Journal articles on the topic 'Printing margin and skew'

A recent paper presents an extension of the skew-normal distribution which is a copula. Under this model, the standardized marginal distributions are standard normal. The copula itself depends on the familiar skewing construction based on the normal distribution function. This paper is concerned with two topics. First, the paper presents a number of extensions of the skew-normal copula. Notably these include a case in which the standardized marginal distributions are Student’s t, with different degrees of freedom allowed for each margin. In this case the skewing function need not be the distribution function for Student’s t, but can depend on certain of the special functions. Secondly, several multivariate versions of the skew-normal copula model are presented. The paper contains several illustrative examples.

Statistical static timing analysis (SSTA) methods, which model process variations statistically as probability distribution function rather than deterministically, have been thoroughly performed on traditional zero clock skew circuits. In the traditional zero clock skew circuits, the synchronizing clock signal is designed to arrive in phase with respect to each register. However, designers will often schedule the clock skew to different registers in order to decrease the minimum clock period of the entire circuit. Clock skew scheduling imparts very different timing constraints that are based, in part, on the topology of the circuit. In this paper, SSTA is applied to nonzero clock skew circuits in order to determine the accuracy improvement relative to their zero skew counterparts, and also to assess how the results of skew scheduling might be impacted with more accurate statistical modeling. For 99.7% timing yield (3σ variation), SSTA is observed to improve the accuracy, and therefore increase the timing margin, of nonzero clock skew circuits by up to 2.5×, and on average by 1.3×, the amount seen by zero skew circuits.

Algorithms of the program for determining the optimal parameters of 3D-printing are described. To confirm the effectiveness of the developed algorithms and mathematical model, the tensile strength of an ABS plastic part was calculated at the specified printing parameters. It is concluded that the use of the developed program will allow one to assign optimal printing parameters and obtain products with a given margin of safety.

The information in the literature on the effect of printing layer thickness on interim 3D-printed crowns is limited. In the present study, the effect of layer thickness on the trueness and margin quality of 3D-printed composite resin crowns was investigated and compared with milled crowns. The crowns were printed in 3 different layer thicknesses (20, 50, and 100 μm) by using a hybrid resin based on acrylic esters with inorganic microfillers or milled from polymethylmethacrylate (PMMA) discs and digitized with an intraoral scanner (test scans). The compare tool of the 3D analysis software was used to superimpose the test scans and the computer-aided design file by using the manual alignment tool and to virtually separate the surfaces. Deviations at different surfaces on crowns were calculated by using root mean square (RMS). Margin quality of crowns was examined under a stereomicroscope and graded. The data were evaluated with one-way ANOVA and Tukey HSD tests. The layer thickness affected the trueness and margin quality of 3D-printed interim crowns. Milled crowns had higher trueness on intaglio and intaglio occlusal surfaces than 100 μm-layer thickness crowns. Milled crowns had the highest margin quality, while 20 μm and 100 μm layer thickness printed crowns had the lowest. The quality varied depending on the location of the margin.

<p style="margin: 1em 0px;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: medium;">In the wireless sensor network, the representative MapReduce computing model based on data center has been widely used in large-scale data processing. In the data transmission phase, the wireless sensor network system uses the hash method to distribute data for each Reduce task based on the number of Reduce tasks. This data partitioning method based on the hash function results in non-uniform distribution of the output data in the data transmission phase and further leads to skewing of the input data in the Reduce task. Data skew will result in load imbalance in the Reduce phase and causes the system performance to degrade. In order to eliminate the data skew problem in the Reduce phase, this paper presents a load balancing method, which consists of two parts: the virtual partitioning method based on the consistent hashing and the heterogeneity-aware loads balancing (HLB) algorithm. The experimental results show that the proposed method can eliminate the data skew in the Reduce phase and distribute the load equitably for each Reduce task. In addition, the method produces less system overhead.</span></p>

The principle of inking system in sheet-feed printing press is introduced. Some tests on ink thickness are performed and the experiment results shows that in the traditional press, some inherent defects cause serious quality problems. The application of shaft-less drive technology to printing press is introduced and the drive principle of inking rollers of printing press and is explained. Synchronization control method of rollers is put forward, and the shaft-less technology is applied to the inking roller. Control system of shaft-less roller press is constructed for four color printing. Mechanical zero and electrical zero can be reset and corrected. Slight asynchrony is allowed between inking rollers and cylinders for normal printing, and the speed difference between them can eliminate a kind of printing troublesome of ghosting when needed. Analysis shows that with this technology, the functions of press are extended. Furthermore, the results of calculation indicated that when printing the special products, the make-ready time for inking is shorten about 50% and the power consumption is decreased about 19.8 to 21.5%, so the efficiency of machine can be increased by a big margin and the power cost can be cut down obviously.

