Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Prints 20th century Exhibitions'

This work is as much about ways of looking at 20th century African art as it is a study of one artist and his work. The central thesis is that 20th century African art cannot be fully comprehended using deterministic frames and rigid categories. It begins by tracing the emergence of new art forms in Africa - Nigeria in particular - especially from the turn of the 19th century, a process underlined not by a capitulation to the cultural domination of colonialism but by a nationalist determination to undermine its ideological bases by disproving the artistic superiority of the white man. It then looks briefly at the life of Uzo Egonu, the Nigerian painter and printmaker whose work is the focus of the study. To set out a theoretical frame for studying the artist's art, the dissertation posits that a successful appreciation of 20th century African art is possible not by constructing and imposing grand narratives from outside, but by observing closely, systems of reading and appreciation within African societies. It then advances an alternative theory which ciraws from the Masquerade, a central topos in most African cultures as well as a complex interpretative system. Like the Masquerade, posits this theory, 20th century African art is mutative, fundamentally eclectic, and essentially transgressive, and any tool which ignores this is ineffectual. Also, because the work of art, like the Masquerade, operates on several different levels and defies the linear perspective, no interpretation is absolute. Because art is a masquerading act, reading must remain speculative and open. The work offers an appreciation of aspects of Egonu's oeuvre, tracing his development of a personal language, his strong sense of community, and the diversity of his production and concerns, demonstrating through these the poverty of current approaches to the study of 20th century African art.

This thesis discusses how museum structures were redefined over a twenty-two year period in specific relation to the impetus of Video Art. It contends that Video Art would be instrumental in the evolution of the contemporary art museum. The thesis will analyse, discuss and evaluate the problematic nature and form of Video Art within four major contemporary art museums - the Museum of Modern Art (MoMA) in New York, the Georges Pompidou National Centre of Art and Culture in Paris, the Tate Gallery in London and the Art Gallery of New South Wales (AGNSW) in Sydney. By addressing some of the problems that Video Art would present to those museums under discussion, the thesis will reveal how Video Art would challenge institutional structures and demand more flexible viewing environments. As a result, the modern museum would need to constantly modify their policies and internal spaces in order to cope with the dynamism of Video Art. This thesis first defines the classical museum structure established by the Louvre during the 19th century. It examines the transformation from the classical to the modern model through the initiatives of the New York Metropolitan Museum to MoMA in New York. MoMA would be the first major museum to exhibit Video Art in a concerted fashion and this would establish a pattern of acquisition and exhibition that became influential for other global institutions to replicate. MoMA's exhibition and acquisition activities are analysed and contrasted with the Centre Pompidou, the Tate Gallery and the AGNSW in order to define a lineage of development in relation to Video Art. This thesis provides an historical explanation for the museum/gallery's relationship to Video Art from its emergence in the gallery to the beginnings of its acceptance as a global art phenomenon. Curatorial strategies, the influx of corporate patronage and the reconstruction of spectatorship within the gallery are analysed in relation to the unique problematic of Video Art. Several prominent video artists are examined in relation to the challenges they would present to the institutionalised framework of the modern art museum and the discursive field surrounding their practice. In addition, the thesis contains a theoretical discussion of the problems related to Video Art imagery with the period of High Modernism; examines the patterns of acquisition and exhibition, and presents an analysis of global exchange between four distinct contemporary art institutions.

At the turn of the twentieth century, as Japan expanded its territory by colonizing other Asian nations, the Japan-Korea Annexation Treaty was signed in 1910 and Korea lost its sovereignty. In political turmoil, the formation of national and cultural identity was constantly challenged, and the struggle was not argued in words alone. It was also embedded in various types of visual cultures, with narratives changing under the shifting political climate. This thesis focuses on paintings exhibited in the Joseon Mijeon (조선미술전람회 The Joseon Fine Art Exhibition) (1922-1944), which was supervised by the Japanese colonial government and dominated, in the beginning, by Japanese artists and jurors. By closely examining paintings of ‘local color (향토색)’ and ‘provincial color (지방색),’ which emphasized the essence of a “Korean” culture that accentuated its Otherness based on cultural stereotypes, the thesis explores how representations of Korea both differentiated it from Japan and characterized its relationship with the West. In order to legitimize its colonial rule, politically driven ideologies of pan-Asianism (the pursuit of a unified Asia) and Japanese Orientalism (the imperialistic perception of the rest of Asia) were evident in the state-approved arts. The thesis explores how the tension of modern Japan as both promoting an egalitarian Asia and asserting its superiority within Asia was shown in the popular images that circulated in the form of postcards, manga, magazine illustrations, and more importantly in paintings. Moreover, this project examines both the artists who actively submitted works to the Joseon Mijeon and the group of artists who opposed the Joseon Mijeon and worked outside of the state-approved system to consider the complexity of responses by artists who sought to be both modern and Korean under Japanese colonial rule.
published_or_final_version
Fine Arts
Master
Master of Philosophy

This dissertation traces the presence of installation-based practices among artists of Aboriginal ancestry via selected exhibitions across Canada. It begins with a methodological perspective on Canadian art history, federal law, and human science, as a means of establishing a contextual backdrop for the art under consideration. The rise of an Indian empowerment movement during the twentieth century is then shown to take on an international voice which had cultural ramifications at the 1967 Canadian International and Universal Exhibition. Nascent signs of a multi-mediatic aesthetic are distinguished in selected works in Canadian Indian Art '74, as well as through Native-run visual arts programs. First Nations art history is charted via new Canadian art narratives starting in the early 1970s, followed by the development of spatial productions and hybrid discourses in New Work By a New Generation in 1982, and Stardusters in 1986. The final chapter opens with a history of installation art since the Second World War, as related to the pronounced presence of multi-mediactic works in Beyond History in 1989. Post-colonial and postmodern theories are deployed to conclusively situate both the artistic and political concerns featured throughout this study, and lead into the analysis of selected installations at Indigena: Contemporary Native Perspectives and Land, Spirit, Power: First Nations at the National Gallery of Canada. These 1992 shows in the national capital region ultimately confirm the maturation of a particular socio-political aesthetic that tested issues of Canadian identity, while signifying Aboriginal sites of difference.

This dissertation examines the history of the Durban Art Gallery from its founding in 1892 until 2004, a decade after the First Democratic Election. While the emphasis is on significant changes that were introduced in the post-1994 period, the earlier section of the study locates these initiatives within a broad historical framework. The collecting policies of the museum as well as its exhibitions and programmes are considered in the light of the institution 's changing social and political context as well as shifting imperatives within a local, regional and national art world. The Durban Art Gallery was established in order to promote a European, and particularly British, culture, and the acquisition and appreciation of art was considered an important element in the formation of a stable society. By providing a broad overview of the early years of the gallery, I identify reasons for the choice of acquisitions and explore the impact and reception of a selection of exhibitions. I investigate changes during the 1960s and 1970s through an examination of the Art South Africa Today exhibitions: in addition to opening up institutional spaces to a racially mixed community, these exhibitions marked the beginning of an imperative to show protest art. I argue that, during the political climate of the 1980s, there was a tension in the cultural arena between, on the one hand, a motivation to retain a Western ideal of 'high art' and, on the other, a drive to accommodate the new forms of people's art and to challenge the values and ideological standpoints that had been instrumental in shaping collecting and exhibiting policies in the South African art arena. I explore this tension through a discussion of the Cape Town Triennial exhibitions, organised jointly by all the official museums, which ran alongside more inclusive and independently curated exhibitions, such as Tributaries, which were shown mainly outside the country. The post-1994 period marked an opening up of spaces, both literally and conceptually. This openness was manifest in the revised strategies that were introduced to show the Durban Art Gallery 's permanent collection as well as in two key public projects that were started - Red Eye @rt and the AIDS 2000 ribbon. Through an examination of these strategies and initiatives, I argue that the central role of the Durban Art Gallery has shifted from being a repository to providing an interactive public space.

Suiting the Modern Woman documented the evolution of women's power dressing in the 20th century by featuring four major components: thirteen period suit silhouettes, the power suits of twenty-eight influential and successful high profile Texas women, a look at the career and creations of Dallas designer, Richard Brooks, who created the professional wardrobe for former Texas Governor Ann Richards, and a media room which showcased images of working women in television and movie clips, advertisements, cartoons, and fashion guidebooks. The exhibition served as an application for contemporary museum education theory. Acting as both the exhibition coordinator and educator provided an opportunity to develop interpretative strategies and create a meaningful visitor experience.

This thesis compares two contemporary artists who practice institutional criticism, Marcel Broodthaers and Fred Wilson. Looking specifically at Broodthaers's fictional museum project the Musee d Art Moderne, Departement des Aigles from 1968-1972 and Wilson's 1992 installation Mining the Museum at the Maryland Historical Society, this thesis will critically analyze each artist's similar application of deconstruction as a method. Both artists employ allegory and history as aesthetic strategies of deconstruction; using allegorical structure, the artists mobilize objects that have been arrested in history, disrupting a historical continuum that would otherwise remain foreclosed. The focus of this study will be to explore the critical approaches of Broodthaers and Wilson individually as well as the similar theoretical tendencies of the artists jointly; this investigation will assess the effect of institutional criticism on the museum's present condition, unfolding both what has changed and what is still at play within this practice.

