Journal articles on the topic 'Printing technique-assisted method'

Objective: to better reconstruct the nasal shape after cleft lip repair with 3D printing assisted autologous costal cartilage augmentation rhinoplasty, especially for patients with radix augmentation needs. Method: 20 patients with nasal deformity secondary to cleft lip repair and radix augmentation needs had received surgical treatment from July 2016 to November 2021. A total of 10 cases were treated with autologous costal cartilage augmentation rhinoplasty for nasal deformity after cleft lip repair, and 10 cases were treated with the help of 3D printing. According to the characteristics of nasal deformity, autologous costal cartilage was carved and implanted into the nose back. Results: 3D printing assisted autologous costal cartilage augmentation in the treatment of nasal deformity after cleft lip repair, the incision healed well, and there were no complications in the thoracic cartilage donor area. The shape of the nose is satisfactory, the height and shape of the nose tip and the size of both nostrils are mostly symmetrical, the nasal columella is elongated, the original nose tip is flat, the collapse of the nose wing is satisfactory, and the nose lip angle is close to normal. Conclusions: 3D printing assisted autologous costal cartilage augmentation is an ideal treatment for nasal deformity after cleft lip repair.

Purpose The purpose of this study is to study the mechanical, tribological and electrical properties of the copper-graphene (Cu-Gn) composites fabricated by a novel rapid tooling technique consist of three-dimensional printing and ultrasonic-assisted pressureless sintering (UAPS). Design/methodology/approach Four different Cu-Gn compositions with 0.25, 0.5, 1 and 1.5 per cent of graphene were fabricated using an amalgamation of three-dimensional printing and UAPS. The polymer 3d printed parts were used to prepare mould cavity and later the UAPS process was used to sinter Cu-Gn powder to acquire free-form shape. The density, hardness, wear rate, coefficient of friction and electrical conductivity were evaluated for the different compositions of graphene and compared with the pure copper. Besides, the comparison was performed with the conventional method. Findings Cu-Gn composites revealed excellent wear properties due to higher hardness, and the lubrication provided by the graphene. The electrical conductivity of the fabricated Cu-Gn composites started increasing initially but decreased afterwards with increasing the content of graphene. The UAPS fabricated composites outperformed the conventional method manufactured samples with better properties such as density, hardness, wear rate, coefficient of friction and electrical conductivity due to homogeneous mixing of metal particles and graphene. Originality/value The fabrication of Cu-Gn composite freeform shapes was found to be difficult using conventional methods. The novel technique using a combination of polymer three-dimensional printing and UAPS as rapid tooling was introduced for the fabrication of freeform shapes of Cu-Gn composites and mechanical, tribological and electrical properties were studied. The method can be used to fabricate optimized complex Cu-Gn structures with improved wear and electrical applications.

Composite materials are a combination of two or more types of materials used to enhance the mechanical and structural properties of engineering products. When fibers are mixed in the polymeric matrix, the composite material is known as fiber-reinforced polymer (FRP). FRP materials are widely used in structural applications related to defense, automotive, aerospace, and sports-based industries. These materials are used in producing lightweight components with high tensile strength and rigidity. The fiber component in fiber-reinforced polymers provides the desired strength-to-weight ratio; however, the polymer portion costs less, and the process of making the matrix is quite straightforward. There is a high demand in industrial sectors, such as defense and military, aerospace, automotive, biomedical and sports, to manufacture these fiber-reinforced polymers using 3D printing and additive manufacturing technologies. FRP composites are used in diversified applications such as military vehicles, shelters, war fighting safety equipment, fighter aircrafts, naval ships, and submarine structures. Techniques to fabricate composite materials, degrade the weight-to-strength ratio and the tensile strength of the components, and they can play a critical role towards the service life of the components. Fused deposition modeling (FDM) is a technique for 3D printing that allows layered fabrication of parts using thermoplastic composites. Complex shape and geometry with enhanced mechanical properties can be obtained using this technique. This paper highlights the limitations in the development of FRPs and challenges associated with their mechanical properties. The future prospects of carbon fiber (CF) and polymeric matrixes are also mentioned in this study. The study also highlights different areas requiring further investigation in FDM-assisted 3D printing. The available literature on FRP composites is focused only on describing the properties of the product and the potential applications for it. It has been observed that scientific knowledge has gaps when it comes to predicting the performance of FRP composite parts fabricated under 3D printing (FDM) techniques. The mechanical properties of 3D-printed FRPs were studied so that a correlation between the 3D printing method could be established. This review paper will be helpful for researchers, scientists, manufacturers, etc., working in the area of FDM-assisted 3D printing of FRPs.

Background and purposeMicrocatheterization is an important, but also difficult, technique used for the embolization of intracranial aneurysms. The purpose of this study was to investigate the application of three-dimensional (3D) printing technology in microcatheter shaping.MethodsNine cases of internal carotid artery posterior communicating artery aneurysm diagnosed by CT angiography were selected, and 3D printing technology was used to build a 3D model including the aneurysm and the parent artery. The hollow and translucent model had certain flexibility; it was immersed in water and the microcatheter was introduced into the water to the target position in the aneurysm, followed by heating the water temperature to 50°C. After soaking for 5 min, the microcatheter was taken out and the shaping was completed. After sterilization, the shaped microcatheter was used for arterial aneurysm embolization and evaluation was conducted.ResultsNine cases of microcatheter shaping were satisfactory and shaping the needle was not necessary; no rebound was observed. The microcatheter was placed in an ideal position, and the stent-assisted method was used in three cases of wide-neck aneurysm. There were no complications related to surgery.ConclusionA new microcatheter shaping method using 3D printing technology makes intracranial artery aneurysm embolization more stable and efficient.

Photopolymer resins used in stereolithographic 3D printing are limited to penetration depths of less than 1 mm. Our approach explores the use of near-infrared (NIR) to visible upconversion (UC) emissions from lanthanide-based phosphors to initiate photopolymer crosslinking at a much higher depth. This concept relies on the use of invisibility windows and non-linear optical effects to achieve selective crosslinking in photopolymers. SLA resin formulation capable of absorbing light in the visible region (420–550 nm) was developed, in order to take advantage of efficient green-UC of Er3+/Yb3+ doped phosphor. NIR-green light UC shows versatility in enhancing curing depths in laser patterning. For instance, a structure with a curing depth of 11 ± 0.2 mm, cured width of 496 ± 5 µm and aspect ratios of over 22.2:1 in a single pass via NIR-green light UC. The penetration depth of the reported formulation approached 39 mm. Therefore, this technique would allow curing depths of up to 4 cm. Moreover, it was also demonstrated that this technique can initiate cross-linking directly at the focal point. This shows the potential of NIR-assisted UC as a low-cost method for direct laser writing in volume and 3D printing.