The combination of 3D printing and navigation promises improvements in surgical procedures and outcomes for complex bone tumor resection of the trunk, but its features have rarely been described in the literature. Five patients with trunk tumors were surgically treated in our institution using a combination of 3D printing and navigation. The main process includes segmentation, virtual modeling and build preparation, as well as quality assessment. Tumor resection was performed with navigated instruments. Preoperative planning supported clear margin multiplanar resections with intraoperatively adaptable real-time visualization of navigated instruments. The follow-up ranged from 2–15 months with a good functional result. The present results and the review of the current literature reflect the trend and the diverse applications of 3D printing in the medical field. 3D printing at hospital sites is often not standardized, but regulatory aspects may serve as disincentives. However, 3D printing has an increasing impact on precision medicine, and we are convinced that our process represents a valuable contribution in the context of patient-centered individual care.

The modern convention for printing dialogues includes printing the names of the speakers on the margin at the beginning of their statements. But this practice was virtually unknown in ancient Greek dialogues. Instead, the most common convention for showing the shift from one speaker to another is through punctuation such as the colon, the παραγράφος or a horizontal stroke. Recently, N. G. Wilson has attributed the inclusion of the names of the speakers at the transitional points in Greek dialogues to Theodoret of Cyrus (mid-fifth century CE; composed Eranistes in 447) who, in this view, ‘deserves the credit for devising a literary convention that is now regarded as essential’.

As additively manufactured radio frequency (RF) design expands towards higher frequencies, performance becomes ever more sensitive to print-induced dimensional variations. These slight deviations from design dimensions typically skew RF performance, resulting in low yields or poor device performance. In order to overcome this limitation, RF design paradigms must be developed for non-uniform process and material-specific variations. Therefore, a new generalized approach is developed to explore variation-tolerant designs for printed RF structures. This method evaluates the feature fidelity and S11 performance of micro-dispensed, X-band (8–12 GHz) patch antennas by evaluating the standard deviation in as-printed features, surface roughness, and thickness. It was found that the traditional designs based on optimal impedance matching values did not result in the most robust performance over multiple printing sessions. Rather, performance bounds determined by print deviation could be utilized to improve large-batch S11 results by up to 7 dB. This work demonstrates that establishing the average standard deviation of printed dimensions in any RF printing system and following the formulated design procedure could greatly improve performance over large datasets. As such, the method defined here can be applied to improve large-scale, printed RF yields and enable predictive performance metrics for any given printing method.

We offer a new approach to the fabrication of remarkable autostereoscopic double-layer computer generated images or autostereoscopic staircase fractal structures (ASFSs) based on staircase fractals and moiré methods. Besides, we have found that the unwanted moiré fringes or moiré noises in the ASFSs will markedly decrease if high frequency fractal noises are employed. These ASFSs were observed to be similar in some sense to Denishuk or reflection holograms. Analyzing the geometry and parallax of the circle of skew lines (CSL-parallax) at the presentation of stereo depth information in ASFSs, we hope to provide design guidelines for autostereoscopic digital printing and so on and so forth. A far more important example is a computer synthesis of three-dimensional graphic symbols, a standard laser printer and this CSL-parallax being employed.

Most desktop 3D printers lack features that allow manual calibration of printer parameters. It is crucial to assess the accuracy of printing to minimize the margin of error and variance between each print. Therefore, this study aimed to develop a method for monitoring the calibration of in-office 3D printers. A calibration coupon was designed to have a tolerance and dimensions that define nominal geometry and allow the measurement of variances occurring in X–Y axes and curvature. Ten printing cycles were run on two stereolithography (SLA) 3D printers with two different resins. Additionally, the coupons were positioned in five positions on the build platform to assess errors caused by differences in positioning. Measurements were made on the X and Y axes. No statistical difference was noted between the coupons being printed in different positions on the build platform and between the two resins at both X and Y axes of measurement (p > 0.05). Desktop 3D printers currently lack a standardized calibration protocol, which provides a closed loop for design and manufacturing of printed parts. The coupon in this study will allow monitoring the calibration of desktop 3D printers to ensure high-quality printing.