This thesis will examine the practice of relational aesthetics as it involves the viewer, as well as the way in which it plays out within and outside of the institutional setting of the museum. I will focus primarily on two unique projects: that of The Machine Project Field Guide at Los Angeles County Museum of Art on November 15, 2008, produced by Machine Project, a social project operated out of a storefront gallery in Echo Park; and David Michalek's Slow Dancing at the Lincoln Center Festival in New York City, July 12-29 2007.

Notre étude porte sur la présence des artistes grecs(peintres, sculpteurs, graveurs) aux manifestations universelles et internationales qui se sont déroulées dans de différentes villes européennes, durant les quarante premières années du XXe siècle.Effectuée principalement aux catalogues officiels des expositions traitées, notre recherche a essayé d’appréhender l’activité artistique des hellènes, en la situant dans un contexte culturel international(expositions universelles et/ou internationales) et dans un cadre chronologique précis (1901-1939) ; pour ce faire, nous avons tenu compte des divers paramètres sociaux, politiques et intellectuels, qui ont régi deux réalités historiques et géographiques : d’un côté la Grèce, un état jeune dans toutes ses manifestations, et de l’autre côté l’Europe de la Grande Guerre, du progrès industriel et des avant-gardes
Our study focuses on the presence of Greek artists(painters, sculptors, engravers) in the universal and international exhibitions, that took place in various European cities during the first forty years of the 20th century.Our research, which was principally carried out in the official catalogues of the presentations in question, attempted the approach and in-depth comprehension of the artistic activity of the Greeks, placed in an international cultural context(universal and international exhibitions in Europe) and in a specific chronological frame(1901-1939). For this to be achieved, we took into consideration the diverse social, political and cultural parameters that ruled two different realities; on the one hand, Greece, a “young” country in all it’s manifestations and on the other hand, Europe of the Great War, industrial progress and the “avant-garde”

Disertacijos tyrimo objektas – šventadienė prijuostė, tradicinio liaudies kostiumo dalis, kuri pristatoma ne tik kaip drabužis, bet kaip sąlyginai savarankiškas daugiaplanis kultūros objektas, tapęs etninių tradicijų ir tautinės savimonės raiškos simboliu. Tyrimo laikotarpis – XIX a.–XX a. pirmoji pusė. Tai pirmasis mokslinis darbas, nuosekliai atskleidžiantis procesą, kaip prijuostė, prarasdama savo pirminę paskirtį, XX a. pirmojoje pusėje įgavo naują prasmę ir tapo tautiškumo simboliu, reprezentantu ne tik Lietuvoje, bet ir užsienyje. Darbe analizuojami iki šiol sistemingai netyrinėti XIX a.–XX a. pirmosios pusės šventadienių prijuosčių (taip pat prijuostėlių) rinkiniai Lietuvos ir kitų šalių (Baltarusijos, Lenkijos, Prancūzijos) muziejuose. Tyrimo metu užsienio šalių muziejuose surastos ir identifikuotos lietuvių šventadienės prijuostės yra vertingas ne vien šių muziejų, bet ir visoje Lietuvoje turimų šios rūšies liaudies tekstilės dirbinių fondo papildymas. Atsiranda galimybė įvertinti šventadienės prijuostės meninės raiškos formas, atlikimo technikų ir medžiagų ypatumus, kurių visumą kaip svarbų šaltinį galima pritaikyti tradicinių liaudies drabužių rekonstravimo darbų praktikai ir tautinio kostiumo studijoms. Atliktas tyrimas aktualizuoja prijuostės sociokultūrinės raiškos aspektus, leidžia giliau pažinti jų meninės formos bruožus, gali pasitarnauti kaip svarbi medžiaga lyginamosioms lietuvių liaudies meno studijoms, tolimesniems Lietuvos kultūros tyrinėjimams.
This doctoral dissertation analyses a part of the traditional folk costume – festive apron – which is presented not only as a garment, but also as a relatively independent and multidimensional cultural object, and a symbol of ethnic traditions and expressions of national identity. The research covers the period from the 19th century through the early 20th century. It is the first research systematically revealing the process of the apron losing its originally intended use and being given a new meaning in the first half of the 20th century, concurrently becoming a symbol and representative of national identity not only in Lithuania but also in foreign countries. The thesis analyses collections of festive aprons (including votive aprons) of the 19th century and the first half of the 20th century available in Lithuanian and foreign museums that have not been previously analysed on a systematic basis. Lithuanian festive aprons identified in foreign museums during the research are valuable supplementation not only to the holdings of these museums, but also to the fund of folk textiles of this type available in Lithuania. This provides an opportunity to assess the forms of artistic expression, the peculiarities of weaving techniques of, and the fabrics used for, festive aprons which, in their entirety, can be used as an important source for reconstructing traditional folk clothing and for studies of the national costume. The research actualises the aspects of socio-cultural... [to full text]

Cette thèse s’interroge sur l’invention d’une formule : The Eye Club. Inventée par l’historienne américaine Eugenia Parry, elle désigne un regroupement actif dans les années 1960-1990 composé de : Pierre Apraxine, Hugues Autexier, François Braunschweig, Françoise Heilbrun, André Jammes, Gérard Lévy, Harry Lunn, Philippe Néagu, Alain Paviot, Richard Pare, Sam Wagstaff et Robert Mapplethorpe. Ces douze figures vivent entre la France et les États-Unis et sont rattachées par plusieurs facteurs culturels et temporels. Ce «club» n’est pas à proprement parler un cercle de sociabilités, c’est une constellation, une nébuleuse faite de positionnements culturels épars et de projets artistiques divers. La question principale qui a guidé cette enquête est la suivante : en quoi ce Eye Club et ses acteurs, pris individuellement, ont-t-ils contribué à réévaluer la valeur commerciale, esthétique et institutionnelle, de la photographie dans les années 1960-1990 entre Paris et New York ? La chronologie démarre avec les engagements d’André Jammes dans le monde de la photographie au tournant des années 1960 et se termine en 1989, l’année de la mort de Mapplethorpe. L’enquête réalisée dans les archives et auprès des acteurs a fait émerger des noms connus, et d’autres, qui sont demeurés dans les coulisses de l’histoire. Cette étude se propose de lever le voile sur un réseau interdépendant d’acteurs, dont les intérêts communs pour la photographie ont permis de créer le marché de la photographie, tel que nous le connaissons aujourd’hui, et son institutionnalisation. Le premier volume de la thèse propose, dans une perspective transatlantique, une réflexion sur ce regroupement à partir des images et des correspondances. Le second volume rassemble vingt-quatre entretiens réalisés au cours des cinq années de recherche. D’abord avec les figures du Eye Club (Pierre Apraxine, Françoise Heilbrun, Richard Pare et Alain Paviot), puis avec les familles des acteurs du Eye Club et enfin avec diverses personnalités du monde photographique (Frish Brandt, Peter Bunnell, Denis Canguilhem, Sylviane De Decker, Viviane Esders, Patrick Faigenbaum, Philippe Garner, Maria Morris Hambourg, Susan Kismaric, Hans Peter Kraus Jr., Harold Jones, Baudoin Lebon, Eugenia Parry, Françoise Reynaud, Samia Saouma et Daniel Wolf). Ensemble, les deux volumes esquissent une histoire de rencontres entre des passionnés de photographie qui s’est principalement articulée sous une forme orale entre la France et les États-Unis dans les années 1960-1980
This thesis questions the invention of a phrase : The Eye Club. Invented by the American historian Eugenia Parry, it has been designating a grouping active in the 1960s-1980s composed of : Pierre Apraxine, Hugues Autexier, François Braunschweig, Françoise Heilbrun, André Jammes, Gérard Lévy, Harry Lunn, Philippe Néagu, Alain Paviot, Richard Pare, Sam Wagstaff and Robert Mapplethorpe. These twelve characters lived between France and the United States and are connected and related by several cultural and temporal factors. This grouping is not, strictly speaking, a circle of sociability, it is rather a constellation or a nebula made of scattered cultural positions and diverse artistic projects. The main question that guided this survey is the following: in what way does the Eye Club and its individual actors contributed to the re-evaluation of the commercial, aesthetic and institutional value of photography between the early 1960s and the late 1990s among Paris and New York ? The chronology begins with André Jammes' involvement in the world of photography and ends in 1989, the year of Mapplethorpe's death. An inquiry of archives and key players has brought to light some well-known names, and others that remained in the shadow of history. This study aims at unveiling an interdependent network of actors, whose common interests in photography have made it possible to establish, in one generation, the photography market as we know it today. The first volume of the thesis offers, from a transatlantic perspective; an investigation and analysis of this based on photographs and correspondences. The second volume brings together twenty-four interviews conducted over my five years of doctoral research. First with the main protagonists of The Eye Club (Pierre Apraxine, Françoise Heilbrun, Richard Pare and Alain Paviot), then with the families of The Eye Club and finally with various personalities from the world of photography (Frish Brandt, Peter Bunnell, Denis Canguilhem, Sylviane De Decker, Viviane Esders, Patrick Faigenbaum, Philippe Garner, Maria Morris Hamburg, Susan Kismaric, Hans Peter Kraus Jr, Harold Jones, Baudoin Lebon, Eugenia Parry, Françoise Reynaud, Samia Saouma and Daniel Wolf). Together, the two volumes sketch a history of encounters between photography enthusiasts that has, up to now, been mainly articulated in oral form between France and the United States in the 1960s and 1980s

