 2011. British Machine Vision Association, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.5244/c.25.110.

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Heng Fan, Xue Mei, Danil Prokhorov, and Haibin Ling. "Cross datasets vegetation detection with spatial prior and local context." In 2016 IEEE Intelligent Vehicles Symposium (IV). IEEE, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/ivs.2016.7535469.

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Lin, Jiaying, Zebang He, and Rynson W. H. Lau. "Rich Context Aggregation with Reflection Prior for Glass Surface Detection." In 2021 IEEE/CVF Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition (CVPR). IEEE, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/cvpr46437.2021.01321.

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Fan, Jingyi, Shaoyu Wang, Xiao Ma, An Xu, Shaoping Ye, and Xiujin Shi. "Clothing Parsing Based on Context Prior and Flow Alignment Pyramid." In 2022 7th International Conference on Cloud Computing and Big Data Analytics (ICCCBDA). IEEE, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/icccbda55098.2022.9778856.

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Chen, Liang, Yi Wu, Zheng Yang, and Wen-Kang Jia. "Robust Face Super-Resolution via Patch Network of Global Context Prior." In 2019 IEEE Globecom Workshops (GC Wkshps). IEEE, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/gcwkshps45667.2019.9024453.

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Lu, Wei, Wei Xu, Zebin Wu, Yang Xu, and Zhihui Wei. "Video Object Detection based on Non-local Prior of Spatiotemporal Context." In 2020 Eighth International Conference on Advanced Cloud and Big Data (CBD). IEEE, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/cbd51900.2020.00040.

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Reports on the topic "PRIOR CONTEXT"

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Berkowitz, Jacob, and Christine VanZomeren. Approaches to identify and monitor for potential acid sulfate soils in an ecological restoration context. Engineer Research and Development Center (U.S.), February 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.21079/11681/43349.

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Potential acid sulfate soils include materials with the capacity to generate acidity under certain environmental conditions. As such, these soils can pose challenges to ecological restoration projects occurring in wetlands and nearshore environments. To provide guidance for ecosystem restoration practitioners, the following technical note describes acid sulfate soil formation and distribution and then describes techniques for identifying and monitoring acid sulfate soil conditions prior to and following implementation of restoration activities. Finally, this technical note outlines a number of tools and recently published resources to help avoid unintended consequences of acid sulfate soil disturbance and achieve ecological restoration objectives.
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Bird, Kate, Vidya Diwakar, Vathana Roth, Sophany San, Chanmony Sean, Andrew Shepherd, and Theavy Chhom. Cambodia Poverty Dynamics and Covid-19. Institute of Development Studies, June 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.19088/cpan.2023.012.

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This report tracks changes in poverty in Cambodia in the context of the Covid-19 pandemic. Prior to the pandemic, Cambodia had achieved rapid poverty reduction. However, the pandemic and related public health measures undercut the very sources of poverty reduction. This study synthesises a quantitative analysis of pre-pandemic panel household survey data, with household surveys and qualitative research conducted at three sites during the pandemic (January and February 2022) to assess its socioeconomic impacts. The report also draws out the policy implications of the research findings.
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O’Brien, Tom, and Ben Olson. Equity in Learning Opportunities for Middle School Students: Connecting Communities and Transportation Through GIS. Mineta Transportation Institute, September 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.31979/mti.2023.2247.

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Geographic information systems (GIS) is part of an in-demand career skillset that can lead to safer streets in California communities. This project included a three-session bootcamp that introduced middle school students to transportation via GIS and gathered assessments on their awareness of transportation as a career pathway. The project built upon CSUTC TRANSPORTS’ Year 4 project, “K–12 Special Investigation Project: Mapping E-Commerce Locally and Beyond.” The bootcamp for this project was coordinated in partnership with Rio Hondo College, which provided the instructor and connection to the students at the Mountain View Unified School District in El Monte, CA. The bootcamp focused on developing safer communities and transportation systems as a context for the students to become familiar with GIS. The student feedback reported on student awareness of transportation and GIS prior to the bootcamp and how the curricular tools and activities impacted that awareness. Gathered data and feedback will inform the development of future middle school GIS curricula, an area that is underdeveloped.
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Hrynick, Tabitha, and Santiago Ripoll. Evidence Review: Achieving COVID-19 Vaccine Equity in Ealing and North West London. Institute of Development Studies (IDS), November 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.19088/sshap.2021.040.