This experimental study aimed to compare the internal fit (marginal fit and internal discrepancy) of metal crowns fabricated by traditional casting and digital methods (computer numerically controlled (CNC) milling and three-dimensional [3D] printing). Thirty standard master abutment models were fabricated using a 3D printing technique with digital software. Metal crowns were fabricated by traditional casting, CNC milling, and 3D printing. The silicon replica method was used to measure the marginal and internal fit. A thin layer of low-viscosity polyvinyl siloxane material was placed inside each crown and on the die (like a seat) until the material was set. Replicas were examined at four reference points under a microscope: the central pit (M1), cusp tip (M2), axial wall (M3), and margin (M4). The measured data were analyzed using a one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) to verify statistical significance, which was set at p < 0.05. In the traditional casting group, the minimum distance measured was at M3 (90.68 ± 14.4 μm) and the maximum distance measured was at M1 (145.12 ± 22 μm). In the milling group, the minimum distance measured was at M3 (71.85 ± 23.69 μm) and the maximum distance measured was at M1 (108.68 ± 10.52 μm). In the 3D printing group, the minimum distance measured was at M3 (100.59 ± 9.26 μm) and the maximum distance measured was at M1 (122.33 ± 7.66 μm). The mean discrepancy for the traditional casting, CNC milling, and 3D printing groups was 120.20, 92.15, and 111.85 μm, respectively, showing significant differences (P < 0.05). All three methods of metal crown fabrication, that is, traditional casting, CNC milling, and 3D printing, had values within the clinically acceptable range. The marginal and internal fit of the crown was far superior in the CNC milling method.

576 Background: To obtain a clear resection margin during breast-conserving surgery (BCS) after neoadjuvant chemotherapy (NCT), accurate targeting of the location and assessment extent of the tumor are essential. However, conventional targeting methods such as USG/MMG guided hook wire insertion have disadvantages in that they could only localize the tumor, not reflecting its extent. To assess this problem, we developed an MRI-based 3D printed breast surgical guide (3DP-BSG) and conducted a multicenter randomized clinical study to prove its clinical effectiveness. Methods: In this multicenter, randomized (1:1), controlled trial (KCT0004469), we assigned 566 patients who underwent NCT and planned to undergo BCS, to use customized 3DP-BSG for lumpectomy, or not to use 3DP-BSG for lumpectomy. We assumed that 3DP-BSG group achieve non-inferior outcomes compared with control group with conventional targeting method. The primary endpoint was the margin positivity of the first resected margin. Under the assumption that the proportion of margin positivity would be 23% in both groups, a total of 438 patients were calculated to have 80% power to establish non-inferiority with a margin of 10% at a one-sided significance level of 0.05. Efficacy was assessed in the intention-to-treat (ITT) population. Results: Between 2019 and 2021, 282 (49.8%) patients were assigned to 3DP-BSG group, and 284 (50.2%) patients were assigned to control group with conventional targeting method. The median age was 51 years. In the ITT analysis, first resected margin was positivity in 5 (2.1%) of 235 patients in 3DP-BSG group and 7 (2.9%) of 244 patients in control group (difference -1.15 [95% CI -3.58 to -1.28], pnon-inferiority <.0001). In the analysis of population excluding patients assessed as complete response (CR), first resected margin was positivity in 5 (3.40%) of 147 patients in 3DP-BSG group and 7 (4.8%) of 145 patients in control group (difference -1.43 [95% CI -5.25 to -2.40], pnon-inferiority <.0001). Most of the cases, marked areas with 3DP-BSG were partially different from those with conventional targeting method, and there were some cases where completely different areas were marked. In most of these cases, pathological CR made it difficult to compare the accuracy of the targeting methods, but in one case, a malignant tumor was diagnosed only in the 3DP-BSG targeting region. Even lesions that have been incorrectly targeted by conventional methods can be properly removed using 3DP-BSG, which is believed to be helpful in surgery. Conclusions: Lumpectomy using 3DP-BSG showed non-inferiority compared to the conventional targeting group, and the surgeon's satisfaction was higher by quantitatively presenting the extent of initial tumor. Clinical trial information: KCT0004469.

