Relevant bibliographies by topics / Printing process

Contents

  1. Journal articles
  2. Dissertations / Theses
  3. Books
  4. Book chapters
  5. Conference papers
  6. Reports

Academic literature on the topic 'Printing process'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 4 March 2023

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Journal articles on the topic "Printing process"

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Aydemir, Cem, and Samed Ayhan Özsoy. "Environmental impact of printing inks and printing process." Journal of graphic engineering and design 11, no. 2 (December 2020): 11–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.24867/jged-2020-2-011.

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In the Printing Industry, printing inks, varnishes, lacquers, moistening solutions and washing solvents (ethanol, methyl acetate, ethyl acetate, isopropanol, n-propanol, hexane, benzene, toluene, xylene, isopropyl acetate, propyl acetate, dimethyl ketone, glycols and glycol ethers) contain volatile organic compounds (VOCs) and air pollutants (HAPs). Especially solvent based inks used for flexo, gravure and screen printing, offset printing dampening solutions and cleaning solvents contain high concentration of VOC. These organic compounds evaporate during the production process or contribute to the photochemical reaction. VOCs and HAPs, together with sunlight and nitrogen oxides, cause photochemical smoke, air particles and ground level ozone emission in the atmosphere. The VOCs and heavy metals can lead to soil and even water pollution when left in landfill. The amount of solvent retained by flexo, gravure and screen-printed products is 3-4% of total ink solvent used. The solvent in the printed ink content, except for the one held by the printed material evaporates in its own environment after the printing process. Most of these solvents and organic compounds used in printing environment contain at least one carbon and hydrogen atom and have negative effects on health and environment.In this study, the environmental impacts and risks of inks and solvents used in the printing industry have been evaluated. Measures to be taken to reduce and manage these environmental effects and risks have been addressed and recommendations have been made.
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MACHII, Akihiko. "Special Issue/Printing and Copy. Metal Printing Process." Journal of the Surface Finishing Society of Japan 42, no. 7 (1991): 691–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.4139/sfj.42.691.

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Ali, Muhammad, Long Lin, Saira Faisal, Iftikhar Ali Sahito, and Syed Imran Ali. "Optimisation of screen printing process for functional printing." Pigment & Resin Technology 48, no. 5 (September 2, 2019): 456–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/prt-05-2019-0043.

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Purpose The purpose of this study is to explain the effects of screen printing parameters on the quantity of ink deposited and the print quality in the context of printing of functional inks. Both these aspects of printing are crucial in the case of conventional and functional printing. This is because, in the case of conventional printing, the quantity of ink deposit affects the color strength while in the case of functional printing, it directly affects the resulting functionality of the ink layer. Design/methodology/approach In this work, an automatic lab-scale screen printer was used to print functional inks on a paper board substrate. The printing parameters, i.e. printing pressure and squeegee angle were altered and the resulting effects on the quantity of ink that was deposited were recorded. The quantity of ink deposit was related to its surface resistivity. In addition, the quality of the print was also assessed by examining the design registration quality. Findings The authors found that altering the squeegee angle has a significant effect on the properties of the resulting ink deposit. More importantly, the authors found that the deflection in the rubber blade squeegee was greatly dependent on the initial angle of the squeegee at the start of the printing stroke. For each set value of the squeegee angle that was considered, the actual angle during printing was recorded and used in the analysis. A printing pressure of three bars and squeegee angle of 20° resulted in the maximum weight of ink deposit with a correspondingly lowest surface resistivity. Practical implications This study is envisaged to have considerable practical implications in the rapidly growing field of functional printing of flexible substrates including, but not limited to, textiles. This is because, the study provides an insight into the effects of printing parameters on the characteristics of a functional ink deposit. Originality/value Screen printing of flexible substrates is a well-developed and arguably the most widely used printing technique, particularly for textiles. Numerous studies report on the analysis of various aspects of screen printing. However, to the best of the knowledge, the effects of printing parameters on the characteristics of functional inks, such as electrically conductive inks, have not been studied in this manner.
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Ridsdale, Trevor. "The Modern Printing Process." Serials: The Journal for the Serials Community 11, no. 1 (March 1, 1998): 52–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1629/1152.