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This review sets out key considerations for improving vaccine equity – as well as broader health equity – in the North West London (NWL) borough of Ealing. It foregrounds the political, economic and social dynamics which have perpetuated health inequalities during and prior to COVID-19, and how they have manifested to shape COVID-19 vaccine accessibility and uptake among different social groups. It also highlights how local actors have sought to address these inequalities. By bringing together data and insights from existing social science research and consultations with people involved in local COVID-19 vaccination efforts (in local authorities, the NHS and community groups), we point to ways local authorities and healthcare providers, in collaboration with local people and organisations, can support vaccine equity – and health equity more broadly – now, and into the future. Critical to this are further efforts to integrate sensitivity to context, sustain collaborative working, build trust and meaningfully engage citizens (especially vulnerable groups), and support a robust civil society. The review begins with summary key considerations for operational actors. This review was produced by SSHAP in collaboration with Ealing Council. It was authored by Tabitha Hrynick and Santiago Ripoll, and reviewed by Maddy Gupta-Wright, Ellen Schwartz, and Nikita Simpson. It is the responsibility of SSHAP
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Barjum, Daniel. PDIA for Systems Change: Tackling the Learning Crisis in Indonesia. Research on Improving Systems of Education (RISE), September 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.35489/bsg-rise-ri_2022/046.

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Indonesia is facing a learning crisis. While schooling has increased dramatically in the last 30 years, the quality of education has remained mediocre (Rosser et al., 2022). Teacher capability is an often cited weakness of the system, along with policies and system governance. Approaches focused primarily on adding resources to education have not yielded expected outcomes of increased quality. “It is a tragedy that in the second decade of the twenty-first century, some children in Indonesia are not completing primary school and are turned out into the workforce as functional illiterates.” (Suryadarma and Jones, 2013; Nihayah et al., 2020). In the early 2000s, Indonesia began a process of decentralising service delivery, including education, to the district level. Many responsibilities were transferred from the central government to districts, but some key authorities, such as hiring of civil service teachers, remained with the central government. The Indonesian system is complex and challenging to manage, with more than 300 ethnic groups and networks of authority spread over more than 500 administrative districts (Suryadarma and Jones, 2013). Niken Rarasati and Daniel Suryadarma researchers at SMERU, an Indonesian think tank and NGO, understood this context well. Their prior experience working in the education sector had shown them that improving the quality of education within the classroom required addressing issues at the systems level (Kleden, 2020). Rarasati noted the difference in knowledge between in-classroom teaching and the systems of education: “There are known-technologies, pedagogical theories, practices, etc. for teaching in the classroom. The context [for systems of education] is different for teacher development, recruitment, and student enrollment. Here, there is less known in the public and education sector.” Looking for ways to bring changes to policy implementation and develop capabilities at the district level, SMERU researchers began to apply a new approach they had learned in a free online course offered by the Building State Capability programme at the Center for International Development at Harvard University titled, “The Practice of PDIA: Building Capability by Delivering Results”. The course offered insights on how to implement public policy in complex settings, focused on using Problem Driven Iterative Adaptation (PDIA). The researchers were interested in putting PDIA into practice and seeing if it could be an effective approach for their colleagues in government. This case study reviews Rarasati and Suryadarma’s journey and showcases how they used PDIA to foster relationships between local government and stakeholders, and bring positive changes to the education sector.
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Knock, Roxanne, Allen H. Trenkle, Donald C. Beitz, Elisabeth J. Huff-Lonergan, Steven M. Lonergan, and James R. Russell. Fatty Acid Profiles and Content of Pasture- and Feedlot-Finished Beef Steers Supplemented with 25-Hydroxyvitamin D3 Prior to Harvest. Ames (Iowa): Iowa State University, January 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.31274/ans_air-180814-411.