Filamentous viruses called M13 bacteriophages are promising materials for devices with thin film coatings because phages are functionalizable, and they can self-assemble into smectic helicoidal nanofilament structures. However, the existing “pulling” approach to align the nanofilaments is slow and limits potential commercialization of this technology. This study uses an applied electric field to rapidly align the nanostructures in a fixed droplet. The electric field reduces pinning of the three-phase contact line, allowing it to recede at a constant rate. Atomic force microscopy reveals that the resulting aligned structures resemble those produced via the pulling method. The field-assisted alignment results in concentric color bands quantified with image analysis of red, green, and blue line profiles. The alignment technique shown here could reduce self-assembly time from hours to minutes and lend itself to scalable manufacturing techniques such as inkjet printing.

Purpose This paper aims to focus on the most popular technique nowadays, the use of microwave irradiation in organic synthesis; in a few years, most chemists will use microwave energy to heat chemical reactions on a laboratory scale. Also, many scientists use microwave technology in the industry. They have turned to microwave synthesis as a frontline methodology for their projects. Microwave and microwave-assisted organic synthesis (MAOS) has emerged as a new “lead” in organic synthesis. Design/methodology/approach Using microwave radiation for synthesis and design of fluorescent dyes is of great interest, as it decreases the time required for synthesis and the synthesized dyes can be applied to industrial scale. Findings The technique offers many advantages, as it is simple, clean, fast, efficient and economical for the synthesis of a large number of organic compounds. These advantages encourage many chemists to switch from the traditional heating method to microwave-assisted chemistry. Practical implications This review highlights applications of microwave chemistry in organic synthesis for fluorescent dyes. Fluorescents are a fairly new and very heavily used class of organics. These materials have many applications, as a penetrant liquid for crack detection, synthetic resins, plastics, printing inks, non-destructive testing and sports ball dyeing. Originality/value The aim value of this review is to define the scope and limitation of microwave synthesis procedures for the synthesis of novel fluorescent dyes via a simple and economic way.

Introduction. Significant cranial defects result from a decompressive craniectomy following head trauma, malignant brain edema, intracranial hemorrhage, or resection of tumor affected bone. Unrepaired cranial defects are not just a tremendous esthetic problem. The underlying brain is unprotected, prone to injury, and this state can lead to the so-called ?syndrome of the trephined? with mood instability, headaches, and even a neurological deficit. Currently, there is no widely accepted uniform technique of cranial vault shape restoration. Combining 3D technology with the use of polymethylmethacrylate is a challenging field that can bring good functional and aesthetic results and, in the case of smart design, become efficient, low-cost technology. We offer a possible solution to a problem that would be acceptable in neurosurgical practice. Case outline. We present a 37-year-old male patient with a massive hemicranial defect as a consequence of previous decompressive craniectomy following severe craniocerebral injury the previous year. Together with engineers from the appropriate 3D modeling studio, we have designed a two-part mold by laser printing technology using biocompatible advanced polyamide. We made a customized polymethylmethacrylate graft intraoperatively using this mold and achieved good aesthetic results. Conclusion. Reports of 3D printing assisted cranioplasties are growing, describing different techniques and cost- estimation. We hope to introduce a low-cost and simple method for repairing a skull defect.

This paper reports a new technique involving the design, fabrication, and characterization of an ionic polymer-metal composite- (IPMC-) embedded active tube, which can achieve multidegree-of-freedom (MODF) bending motions desirable in many applications, such as a manipulator and an active catheter. However, traditional strip-type IPMC actuators are limited in only being able to generate 1-dimensional bending motion. So, in this paper, we try to develop an approach which involves molding or integrating rod-shaped IPMC actuators into a soft silicone rubber structure to create an active tube. We modified the Nafion solution casting method and developed a complete sequence of a fabrication process for rod-shaped IPMCs with square cross sections and four insulated electrodes on the surface. The silicone gel was cured at a suitable temperature to form a flexible tube using molds fabricated by 3D printing technology. By applying differential voltages to the four electrodes of each IPMC rod-shaped actuator, MDOF bending motions of the active tube can be generated. Experimental results show that such IPMC-embedded tube designs can be used for developing robotic-assisted manipulation.

Mandibular reconstruction is a complicated task because of the complex nature of the regional anatomy. Computer-assisted tools are a promising means of improving the precision and safety of such complex surgeries. The digital techniques utilized in the reconstruction of mandibular defects based on medical data, computer-aided-design approaches, and three-dimensional (3D) printing are widely used to improve the patient’s aesthetic appearance and function, as well as the accuracy and quality of diagnosis, and surgical outcomes. Nevertheless, to ensure an acceptable aesthetical appearance and functional outcomes, the design must be based on proper anatomical reconstruction, mostly done in a virtual environment by skilled design engineers. Mirroring is one of the widely used techniques in the surgical navigation and reconstruction of mandibular defects. However, there are some discrepancies and mismatches in the mirrored anatomical models. Hence, in order to overcome these limitations in the mirroring technique, a novel approach called the cavity-filled technique was introduced. The objective of this study was to compare the accuracy of the newly recommended cavity-filled technique with the widely used mirror reconstruction technique in restoring mandibular defects. A prominent 3D comparison technique was employed in this work, where the resected and the reconstructed mandibles were superimposed to quantify the accuracy of the two techniques. From the analysis, it can be inferred that the cavity-filled technique with a root-mean-square value of 1.1019 mm produced better accuracy in contrast to the mirroring approach, which resulted in an error of 1.2683 mm. Consequently, by using the proposed cavity-filled design, the discrepancy between the reconstruction plate and the bone contour was mitigated. This method, owing to its high precision, can decrease the number of adjustments and the time of surgery, as well as ensure a quick recovery time with better implant tissue in-growth.