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HOSHINO, Tsutomu, Hiroshi MIHOYA, Taro TOKOI, Toshiki SAITO, Kensuke KUDO, Tomohiko ASAKAWA, and Eiichi OHKUMA. "Printing Process of Newspaper." Journal of The Institute of Electrical Engineers of Japan 128, no. 3 (2008): 147–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1541/ieejjournal.128.147.

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Moon, Jaekyeong, and Hyunchul Tae. "Scheduling of Parallel Offset Printing Process for Packaging Printing." KOREAN JOURNAL OF PACKAGING SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY 28, no. 3 (December 31, 2022): 183–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.20909/kopast.2022.28.3.183.

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TANEDA, Yasuo, Kazuo MATSUMOTO, Mitsunori SASAGAWA, and Takashi ICHIKAWA. "Accuracy in screen process printing." Circuit Technology 4, no. 7 (1989): 331–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.5104/jiep1986.4.331.

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Nikam, Tushar T., Deepak A. Purane, and Kedar M. Kulkarni. "Optimization of 3D Printing Process." IARJSET 6, no. 3 (March 30, 2019): 5–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.17148/iarjset.2019.6302.

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Luo, Ru Bai, Yan Lei Li, and Shi Sheng Zhou. "On Implementation of a JDF-Based Printing Process Searching." Advanced Materials Research 174 (December 2010): 163–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.174.163.

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Based on the study of definition of printing production intent with JDF, and the completed study of printing process planning modeling based on polychromatic sets theory, the solution of printing process searching was proposed in this paper. First, the JDF document which includes the Product Node was parsed to acquire the “requirements of printing production in terms of client”. Second, printing order was analyzed to acquire the “requirements of printing production in terms of non-client”. At last, the printing process was calculated with the polychromatic-sets-theory based printing process search algorithm. The printing process searching prototype software was developed by Java, and a print job was analyzed to verify the solution.
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Kotlyarevskyy, Ya V. "Innovative Process Development Trend in the Publishing and Printing Industry." Science and innovation 11, no. 2 (March 30, 2015): 5–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.15407/scine11.02.005.

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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Printing process"

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Yusof, Mohd Sallehuddin Bin. "Printing fine solid lines in flexographic printing process." Thesis, Swansea University, 2011. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.595794.

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Solid lines are essential to enable printing of conducting tracks for various electronic applications. In the flexographic printing process, the behaviour of the printing plate plays a vital role in how ink is printed onto the substrate as it deforms when passing through the printing nip. This deformation is dependent on the material properties of the plate, the geometry of the lines and the pressure within the printing nip. These will influence the printed track width and the ink film thickness, which will affect the electrical performance of the printed conductors. This thesis will focus on experiments on Flexographic printing capabilities in printing ultra fine solid lines. The development of a measurement technique which leads to successfully capturing the printing plate line geometry details through the application of interferometry techniques, will be demonstrated. This information is used in a Finite Element models to predict the deformation and consequent increase in line width using both a linear and non linear material models, the latter being based on a hyperelastic representation. A series of experiments on a bench top printer and a web press machine to determine the capabilities and the limitation of the Flexographic printing process in printing fine solid is also presented. Through the experiments conducted the link between the IGT -Fl printer and an industrial scale web press machine has been established where the success in study on certain printing parameters and its affects lead to a successful prints of 50llm line width with 50llm line gaps. The experiments also point the importance of light engagement pressures within the printing train and the requirements for using ani lox cylinders having fine engraving. The work also shows than process parameters (e.g. contact pressures) that are important for graphics printing have a similar effect when the processes is used to print fine line features.
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Arbrim, Ferati. "3D printing with pellets and smart monitoring of the printing process." Thesis, Högskolan i Halmstad, Akademin för företagande, innovation och hållbarhet, 2021. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hh:diva-44696.