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Oosterhoff, Pauline, and Raudah M. Yunus. The Effects of Social Assistance Interventions on Gender, Familial and Household Relations Among Refugees and Displaced Populations: A Review of the Literature on Interventions in Syria, Iraq, Jordan and Lebanon. Institute of Development Studies (IDS), March 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.19088/basic.2022.011.

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This literature review aims to explore the evidence on the effects of social assistance on gender, familial, and household relations and power dynamics among refugees and (internally) displaced populations in Syria, Iraq, Jordan, and Lebanon. It examines the findings from an intersectional gender perspective allowing the authors to build on the knowledge of ‘what works’ in interventions in general and hopefully improve gender equality and social inclusion. Out of 1,564 papers initially identified and screened, 22 were included in the final stage. A question that emerged as the papers were analysed was whether the arduous work of targeting individuals was efficient or necessary, given that the available evidence suggests that beneficiaries generally tend to share their stipend with other family members for the collective good. Most studies tended to conflate gender with women and girls – making distinctions between widowed, married, unmarried and divorced women – but ignoring other dimensions such as class, health status, religion, ethnicity, education, prior work experience, political affiliation, and civil participation. Many programmes and research fail to disaggregate data. Social assistance programmes focus on individuals and households, with little attention to the wider context and overall conflict. Most studies paid negligible attention to familial infrastructures and strategies for sustainable interventions. Access to, and use of, cash transfers are part of broader familial strategies to mobilise or increase resources including, for example, (male) migration in pursuit of remittances, or (female) dependency on ‘community charity’. Short-term cash transfers can, in some circumstances, disrupt individuals’ and families’ access to more sustainable income or ‘charity’. Thus, important questions are raised about the purpose of social assistance: does it aim to preserve or transform families through targeting?
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Mizrahi, Itzhak, and Bryan A. White. Uncovering rumen microbiome components shaping feed efficiency in dairy cows. United States Department of Agriculture, January 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2015.7600020.bard.

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Ruminants provide human society with high quality food from non-human-edible resources, but their emissions negatively impact the environment via greenhouse gas production. The rumen and its resident microorganisms dictate both processes. The overall goal of this project was to determine whether a causal relationship exists between the rumen microbiome and the host animal's physiology, and if so, to isolate and examine the specific determinants that enable this causality. To this end, we divided the project into three specific parts: (1) determining the feed efficiency of 200 milking cows, (2) determining whether the feed- efficiency phenotype can be transferred by transplantation and (3) isolating and examining microbial consortia that can affect the feed-efficiency phenotype by their transplantation into germ-free ruminants. We finally included 1000 dairy cow metadata in our study that revealed a global core microbiome present in the rumen whose composition and abundance predicted many of the cows’ production phenotypes, including methane emission. Certain members of the core microbiome are heritable and have strong associations to cardinal rumen metabolites and fermentation products that govern the efficiency of milk production. These heritable core microbes therefore present primary targets for rumen manipulation towards sustainable and environmentally friendly agriculture. We then went beyond examining the metagenomic content, and asked whether microbes behave differently with relation to the host efficiency state. We sampled twelve animals with two extreme efficiency phenotypes, high efficiency and low efficiency where the first represents animals that maximize energy utilization from their feed whilst the later represents animals with very low utilization of the energy from their feed. Our analysis revealed differences in two host efficiency states in terms of the microbial expression profiles both with regards to protein identities and quantities. Another aim of the proposal was the cultivation of undescribed rumen microorganisms is one of the most important tasks in rumen microbiology. Our findings from phylogenetic analysis of cultured OTUs on the lower branches of the phylogenetic tree suggest that multifactorial traits govern cultivability. Interestingly, most of the cultured OTUs belonged to the rare rumen biosphere. These cultured OTUs could not be detected in the rumen microbiome, even when we surveyed it across 38 rumen microbiome samples. These findings add another unique dimension to the complexity of the rumen microbiome and suggest that a large number of different organisms can be cultured in a single cultivation effort. In the context of the grant, the establishment of ruminant germ-free facility was possible and preliminary experiments were successful, which open up the way for direct applications of the new concepts discovered here, prior to the larger scale implementation at the agricultural level.
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Borrett, Veronica, Melissa Hanham, Gunnar Jeremias, Jonathan Forman, James Revill, John Borrie, Crister Åstot, et al. Science and Technology for WMD Compliance Monitoring and Investigations. The United Nations Institute for Disarmament Research, December 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.37559/wmd/20/wmdce11.