La réflexion engagée dans la thèse propose une archéologie des représentations collectives se rapportant à l’espace domestique de l’écrivain et à son œuvre au moyen d’une socio-critique des textes où elles prennent corps. À partir de la notion de « maison-musée », la maison-musée de l’écrivain est considérée comme un lieu réel et comme une structure mentale et matérielle où s’inventent, s’organisent, s’exposent et sont conservées des « images d’écrivain » qui, quoique variées, voire hétérogènes, définissent un imaginaire et une imagerie cohérents de la figure de l’écrivain. Dans la thèse, la dimension discursive de la « paratopie » du lieu d’écriture est mise en perspective avec les approches posturales et scénographiques centrées sur la figure de l’écrivain. Pour ce faire, l’étude postule que l’agencement des objets dans les maisons-musées s’appuie sur ces « scéno-mythographies ». Des dispositifs d’exposition divers les transposeraient par la suite dans l’espace muséal. Partant, la thèse montre que les mises en scène de l’écrivain à demeure constituent un levier essentiel des appropriations mémorielles collectives des écrivains et de leurs œuvres parce qu’elles cristallisent des représentations mythiques à succès qui s’actualisent dans l’esprit du temps. Plus largement, elles participent à l’écriture de l’histoire littéraire qui s’institutionnalise au XIXe siècle : elles mettent l’accent sur certains écrivains, sur une mythologie de la création littéraire et sur des œuvres qui ont vu le jour dans de « hauts-lieux littéraires ». Enfin, il s’agit de comprendre les enjeux de poétique et de réception qui lient les maisons des écrivains à leur œuvre littéraire
The reflection undertaken in the thesis offers an archaeology of the collective representations relating to the writer’s domestic space and work, by means of a socio-criticism of the texts in which they materialise. From the notion of “house-museum”, the writer’s house-museum is considered a real place, as well as a mental and material structure where « images of the writer » are invented, organised and displayed. Albeit varied, even heterogonous, these images define a coherent imagination and imagery of the writer’s figure. In the thesis, the discursive dimension of the writing place′s “paratopia” is put into perspective with scenographic and postural approaches that are centred on the figure of the writer. To that end, the study predicates that the arrangement of objects in house-museums is based on these ‘‘sceno-mythographies,’’ which are then transposed into the museum space thanks to various display devices. Right from the start, the thesis shows that the writer’s stagings perpetually constitute an essential lever of the writers’ collective memorial appropriations and their works because they crystallise successful mythical representations, which are actualized in the spirit of the age. More broadly, they take part in writing the literary history that is institutionalised in the 19th century: they put the emphasis on certain writers, on a mythology of the literary creation, and on works that came to life in “high literary places.” Finally, the thesis tackles the issues of poetics and reception that link the writers’ houses to their literary work

Cette thèse vise à interroger la façon dont les biennales internationales d’art contemporain, en tant qu’événements culturels et premiers temps d’historicisation des oeuvres et des artistes, contribuent à la fabrique des imaginaires de l’altérité. Le cadrage chronologique de notre recherche s’ancre à partir de 1989, date qui correspond à un « tournant global », un changement de paradigme qui aurait eu pour effet de repenser les rapports de domination et les logiques de centre/périphérie, notamment dans le champ de l’art contemporain. L’internationalisation de l’art contemporain et le renouvellement des cadres de pensées que l’on rattache au « tournant global » ont donné lieu à l’émergence d’un processus de labellisation de la différence, dont témoignent des catégories artistiques et esthétiques telles que « art non-occidental » ou « art global », porteuses d’imaginaires renouvelés que ce travail de recherche entend analyser. Notre démarche, qui s’appuie sur un corpus de six expositions ayant marqué le champ des événements culturels internationaux, est volontairement pluridisciplinaire et vise à considérer l’hétérogénéité du matériel qui compose ces expositions. En premier lieu, la mise en lumière des discours expographique résulte de l’analyse conjointe de trois composantes : les écrits, à partir desquels nous proposons une typologie spécifique qui considère la fois les intentions qui président à leur production et les usages qui en sont faits ; les pratiques artistiques, qui dans le cadre des biennales sont au service du discours expographique ; et les gestes de mise en exposition qui sont propres au dispositif médiatique spécifique des biennales. En deuxième lieu, la réalisation d’entretiens et la collecte d’archives ont permis de circonscrire le contexte d’énonciation et l’intentionnalité des événements. En tant que dispositif médiatique à part entière, le catalogue d’exposition a également donné lieu à une méthodologie adaptée à l’ensemble des éléments (discursifs et non discursifs) qui le caractérise. Plus particulièrement, les écrits de connaissances que l’on y trouve ont fait l’objet d’une analyse sémiolinguistique permettant de mettre en lumière les processus de concrétisation des concepts, et donc de saisir les imaginaires et valeurs qui sont attachés. L’approche privilégiée pour analyser ce corpus permet ainsi d’articuler à la fois les spécificités de chaque exposition (c'est-à-dire leur individuation à travers l’articulation de leur concept et de leur dispositif) et leur inscription dans un réseau (en tant que résultat d’un processus de réécriture), vis-à-vis du thème de l’altérité
This research aims to examine how contemporary international art biennials, considered as cultural events and as first step in the historicization process of works and artists, contribute to the making of « otherness » as an imagined community. The chronologic frame of our research is anchored in 1989, which correspond to the « global turn », a shift of paradigm that would have led to the rethinking of domination relationship and the logic center/periphery, especially in the field of contemporary art. The internationalization of contemporary art and the renewal of the frameworks of thought that are often connected with the global turn have led to a process of labeling the difference, as evidenced by artistic and aesthetic categories such as « non-western art » or « global art » that carry renewed representations that this research intends to analyze. Our approach, which is based on a corpus of six exhibitions that have marked the field of international cultural events, is deliberately multidisciplinary and aims to consider the heterogeneity of the material that composes these exhibitions. First, we highlight the expographic discourses from the analysis of three components : the writings, from which we propose a specific typology that considers both the intentions that preside over their production and the uses that are made of them ; artistic practices, which in the context of biennials are at the service of the expographic discourse ; and the gestures of exhibitions which are characteristics of the specific media device of the biennials. Secondly, interviews and the collect of archival documents have led us to circumscribe the context of enunciation and the intentionality of the events. As a media device in its own right, the exhibition catalog also gave rise to a metholody adapted to all the elements (discursive and non-discursive) that characterize it. More particularly, the writings of knowledge have been the subject of semiolinguistic analysis to highlight the processes of concretization of concepts, and thus have led us to grasp the artistic values that are attached to the imagined otherness. The preferred approach to analyze this corpus thus makes it possible to articulate the specificities of each exhibition (i.e their individuation through the articulation of their concept and their device), and their inscription in a network (as a result of a process of rewriting) at the same time