To realize an efficient high-mix low-volume production, improving the yield rate by reducing production flaws is an important technique. Manufacturing touch panel displays with large-scale wiring boards is a typical example of the high-mix low-volume production. The National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST) has proposed a laser assisted ink-jet printing (LIJ) technology, which can repair the flaws of circuits by a silver nanoparticle ink. To establish an in-process repairing system for a touch panel display, a first production flaw detecting system is necessary in combination with LIJ technology. Therefore, the aim of this study is to develop a new first production flaw detecting system, which detects flaws in a large-scale circuit quickly. In this report, we have covered the basic concept of the proposed system, and the details of some preliminary experiments conducted using the developed measurement system. The performance requirements for the first production flaw detecting system are discussed. The basic concept of the detecting system and optical set-up was finalized. A preliminary first production flaw detecting system with galvano-scanner and multi-photodiode array was developed to confirm its ability to detect flaws and pattern profile. Some basic experiments were conducted to check the performance of this system. A flaw was intentionally created by making a scratch on a circuit pattern; the experimental results showed that this flaw could be detected by the equipment. The height detection technique for this system and preliminary experiments conducted using the developed system are also covered in this report. By using the laser trigonometry method, the displacement of profile height was detected with sufficient accuracy.

Introduction. Surgical tooth extraction is a common procedure in dentistry. However, numerous extraction cases show a high level of difficulty in practice. This difficulty is usually related to inadequate visualization, improper instrumentation, or other factors related to the targeted tooth (e.g., ankyloses or presence of bony undercut).Methods. In this work, the author presents a new technique for surgical tooth extraction based on 3D imaging, computer planning, and a new concept of computer-assisted manufacturing.Results. The outcome of this work is a surgical guide made by 3D printing of plastics and CNC of metals (hybrid outcome). In addition, the conventional surgical cutting tools (surgical burs) are modified with a number of stoppers adjusted to avoid any excessive drilling that could harm bone or other vital structures.Conclusion. The present outcome could provide a minimally invasive technique to overcome the routine complications facing dental surgeons in surgical extraction procedures.

The macroscopic assembly of two-dimensional materials into a laminar structure has received considerable attention because it improves both the mechanical and chemical properties of the original materials. However, conventional manufacturing methods have certain limitations in that they require a high temperature process, use toxic solvents, and are considerably time consuming. Here, we present a new system for the self-assembly of layer-by-layer (LBL) graphene oxide (GO) via an electrohydrodynamic (EHD) jet printing technique. During printing, the orientation of GO flakes can be controlled by the velocity distribution of liquid jet and electric field-induced alignment spontaneously. Closely-packed GO patterns with an ordered laminar structure can be rapidly realized using an interfacial assembly process on the substrates. The surface roughness and electrical conductivity of the LBL structure were significantly improved compared with conventional dispensing methods. We further applied this technique to fabricate a reduced graphene oxide (r-GO)-based supercapacitor and a three-dimensional (3D) metallic grid hybrid ammonia sensor. We present the EHD-assisted assembly of laminar r-GO structures as a new platform for preparing high-performance energy storage devices and sensors.

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to synthesize some novel 2-amino-6,6-dimethyl-9-phenyl-3-(phenyldiazenyl)-6,7-dihydropyrazolo-[5,1-b]quinazolin-8(5H)-one derivatives by multi-component one-pot reaction using a microwave as a new tool for green chemistry. Design/methodology/approach – An equimolor from arylazopyrazole, 5,5-dimethyl-1,3-cyclohexanedione (dimedone) and benzaldehyde derivatives was dissolved in Dimethylformamide (DMF) to be irradiated in a microwave for 15 minutes; after completion of the reaction, as indicated by Thin layer chromatograph (TLC), the reaction mixture was poured into ice water, filtered and then crystallized with an appropriate solvent. Findings – The structure of the synthesized dyes was established and confirmed for the reaction products on the basis of their elemental analysis and spectral data (MS, IR and 1H-NMR). These prepared dyes were used to print polyester and polyamide fabrics using synthetic thickener in the printing paste for the silk screen technique. The synthesized dyes are superior in terms of yield, purity, color strength and fastness properties and will lead to valuable achievements for commercial production. Originality/value – An efficient method for synthesis of pyrazoloquinazolinone dyes was designed. The novel procedure features short reaction time, moderate yields and simple workup. The authors studied its application in printing polyester and polyamide fabrics.

The aim of the present study was to fabricate and characterise chitosan scaffolds from animal and fungal sources, with or without gelatine as a co-polymer, and cross-linked to 3-glycidyloxyproply trimethoxysilane (GPTMS) or genipin for application in dental root tissue engineering. Chitosan-based scaffolds were prepared by the emulsion freeze-drying technique. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and nano-focus computed tomography (nano-CT) were used to characterise scaffold microstructure. Chemical composition and cross-linking were evaluated by Fourier transform infrared-attenuated total reflectance spectroscopy. Compression tests were performed to evaluate scaffold mechanical properties. Scaffold degradation was evaluated by gravimetric method and SEM. Scaffold bioactivity immersed in simulated body fluid was evaluated by SEM, with associated electron dispersive X-ray spectroscopy, and apatite formation was examined by X-ray diffraction. Finally, human dental pulp stem cells (hDPSCs) viability was evaluated. The fabrication method used was successful in producing scaffolds with organised porosity. Chitosan source (animal vs. fungal), co-polymerisation with gelatine and cross-linking using GPTMS or genipin had a significant effect on scaffold properties and hDPSCs response. Chitosan-genipin (CS-GEN) scaffolds had the largest pore diameter, while the chitosan-gelatine-GPTMS (CS-GEL-GPTMS) scaffolds had the smallest. Animal chitosan-gelatine co-polymerisation increased scaffold compressive strength, while fungal chitosan scaffolds (fCS-GEL-GPTMS) had the fastest degradation rate, losing 80 % of their weight by day 21. Gelatine co-polymerisation and GPTMS cross-linking enhanced chitosan scaffolds bioactivity through the formation of an apatite layer as well as improved hDPSCs attachment and viability. Tailored chitosan scaffolds with tuned properties and favourable hDPSCs response can be obtained for regenerative dentistry applications.

The development of new biological devices in response to market demands requires continuous efforts for the improvement of products’ functionalization based upon expansion of the materials used and their fabrication techniques. One viable solution consists of a functionalization substrate covered by layers via an appropriate deposition technique. Laser techniques ensure an enhanced coating’s adherence to the substrate and improved biological characteristics, not compromising the mechanical properties of the functionalized medical device. This is a review of the main laser techniques involved. We mainly refer to pulse laser deposition, matrix-assisted, and laser simple and double writing versus some other well-known deposition methods as magnetron sputtering, 3D bioprinting, inkjet printing, extrusion, solenoid, fuse-deposition modeling, plasma spray (PS), and dip coating. All these techniques can be extended to functionalize surface fabrication to change local morphology, chemistry, and crystal structure, which affect the biomaterial behavior following the chosen application. Surface functionalization laser techniques are strictly controlled within a confined area to deliver a large amount of energy concisely. The laser deposit performances are presented compared to reported data obtained by other techniques.