576 Background: To obtain a clear resection margin during breast-conserving surgery (BCS) after neoadjuvant chemotherapy (NCT), accurate targeting of the location and assessment extent of the tumor are essential. However, conventional targeting methods such as USG/MMG guided hook wire insertion have disadvantages in that they could only localize the tumor, not reflecting its extent. To assess this problem, we developed an MRI-based 3D printed breast surgical guide (3DP-BSG) and conducted a multicenter randomized clinical study to prove its clinical effectiveness. Methods: In this multicenter, randomized (1:1), controlled trial (KCT0004469), we assigned 566 patients who underwent NCT and planned to undergo BCS, to use customized 3DP-BSG for lumpectomy, or not to use 3DP-BSG for lumpectomy. We assumed that 3DP-BSG group achieve non-inferior outcomes compared with control group with conventional targeting method. The primary endpoint was the margin positivity of the first resected margin. Under the assumption that the proportion of margin positivity would be 23% in both groups, a total of 438 patients were calculated to have 80% power to establish non-inferiority with a margin of 10% at a one-sided significance level of 0.05. Efficacy was assessed in the intention-to-treat (ITT) population. Results: Between 2019 and 2021, 282 (49.8%) patients were assigned to 3DP-BSG group, and 284 (50.2%) patients were assigned to control group with conventional targeting method. The median age was 51 years. In the ITT analysis, first resected margin was positivity in 5 (2.1%) of 235 patients in 3DP-BSG group and 7 (2.9%) of 244 patients in control group (difference -1.15 [95% CI -3.58 to -1.28], pnon-inferiority <.0001). In the analysis of population excluding patients assessed as complete response (CR), first resected margin was positivity in 5 (3.40%) of 147 patients in 3DP-BSG group and 7 (4.8%) of 145 patients in control group (difference -1.43 [95% CI -5.25 to -2.40], pnon-inferiority <.0001). Most of the cases, marked areas with 3DP-BSG were partially different from those with conventional targeting method, and there were some cases where completely different areas were marked. In most of these cases, pathological CR made it difficult to compare the accuracy of the targeting methods, but in one case, a malignant tumor was diagnosed only in the 3DP-BSG targeting region. Even lesions that have been incorrectly targeted by conventional methods can be properly removed using 3DP-BSG, which is believed to be helpful in surgery. Conclusions: Lumpectomy using 3DP-BSG showed non-inferiority compared to the conventional targeting group, and the surgeon's satisfaction was higher by quantitatively presenting the extent of initial tumor. Clinical trial information: KCT0004469.

Surgical navigation techniques have shown potential benefits in orthopedic oncologic surgery. However, the translation of these results to acral tumor resection surgeries is challenging due to the large number of joints with complex movements of the affected areas (located in distal extremities). This study proposes a surgical workflow that combines an intraoperative open-source navigation software, based on a multi-camera tracking, with desktop three-dimensional (3D) printing for accurate navigation of these tumors. Desktop 3D printing was used to fabricate patient-specific 3D printed molds to ensure that the distal extremity is in the same position both in preoperative images and during image-guided surgery (IGS). The feasibility of the proposed workflow was evaluated in two clinical cases (soft-tissue sarcomas in hand and foot). The validation involved deformation analysis of the 3D-printed mold after sterilization, accuracy of the system in patient-specific 3D-printed phantoms, and feasibility of the workflow during the surgical intervention. The sterilization process did not lead to significant deformations of the mold (mean error below 0.20 mm). The overall accuracy of the system was 1.88 mm evaluated on the phantoms. IGS guidance was feasible during both surgeries, allowing surgeons to verify enough margin during tumor resection. The results obtained have demonstrated the viability of combining open-source navigation and desktop 3D printing for acral tumor surgeries. The suggested framework can be easily personalized to any patient and could be adapted to other surgical scenarios.

Many aquatic creatures in nature have non-cooperative surface scaling abilities using suction organs; micro-/nano-scale structures found in different parts of the organs play an important role in this mechanism. Synthetic bioinspired suction devices have been developed, but the mechanisms of bioinspired suction system need further investigation. This paper presents the development of a synthetic adhesive disc inspired by the hillstream loach. The microscopic structures involved in adhesion of the hillstream loach were investigated. Bioinspired suction discs were designed with single-level or hierarchical micropatterned margins. Micro three-dimensional (3D) printing and micro electromechanical system (MEMs) technology were utilized in the fabrication of the discs, and the adhesion performance was tested on substrates with different roughness values. The engaging and disengaging processes of the margin were simulated by carrying out a peeling test on a submerged substrate. The interactions between the liquid film and the microstructures were observed using fluorescence microscopy. The enhanced adhesion forces due to the synergy of the hierarchically micro-patterned margin and the disc cavity were duplicated in the synthetic adhesion system.