L'estudi analitza la participació dels empresaris balears i altres agents socials en un conjunt d’exposicions celebrades entre 1827 i 1929, etapa en què les mostres, tant les de caràcter internacional com les d’àmbit estatal i local, despertaren un gran interès. A les Illes Balears es compartia l’interès en el fenomen expositiu, fet que és palès tant en la celebració de mostres pròpies com en la participació, amb més o menys concurrència, a les de fora. L’activitat s’ha d’atribuir en gran part a la tasca d'institucions i de persones que la impulsaren: la Societat Econòmica Mallorquina d’Amics del País, la Diputació, l’Institut Balear i alguns professors (Pere Josep Tries, Francesc Manuel de los Herreros, Pere Estelrich), els Ajuntaments de Palma, de Sóller i de Manacor que organitzaren diferents mostres, o la Cambra de comerç que organitzà la Regional de 1910, endemés de gent com Joan Baptista Ensenyat, Benet Pons, Ricard Roca, els germans Amer Servera de Manacor, o l'eivissenc Bartomeu de Rosselló. En tot cas va ser fonamental el rerefons econòmic, social i cultural illenc, que permetia donar amb escreix expositors, persones que enviaren el producte de les seves activitats professionals o artístiques. El conjunt de les 47 exposicions estudiades presenta una etapa inicial, de baixa participació, seguida per una de central, amb forta concurrència de mallorquins, menorquins i eivissencs i una tercera, de signe contradictori, amb baixa participació a les universals i internacionals, i amb interès, però, per les celebrades a Mallorca. Pel que fa a les universals, la fase ascendent és palesa a partir de la de Londres de 1862 fins a la de Xicago de 1893, per entrar en una fase descendent des de la de París del 1900. Les mostres constaten el reconeixement internacional de determinats productes illencs. Inicialment el reberen sobretot els productes agraris (blats, mongetes, oli d’oliva), però a partir de la Universal de Viena del 1873 es guardonaren també els productes industrials, primer els alimentaris com conserves, vins i licors i, més endavant, d’altres com calçat i teixits. D'altra banda els brodats fets per dones mallorquines reberen guardons ja des de l’Exposició de Londres de 1851. Les especialitats vénen diferenciades per illes: Eivissa hi enviava sal, productes agrícoles (blat, ametlles, garroves, cotó, etc.), i, sobretot a les locals, també alguns d'industrials com productes químics, minerals, i licors. Formentera hi fou representada escadusserament, en alguna de les celebrades a Mallorca Menorca, a les exposicions confirma la diversificació de la seva economia; tant amb productes agraris (blat, ametlles, garroves, lli i cotó, moniatos i llegums) com industrials (nàutics, tèxtils, alimentaris, calçat, i, ja més avançada l’etapa, moneders i aparells elèctrics i motors). És a Mallorca on trobam major varietat de productes, tant agrícoles com industrials, distribuïts per comarques. L’aproximació als expositors de les Illes, dóna indicis de l'evolució tant del sector agrari com del sector industrial. S’han focalitzat els expositors que presentaven uns dels productes més destacats en l'economia illenca, ben presents i premiats, d'una banda els expositors d'oli d’oliva i d'ametlles, i de l'altra, els de conserves i de calçat, branques força desenvolupades tant a Mallorca com Menorca. Una panoràmica dels expositors en permet l'adscripció als diferents grups socials: inicialment membres de la noblesa, però sobretot d'una burgesia emprenedora i culta que exercia un paper destacat tant en l’aspecte econòmic com en el polític i cultural. S'hi identifica també una petita burgesia industrial de diferents municipis així com, sobretot a les mostres de començaments del segle XX, d'un grup nombrós de nous propietaris que exposaven diferents productes del camp.
The study analyses the participation of the Balearic Islands in a series of exhibitions held between 1827 and 1929, a period in which such exhibitions aroused great interest at an international, national and local level. The Balearics shared this interest, as was evident in their participation both locally and abroad. This endeavour was spurred by institutions and individuals as well as the economic, social and cultural climate and led to the many contributions from manufacturers and artists. The series of 47 exhibitions studied show low participation at first, followed by a middle phase of strong participation and a third phase with low participation in the international exhibitions but high in those held in Mallorca. As for the international ones, interest reached its highest point between the London Exhibition in 1862 and that in Chicago in 1893 and its lowest after the Paris Exhibition in 1900. International recognition of Balearic products was first mainly in the agricultural sphere. However, after the Vienna Exhibition in 1873 it extended to industrial goods, firstly food products such as preserves, wine, liqueurs and later, others such as footwear and textiles. In contrast, Mallorcan embroidery had been winning awards since the London Exhibition in 1851. Closer study of those who were exhibiting gives a good indication of the development of both the agricultural and industrial sectors. Those focused on were presenting some of the most important products in the Balearic economy, on the one hand olive oil and almonds and on the other, preserves and footwear. An overall view of the exhibitors enables us to identify different social groups. There were initially some members of the nobility but above all the entrepreneurial bourgeoisie, who played an outstanding role not only in the economy but also in politics and culture. There were also smaller manufacturers from the different municipalities and, especially at the beginning of the 20th century, a large group of new landowners exhibiting farm products.

David Hockney is a leading figure in contemporary printmaking. Since 1954 making prints has been an integral part of Hockney's art practice. It is a field of art in which he is truly gifted and, over five decades, he has created a significant body of prints. He has constantly pushed the boundaries of printmaking in terms of style, subject matter and technique. This is almost without parallel in recent art history. Printmaking has also provided Hockney with a diversion when other forms of his art, notably painting, were in a stylistic and iconographic cul de sac. The history of Hockney's involvement in making prints has formed a critical path in his overall artistic development in all its variety of forms. For much of his life as an artist, David Hockney has been freer, more experimental and less inhibited in his approach to creating art, when making prints than when painting. A successful career in painting often eluded him during much of his early career particularly after he adopted the use of acrylic paint and Hockney would often find himself in an artistic dead end in his painting style. In contrast, making prints often provided a way forward for Hockney. This modus operandi continued for much of his artistic life until his more recent embrace of digital processes in art using an iPhone or iPad. Hockney's development from an emerging artist to a mature and successful one lay in his constant searching for new ways of depiction, other than those belonging to new modernist canons. He was constantly posing pictorial problems and then trying to solve them. To this end, Hockney developed a hybrid art in his printmaking, one of wide ranging eclecticism. He then turned to naturalism, only to find he needed to explore further choices. As a mature artist Hockney achieved a fusion of the abstract and formal elements in his work and to tackle age-old issues - how to portray someone, how to depict a landscape and a season, a time of day and under certain weather conditions and how to indicate space and time in two-dimensional art form. For Hockney, printmaking has been an integral part of this search and discovery. Now entering the second decade of the 21st century, Hockney has finally achieved his ambition to become a landscape painter of consequence and now the focus for Hockney lies there. The significant purpose and role that prints played in his artistic career in the twentieth century have ceased to exist - at least for the present. -- provided by Candidate.

A dissertation in fulfilment of the Degree of Masters of Arts in Fine Arts (MAFA) at the University of Witwatersrand, 2017
In 2012, the Johannesburg-based artists’ collective, Center for Historical Reenactments (CHR), presented Fr(agile), a social sculpture and public intervention, following a threeday residency at the Alf Kumalo Museum in Diepkloof, Soweto. The Fr(agile) Residency intended to reimagine the archive by searching it for points of interest related to visual artmaking. This research dissertation aims to revisit Fr(agile) in order to explore new ways of engaging the photographic archive, and artist-led processes and methodologies within this archive. The archive was never completely sorted although Kumalo had, had intentions of properly cataloguing his archive and had begun the process of digitising his photographs at his museum. With the archive closed for legal reasons, this research will draw on memory and account, and this dissertation will be presented orally. I feel it is necessary to remember what the archive was like during the residency, but to also propose ways to activate the archive through contemporary visual arts practice. The research further proposes ways in which archives can occupy a space within contemporary visual arts, how they can potentially function when looked at as contemporary objects, and begin to question the ephemeral relationship between the photographic medium, archive and memory.
XL2018

A Research report submitted in partial fulfilment of the Degree Masters in History of Arts at the University of Witwatersrand, 2017
This research report has followed three periods in the history of the political struggle for freedom in South Africa, from the height of the Anti-apartheid struggle in the 1980s to the present day by way of exploring three exhibitions of resistance posters as case studies. It is located in the realm of political and art history. Looking at the positioning of the resistance poster in South African art history, the intension is to highlight how these exhibitions have used display strategies to construct values reflected in the resistance poster. The three selected exhibitions are as follows: firstly, Thami Mnyele and Medu Art Ensemble Retrospective (2008), Second is the exhibition Images of Defiance: South African poster of the 1980’s (2004). And the third exhibition Interruptions: Posters from the Community Arts Project Archive (2014).
XL2018

A research report submitted to the Faculty of Humanities University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts (History of Art), 2017
This research was instigated by a collection of uncollected portraits (completed and incomplete), photographs, letters, papers, documents, passbooks, and other materials, left behind when an airbrush portraiture studio, The Aqua Portrait Studio, closed in about 1998 after fifty years of continuous business. The portraits were created by enlarging small original photos – sometimes from two separate sources – and then colouring them with an airbrush and other materials. Because of the nature of the airbrush technique, it was possible to change the original image completely: to clothe the sitters in completely imaginary attire, for example, and pose them together with someone they had possibly never been photographed with. This process gave rise to a genre in which people could re-imagine themselves, enact other personas. Because the fifty years of existence of this studio almost coincided with the years of apartheid (the studio was open from about 1950 to about 1998), it seemed that the collection of uncollected images and notes left behind could be a source of rich information about the people who were the studio's clients, the process of acquiring airbrushed portraits, and the social and historical context in which those involved lived. I start with three fundamental questions: Since this portraiture form grew so exponentially in popularity, especially during the apartheid years, what specific significance and meaning had it taken on for the communities who were buying the portraits? What need was it meeting? What can we learn about these lives from this collection? The research takes two forms. First, it closely interrogates the material objects in the collection; and second, it tracks the routes of clients and salesmen to what were some of the former homelands of the northern part of South Africa. Both these investigations attempt to understand the possible roles and contribution of these pictures to the construction and reconstruction of self-identity under apartheid.
XL2018