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Additive manufacturing (AM) is a set of different techniques which use layer by layer deposition principle to join material together and manufacture three-dimensional objects from a CAD file. One of the most known and popular techniques within AM is Fused Deposition Modeling (FDM). Generally, the FDM process starts with a feedstock of filament which is pushed through an extruder head, which liquefies the filament and deposits it down on the print bed according to a specific pattern specified by the CAD file. This technique has found great success within the industry and has been adopted by many companies across many different applications such as automotive, aerospace and medical for rapid prototyping. The disadvantage with filaments is that the diameter tolerances are quite small which makes it expensive and difficult to manufacture. Another problem with 3D printing is the waste of money and time due to failed prints, both in the industry but also with private users. This is a result of not having a monitoring system that overwatches the printing process and stops the print when it detects defects, as the user usually does not stand by the printer and watch the whole process. The main aim of this study is to modify a desktop 3D printer to suit and install a pellet extruder and to investigate the feasibility of process monitoring for desktop printers. To evaluate the printability of the pellet extruder, tensile test artifacts are printed with PLA 4043D and TPE_S16300C in two different raster orientations and three different layer thicknesses, further, the influence of raster orientation and layer thickness on ultimate tensile strength is evaluated. Raster orientation refers to the different directions of the individual bead paths within a layer and layer thickness refers to the height of each layer that is deposited along the Z-axis. In this study, the pellet extruder was successfully installed on the Sovol SV01 printer. The open-source process monitoring system called the spaghetti detective was used during the experiments to monitor the 3D printing process. It uses a failure detection system (AI) to detect defects and automatically stop a print if defects are detected and alert the user via email or text. The tensile test artifacts were only printed with TPE_SE16300C and due to limitations in the pellet extruder, it is observed that tensile test samples were difficult to 3D print with PLA4043D. Regardless of the layer thickness, the 45°/-45° raster orientation produced a slightly higher ultimate tensile strength than the 0°/90° raster orientation. As for the influence of layer thickness on ultimate tensile strength, the increase of layer thickness in the 0°/90° raster orientation led to a decrease in ultimate tensile strength. In the 45°/-45° raster orientation no clear conclusion could be made as the differences were insignificant.
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Gante, Lokesha Renukaradhya Karthikesh. "Metal Filament 3D Printing of SS316L : Focusing on the printing process." Thesis, KTH, Maskinkonstruktion (Avd.), 2019. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-259686.

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As a cutting edge manufacturing methodology, 3D printing or additive manufacturing (AM) brings much more attention to the fabrication of complex structure, especially in the manufacturing of metal parts.A number of various metal AM techniques have been studied and commercialized. However, most of them are expensive and less available, in comparison with Selective Laser Melting manufactured stainless steel 316L component.The purpose of this Master Thesis is to introduce an innovative AM technique which focuses on material extrusion-based 3D printing process for creating a Stainless Steel 316L part using a metal-polymer composite filament. The Stainless Steel test specimen was printed using an Fused Deposition Modelling based 3D printer loaded with a metal infused filament, followed by industrial standard debinding and sintering process. Investigation was performed on the specimen to understand the material properties and their behaviour during the postprocessing method. In addition effects of debinding, sintering and comparison of the test Specimen before and after debinding stages was also carried out. Metal polymer filaments for 3D printing could be an alternative way of making metal AM parts.
Som en avancerad tillverkningsmetodik ger 3D-printing eller additiv tillverkning (AM) mycket mer uppmärksamhet vid tillverkning av komplex struktur, särskilt vid tillverkning av metallkomponenter. Ett antal olika AM-tekniker vid tillverkningen av olika typer av metallkomponenter har studerats och kommersialiserats.De flesta av dessa AM-tekniker är dyra och mindre tillgängliga, i jämförelse med Selective Laser Melting vid tillverkningen av en komponent i rostfritt stål 316L. Syftet med detta examensarbete är att introducera en innovativ AM-teknik som fokuserar på materialsträngsprutningsbaserad 3D-printingprocess för att skapa ekomponent i rostfritt stål 316Lkomponent med ett metallpolymerkompositfilament. Ett prov bestående av rostfritt stål skrevs ut med en FDM-baserad 3D-skrivare laddad med filament av polymer och metal, följt av industriell avdrivnings-och sintringsprocess. Provet studerades för att förstå materialegenskaperna och dess beteende under efterbehandlingsmetoden. Dessutom genomfördes också resultat från avdrivning och sintring på provet och en jämförelse av provet före och efter avdrivnlngssteget. Metallpolymertrådar för 3D-printing kan vara ett alternativt sätt att tillverka AM-metallkomponenter.
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Nagubadi, Rajendra. "Fluting in Heatset Web Offset Printing Process." Fogler Library, University of Maine, 2007. http://www.library.umaine.edu/theses/pdf/NagubadiR2007.pdf.