This research is about natural coloring in batik at Krinok Batik House, Muara Bungo Regency. The advantages of natural dyes lie in the results of soft colors and are environmentally friendly. Each natural material produces a different color with the color direction determined by the mordant used. Krinok batik house uses natural materials in the form of leaves behind the wind, tingi bark, and tegeran wood. The purpose of the study was to describe natural color materials, techniques for making natural color extracts, batik coloring techniques with natural dyes, the results of natural batik colors at the Krinok batik house, Muara Bungo Regency. This research method is qualitative. The types of data are primary and secondary. The informant, the owner and craftsman of the Krinok Batik House, found 7 people. Data was collected by using observation, interview, and documentation techniques. The data analysis technique was carried out with an interactive model related to the problems of data collection, data reduction, data presentation and conclusions. The results of the study are natural materials that the authors examine there are 3 types including tegeran wood, sebalik wind leaves, and tingi bark. Previously, no one had researched the leaves behind the wind as a natural dye for batik. The process of extracting color by preparing tools and materials, weighing natural ingredients, then adding soda ash which serves to sharpen the color during the manufacturing process. Then the filter material and the dyeing process of the cloth are soaked in TRO first, then with natural dyes, then fixed with whiting. The color results produced by the leaf extract of Sebalik Angin: Light Golden Yellow, Paris Daisy Yellow tegeran wood, Sandy Brown high bark.Keywords: natural coloring, batik, krinok batik. AbstrakPenelitian ini tentang pewarnaan alam pada batik, di Rumah Batik Krinok Kabupaten Muara Bungo. Kelebihan pewarna alam terletak pada hasil warna lembut serta ramah lingkungan. Setiap bahan alam menghasilkan warna yang berbeda dengan arah warna ditentukan oleh mordan yang digunakan. Rumah batik krinok menggunakan bahan alam berupa daun sebalik angin, kulit kayu tingi, dan kayu tegeran. Tujuan penelitian untuk mendeskripsikan bahan warna alam, teknik pembuatan ekstrak warna alam, teknik pewarnaan batik dengan pewarna alam, hasil warna alam batik di rumah batik Krinok Kabupaten Muara Bungo. Metode penelitian ini kualitatif. Jenis datanya adalah primer dan sekunder. Informan ialah pemilik dan pengrajin Rumah Batik Krinok berjumlah 7 orang. Pengumpulan data dilakukan dengan Teknik observasi, wawancara, dan dokumentasi. Teknik analisis data dilakukan dengan model interaktif yang berkaitan dengan permasalahan meliputi pengumpulan data, reduksi data, penyajian data dan kesimpulan. Hasil penelitian yaitu bahan alam yang penulis teliti ada 3 jenis diantaranya kayu tegeran, daun sebalik angin, dan kulit kayu tingi. Sebelumnya belum ada yang meneliti daun sebalik angin sebagai pewarna alam batik. Proses ekstrak warna dengan cara menyiapkan alat dan bahan, menimbang bahan alam, kemudian ditambahkan soda abu yang berfungsi untuk mempertajam warna saat proses pembuatan. Lalu bahan direbus disaring dan didinginkan. Proses pencelupan kain direndam TRO lebih dahulu, kemudian dengan zat warna alam, selanjutnya difiksasi dengan kapur sirih. Hasil warna yang dihasilkan ekstrak daun sebalik angin : Light Golden Yellow, kayu tegeran Paris Daisy Yellow, kulit kayu tingi Sandy Brown.Kata Kunci: pewarnaan alam, batik, batik krinok. Authors:Euis Yuliana: Universitas Negeri PadangAdriani: Universitas Negeri Padang References:Andriani, R., Adriani, A., & Novrita, S. Z. (2016). Perbedaan Mordan Asam Jawa (Tamarindus Indica Linn) Dan Jeruk Purut (Citrus Histrix) Terhadap Hasil Pencelupan Ekstrak Buah Senduduk (Melastoma Candidium D. Don) Pada Bahan Sutra. Journal of Home Economics and Tourism, 12(2), 68-85. https://media.neliti.com/media/publications/71872-ID-none.pdfDewi S. I. M. Ardana, M & Rijai L. (2016). Kandungan Metabolite Sekunder dan Uji Aktivitas Daun Pila-Pila (Mallotus Paniculatus) In Proceeding of Mulawarman Pharmaceuticals Conferences 20(4), 344-350. https://prosiding.farmasi.unmul.ac.id/index.php/mpc/article/view/203Fakhrikun. (2018). Kearifan Lokal Motif Batik Semarang Sebagai Ide Dasar Model Kreatif Desain Kaus Digital Printing. Teknobuga: Jurnal Teknologi Busana dan Boga, 6(1). 16-34. https://journal.unnes.ac.id/nju/index.php/teknobuga/article/view/16669Farida, R., & Nisa, F. C. (2014). Ekstraksi Antosianin Limbah Kulit Manggis Metode Microwave Assisted Extraction (Lama Ekstraksi Dan Rasio Bahan: Pelarut). Jurnal Pangan dan Agroindustri, 3(2),362-373. https://jpa.ub.ac.id/index.php/jpa/article/view/152/161Fitriana, L., & Adriani, A. (2019). Perbedaan Hasil Pencelupan Bahan Linen Dan Katun Pada Zat Warna Alam Ekstrak Kulit Buah Kakao (Theobroma Cacao L.) Dengan Mordan Air Kelapa. Gorga: Jurnal Seni Rupa, 8(1), 155-159. https://jurnal.unimed.ac.id/2012/index.php/gorga/article/view/12981Sugiono. (2020). Metode Penelitian Pendidikan Kualitatif, Kuantitaif R&D dan penelitian pendidikan. Bandung: Alfabet.

Abstract Transfer printing is an emerging assembly technique for flexible and stretchable electronics. Although a variety of transfer printing methods have been developed, transferring patterns with nanometer resolution remains challenging. We report a sacrificial layer-assisted nanoscale transfer printing method. A sacrificial layer is deposited on a donor substrate, and ink is prepared on and transferred with the sacrificial layer. Introducing the sacrificial layer into the transfer printing process eliminates the effect of the contact area on the energy release rate (ERR) and ensures that the ERR for the stamp/ink-sacrificial layer interface is greater than that for the sacrificial layer/donor interface even at a slow peel speed (5 mm s−1). Hence, large-area nanoscale patterns can be successfully transferred with a yield of 100%, such as Au nanoline arrays (100 nm thick, 4 mm long and 47 nm wide) fabricated by photolithography techniques and PZT nanowires (10 mm long and 63 nm wide) fabricated by electrohydrodynamic jet printing, using only a blank stamp and without the assistance of any interfacial chemistries. Moreover, the presence of the sacrificial layer also enables the ink to move close to the mechanical neutral plane of the multilayer peel-off sheet, remarkably decreasing the bending stress and obviating cracks or fractures in the ink during transfer printing.