A research report submitted to the Faculty of Humanities, University of the Witwatersrand, in partial fulfilment of the requirements for MA by Coursework and Research Report, Johannesburg, 2017
This research report explores the influences of memory in selected works by two visual artists: South African Kemang Wa Lehulere’s Remembering the Future of a Hole as a Verb 2.1 and Polish artist Ursula von Rydingsvard’s Droga. The report examines the ways in which personal memory can inform creative practice and the surface difficulties such endeavours may present. These works and writings on memory and creative practice inform my own practice, through which I investigate ways of expressing my memories of my grandparents’ carpentry workshop in Sunnydale Eshowe in KwaZulu Natal, South Africa.
XL2018

本文主要研究十九世紀末二十世紀初的一種傳統民間藝術--年畫。這短短的幾十年見證了在中國發生的一系列翻天覆地的社會政治變化：清政府的垮臺，外國勢力的入侵，以及西方先進技術與思想的引入；這些變化我們都可以在這一時期的年畫中找到。本文的地點範圍主要集中于天津楊柳青，另外其他中國北方的年畫產地的年畫，如武強、楊家埠，以及江蘇的桃花塢等，也會在文章因行文需要而被提到。總的來說，本文分為三個大部份，也就是年畫的生產、內容和消費。我認為這些新內容之所以在年畫中出現主要有三個原因：首先，西方先進印刷技術和新的繪畫風格的引入讓年畫內容的轉變有了可能性；其次一些維新人士創辦的畫報和報刊也對年畫的發展產生了影響；最後便是民初時期民國政府採取的對年畫的干涉。本文將這些在年畫中出現的新的主題進行了詳細的探討。一方面，我們可以發現反帝和其他愛國的內容被放入年畫，以此激發百姓的愛國情緒。與傳統年畫主要關注家庭這一點不同的是，改良年畫的重心放在了保衛國家這個更高的主題上。另一方面，在這類年畫中，婦女不再被認為是男人的附屬品，它們鼓勵婦女實現經濟和人格上的獨立，並且有必要的話，也可以成為士兵，加入到保家衛國的行列中。最後一方面，西方先進事物的引入，如鐘錶、自行車、火車和飛機等，為大眾引領了一種新的物質文化，也在不知不覺中改變中百姓的日常生活習慣。作為結論，我提出改良年畫是大眾文化和精英文化互動產生的結果。它們大多數都是在民國政府的提倡之下而生產的，但是年畫的商業本質決定了它需要有一定的市場以保證盈利。這樣，傳統年畫的形式被保留了下來，同時改革家和當權者為其填入了新的思想和觀念，用來教育廣大百姓。這種“舊瓶裝新酒的宣傳方式雖然效果在清末民初效果不佳，但是它卻在某種程度上為中國作為一個現代國家的出現奠定了基礎。
This research examines nianhua年畫 (New Year pictures), a form of traditional folk art, from the late nineteenth to the early twentieth centuries. This time period witnessed a series of dramatic social and political changes in China: the collapse of Qing Dynasty, invasions of foreign powers, and introduction of Western advanced technologies and ideas, all of which could be found in nianhua prints. The spatial focus is mainly on Yangliuqing楊柳青, a town very close to Tianjin. However, nianhua produced in other places in North China, such as Wuqiang武強 and Yangjiabu楊家埠, and those from Taohuawu桃花塢 in the Yangzi River Delta, will also be mentioned, for some of them are of great use in my writings. Generally, this study has three sections: the production and circulation of nianhua in Yangliuqing, the contents of nianhua with new elements, and how common people reacted to the reformed nianhua. I demonstrate that the import of Western advanced printing technologies and painting styles, pictorials and vernacular newspapers published by social reformers, and the involvement of Republican government were the major reasons for the appearance of new elements in nianhua. Then the new themes in nianhua are discussed in details. First of all, anti-imperialist and other patriotic topics are found to arouse nationalist sentiments among the masses. The emotions in new nianhua started to shift from protecting home and family to defending the nation. At the same time, women were no longer treated as men’s subordinate; instead, they were also encouraged to earn their own bread and even go to the battlefield to save their country. Finally, the imports of Western inventions, such as clocks, bikes, trains, and planes, emerged in nianhua, building a new material culture for the common people. I conclude that reformed nianhua was a result of the interaction between popular culture and elite culture. Most of them were advocated by the Republican officials; but the commercial nature of nianhua determined that it needed to have market amog consumers. The form of traditional nianhua was kept, while social reformers and authorities fill new values and beliefs into it to educate the common people. This “new-wine-in-old-bottles way of propaganda resulted in limited success; but to some extents it paved the way for the emergence of a modern nation.
Detailed summary in vernacular field only.
Wan, Mi.
Thesis (M.Phil.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2012.
Includes bibliographical references (leaves 150-159).
Abstracts also in Chinese.
List of Figures --- p.v
Chapter Chapter 1 --- Introduction --- p.1
Chapter 1.1 --- Statement of Research Problem --- p.1
Chapter 1.2 --- Nianhua: The Background --- p.6
Chapter 1.3 --- Methodology --- p.8
Chapter 1.4 --- Literature Review --- p.13
Chapter 1.5 --- Structure of the Thesis --- p.22
Chapter Chapter 2 --- From Festivity to Propaganda: Nianhua’s Political and Educational Roles --- p.24
Chapter 2.1 --- The Production and Circulation of Nianhua in North China --- p.25
Chapter 2.2 --- The Influence of Printing Technical Improvement and Western Painting Styles on Nianhua --- p.32
Chapter 2.3 --- Nianhua and Social Reform Promoters in the Late Qing --- p.41
Chapter 2.4 --- Nianhua as a Popular Education Tool in the Republican Era --- p.53
Chapter Chapter 3 --- From Protecting My Home to Defending My Nation: Nationalism in Nianhua --- p.68
Chapter 3.1 --- Nation, Nationalism, and National Identity --- p.70
Chapter 3.2 --- When China Confronted the West --- p.73
Chapter 3.3 --- Anti-Imperialism in Nianhua --- p.83
Chapter 3.4 --- Attitudes towards the Qing Government --- p.90
Chapter Chapter 4 --- Gender in Nianhua --- p.95
Chapter 4.1 --- Women’s Appearance and Female Warriors in Nianhua --- p.98
Chapter 4.2 --- Promotion of Women’s Education in Nianhua --- p.106
Chapter Chapter 5 --- Import of Western Objects and Interpretation of the Western World --- p.119
Chapter 5.1 --- The Clock --- p.119
Chapter 5.2 --- The Bicycle --- p.125
Chapter 5.3 --- The Plane --- p.128
Chapter 5.4 --- The Train --- p.130
Chapter Chapter 6 --- Conclusion --- p.138
Bibliography --- p.150

The thesis is a study of a traditional popular art form of China known as New Year Pictures. Although the production of these woodblock printed images virtually ceased early this century, the relevance of this art form in contemporary China has continued. The New Year Picture is often hailed as a prototype for modern forms of visual expression. A renewed interest in this old art form has also prompted widespread conservation of the New Year Picture at the same time as making it the subject of scholarly pursuit. This study evaluates the relevance of New Year Pictures to contemporary art and society by focussing on prints produced in the period spanning the century from 1842 to 1942. This period is definitive of the changes that occurred within the popular art form. The year 1842 marks the end of the Opium War with Britain and the signing of the Treaty of Nanjing, permanently changing China’s international relationships. This, in turn, impacted greatly upon Chinese society and culture. The 1942 was the year of Mao’s “Talks at the Yan’an Conference on Literature and Art”. In mapping out strategies for artists to participate in the communist transformation of Chinese society, the “Talks” articulated an approach to Chinese art and culture that would permanently alter the way in which artistic traditions were to be utilised, both in a practical way and in the sense of how the past was to be perceived.