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Salgado-Bierman, Andrés. "In-process measurement of micro-contact printing." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/105681.

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Thesis: S.B., Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Department of Mechanical Engineering, 2016.
Cataloged from PDF version of thesis.
Includes bibliographical references (pages 42-43).
In micro contact printing, a polymer stamp with sub micron features is use to pattern a substrate. Micro contact printing has many applications including micro machined circuits and miniaturized biological test kits. Success in printing has been achieved in limited batch processing of plate to plate printing. The physics and chemistry of stamp contact and ink transfer has been studied. To make micro contact printing economically viable developments have been made to advance a roll to roll configuration. Roll to roll processing offers the potential of high volume low cost micro manufacturing similar to the high volume achieved by roll to roll processing for traditional lithography. Roll to roll micro contact printers have been built at the lab scale. The process has been demonstrate to have the potential for rapid high volume production. The current limitation is in the quality of the print. Features on the stamp are printed with defects such as breaks or undesired patterning. The source of failure lies with the contact of the stamp; the stamp either breaking contact or collapsing to allow areas outside of the features to make contact. A barrier to better understanding and controlling contact during the printing process has been a lack of in-process measurement. This thesis examines the use of a new optical set-up to monitor stamp contact in-process on a lab level roll to roll micro contact printer. Image based measures of stamp contact quality are presented.
by Andrés Salgado-Bierman.
S.B.
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Fox, Ian James. "Ink flow within the screen-printing process." Thesis, Swansea University, 2002. https://cronfa.swan.ac.uk/Record/cronfa42565.

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Screen-printing is one of the oldest printing processes, yet its market share remains very limited due to its slower printing speeds compared to the other available processes. This is mainly because of the reciprocating motion of the squeegee upon the printing screen. In order for screen-printing to become more competitive, the concept of a high-speed continuous belt screen-printing press was developed. However, this will produce an increase in squeegee wear and friction of the squeegee upon the screen. For this reason, this work investigated the use of a roller squeegee that could rotate across the screen. It has been proven that screen-printing with a roller squeegee can be successfully achieved. Additionally, in terms of density and tone gain, these images were comparable to those produced with traditional blade squeegees. A numerical model has been developed to simulate the characteristics that will be encountered within the ink film when printing with a roller squeegee. Numerical simulations were run where the settings corresponded to the parameters utilised in experimental trials. Here, it was discovered that an increase in squeegee diameter will increase the ink film on the squeegee and will also increase the contact width of the screen upon the substrate. This will have the effect of increasing the pumping capacity of the squeegee, which will therefore increase the ink deposit. This was confirmed in the experimental trials. It was also shown that the locking of the squeegee increased the shear mechanism within the ink film, resulting in a reduction in the ink viscosity within the nip contact region. This had the effect of reducing the ink film thickness on the squeegee, which reduces the pumping capacity of the squeegee, thus producing a reduced ink deposit. Additionally, this work is the first method that has been able to estimate the height of the ink deposit for a range of halftone open areas where the results correspond almost identically to the actual printed heights of the prints obtained in experimental studies. This work has improved the fundamental understanding of the mechanics and the process physics within the ink transfer mechanism in the screen-printing process. Use of experimental and numerical models has resulted in new theories being developed that will further the knowledge of the process. This has led to the design and manufacture of a high-speed rotary screen-printing press that will enable high-speed, continuous screen-printing.
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Richards, Blair. "A comparison of staggered position one angle process color printing with four angle and one angle process color printing /." Online version of thesis, 1988. http://hdl.handle.net/1850/10419.

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Taroni, Michele. "Thin film models of the screen-printing process." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2010. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.540261.

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Nawaby, Arghavan Victoria. "Process optimization and monitoring in the printing industry." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1999. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk1/tape8/PQDD_0007/NQ42802.pdf.

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Bougàs, Aristotelis Platon. "Influence of ink sequence on color's hue and saturation in four color halftone screen printing /." Online version of thesis, 1993. http://hdl.handle.net/1850/11080.

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Books on the topic "Printing process"

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Screen process printing. 2nd ed. London: Blueprint, 1995.

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Gumoil photographic printing. Boston: Focal Press, 1999.

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Kosloff, Albert. Photographic screen printing. 7th ed. Cincinnati, Ohio, U.S.A: Signs of the Times Pub. Co., 1987.