Introduction: Revision surgery of a previous lumbosacral non-union is highly challenging, especially in case of complications, such as a broken screw at the first sacral level (S1). Here, we propose the implementation of a new method based on the CT scan of a clinical case using 3D reconstruction, combined with finite element analysis (FEA), computer-assisted design (CAD), and 3D-printing technology to provide accurate surgical navigation to aid the surgeon in performing the optimal surgical technique by inserting a pedicle screw at the S1 level.Materials and Methods: A step-by-step approach was developed and performed as follows: (1) Quantitative CT based patient-specific FE model of the sacrum was created. (2) The CAD model of the pedicle screw was inserted into the sacrum model in a bicortical convergent and a monocortical divergent position, by overcoming the geometrical difficulty caused by the broken screw. (3) Static FEAs (Abaqus, Dassault Systemes) were performed using 500 N tensile load applied to the screw head. (4) A template with two screw guiding structures for the sacrum was designed and manufactured using CAD design and 3D-printing technologies, and investment casting. (5) The proposed surgical technique was performed on the patient-specific physical model created with the FDM printing technology. The patient-specific model was CT scanned and a comparison with the virtual plan was performed to evaluate the template accuracyResults: FEA results proved that the modified bicortical convergent insertion is stiffer (6,617.23 N/mm) compared to monocortical divergent placement (2,989.07 N/mm). The final template was created via investment casting from cobalt-chrome. The template design concept was shown to be accurate (grade A, Gertzbein-Robbins scale) based on the comparison of the simulated surgery using the patient-specific physical model and the 3D virtual surgical plan.Conclusion: Compared to the conventional surgical navigation techniques, the presented method allows the consideration of the patient-specific biomechanical parameters; is more affordable, and the intraoperative X-ray exposure can be reduced. This new patient- and condition-specific approach may be widely used in revision spine surgeries or in challenging primary cases after its further clinical validation.

AbstractField-Assisted Simultaneous Synthesis and Transfer (FASST®) process offers a controllable and cost-effective method to produce Copper Indium Gallium Selenide (CIGS) films for high efficiency photovoltaic devices. In the first stage of the two-stage FASST® process two separate precursor films are formed, one deposited on the substrate and the other on a reusable printing plate. In the second stage, the precursors are brought into intimate contact and rapidly reacted under pressure in the presence of an applied electrostatic field, effectively creating a sealed micro-reactor that ensures high material utilization efficiency, direct control of reaction pressure, and low thermal budget. The unique ability to control both precursor films independently allows for composition and deposition technique optimization, eliminating pre-reaction prior to the synthesis of CIGS. This flexibility has proven immensely valuable as is demonstrated in the results of depositing the two-reactant films by various combinations of low-cost solution-based and conventional vacuum-based physical vapor deposition techniques, producing in several minutes' high quality “hybrid” CIGS with large grains on the order of several microns. Cell efficiencies as high as 12.2% have been achieved using the FASST® method.

Abstract Background The present study introduces a reduction malarplasty using a three-dimensional (3D)-printed surgical guide and evaluates the guide’s technical applicability. Methods Twenty malarplasties were performed for 12 subjects with zygomatic asymmetry/prominency using the current method. 3D reconstruction of the craniomaxillofacial region and fine dental occlusion was made with image data from computed tomograpy and dental scanning. A computer-assisted surgical simulation was performed for reduction malarplasty and a surgical guide was designed for later 3D printing. The manufactured surgical guide was introduced to the operation field to guide the surgery; its surgical accuracy was confirmed by comparing five corresponding points from preoperative simulation and postoperative data. Results We successfully performed the reduction malarplasty with the surgical guide. The accuracy level of surgery fell to 0.93 mm of total median difference for the corresponding zygoma points of preoperative simulations and postoperative zygoma. The anterior and upper points showed less error level (0.59 and 0.73 mm difference, respectively) than did other points. Conclusions We developed a computer-assisted surgical technique using a surgical guide for asymmetrical/prominent zygoma which proved to be simple, practical, and accurate; it is expected to help surgeons perform reduction malarplasty with ease and accuracy.

AbstractFused filament fabrication is a 3D printing technique that has gained widespread use from homes to schools to workplaces. Thermoplastic filaments, such as acrylonitrile–butadiene–styrene (ABS) and polylactic acid (PLA), are extruded at temperatures near their respective glass transition temperature or melting point, respectively. Little has been reported on the inorganic elemental composition and concentrations present in these materials or the methods available for extracting that information. Because inorganic constituents may be included in the aerosolized particulates emitted during the printing process, identifying elements that could be present and at what specific concentrations is critical. The objective of the current research is to determine the range of metals present in thermoplastic filaments along with their relative abundance and chemical speciation as a function of polymer type, manufacturer, and color. A variety of filaments from select manufacturers were digested using a range of techniques to determine the optimal conditions for metal extraction from ABS and PLA polymers. The extraction potential for each method was quantified using by ICP-MS analysis. When possible, further characterization of the chemical composition of the filaments was investigated using X-ray Absorption spectroscopy to determine chemical speciation of the metal. Optimal digestion conditions were established using a high temperature, high pressure microwave-assisted acid digestion method to produce the most complete and repeatable extraction results. The composition and abundance of metals in the filaments varied greatly as a function of polymer, manufacturer, and color. Potential elements of concern present in the filaments at elevated concentration included that could pose a respiratory risk included Si, Al, Ti, Cu, Zn, and Sn. XAS analysis revealed a mixture of metal oxides, mineral, and organometallic compounds were present in the filaments that were being used to increase opaqueness impart color (dyes), polymeric catalysts, and flame retardants. This work shows that a variety of metals are present in the starting materials used for 3D printing and depending on their partitioning into 3D printed products and byproducts as well as the exposure route, may pose a health risk which merits further investigation.