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The integration of novel technologies for monitoring and investigating compliance can enhance the effectiveness of regimes related to weapons of mass destruction (WMD). This report looks at the potential role of four novel approaches based on recent technological advances – remote sensing tools; open-source satellite data; open-source trade data; and artificial intelligence (AI) – in monitoring and investigating compliance with WMD treaties. The report consists of short essays from leading experts that introduce particular technologies, discuss their applications in WMD regimes, and consider some of the wider economic and political requirements for their adoption. The growing number of space-based sensors is raising confidence in what open-source satellite systems can observe and record. These systems are being combined with local knowledge and technical expertise through social media platforms, resulting in dramatically improved coverage of the Earth’s surface. These open-source tools can complement and augment existing treaty verification and monitoring capabilities in the nuclear regime. Remote sensing tools, such as uncrewed vehicles, can assist investigators by enabling the remote collection of data and chemical samples. In turn, this data can provide valuable indicators, which, in combination with other data, can inform assessments of compliance with the chemical weapons regime. In addition, remote sensing tools can provide inspectors with real time two- or three-dimensional images of a site prior to entry or at the point of inspection. This can facilitate on-site investigations. In the past, trade data has proven valuable in informing assessments of non-compliance with the biological weapons regime. Today, it is possible to analyse trade data through online, public databases. In combination with other methods, open-source trade data could be used to detect anomalies in the biological weapons regime. AI and the digitization of data create new ways to enhance confidence in compliance with WMD regimes. In the context of the chemical weapons regime, the digitization of the chemical industry as part of a wider shift to Industry 4.0 presents possibilities for streamlining declarations under the Chemical Weapons Convention (CWC) and for facilitating CWC regulatory requirements.
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Hwa, Yue-Yi, Sharon Kanthy Lumbanraja, Usha Adelina Riyanto, and Dewi Susanti. The Role of Coherence in Strengthening CommunityAccountability for Remote Schools in Indonesia. Research on Improving Systems of Education (RISE), February 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.35489/bsg-rise-wp_2022/090.

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Incoherence in accountability relationships can hamper the quality of education. Such incoherence can be a particular challenge in resource-constrained, remote villages where teachers tend to have higher educational capital and social status than the parents and communities that they serve. We analyze quantitative and qualitative data from a randomized controlled trial of a social accountability mechanism (SAM) for schools in remote Indonesian villages. The intervention had three treatment arms, all of which included the SAM, which engaged village-level stakeholders in a consensus-building process that led to joint service agreements for supporting the learning process. Prior analyses have found that all three treatment arms significantly improved student learning, but the treatment arm combining the SAM with performance pay based on camera-monitored teacher attendance led to much larger gains than the SAM-only treatment or the treatment arm combining the SAM with teacher performance pay based on a community-evaluated scorecard. Drawing on a range of quantitative data sources across all treatment schools (process monitoring, survey, and service agreement indicators) and qualitative data from nine case study schools (interviews and focus group discussions), we show firstly that the student learning gains across all three treatment arms were accompanied by increases in the coherence of the accountability relationships between village-level stakeholders, and in the degree to which these relationships were oriented toward the purpose of cultivating learning. We further show that the treatment combining SAM with camera-monitored teacher performance pay led to greater improvements in the coherence of accountability relationships than the other treatment arms, because the cameras improved both the technical capacity and the social legitimacy of community members to hold teachers accountable. This coherence-focused, relational explanation for the relative effectiveness of the treatment arms has more explanatory power than alternative explanations that focus narrowly on information quality or incentive structure. Our analysis reinforces arguments for ensuring that accountability structures are coherent with the local context, including local social structures and power dynamics.
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