The article presents the development and modeling of a screw extruder for 3D printers operating on the FFF technology, namely, the Fused Filament Fabrication (“production by fusing threads”). Extruders, usually installed on FFF 3D printers, use a thermoplastic polymer filament as a material. There are two filament standards: 1.75mm and 2.85mm. The minimum cost of such a filament starts from $ 11 per kilogram (ABS plastic 1.75 mm). The cost of more expensive filaments can reach several thousand or even tens of thousands per kilogram (depending on the material, filler, the presence of inhibitors, dyes, etc.). The cost of the material is much higher than granulated primary plastics and even more so recycled materials. In addition, the extruder nozzle diameter is typically limited to 1.2mm for 1.75mm filament. Thus, when printing large products, for which the detail and roughness of vertical surfaces are not so important, increase in the diameter of the extruder nozzle will increase significantly the printing speed due to the increase in the thickness of the print layer and the width of the print line. To produce filament, screw filament extruders are used, which work on the principle of injection molding machines. The authors propose a calculation of the parameters of a screw extruder for an FFF 3D printer, which will directly use granulated primary plastics or crushed plastic recyclables as a material. The use of a screw extruder will reduce the cost of the printed product and increase significantly the diameter of the extruder nozzle, which will significantly reduce the production time for large-sized products. When designing a screw extruder, it is necessary to adhere to two main strategies: minimizing the weight and size parameters of the extruder and ensuring the required linear productivity. On the one hand, the extruder must be as light as possible to be able to increase the printing speed, on the other hand, it must provide the necessary linear performance to be able to extrude plastic at printing speeds. Modeling is made for nozzles with a diameter of 1mm and 5mm. According to the calculation results, the screw extruder has a 3-fold and 37-fold margin of linear productivity, respectively.

Objective The right anterior lateral thoracotomy (RALT) approach for aortic valve replacement provides excellent outcomes in expert hands while avoiding sternal disruption. It, however, remains a technically demanding niche operation. Instrument trajectories via this access are influenced by patient anatomy, the intercostal space chosen, and surgical retraction maneuvers. Methods To simulate the typical surgical maneuvers, on an anatomically accurate model, and to measure the instrument trajectories, we generated a 3-dimensional (3D) printed model of the heart and chest cavity. A simulated approach to the base of the right coronary sinus via the medial-second intercostal, the lateral-second intercostal, or third intercostal space was made. Keeping the instrument in place, 3D scans of the models and geometrical measurements of the instrument trajectories were performed. Results The 3D scans of the 3D printed model showed a high fidelity when compared to the original computed tomographic scan image geometry (mean deviation of 1.26 ± 1.27mm). The instrument intrathoracic distance was 75 mm via the medial-second, 115 mm via the lateral-second, and 80 mm via the third intercostal space. The 3D angulation of the instrument to the incision was 33.77o, 55.93o, and 38.4o respectively. The distance of the instrument to the lateral margin was 12, 26, and 5 mm respectively. The cranial margin of the incision was always a limiting margin for the instrument. Conclusions Three-dimensional printing and 3D scanning facilitated a realistic simulation of the instrument trajectory during RALT approach. The lateral-second intercostal approach showed the most favorable approach angle and distance from the lateral margin, although it also had the longest intrathoracic distance.

In Japan, labeling of packages of prescription drugs was changed from JAN (Japanese Article Number) codes to GS1 DataBars, and the use of GS1 DataBars in medical services is expected to aid in the prevention of medical accidents, such as drug mix-ups, and improve traceability. In Japan, prescription drugs are dispensed primarily using PTP (Press Through Package) and SP (Strip Package) sheets, and tablets and capsules are seldom given to patients in bottles as in the United States and EU countries. We carried out a questionnaire survey of hospital pharmacists who handle drugs as their job to investigate the viewpoints from which they evaluate the design of PTP sheets of drugs. When the position of the bar code was evaluated from the viewpoint of “readability”, there was little difference between the top and bottom of the PTP sheet, but there was a difference between the top (over the tablets) and the margin of the PTP sheet. To the question “Which is more functional, endless printing or pitch printing?”, the pitch method was selected twice as frequently. “Ergonomics of holding the drug with the left hand and holding the scanner with the right hand” were suggested to be important for rapid reading of GS1 DataBars with minimum movements during the complex dispensing operation.