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Magee, Babette. Screen printing primer. Pittsburgh, Pa: Graphic Arts Technical Foundation, 1985.

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Stephens, John. The printing processes - screen process. 2nd ed. Leatherhead: Pira International, 1995.

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Screen printing: A contemporary approach. Albany: Delmar, 1997.

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MacDougall, Andy. Screen printing today-- the basics. Courtenay, B.C., Canada: MacDougall Screen Printing, 2005.

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Stephens, John. Screen printing : a practical guide to modern developments in screen process process printing/John Stephens. London: Blueprint, 1987.

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Khan, Shazad. On-demand printing and production process. London: LCP, 2001.

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Screen printing: Design & technique. London: B. Batsford, 1990.

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Book chapters on the topic "Printing process"

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de Witte, Dennis. "Definition of process demands." In Clay Printing, 103–10. Wiesbaden: Springer Fachmedien Wiesbaden, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-658-37161-6_7.

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Gooch, Jan W. "Screen Process Printing." In Encyclopedic Dictionary of Polymers, 649. New York, NY: Springer New York, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4419-6247-8_10362.

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de Witte, Dennis. "Realised AM process for bricks." In Clay Printing, 187–96. Wiesbaden: Springer Fachmedien Wiesbaden, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-658-37161-6_13.

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Anderson, Christina Z. "Talbot’S Photogenic Drawing Process." In Salted Paper Printing, 39–49. New York, NY : Routledge, [2018]: Routledge, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781315272344-6.

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Kirihara, Soshu. "Three-Dimensional Printing Process." In Novel Structured Metallic and Inorganic Materials, 267–84. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-13-7611-5_18.

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Gebhardt, Andreas, Julia Kessler, and Laura Thurn. "The Additive Manufacturing Process Chain and Machines for Additive Manufacturing." In 3D Printing, 71–99. München: Carl Hanser Verlag GmbH & Co. KG, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.3139/9781569907030.003.

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Huang, Linhong, Beiqing Huang, and Xianfu Wei. "Influence of Inkjet Printing Process on Printing Quality." In Lecture Notes in Electrical Engineering, 186–93. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-19-1673-1_29.

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Thangalakshmi, S., and Vinkel Kumar Arora. "Three-Dimensional (3D) Food Printing and Its Process Parameters." In Food Printing: 3D Printing in Food Industry, 35–45. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-16-8121-9_3.

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Gooch, Jan W. "Silk Screen (Screen Process) Printing." In Encyclopedic Dictionary of Polymers, 666. New York, NY: Springer New York, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4419-6247-8_10665.

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Wheeler, Joseph S. R., and Stephen G. Yeates. "CHAPTER 4. Unwanted Reactions of Polymers During the Inkjet Printing Process." In Reactive Inkjet Printing, 59–87. Cambridge: Royal Society of Chemistry, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/9781788010511-00059.

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Conference papers on the topic "Printing process"

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Cao, Kun, Kai Cheng, and Ziliang Wang. "Optimization of Screen Printing Process." In 2006 7th International Conference on Electronic Packaging Technology. IEEE, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/icept.2006.359881.

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Barouch, Eytan, Uwe Hollerbach, Steven A. Orszag, Brian D. Bradie, and Martin C. Peckerar. "Process latitudes in projection printing." In Micro - DL tentative, edited by Martin C. Peckerar. SPIE, 1991. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.47360.

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Jo, Jeongdai, Jun-Ho Jeong, Kwang-Young Kim, Eung-Sug Lee, and Choon-Gi Choi. "Hybrid nanocontact printing (HnCP) process technology." In Photonics Asia 2004, edited by Yangyuan Wang, Jun-en Yao, and Christopher J. Progler. SPIE, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.577244.

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Seok, Park, and Nguyen Son. "AI 3D Printing Process Parameters Optimization." In 12th International Conference on Agents and Artificial Intelligence. SCITEPRESS - Science and Technology Publications, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.5220/0008903303560361.

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Ikeda, Hiroaki, Shigenobu Sekine, Ryuji Kimura, Koichi Shimokawa, Keiji Okada, Hiroaki Shindo, Tatsuya Ooi, Rei Tamaki, and Makoto Nagata. "3DIC/TSV process developments by printing technologies." In 2015 IEEE CPMT Symposium Japan (ICSJ). IEEE, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/icsj.2015.7357382.