Abstract Silver nanowires (AgNWs) have been widely used in transparent conductive films (TCFs) for wearable optoelectronic devices due to their high transmittance, high conductivity. Mask-assisted vacuum filtration is a straightforward and effective patterning strategy for AgNWs with high aspect ratio. However, currently reported non-erasable masks result in the filter membrane being unable to be recycled, which greatly increase the manufacturing cost of patterned TCFs. Herein, we propose an improved method to construct an erasable mask on the filter membrane by screen printing polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) solution. The printed PVA mask is strongly attached to the filter membrane, which lead to the AgNWs pattern with smooth and distinct edges after vacuum filtration. The deposited AgNWs patterns can be transferred to the polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) film by hot pressing to prepare the patterned TCFs. After the transfer, the printed PVA mask can be easily erased or cleaned from the filter membrane in hot water without damaging its pore structure, enabling the recycling of the filter membrane. As a proof, 10 pieces of TCFs with square shape were prepared by recycling one filter membrane and all of them had excellent consistency in sheet resistance, optical transmittance and bending durability. Alternating current electroluminescence (ACEL) devices made from the TCFs were consistent in luminance, emission spectrum and Commission Internationale de l’eclairage (CIE) coordinates. The erasable mask technique can be extended to patterning process of various nanomaterials other than AgNWs under vacuum filtration to enhance the utilization efficiency of filter membrane and to reduce the manufacturing cost.

Objetivo: relatar a experiência de residentes e enfermeiros obstétricos na implantação do projeto de impressão placentária em maternidades públicas do Estado de Goiás. Métodos: Trata-se de um relato de experiência acerca da realização de impressão placentária. A iniciativa ocorreu em Hospitais-Maternidades de Goiânia-GO. O projeto se iniciou em janeiro de 2019 e ficou vigente até março de 2020, devido à pandemia da Covid-19. O público-alvo consistiu em mulheres assistidas pela equipe de enfermagem obstétrica, sem exclusão de qualquer natureza. Resultados: As parturientes que receberam o carimbo da placenta expressaram face de surpresa e transmitiram sentimentos de gratidão, felicidade, empatia e sensibilidade. O momento do parto e nascimento é resgatado por meio de uma memória positiva, expressa, muitas vezes, pelo olhar direcionado ao recém-nascido. Ocorre o estreitamento do vínculo com a equipe de saúde, favorecendo uma comunicação facilitada, satisfação e confiança, além do estímulo profissional, aperfeiçoamento da técnica e promoção da humanização. Conclusão: O Carimbo da Placenta é um método de registro e de resgate do parto e nascimento que, somado às boas práticas, garantem não só a humanização na assistência, mas um vínculo afetivo e de segurança da paciente com a equipe de saúde.Descritores: Placenta. Enfermagem Obstétrica. Humanização da Assistência.TREE OF LIFE: PLACENTA PRINTING PROJECT IN PUBLIC MATERNITIES IN THE MIDWEST STATEObjective: To report the experience of residents and obstetric nurses in implementing the placenta printing project in public maternity hospitals in Goias State. Methods: This is an experience report about placenta printing. The initiative took place in Maternity Hospitals in Goiânia-GO. The project started in January 2019 and went on until March 2020, due to the Covid-19 pandemic. The target audience consisted of women assisted by the obstetric nursing team, without exclusion of any kind. Results: The parturients who received the placenta stamp were surprised and expressed feelings of gratitude, happiness, empathy and sensitivity. The childbirth moment is recovered through a positive memory, often expressed by looking at the newborn. Bonds are established with the health team, favoring open communication, satisfaction and trust, in addition to professional stimulation, technique improvement and promoting humanization. Conclusion: The Placenta Stamp is a method of registering and recovering labor and birth that, added to good practices, guarantee not only the humanization of assistance, but also the affective bond and safety feelings of the patient toward the health team. Keywords: Placenta; Obstetric nursing; Humanization of assistance. ÁRBOL DE LA VIDA: PROYECTO DE IMPRESIÓN DE PLACENTA EN MATERNIDADES PÚBLICAS ESTADUALES DEL CENTRO-OESTEObjetivo: Informar sobre la experiencia de residentes y enfermeras obstétricas en la implementación del proyecto de impresión placentaria en maternidades públicas en el Estado de Goiás. Métodos: Este es un informe de experiencia sobre la realización de la impresión de placenta. La iniciativa se pasó en los hospitales-maternidades de Goiânia-GO. El proyecto comenzó en enero de 2019 y siguió hasta marzo de 2020, debido a la pandemia de Covid-19. El público objetivo consistió en mujeres asistidas por el equipo de enfermería obstétrica, sin exclusión de ninguna naturaleza. Resultados: Las parturientas que recibieron el sello de placenta expresaron sorpresa y transmitieron sentimientos de gratitud, felicidad, empatía y sensibilidad. El momento del parto y el nacimiento se rescata a través de una memoria positiva, expresada, muchas veces, mirándose al recién nacido. Existe un estrechamiento del vínculo con el equipo de salud, lo que favorece a la comunicación, satisfacción y confianza, además de la estimulación profesional, la mejora de la técnica y la promoción de la humanización. Conclusión: El Sello de la Placenta es un método de registro y rescate del parto y del nacimiento que, sumado a las buenas prácticas, garantizan no solo la humanización de la asistencia, sino también el vínculo afectivo y de seguridad del paciente con el equipo de salud.Descriptores: Placenta; Enfermería obstétrica; Humanización de la assistência.

Purpose This study aims to represent a successful simple method for the synthesis of some novel dyes based on thiazole derivatives and their applications in textile printing. Design/methodology/approach 2-(benzo[d]thiazol-2-ylmethyl)thiazol-4(5H)-one compound is prepared by convention heating and microwave technique then used as a coupling agent, which reacts with different diazonium Salt to form diazo dyes. Findings The synthesized diazo dyes are confirmed via spectral data (IR,1H-NMR, 13C-NMR and Mass spectra). The dyes are used to print polyester fabric. The obtained results clarified that the prints have good color strength, brilliant color and highly durable antibacterial activity. Originality/value The authors designed efficient synthesis for some novel thiazolone dyes. The novel procedure features short-reaction time, very good yields and a simple workup. The authors studied the antibacterial activity and their application in printing polyester fabrics.