The sinking of the RMS Titanic has achieved a difficult feat ��� it has remained culturally relevant. The dedication of the general public to understanding Titanic is evident in many avenues of popular and consumer culture. For those individuals who did not get enough of the 1997 Titanic movie, there are numerous Titanic museums and attractions to visit. What interests me as a scholar of historic dress is that the 1997 film is often used as a lens through which the historical events are interpreted and understood. More specifically the character of Rose (from the 1997 Titanic movie) has been translated from a film character to a living history character. Rose has become an integral part of the marketing and exhibiting techniques at some Titanic museum attractions. The purpose of this research was to conduct an introductory exploration of the role of film costume iconography in learning about a historical event and the development of a personal connection with an iconic character in the context of that event. Four permanent Titanic museum attractions were selected as sites of study: museum attractions in Branson, Missouri; Pigeon Forge, Tennessee; Orlando, Florida; and Las Vegas, Nevada. A total of 32 participants were included. Both museum attraction visitors and staff participated in this study; twenty-nine participants were classified as visitors and three participants were classified as staff. Phenomenological and inductive approaches were undertaken. Qualitative (personal phenomenology, phenomenological interviews, and brief participant observation) data collection techniques were employed. Both descriptive and experiential phenomenological and narrative approaches were combined to analyze the resulting data. I utilized a descriptive phenomenological method outlined by Giorgi and Giorgi (2003), and I made modifications to the procedure to fit the unique needs of my data. Data collection occurred in two phases at each location. In phase one, I participated in personal phenomenology during a visit to each museum attraction. In phase two, I collected data with participants. Data collection with visitor participants occurred in three stages: (1) pre-museum attraction visit interview, (2) the participant visited a Titanic museum attraction, and (3) post-museum attraction visit interview. I collected data with each staff participant during one interview. The findings of this study revealed that there are many perspectives from which to tell the story of Titanic and help museum attraction visitors learn the history of the ill-fated ship. I found that Rose did not factor into the decision of the participants to visit a Titanic museum attraction. If a participant learned from or about Rose, she did not factor into the learning or personal meaning-making process until he or she was inside the museum attraction. It was more common for participants to relate to the historical events of Titanic through the movie as a whole, as opposed to the specific character of Rose. The scenario of including a Rose living history interpreter as part of the lived experience of a museum visit elicited a wide range of reactions from participants. It was more common for participants to oppose the presence of a Rose living history interpreter than favor her presence. Several participants reported instances when they drew a spontaneous connection to the movie or were reminded of the movie in their own mind. Several participants used the movie as a foundation to build further historical understanding about Titanic. Some participants used the movie as a source of comparison to explore or confirm the accuracy of the movie. The primary difference in the museum attraction experience for visitors who had not seen the movie was that they encountered difficulty in relating and paying attention to any content or reference to the movie. A general phenomenological structure was formed from the data. As part of this study, I sought to further expand the body of literature that applies visual rhetorical theory and semiotic theory to dress and costume. A discussion of the resulting theoretical implications is included. An outcome of the phenomenological data collection and analysis was a list of recommendations for future practice specifically related to the display of dress and costume in both Titanic museum attractions and museums in general. I conclude with recommendations for future research and a reflective summary.
Graduation date: 2013

This dissertation considers nature imagery in selected South Afiican ceramics and printmaking. The main focus is on ecological issues in recent art productions. The text consists of five chapters. The first examines the ideologies of Fritjof Capra in relation to issues about deep ecology and ecofeminism; this chapter seeks to clarify the scope of the words 'land' and 'landscape' as used in a late 20th century context. The second chapter examines some historical works and ideas that have influenced perceptions of nature imagery in South Afiica. Chapters three, four and five constitute the main body of the thesis, and examine nature imagery in selected examples of contemporary printmaking and ceramics. Chapter three investigates selected landscape images ofceramist Esias Bosch and printmakers Gerda Scholtemeijer and Kim Berman. In chapter four the focus is on the flora as the point of reference. Prints of Gerhard Marx, Douglas Goode, EIsa Pooley and Karel Nel, who were all participants in the Art meets Science: Flowers as Images exhibition, will be examined. Important issues such as the separation ofbotanical and fine art, and art and science will be discussed with reference to their work. This will be followed by discussion of works of Susan Sellschop (a ceramic mural) and Bronwen Jane Heath (a wood engraving) in order to demonstrate the different intentions and outcomes ofthese to artists. Three dimensional works of the three ceramists, Lesley-Anne Hoets, Samantha Read-and Katherine Glenday are discussed in the final section of chapter four. Chapter five examines the interrelationship oflandscape and land. This chapter comprises two main sections. The first deals with aspects of landownership in South Africa reflected in recent ceramics and printmaking. Examples of the work of Marion Arnold and Ellalou O'Meara reinterpret images of early explorers and colonists situating them in a contemporary arena, demonstrating connections between past and present. Landownership is the overt subject in the Fee Halsted Berning, whose ceramic relief panel reflects a different perspective of landownership from the prints ofthe Schmidtsdrift artists. The second section surveys work of four artists whose images draw attention to ecological matters. Wendy Ross, Diana Carmichael, Marion Arnold and Carol Hofrneyr create images that higWight different aspects of the fragile balance of nature.
Thesis (M.A.) - University of Natal, Pietermaritzburg, 2000

A thesis submitted to the Faculty of Humanities, University of Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, in fulfilment of the requirements of Master of Arts, Durban 2018
This dissertation examines the social, cultural and economic significance of locally forged field-hoes, known as amageja in Zulu. A key question I have engaged in this study is whether gender-based divisions of labour in nineteenth-century African communities of this region, which largely consigned agricultural work to women, also affect attitudes towards the tools they used. I argue that examples of field-hoes held in eight museum collections form an important but neglected archive of “hoeculture”, the form of subsistence crop cultivation based on the use of manual implements, within the Phongolo-Mzimkhulu geographic region that roughly approximates to the modern territory of KwaZulu-Natal. In response to observations made by Maggs (1991), namely that a disparity exists in the numbers of fieldhoes collected by museums in comparison with weapons, I conducted research to establish the present numbers of amageja in these museums, relative to spears in the respective collections. The dissertation assesses the historical context that these metallurgical artefacts were produced in prior to the twentieth-century and documents views on iron production, spears and hoes or agriculture recorded in oral testimony from African sources, as well as Zulu-language idioms that make reference to hoes. I furthermore examine the collecting habits and policies of private individuals and museums in this region from the nineteenthcentury onwards, and the manner in which hoes are used in displays, in order to provide recommendations on how this under-utilised category of material culture should be incorporated into future exhibitions.
XL2019

A research report submitted to the Faculty of Humanities, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts (History of Art), March 2017
Within this research report, I explore how the (re-)integration of writing and photography enhances an understanding of the role of the personal within documentary practices. I focus on a portion of the Frobenius Archive as my case study, specifically the documents produced during the five-week Natal leg of the ninth expedition in early 1929. The German Leo Frobenius (b.1873–d.1938) was a primarily self-taught Africanist ethnographer, who had an interdisciplinary practice that blurred the boundaries between anthropology, archaeology and history. He conducted a total of twelve expeditions within Africa between 1904 and 1935, and his objective on these expeditions was to record ways of life that he felt were vulnerable to changes due to modernity. The documents collected during the Natal leg consist of field notes, photographs, hand-drawn pictures and diary entries. The field notes comprise of a set of eleven rock art site descriptions that have been constructed by the three artists: Maria Weyersberg, Elisabeth Mannsfeld and Agnes Schulz. Weyersberg’s diary entries provide a more impressionistic set of notes, tracking the day-today unfolding of their journey (but with many gaps). The subject matter of the photographs ranges from the rock art sites and the landscapes these sites are a part of, to the people they encountered along the way. I engaging with the concept of writing, particularly through the example of Weyersberg’s personal diaries, and the ways in which these entries relate to the photographs, creating a space in between where the personal relationships would have played themselves out. Within this research report I demonstrate that writing and photography can be brought back together in order to restore something of the original encounter and that this (re-)integration offers an opportunity for a new dialogue and a new understanding to be achieved.
MT2018