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Krammer, Oliver. "Finite volume modelling of stencil printing process." In 2014 IEEE 20th International Symposium for Design and Technology in Electronic Packaging (SIITME). IEEE, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/siitme.2014.6966998.

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Bertuna, Angela. "A New PVD Process for Security Printing." In 64th Society of Vacuum Coaters Annual Technical Conference. Society of Vacuum Coaters, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.14332/svc21.proc.0023.

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Moscicki, Andrzej, Tomasz Falat, Anita Smolarek, Andrzej Kinart, Jan Felba, and Janusz Borecki. "Interconnection process by ink jet printing method." In 2012 IEEE 12th International Conference on Nanotechnology (IEEE-NANO). IEEE, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/nano.2012.6322108.

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Ozawa, Chinatsu, Kenta Yamamoto, Kazuya Izumi, and Yoichi Ochiai. "Computational Alternative Photographic Process toward Sustainable Printing." In SA '22: SIGGRAPH Asia 2022. New York, NY, USA: ACM, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/3550340.3564219.

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Lim, Sungwoo, Richard Buswell, Thanh Le, Rene Wackrow, Simon Austin, Alistair Gibb, and Tony Thorpe. "Development of a Viable Concrete Printing Process." In 28th International Symposium on Automation and Robotics in Construction. International Association for Automation and Robotics in Construction (IAARC), 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.22260/isarc2011/0124.

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Reports on the topic "Printing process"

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Reese, Cody M. Remote Collaborative 3D Printing - Process Investigation. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, April 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada636909.

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Sun, Lushan, and Jean Parsons. 3D Printing for Apparel Design: Exploring Apparel Design Process using 3D Modeling Software. Ames: Iowa State University, Digital Repository, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.31274/itaa_proceedings-180814-915.

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Pazaitis, Alex, Chris Giotitsas, Leandros Savvides, and Vasilis Kostakis. Do Patents Spur Innovation for Society? Lessons from 3D Printing. Mέta | Centre for Postcapitalist Civilisation, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.55405/mwp7en.

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Effective appropriation of new technology has long been considered essential for innovation. Yet, the role of patents and other Intellectual Property tools has been questioned, both for rewarding innovators and serving societal needs. Simultaneously, there is ample empirical evidence of technological advance accelerating under conditions of loose appropriability, for example, when patents expire and cases of innovations based on shared technology and diverse motivations. This paper explores the case of the 3D printing technology, which appears to have found successful commercialization and dynamic market growth after key patents expired. We analyze the role of commons-based peer production practices in forging synergies among different factors and effectuating an alternative innovation pathway and the challenges and contradictions in the process. Finally, we critically assess recent developments of 3D printing technology and draw lessons for innovation policy by incorporating aspects of emerging commons-based innovation paradigms.
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Ovalle, Samuel, E. Viamontes, and Tony Thomas. Optimization of DLP 3D Printed Ceramic Parts. Florida International University, October 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.25148/mmeurs.009776.

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Digital Light Processing (DLP) 3D printing allows for the creation of parts with advanced engineering materials and geometries difficult to produce through conventional manufacturing techniques. Photosensitive resin monomers are activated with a UV-producing LCD screen to polymerize, layer by layer, forming the desired part. With the right mixture of photosensitive resin and advanced engineering powder material, useful engineering-grade parts can be produced. The Bison 1000 is a research-grade DLP printer that permits the user to change many parameters, in order to discover an optimal method for producing 3D parts of any material of interest. In this presentation, the process parameter optimization and their influence on the 3D printed parts through DLP technique will be discussed. The presentation is focused on developing 3D printable slurry, printing of complex ceramic lattice structures, as well as post heat treatment of these DLP-produced parts.
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Lozynskyi, Maryan. Main Features of Publishing Activities of the Ivan Franko National University of Lviv (end of the 1990s – first two decades of the 21st c.). Ivan Franko National University of Lviv, February 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.30970/vjo.2022.51.11392.