ABSTRACTWe demonstrate a novel laser-based approach to perform rapid prototyping of active and passive circuit elements called MAPLE DW. This technique is similar in its implementation to laser induced forward transfer (LIFT), but different in terms of the fundamental transfer mechanism and materials used. In MAPLE DW, a focused pulsed laser beam interacts with a composite material on a laser transparent support transferring the composite material to the acceptor substrate. This process enables the formation of adherent and uniform coatings at room temperature and atmospheric pressure with minimal post-deposition modification required, i.e., ≤400°C thermal processing. The firing of the laser and the work piece (substrate) motion is computer automated and synchronized using software designs from an electromagnetic modeling program validating that this technique is fully CAD/CAM compatible. The final properties of the deposited materials depend on the deposition conditions and the materials used, but when optimized, the properties are competitive with other thick film techniques such as screen-printing. Specific electrical results for conductors are < 5X the resistivity of bulk Ag, for BaTiO3/TiO2composite capacitors the k can be tuned between 4 and 100 and losses are < 1-4%, and for polymer thick film resistors the compositions cover 4 orders of magnitude in sheet resistivity. The surface profiles and fracture cross-section micrographs of the materials and devices deposited show that they are very uniform, densely packed and have minimum resolutions of -10 jtm. A discussion of how these results were obtained, the materials used, and methods to improve them will be given

Background: Hypertensive intracerebral hemorrhage (HICH) is an acute, severe neurosurgical disease. Puncture drainage of the hematoma has gradually been accepted as a surgical treatment for HICH because of its minimally invasive nature. The precision of the puncture is extremely high because of particular physiological functions. This study was performed to explore the effect of a navigation mold created by three-dimensional printing (3DP) technology in the surgical treatment of HICH.Material and methods: We conducted a retrospective analysis of all consecutive patients with ICH treated with minimally invasive surgery using 3DP navigation or craniotomy to remove the hematoma through a small bone window at the Binzhou Medical University Hospital from June 2017 to March 2019. In total, 61 patients were treated with minimally invasive surgery using 3DP navigation (3DP group), and 67 patients were treated with craniotomy to remove the hematoma through a small bone window (craniotomy group). A comparative study of the two groups was conducted to assess the preoperative and postoperative conditions.Results: The duration of the surgery was significantly longer in the craniotomy group than in the 3DP group (3.27 ± 1.14 h vs. 1.52 ± 0.23 h). Postoperative complication rates were significantly lower in the 3DP group than in the craniotomy group (18.0 vs. 34.3%). Moreover, the rate of patients with a Glasgow Outcome Scale score ≥4 points was not statistically significantly different in the two groups.Conclusion: Minimally invasive surgery assisted by 3DP navigation to treat patients with HICH appears to be safe and effective. The 3DP technique may improve the individualization and accuracy of the surgery.

AbstractCellular materials are recognized for their high specific mechanical properties, making them desirable in ultra-lightweight applications. Periodic lattices have tunable properties and may be manufactured by metallic additive manufacturing (AM) techniques. However, AM can lead to issues with un-melted powder, macro/micro porosity, dimensional control and heterogeneous microstructures. This study overcomes these problems through a novel technique, combining additive manufacturing and investment casting to produce detailed investment cast lattice structures. Fused filament fabrication is used to fabricate a pattern used as the mold for the investment casting of aluminium A356 alloy into high-conformity thin-ribbed (~ 0.6 mm thickness) scaffolds. X-ray micro-computed tomography (CT) is used to characterize macro- and meso-scale defects. Optical and scanning electron (SEM) microscopies are used to characterize the microstructure of the cast structures. Slight dimensional (macroscale) variations originate from the 3D printing of the pattern. At the mesoscale, the casting process introduces very fine (~ 3 µm) porosity, along with small numbers of (~ 25 µm) gas entrapment defects in the horizontal struts. At a microstructural level, both the (~ 70 μm) globular/dendritic grains and secondary phases show no significant variations across the lattices. This method is a promising alternative means for producing highly detailed non-stochastic metallic cellular lattices and offers scope for further improvement through refinement of filament fabrication.