A presente dissertação procura analisar, através do estudo das exposições “Paris-New York” (1977) e “Monte Verità” (1978), as motivações da reemergência da história no campo da curadoria no final da década de 1970. A primeira destas exposições, comissariada por Pontus Hultén para a inauguração do Centre Georges Pompidou traçava os intercâmbios culturais entre Paris e Nova Iorque, e a segunda, com curadoria de Harald Szeemann, apresentava uma história das ideias utópicas no local onde estas haviam sido exploradas: a região do Ticino (sul da Suíça). Estas mostras, centradas sensivelmente no mesmo período histórico, apresentavam diferentes abordagens sobre a História da Cultura do século XX. Dividido em três partes, este trabalho inicia-se com um olhar panorâmico sobre as transformações sociais e culturais que ocorreram na Europa e nos Estados Unidos entre 1957, ano aqui definido como início dos long sixties, e o final da década de 1970, momento em que estas exposições são apresentadas ao público. Deste período são eleitos alguns movimentos, problemáticas e acontecimentos que o caracterizam, e que servem igualmente para contextualizar o posicionamento e actuação dos respectivos curadores. A segunda parte centra-se nos percursos de Hultén e Szee mann, analisados em paralelo, detectando-se inovações, continuidades e rupturas entre as mostras em estudo e ideias e estratégias expositivas anteriores. A terceira, e última parte, é dedicada à análise crítica das exposições “Paris-New York” e “Monte Verità”, enquadrando-as nos respectivos projectos de museu – o Musée National d’Art Moderne du Centre Georges Pompidou e o contra-museu “Museum der Obsessionen”. Nesta são aprofundadas as estratégias expositivas, as formas de construção do discurso e suportes de comunicação adoptados, bem como as reacções do público e da crítica, culminando numa análise comparativa, que clarifica os contributos de ambas as mostras para uma visão mais alargada da história da arte e das ideias do século XX e para a prática curatorial contemporânea.
This dissertation seeks to analyse the motivations behind the re-emergence of history within the field of curatorial discourse in the late 1970s, through the study of the exhibitions “Paris-New York” (1977) and “Monte Verità” (1978). The former, curated by Pontus Hultén for the opening of the Centre Georges Pompidou explored the cultural exchanges between Paris and New York, while the latter presented a history of utopian ideas, and it was held by Harald Szeemann in the region of Ticino in southern Switzerland where those ideas where explored. Both exhibitions covered almost the same historic period but presented different approaches to the History of 20th-century Culture. This work is divided into three parts. The first one provides a historical overview of the social and cultural transformations that took place in Europe and in the United States between 1957, the year that one defined as the beginning of the long sixties, and the end of the 1970s, when “Paris-New York” and “Monte Verità” opened to the public. Some movements, issues, and events that characterized that period are addressed. This historical overview also serves to contextualize the curators’ stances and actions. The second part focuses on the parallel careers of the two contemporaries Hultén and Szeemann, detecting innovations, continuities and ruptures between the exhibitions under study and previous ideas and displaying strategies. The third, and last part is devoted to the critical analysis of the exhibitions “Paris-New York” and “Monte Verità”, taking into account the museum projects in which they were included – the Musée National d’Art Moderne du Centre Georges Pompidou and the counter-museum “Museum der Obsessionen”, respectively. In this part one reflects on the displaying strategies, the forms of discourse, the interpretive and communicative media, as well as the exhibition reviews and public reactions. Finally, a comparative analysis clarifies the contributions of both exhibitions to a broader perspective on the History of 20th-century Art and Ideas and to the contemporary curatorial practice.

1 SUMMARY Regaining the Past. Yugoslav Legacy in the Period of Transition: the Case of Formal and Alternative Institutions of Art and Culture in Serbia at the End of the 20th and the Beginning of the 21st Century Before, during the existence of Yugoslav state, and in the post Yugoslav period, common cultural (and art) space was shaped by the similar language, culture, connections, mentality, territory, economic relations, (foreign) influences and art production. After the dissolution of Yugoslavia in disastrous war conflicts, a large economic and cultural crisis hit the whole Balkan region. Cruelty of the Bosnia war, together with embargo, economic crisis, severe inflation, protests, caused a cultural collective trauma in all former Yugoslav countries. Simultaneously. High level of (narrative) fragmentation occurs in all institutions as the consequence of the crisis in society. It reflects in the dysfunctionality of institutions and eventually in closing down. After the dark period of the ‘90s, in 2000, Serbia dived into progressive democratic changes and an unblocked transition process, that will become a large source of disappointment in Serbian society. During all the changes and fluctuations, Yugoslavia (idea and a state) figurate as a main culprit for a crisis and a huge mistake in the newest history. Individual memory and private space of citizens in Serbia was still crowded by the memories of the previous period, but translating into cultural memory became doubtful. For that kind of translation, and revitalization of the part of the culture, space for speech, discussion, search for meaning should be essential, initiated and placed in institutions of culture. In my research I was trying to investigate if and how Yugoslavia continued to exist in cultural institutions as a phenomenon, through values of its ideology and common and wide cultural space, as a notion, motif, and theme of the projects and events, in spite of all mentioned 2 circumstances. I intended to represent the importance of Yugoslav legacy (as a symbolic heritage in the first place), from the perspective of making continuity and finding (creating) meaning about the past, as a way of overcoming cultural trauma. The main categories and points of view I have chosen as a methodology of the research, could be named as interdisciplinary cultural study approach, through content analysis and notions of representations interpretation, discovering of symbolic or concrete presence/ absence. The material for my research were catalogues from the exhibitions and following publications, articles from newspapers and magazines, academic literature, non-official interviews, videos, comments on exhibitions, comments as a part of the program in institutions, personal interpretations of actors (artists, academics, curators, activists, audience) expressed in informal interviews and meetings, noted or recorded, so that could be incorporated in my research. Entire argument is divided into the four parts: State of Art, Historical Context, Official Institutions; Alternative Institutions accompanied with the Introduction at the beginning, and Conclusions at the end (together with Bibliography, List of Photos and Summary in English, Polish and Serbian). In the first chapter State of Art, with an overview of books, articles and projects that are connected with a theme of my work, I present different aspects of its formulation and content. The second chapter titled Historical context is dedicated to the history of South Slavic unity with overview of Yugoslav history. For the analytical part of my research I have chosen three official and three alternative institutions to describe and illustrate the place and role of the Yugoslav narrative and legacy in cultural institutions: among official those are Serbian Pavilion in Venice (Paviljon Republike Srbije u Veneciji), Museum of Contemporary Art in Belgrade (Muzej savremene umetnosti u Beogradu), Museum of Yugoslavia (Muzej Jugoslavije), and among nonofficial (alternative) institutions those are Centre for Cultural Decontamination (Centar za kulturnu dekontaminaciju/ CZKD), squat Inex, and alternative cultural center Catch 22 (Kvaka 22). I had an assumption that choosing from the different types of the institution could help in creating the wider image, and form the basis for a more complete map of the institutions in Serbia in the post Yugoslav period. Analytical part dedicated to official institutions placed after Historical context contains three chapters describing three institutions. 3 The first chapter in a part regarded official institutions is dedicated to the Pavilion of Republic Serbia in Venice, former Pavilion of Yugoslavia in Venice (all of state emanations). I have decided to investigate Serbian (former Yugoslav) Pavilion in Venice as the only institution where Yugoslavia still exists in the frame of international art and culture manifestations (even just as a living memory and context). The second chapter is dedicated to The Museum of Contemporary Art in Belgrade, opened in 1965 as the most prominent cultural institution representing the Yugoslav and Serbian Art of the 20th century. The Museum of Contemporary Art appears to be the institution symbol of the Yugoslav art and culture creation. The third one is dedicated to the Museum of Yugoslavia, the only institution in former Yugoslav space dedicated fully to representation of Yugoslavia. Institution showed the enormous capacity for transformation, communicating the possibility of the new modern institution. Analytical part dedicated to alternative institutions also contains three chapters with the short introduction bringing the explanations and description of alternative institutions as a phenomenon. The first chapter in a part of research Alternative institutions is dedicated to the Centre for Cultural Decontamination (Centar za kulturnu dekontaminaciju / CZKD). Being one of the oldest non official organizations in Serbia, emerged from a decisive protest against the regime of Slobodan Milošević in 1995, CZKD was my choice for the alternative institution of the older generation. As the second case I have decided to describe the squat and cultural center Inex established in a building of the Inex Film Company. The end of the analytical part dedicated to alternative institutions represents the case of Kvaka 22, as an example for the youngest generations of the artists and cultural workers, activists and citizens, and their approach towards culture and art, past and present. In the Conclusions I have presented in the same time common denominators of the all described institutions from the perspective of Yugoslav legacy, and wider context as a common space for them all. Also, I have accentuated the conclusion about the significance of cooperation between institutions, in the field of cultural memory but not just. The phenomenon of relatedness and interconnectedness appears to be crucial for the resolution of the cultural crisis.
1 Streszczenie Odzyskiwanie przeszłości. Dziedzictwo jugosłowiańskie w okresie transformacji: oficjalne i alternatywne instytucje kultury i sztuki w Serbii na przełomie XX i XXI wieku Wspólna jugosłowiańska przestrzeń kulturowa (i artystyczna) kształtowała się zanim powstała Jugosławia, w czasie jej istnienia, a także po jej rozpadzie. Czynnikami, które o tym decydowały był podobny język, kultura, powiązania, mentalność, terytorium, stosunki gospodarcze, (zewnętrzne) wpływy i produkcja artystyczna. Po rozpadzie Jugosławii w wyniku katastrofalnych konfliktów wojennych omawiany region został dotknięty ogromnym kryzysem ekonomicznym i kulturalnym. Okrucieństwo wojny w Bośni i Hercegowinie, a także embargo, kryzys ekonomiczny, ostra inflacja i protesty wywołały zbiorową traumę kulturową we wszystkich krajach byłej Jugosławii równocześnie. Konsekwencją kryzysu społecznego był wysoki stopień fragmentacji (narracji) pojawiający się we wszystkich instytucjach. Wyrażał się on w dysfunkcjonalności instytucji, a następnie w ich zamknięciu. W roku 2000, po mrocznej dekadzie lat dziewięćdziesiątych, Serbia rozpoczęła demokratyczne zmiani i odblokowała proces transformacji, który stał się powodem ogromnego rozczarowania społeczeństwa serbskiego. W trakcie tych zmian i przekształceń Jugosławia (rozumiana jako idea i państwo) zaczęła jawić się jako główny sprawca kryzysu. Pamięć indywidualną i przestrzeń prywatną obywateli Serbii wciąż wypełniały wspomnienia poprzedniego systemu, ale możliwość przełożenia tego na pamięć kulturową stała pod znakiem zapytania. Dla tego typu kulturowego przekładu i rewitalizacji wspomnianego wycinka kultury konieczna jest bowiem przestrzeń dialogu, dyskusji, poszukiwania sensu, zainicjowana i umiejscowiona w instytucjach kultury. W rozprawie podjęłam próbę odpowiedzi na pytanie, czy i w jaki sposób Jugosławia, rozumiana jako pojęcie, motyw, temat projektów i wydarzeń, przejawiająca się w określonym systemie aksjologicznym oraz fenomenie wspólnoty kulturowej – funkcjonuje w instytucjach kultury wbrew powyżej zarysowanym okolicznościom. Moim zamierzeniem było zaprezentowanie znaczenia dziedzictwa Jugosławii (przede wszystkim jego 2 symbolicznego wymiaru) w odniesieniu do procesu ustanawiania ciągłości i odnajdywania (tworzenia) sensu przeszłości jako sposobu na przezwyciężenie traumy kulturowej. Główne kategorie i perspektywy badawcze, które stały się metodologiczną podstawą moich badań, tworzą podejście nazywane interdyscyplinarnymi badaniami kulturowymi i obejmują analizę treści, interpretację reprezentacji, odkrywanie symbolicznej lub rzeczywistej obecności/nieobecności. Jako materiał naukowy posłużyły mi publikacje dotyczące wystaw i projektów, a także opracowania takie jak artykuły prasowe, filmy, komentarze do wystaw, komentarze zawarte w programach instytucji, literatura naukowa, osobiste interpretacje aktorów społecznych (artystów, naukowców, kuratorów, aktywistów) wyrażone w nieformalnych i formalnych wywiadach udzielanych podczas spotkań i zarejestrowanych przez media. Rozprawa składa się z czterech rozdziałów: Stań badań, Kontekst historyczny, Oficjalne instytucje, Alternatywne instytucje. Poprzedza je Wprowadzenie i zamykają Wnioski. W końcowej części pracy znajduje się Bibliografia, Spis ilustracji i streszczenie. W rozdziale pierwszym (Stan badań) zaprezentowałam przegląd literatury, prasy oraz projektów związanych z tematem pracy, podkreślając różnorodność w obrębie ich treści, a także w sposobach formułowania głównego problemu. Rozdział drugi (Kontekst historyczny) poświęcony jest historii idei jedności Słowian Południowych na tle historii Jugosławii. W części analitycznej rozprawy do badania roli narracji o Jugosławii i jej dziedzictwa w instytucjach kulturalnych wybrałam trzy instytucje oficjalne i trzy instytucje alternatywne. Wśród instytucji oficjalnych znalazły się: Pawilon Serbski w Wenecji (Paviljon Republike Srbije u Veneciji), Muzeum Sztuki Współczesnej w Belgradzie (Muzej savremene umetnosti u Beogradu) oraz Muzeum Jugosławii (Muzej Jugoslavije). Spośród instytucji nieoficjalnych (alternatywnych) do analizy wybrałam Centrum Dekontaminacji Kulturowej (Centar za kulturnu dekontaminaciju, CZKD), squat Inex oraz alternatywne centrum kultury Kvaka 22. Przyjęłam założenie, że taki wybór z szerokiego wachlarza instytucji przyczyni się do zaprezentowania szerokiego obrazu, a także stanowić będzie podstawę pełniejszej mapy instytucji kultury w Serbii w okresie postjugosłowiańskim. Część analityczna poświęcona oficjalnym instytucjom składa się z trzech podrozdziałów. Pierwszy podrozdział poświęcony jest Pawilonowi Serbskiemu w Wenecji, byłemu Pawilonowi Jugosławii w Wenecji (emanacji Jugosławii na każdym etapie jej politycznego istnienia). 3 Postanowiłam poddać badaniu Pawilon Serbski (były Jugosłowiański) w Wenecji jako jedyną instytucję, w której Jugosławia wciąż istnieje w ramach międzynarodowych manifestacji kultury i sztuki (choćby jako żywa pamięć i kontekst). Drugi podrozdział poświęcony jest Muzeum Sztuki Współczesnej w Belgradzie, otwartemu w 1965 roku, jako czołowej instytucji kulturalnej reprezentującej jugosłowiańską i serbską sztukę XX wieku. Muzeum Sztuki Współczesnej jawi się tu jako symbol procesu tworzenia kultury i sztuki Jugosławii. Trzeci podrozdział poświęcony jest Muzeum Jugosławii, jedynej instytucji na obszarze byłej Jugosławii w całości poświęconej Jugosławii. Instytucja ta wykazała się ogromną zdolnością transformacji, wykazując jednocześnie potencjał nowoczesnej instytucji kultury. Część analityczna poświęcona instytucjom alternatywnym również składa się z trzech podrozdziałów. Poprzedza je krótkie wprowadzenie i ogólna analiza instytucji alternatywnych jako fenomenu kulturowego. Pierwszy podrozdział poświęcony jest Centrum Dekontaminacji Kulturowej (Centar za kulturnu dekontaminaciju / CZKD). W związku z tym, że Centrum wyrosło ze zdecydowanego protestu przeciwko reżimowi Slobodana Miloševicia w 1995 roku i jest jedną z najstarszych nieoficjalnych instytucji w Serbii, zostało poddane analizie jako instytucja alternatywna starszej generacji. W drugim podrozdziale omówiony został squat i centrum kulturalne Inex, założone w budynku wytwórni filmowej Inex. W ostatnim podrozdziale części analitycznej uwagę poświęciłam instytucji alternatywnej Kvaka 22 jako przykładowi działalności najmłodszego pokolenia artystów i działaczy kultury, aktywistów, obywateli. W części Konkluzje opisałam punkty styczne wszystkich analizowanych instytucji z perspektywy dziedzictwa Jugosławii, a także naświetliłam szerszy kontekst funkcjonowania tych instytucji jako ich przestrzeń wspólną. Ponadto opisałam wnioski dotyczące znaczenia współpracy między tymi instytucjami nie tylko w obszarze pamięci kulturowej. Zjawisko pokrewieństwa i wzajemnych powiązań wydaje się mieć kluczowe znaczenie dla wyjścia z kryzysu kulturowego.