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The article desribes the main features of the publishing activity of the Ivan Franko National University of Lviv from the end of the 1990s and in the first two decades of the 21st century. The aim of the author was to show this activity with the help of stages of formation of the Publishing Centre at the University. For this purpose, he used historical method, the methods of analysis, synthesis, content analysis etc. One of the important landmarks of the end of the 20th century in the publishing activity of the Ivan Franko National University of Lviv which has its traditions in the past was the foundation of the mentioned Publishing Centre on the basis of Editing and Publishing Department, Machine Offset and Polygraphic Laboratories. This process was favoured by the administration of the University which supported the transfer of printing base to another building of the University. Professionals with respective qualification level and experience in the sphere of publishing and printing were gathered there. Another stage of the development of the Publishing Centre of the Ivan Franko National University of Lviv was the creation in 2006 of the Publishing Board within the University which became a generator of ideas on the development of scientific book publishing and actively cooperated with printing enterprises of Ukraine (the author of the article was a member of this board). The administration of the Ivan Franko National University of Lviv provided a substantial financial support for publication of educational and scientific literature of different genres and on different topics for educational needs both of the University itself and Ukrainian educational sphere in general. As a result of active publishing activity, the Publishing Centre of the Ivan Franko National University of Lviv since 1996 has published more than 4.5 million copies of publications whose authors are members of the academic community of the University. Among the significant publications of the Publication Centre of the last two decades the article notes Ivan Franko (10 volumes, authors – R. Horak and Ya. Hnativ), Encyclopedia. The Ivan Franko National University of Lviv (2 volumes), Social Geography (2 books, author – Prof. O. Shabliy) and others. The results of the activities of the Publication Centre of the Ivan Franko National University of Lviv were demonstrated during participation at Book Forums and other events in the publication and printing sphere. This article permits researchers in Humanities to analyze and evaluate the achievements and at the same time problems of the scientific publication activity of the Ivan Franko National University of Lviv.
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Robledo, Ana, and Amber Gove. What Works in Early Reading Materials. RTI Press, February 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.3768/rtipress.2018.op.0058.1902.

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Access to books is key to learning to read and sustaining a love of reading. Yet many low- and middle-income countries struggle to provide their students with reading materials of sufficient quality and quantity. Since 2008, RTI International has provided technical assistance in early reading assessment and instruction to ministries of education in dozens of low- and middle-income countries. The central objective of many of these programs has been to improve learning outcomes—in particular, reading—for students in the early grades of primary school. Under these programs, RTI has partnered with ministry staff to produce and distribute evidence-based instructional materials at a regional or national scale, in quantities that increase the likelihood that children will have ample opportunities to practice reading skills, and at a cost that can be sustained in the long term by the education system. In this paper, we seek to capture the practices RTI has developed and refined over the last decade, particularly in response to the challenges inherent in contexts with high linguistic diversity and low operational capacity for producing and distributing instructional materials. These practices constitute our approach to developing and producing instructional materials for early grade literacy. We also touch upon effective planning for printing and distribution procurement, but we do not consider the printing and distribution processes in depth in this paper. We expect this volume will be useful for donors, policymakers, and practitioners interested in improving access to cost-effective, high-quality teaching and learning materials for the early grades.
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Vavrin, John L., Ghassan K. Al-Chaar, Eric L. Kreiger, Michael P. Case, Brandy N. Diggs, Richard J. Liesen, Justine Yu, et al. Automated Construction of Expeditionary Structures (ACES) : Energy Modeling. Engineer Research and Development Center (U.S.), February 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.21079/11681/39641.

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The need to conduct complex operations over time results in U.S. forces remaining in deployed locations for long periods. In such cases, more sustainable facilities are required to better accommodate and protect forward deployed forces. Current efforts to develop safer, more sustainable operating facilities for contingency bases involve construction activities that redesign the types and characteris-tics of the structures constructed, reduce the resources required to build, and reduce resources needed to operate and maintain the com-pleted facilities. The Automated Construction of Expeditionary Structures (ACES) project was undertaken to develop the capability to “print” custom-designed expeditionary structures on demand, in the field, using locally available materials with the minimum number of personnel. This work investigated large-scale automated “additive construction” (i.e., 3D printing with concrete) for construction applications. This document, which documents ACES energy and modeling, is one of four technical reports, each of which details a major area of the ACES research project, its research processes, and associated results, including: System Requirements, Construction, and Performance; Energy and Modeling; Materials and Testing; Architectural and Structural Analysis.
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Diggs, Brandy N., Richard J. Liesen, Michael P. Case, Sameer Hamoush, and Ahmed C. Megri. Automated Construction of Expeditionary Structures (ACES) : Energy Modeling. Engineer Research and Development Center (U.S.), February 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.21079/11681/39759.