Increasing evidences show that subchondral bone may play a significant role in the repair or progression of cartilage damagein situ. However, the exact change of subchondral bone during osteochondral repair is still poorly understood. In this paper, biphasic osteochondral composite scaffolds were fabricated by 3D printing technology using PEG hydrogel andβ-TCP ceramic and then implanted in rabbit trochlea within a critical size defect model. Animals were euthanized at 1, 2, 4, 8, 16, 24, and 52 weeks after implantation. Histological results showed that hyaline-like cartilage formed along with white smooth surface and invisible margin at 24 weeks postoperatively, typical tidemark formation at 52 weeks. The repaired subchondral bone formed from 16 to 52 weeks in a “flow like” manner from surrounding bone to the defect center gradually. Statistical analysis illustrated that both subchondral bone volume and migration area percentage were highly correlated with the gross appearance Wayne score of repaired cartilage. Therefore, subchondral bone migration is related to cartilage repair for critical size osteochondral defects. Furthermore, the subchondral bone remodeling proceeds in a “flow like” manner and repaired cartilage with tidemark implies that the biphasic PEG/β-TCP composites fabricated by 3D printing provides a feasible strategy for osteochondral tissue engineering application.

Introduction. Routine endoprosthesis production does not have ready solutions for such rare locations as forearm bones, scapula, and breastbone. In the last decade, 3D printing of personalized implants has been actively developing. Its benefits are accurate anatomical compliance with the resected segment, quick manufacturing time, and low cost. Oncoortopedics finds use of more additional technologies.Aim. To show through clinical observations the advantages of qualitatively new biologically and mechanically compatible implants used to replace bone defects in anatomically complex locations and to promote the use of such endoprosthesis in clinical practice.Materials and methods. Organ-saving treatment using personalized implants manufactured using 3D printing technology was performed in 7 patients with bone tumors: 3 with primary bone tumors (sarcomas) and 4 with metastases. Tumor lesions were localized in the humerus in 2 cases, in the scapula in 2 cases, in the breastbone in 2 cases, and in the distal part of the radius in 1 case. The implants were designed based in the spiral computed tomography data. For implant manufacturing, direct metal laser sintering (DMLS) was used. Titanium alloy Ti6Al4V certified for production of medical implants was used as the material. Design and manufacturing took 3 weeks.Results. Morphological examination showed negative tumor resection margin in all patients. All 7 patients are alive. No intraoperative complications were reported. Follow up varied between 1 and 8 months. During follow up, disease progression was not observed. Mean functional score per the Musculoskeletal Tumour Society score (MSTS) was 80 % (between 72 and 94 %).Conclusion. Development of qualitatively new Russian oncological implants using 3D-printing technology is one of the most important areas in bone pathology.

Previous studies on accuracy of three-dimensional (3D) printed model focused on full arch measurements at few points. The aim of this study was to examine the dimensional accuracy of 3D-printed models which were teeth-prepped for three-unit fixed prostheses, especially at margin and proximal contact areas. The prepped dental model was scanned with a desktop scanner. Using this reference file, test models were fabricated by digital light processing (DLP), Multi-Jet printing (MJP), and stereo-lithography apparatus (SLA) techniques. We calculated the accuracy (trueness and precision) of 3D-printed models on 3D planes, and deviations of each measured points at buccolingual and mesiodistal planes. We also analyzed the surface roughness of resin printed models. For overall 3D analysis, MJP showed significantly higher accuracy (trueness) than DLP and SLA techniques; however, there was not any statistically significant difference on precision. For deviations on margins of molar tooth and distance to proximal contact, MJP showed significantly accurate results; however, for a premolar tooth, there was no significant difference between the groups. 3D color maps of printed models showed contraction buccolingually, and surface roughness of the models fabricated by MJP technique was observed as the lowest. The accuracy of the 3D-printed resin models by DLP, MJP, and SLA techniques showed a clinically acceptable range to use as a working model for manufacturing dental prostheses