The aim of this special issue is to bring cutting-edge research across the entire spectrum of Materials Science and Nanotechnology. This special issue involves combining and understanding of the physical principles demonstrated by composite materials, nanomaterials, biomaterials, technology of nanometre-scale objects and other materials technologies. Materials engineering gathers scientists and engineers from many different subjects, such as materials science, nanotechnology, microtechnology, ceramic, metal, polymer, composite technology, and structural materials. This special issue allows researchers, academicians and professionals from across the globe to discuss, communicate and promote advances in knowledge, research and practice in the fields of Materials Science and Nanomaterials. This special issue contains the following titles: 1.1. Areca catechu as photovoltaic sensitizer for dye-sensitized solar cell (DSSC). This paper reports on the optical and photovoltaic properties of a new type of natural dye sensitizer from the Areca catechu (Pinang fruits) of Malaysia. In this study, it evaluated the solvent type effects on this dye's photovoltaic efficiency. Absorption analysis showed an excellent capacity to stabilize the dye. Fourier-transform infrared spectra revealed the presence of hydroxyl and carboxylic functional groups in the extracted dye, which were shown to be responsible for imparting the stronger electronic coupling and rapid electron transfer upon interaction with TiO2 surface. The spectral photoluminescence analysis of dye revealed that a broad photocurrent can be created by a narrowing bandgap. Results demonstrate that Areca catechu can be applied to DSSC. It is promising to achieve high cell efficiency, low-cost production and non-toxicity. 1.2. Preparation of natural rubber -OMMT nanocomposites using mechanical mixing and acid free co-coagulation methods: effect of processing method on mechanical properties. The development of rubber nanocomposites has been an area of scientific and industrial interest in the recent years, due to several improvements achieved in these materials. However, nanofiller like polar nanoclay is difficult to disperse in non-polar natural rubber, and hence it is difficult to achieve property improvements as expected by incorporating nanoclay using conventional rubber/latex processing methods. This paper introduces a novel method named acid free co-coagulation method stating from latex stage and in which a combined gelling agent was used for rapid gelation and the nanoclay was modified for enhancement of compatibility with rubber. The nanocomposites exhibited exfoliated clay structures with minimum clay aggregation, and remarkable mechanical properties. The new method will be used in the field of materials engineering, in future, to prepare rubber nanocomposites with different nanofillers. 1.3. Synthesis and characterization of single phase ZnO nanostructures via solvothermal method: influence of alkaline. The paper seeks to synthesize and characterize single phase zinc oxide nanostructures using simple basic and readily available equipment to achieve high quality nanostructures negating very complex routes. The method employed in this study could be reproduced easily without considering sophisticated equipment. Besides, the conditions adopted in producing the high purity zinc oxide nanostructures in this study are advantageous to the conservation of high energy used to achieve some of these outcomes in some studies. Unique findings from the morphological and spectroscopic results from this study could be applicable to fields in energy, electronics and pharmaceutical industries. It is the hope of every research scientist to develop simple techniques in material engineering to meet the growing demands of the technological world. 1.4. Effect of shrimp shell chitosan loading on antimicrobial, absorption and morphological properties of natural rubber composites reinforced with silica-chitosan hybrid filler. Rice husk and shrimp shells from agricultural waste were value added by using to prepare hybrid filler between rice husk silica and shrimp shell chitosan. Latex solution method was successfully applied to obtain natural rubber composites reinforced with this hybrid filler. The antimicrobial, absorption, and morphological properties of the natural rubber composite films and cured composites were investigated by the Agar Diffusion Method, Water Absorption Test and Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), respectively. All of NR composites with the addition of shrimp shell chitosan show antimicrobial activity. The addition of only 5phr shrimp shell chitosan in NR composite exhibits the most efficient E. coli inhibition and the absorption properties suitable for use as wound dressing. 1.5. The effect of viscosities of various coating solutions on the physical, mechanical and morphological properties of kenaf/epoxy composites. Natural fibres especially kenaf can exhibit excellent tensile properties. However, the actual potential of these fibres is commonly not achieved in fibre-reinforced composites due to low in dispersion, low compatibility and surface adhesion, and shape and stiffness inconsistency. This research aiming to provide a solution to the issues by employing a simple and practical coating treatment that suit macro-scale requirement of lignocellulosic industries. This manuscript explores the effect of various viscosities of coating treatment and the immersion time by analysing the maximum fibre-matrix interaction and composites deformation at a specific modulus and tensile Poisson’s ratio. The acetone’s amount used to change the viscosity play a vital role where the highest amount gave the optimum viscosity which able to overcome the issues and improved the overall composites’ properties. 1.6. Study of the magnetic properties of Zn doped Cobalt ferrite (CoZnxFe2-xO4). In this paper we studied the magnetic properties of Zn doped cobalt ferrite for different Zn concentration prepared by conventional solid state double sintering method. We observed the porosity of the samples using Scanning Electron Microscope. Magnetic measurement reveals that Curie temperature increases up to x = 0.1 then decreases for further concentration. We measured frequency dependent real and imaginary part of the permeability. From the measurement maximum quality factor and minimum loss factor were observed for x = 0.1. Magnetization curve shows that maximum value of saturation magnetization was observed for x = 0.1. These magnetic properties are useful for various applications such as high frequency devices, gas or humidity sensors etc. Our studies reveal that our produced samples may be useful for these kind of applications which are widely used in material engineering. 1.7. Silver nanoprisms/graphene oxide/silicon nanowires composites for R6G surface-enhanced raman spectroscopy sensor Surface enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) is an important analytical tool for the opto-chemical detection of molecules. The enhancement is commonly achieved by combining plasmonic nanomaterials with patterned or roughened supporting substrates of high surface area for increased light scattering and molecule adsorption. In this work, silicon nanowires (SiNWs) of different morphologies have been prepared by metal-assisted chemical etching technique. To produce highly sensitive and stable SERS devices, we have integrated graphene oxide (GO) layer sandwiched between the AgNPr and the SiNWs to serve as nanogaps and a protective coating for the silver nanoparticles from oxidation. High SERS response was demonstrated by AgNPr/GO/SiNWs compared to AgNPr/Si sensor for R6G detection. SERS efficiency of 6.1×〖10〗^10 was accomplished for AgNPr/GO/SiNWs composites. 1.8. Preparation and characterization of nanocellulose from sugarcane bagasse Nowadays, the demand for materials from renewable resources, such as biomass from agricultural wastes, to produce the desired materials are of grate interested. Nanocellulose is a natural nanomaterial which can be extracted from plant such as wood, flax, hemp, jute ramie, rice straws, coconut coir, cassava bagasse, corn cob, and sugarcane bagasse. This is due to renewable resources, environmentally friendly, low density, nontoxicity, and high biodegradability. The use of renewable resources as natural nanomaterials is one way of adding value to agricultural waste. Nanocellulose having low density greatly reducing erosion in the processing machine, safe for biodegradable and cheaper. It’s can be used as reinforcement material in several applications such as energy-harvesting materials, optical applications, printing applications, food packaging, and organic composite materials. In addition, nanocellulose has very good physical and chemical properties such as high strength, excellent stiffness, high modulus, low axial thermal expansion, and high surface area. In this study, nanocellulose particle was extracted from sugarcane bagasse by alkali and bleaching treatment for removed amorphous lignin and hemicellulose. Bleached cellulose was performed hydrolysis by sulfuric acid. The effects of hydrolysis time and temperature on particle size, chemical structure, crystallinity and thermal stability of nanocelluloses were studied.

BackgroundMushrooms exist as an integral and vital component of the ecosystem and are very precious fungi. Mushrooms have been traditionally used in herbal medicines for many centuries.Scope and ApproachThere are a variety of medicinal mushrooms mentioned in the current work such as Agaricus, Amanita, Calocybe, Cantharellus, Cordyceps, Coprinus, Cortinarius, Ganoderma, Grifola, Huitlacoche, Hydnum, Lentinus, Morchella, Pleurotus, Rigidoporus, Tremella, Trametes sp., etc., which play a vital role in various diseases because of several metabolic components and nutritional values. Medicinal mushrooms can be identified morphologically on the basis of their size, color (white, black, yellow, brown, cream, pink and purple-brown, etc.), chemical reactions, consistency of the stalk and cap, mode of attachment of the gills to the stalk, and spore color and mass, and further identified at a molecular level by Internal Transcribed Spacer (ITS) regions of gene sequencing. There are also other methods that have recently begun to be used for the identification of mushrooms such as high-pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC), nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (NMR), microscopy, thin-layer chromatography (TLC), DNA sequencing, gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS), chemical finger printing, ultra-performance liquid chromatography (UPLC), fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), liquid chromatography quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry (LCMS-TOF) and high-performance thin-layer chromatography (HPTLC). Lately, the matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization-time of flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF MS) technique is also used for the identification of fungi.Key Finding and ConclusionMedicinal mushrooms possess various biological activities like anti-oxidant, anti-cancer, anti-inflammatory, anti-aging, anti-tumor, anti-viral, anti-parasitic, anti-microbial, hepatoprotective, anti-HIV, anti-diabetic, and many others that will be mentioned in this article. This manuscript will provide future direction, action mechanisms, applications, and the recent collective information of medicinal mushrooms. In addition to many unknown metabolites and patented active metabolites are also included.