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The need to conduct complex operations over time results in U.S. forces remaining in deployed locations for long periods. In such cases, more sustainable facilities are required to better accommodate and protect forward deployed forces. Current efforts to develop safer, more sustainable operating facilities for contingency bases involve construction activities that redesign the types and characteris-tics of the structures constructed, reduce the resources required to build, and reduce resources needed to operate and maintain the com-pleted facilities. The Automated Construction of Expeditionary Structures (ACES) project was undertaken to develop the capability to “print” custom-designed expeditionary structures on demand, in the field, using locally available materials with the minimum number of personnel. This work investigated large-scale automated “additive construction” (i.e., 3D printing with concrete) for construction applications. This document, which documents ACES energy and modeling, is one of four technical reports, each of which details a major area of the ACES research project, its research processes, and associated results, including: System Requirements, Construction, and Performance; Energy and Modeling; Materials and Testing; Architectural and Structural Analysis.
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Al-Chaar, Ghassan K., Peter B. Stynoski, Todd S. Rushing, Lynette A. Barna, Jedadiah F. Burroughs, John L. Vavrin, and Michael P. Case. Automated Construction of Expeditionary Structures (ACES) : Materials and Testing. Engineer Research and Development Center (U.S.), February 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.21079/11681/39721.

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Complex military operations often result in U.S. forces remaining at deployed locations for long periods. In such cases, more sustaina-ble facilities are required to better accommodate and protect forward-deployed forces. Current efforts to develop safer, more sustaina-ble operating facilities for contingency bases involve construction activities that require a redesign of the types and characteristics of the structures constructed, that reduce the resources required to build, and that decrease the resources needed to operate and maintain the completed facilities. The Automated Construction of Expeditionary Structures (ACES) project was undertaken to develop the capa-bility to “print” custom-designed expeditionary structures on demand, in the field, using locally available materials with the minimum number of personnel. This work investigated large-scale automated “additive construction” (i.e., 3D printing with concrete) for con-struction applications. This report, which documents ACES materials and testing, is one of four technical reports, each of which details a major area of the ACES research project, its research processes, and its associated results. There major areas include System Require-ments, Construction, and Performance; Energy and Modeling; Materials and Testing; Architectural and Structural Analysis.
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Slattery, Kevin T. Unsettled Aspects of the Digital Thread in Additive Manufacturing. SAE International, November 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.4271/epr2021026.

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In the past years, additive manufacturing (AM), also known as “3D printing,” has transitioned from rapid prototyping to making parts with potentially long service lives. Now AM provides the ability to have an almost fully digital chain from part design through manufacture and service. Web searches will reveal many statements that AM can help an organization in its pursuit of a “digital thread.” Equally, it is often stated that a digital thread may bring great benefits in improving designs, processes, materials, operations, and the ability to predict failure in a way that maximizes safety and minimizes cost and downtime. Now that the capability is emerging, a whole series of new questions begin to surface as well: •• What data should be stored, how will it be stored, and how much space will it require? •• What is the cost-to-benefit ratio of having a digital thread? •• Who owns the data and who can access and analyze it? •• How long will the data be stored and who will store it? •• How will the data remain readable and usable over the lifetime of a product? •• How much manipulation of disparate data is necessary for analysis without losing information? •• How will the data be secured, and its provenance validated? •• How does an enterprise accomplish configuration management of, and linkages between, data that may be distributed across multiple organizations? •• How do we determine what is “authoritative” in such an environment? These, along with many other questions, mark the combination of AM with a digital thread as an unsettled issue. As the seventh title in a series of SAE EDGE™ Research Reports on AM, this report discusses what the interplay between AM and a digital thread in the mobility industry would look like. This outlook includes the potential benefits and costs, the hurdles that need to be overcome for the combination to be useful, and how an organization can answer these questions to scope and benefit from the combination. This report, like the others in the series, is directed at a product team that is implementing AM. Unlike most of the other reports, putting the infrastructure in place, addressing the issues, and taking full advantage of the benefits will often fall outside of the purview of the product team and at the higher organizational, customer, and industry levels.
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