For pediatric malignant bone tumors located in the limbs, limb salvage surgery is the gold standard, but it requires adequate resection margins to avoid local recurrence. Primitive bone sarcomas of the forearm (radius or ulna) are very rare and the reconstruction remains challenging. We describe a method to ensure minimal but adequate resection bone margins with precision in four consecutive patients with primitive bone sarcomas of the forearm. During the preoperative planning, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) was used to delineate the tumor and the tumor volume was transferred to computerized tomography (CT) by image fusion. A patient-specific instrument (PSI) was manufactured by 3D printing to allow the surgeon to perform the surgical cuts precisely according to the preoperative planning. The first PSI was used for the resection of the tumor, which adopted a unique position at the bony surface. A second PSI was intended for the cutting of the bone allograft so that it fitted perfectly with the bone defect. In all four cases, the safe margin obtained into the bone was free of tumor (R0: microscopically margin-negative resection). The functional result was very good in all four patients. This limb salvage surgical technique can be applied in forearm bone sarcoma and improves surgical precision while maintaining satisfactory local tumor control. It can also reduce the surgical time and allow a stable osteosynthesis.

The paper is devoted to the development of new equipment for the production of metal-polymer thread. 3D printing with metal-polymer thread is one of the advanced directions in the technology of manufacturing metal parts of complex shape. The proposed technology is an alternative to the currently existing metal injection molding (MIM) technology and selective laser melting printing technology. An important step in this work was to conduct computational experiments to determine the effect of screw rotation on the process pressure parameter and the design of the main assembly of the screw extruder. As a result of the research, the pressures on the metal-polymer composition were determined depending on the rotation speed of the screw. With a rotation of 30 rpm, the pressure reached 0.05 Pa and the maximum pressure was 0.18 MPa. The experiments were carried out in the CradelSFlow program. The computer calculation showed a margin of the screw strength coefficient k=1.8, and a maximum deflection of 2.8∙10–4 m, which meets the condition of static rigidity. To determine the correct value of the gap δ between the screw ridge and the extruder walls, an analysis of the rotor dynamics was carried out. The result of this study is the critical extruder rotation speed of 60 rpm at which the phenomenon of precession may occur. Amplitude-frequency characteristics ydin=7∙10–4 m. According to the results of the dynamic calculation, the screw dimensions were adjusted, the geometry was reduced by ∆=0.5 mm. The experiments made it possible to verify the optimal parameters of the technological process of metal-polymer mixture extrusion. The data obtained are important for the improvement and development of 3D printing technology for metal parts of complex geometric shape.

This study investigates challenges of reprographic information resources within the library and some selected private business centers in three universities in Ogun State, Nigeria. The research design adopted for this study was descriptive survey method, with the used questionnaire as instrument to collect data, purposive sampling was used to select forty five (45) reprographic centers from the three selected institutions namely FUNAAB, OOU, TASUED. Forty two of the instruments were useful for the study. Data collected was analyzed using simple percentage. The result of the findings revealed that the types of reprographic services mostly available in the institutions are photocopy, printing, spiral binding. The extent of use of reprographic services by students both in business centers and libraries, the result revealed photocopy, printing, and scanning. This finding further revealed that the profit margin of daily income is between #1000 - #5000 naira. The major challenges faced in the business which are unstable power supply, inadequate reprographic equipment. The finding recommends that the library management and the business owners should improve in providing more relevant services for better patronage. The study suggests that good customer relationship will help the business to grow with time which will help generate more profit. The library management should provide a good budget that will accommodate the purchase of reprographic equipment’s while the business centers can approach bodies that can assist them for loans as far as they are sure of the environment and have a good business plan.

Microbial contamination is a major concern for drinking water worldwide. Many monitoring protocols that use one or very few samples are inadequate and introduce a very large margin of error. An intensive sampling program needs to be conducted to characterize the Escherichia coli concentrations of a source water stream prior to establishing a monitoring program so that the sample frequency can be determined statistically, based on an acceptable margin of error. Developing meaningful monitoring programs for managing bacterial water quality is dependant on scientific data that determine the bacterial sources. In this study, three streams from drinking water watersheds were sampled every 15 min over a 24 h period on three different days to determine the concentrations of E. coli and to identify their sources, using ribosomal RNA finger printing (ribotyping). The concentrations of E. coli varied throughout the day in each of the three streams. Ribotyping identified many different animal sources of E. coli in the samples. The sources of E. coli varied significantly with stream (P < 0.001, df = 16). The development of monitoring programs for watersheds needs to consider the watershed, and care needs to be taken in selecting appropriate sample sites, sampling regime, and number of samples taken during each sampling period. This note provides a prescription for the development of monitoring programs for watersheds.Key words: Escherichia coli, fecal bacteria, water quality, ribotyping, source tracking, microbial source tracking, bacterial source tracking.