DISERTAČNÍ PRÁCE Univerzita Karlova v Praze Filozofická fakulta Ústav pro dějiny umění Studijní program Dějiny výtvarného umění Jan Mergl Výtvarný vývoj produkce Harrachovské sklárny v Novém Světě 1850-1940 Art Development of the Production of the Harrach Glassworks in Nový Svět 1850-1940 Abstract Vedoucí práce: Doc. PhDr. Jana Kybalová, CSc. 2014 ABSTRACT Highly regarded throughout the world, Bohemian glass is also acknowledged as a cultural phenomenon in its own right and the Harrach glassworks in Nový Svět in Krkonoše indisputably ranks among the most accomplished companies that have had a determining influence on the world renown of Czech glassmaking. First documented in the early 18th century, the glassworks has been in existence for three hundred years. However, its prominent status among Bohemian producers of glass is not only due to its long history. What makes it noteworthy is its traditionally outstanding craftsmanship and technological facilities, and mainly its foresighted efforts to employ and further enhance diverse techniques in working with crystal and coloured glass. Thus, the factory was able to readily respond to the changes in the styles of glass as these developed from the 18th to the 20th centuries. This work is the outcome of long-term, focused research of archival sources, especially...

Canvassing the emotions examines the role and meaning of artmaking in the lives of women who have experienced mental ill-health and/or psychological trauma in Australia between the 1950s and the present. Hovering at the nexus of a number of contested domains, the thesis bypasses the perennial question of what is art to explore the neglected and perhaps more interesting query – what does art do for the artmaker? – and associated questions of why does art matter; what is the function of artmaking in relation to wellbeing; and what are the implications of a thwarted life of making? The thesis presents the findings of three studies: The Exhibition – a touring exhibition of art produced by women with an experience of mental ill-health; The Interviews – with thirty-two women who make art and who have experienced mental ill-health; and The Collage – a collation of women’s accounts of – what does art do?

This thesis deals with Czechoslovakian pavilion architecture at the world exhibitions in the first half of the 20th century. The thesis is divided into three sections. The first section deals with a participation of Czech artists at the world exhibitions before the creation of independent Czechoslovakia. Next two sections focus on Czechoslovakian representation at the world exhibitions in the twenties and thirties of the 20th century. The thesis deals closer with preparations, looking for a basic solutions, choosing of architects and requirements which have been imposed on them. In the conclusion there is outlined development of our participation at the world exhibitions in a given period and its way to the famous EXPO 58.