A novel drug delivery system preventing Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) recurrence after resection surgery is imperatively required to overcome the mechanical limitation of the current local drug delivery system and to offer personalised treatment options for GBM patients. In this study, 3D printed biodegradable flexible porous scaffolds were developed via Fused Deposition Modelling (FDM) three-dimensional (3D) printing technology for the local delivery of curcumin. The flexible porous scaffolds were 3D printed with various geometries containing 1, 3, 5, and 7% (w/w) of curcumin, respectively, using curcumin-loaded polycaprolactone (PCL) filaments. The scaffolds were characterised by a series of characterisation studies and in vitro studies were also performed including drug release study, scaffold degradation study, and cytotoxicity study. The curcumin-loaded PCL scaffolds displayed versatile spatiotemporal characteristics. The polymeric scaffolds obtained great mechanical flexibility with a low tensile modulus of less than 2 MPa, and 4 to 7-fold ultimate tensile strain, which can avoid the mechanical mismatch problem of commercially available GLIADEL wafer with a further improvement in surgical margin coverage. In vitro release profiles have demonstrated the sustained release patterns of curcumin with adjustable release amounts and durations up to 77 h. MTT study has demonstrated the great cytotoxic effect of curcumin-loaded scaffolds against the U87 human GBM cell line. Therefore, 3D printed curcumin-loaded scaffold has great promise to provide better GBM treatment options with its mechanical flexibility and customisability to match individual needs, preventing post-surgery GBM recurrence and eventually prolonging the life expectancy of GBM patients.

Ancient stamps are suffering from the destructive effects of different kinds of inks that were prepared from different ingredients. Two Egyptian historical postage stamps printed in blue and red printing inks were evaluated and examined for their composition using a light microscope, SEM-EDS, FTIR, and Raman spectroscopic analyses. Mechanical, chemical, and deacidification treatments were done for the two stamps. Model stamps were made from the cotton pulp in the book house to simulate historical stamp paper with an average thickness of 11 microns. The unprinted and printed paper samples with printing inks that aged and unaged were treated with 0.7% Klucel G, 0.2% TiO2 NP, or a mixture of 0.7% Klucel G + 0.2% TiO2 NP, and the color change was measured and compared with the blank samples. The two stamps are suffering from high pH, where the margin color of the stamps changed to yellow-brown with weakness of the stamp paper. By SEM examination, stamps have suffered from fibers’ weakness and dryness resulting from the self-oxidation reactions. EDS elemental composition of the red stamp showed the presence of C, O, Na, Al, Si, Mg, S, Ca, Ba, and Fe, while in the blue stamp, it was C, O, Na, Al, Si, P, S, Cl, and Ca. Raman spectrometer wavelengths turn out that the blueprinting ink of the stamp was characterized with spectra of ultramarine blue (lazurite), while hematite was characterized by the red stamp. FTIR analysis for the printing inks identified that gum Arabic sample and linseed oil were the binding and color medium, respectively. From the model trials, it was observed that the treatment of a mixture of Klucel G and TiO2 NP had the best properties for the consolidation of stamps. The two historical stamps were documented through different spectroscopic analyses, and from the restoration trials, it was observed that the mixture of 7% Klucel G + 0.2% TiO2 NP appeared to be a new and effective method for recovering the historical postage stamps.

In this study, an automatic defect detection method is proposed for screen printing in battery manufacturing. It is based on stationary velocity field (SVF) neural network template matching and the Lucas–Kanade (L–K) optical flow algorithm. The new method can recognize and classify different defects, such as lacking, skew, and blur, under the condition of irregular shape distortion. Three critical processing stages are performed during detection: (1) Image preprocessing was performed to acquire the printed region of interest and then image blocking was carried out for template creation. (2) The SVF network for image registration was constructed and the corresponding dataset was built based on oriented fast and rotated brief feature matching. (3) Irregular print distortion was rectified and defects were extracted using L–K optical flow and image subtraction. Software and hardware systems have been developed to support this method in industrial applications. To improve environment adaptation, we proposed a dynamic template updating mechanism to optimize the detection template. From the experiments, it can be concluded that the method has desirable performance in terms of accuracy (97%), time efficiency (485 ms), and resolution (0.039 mm). The proposed method possesses the advantages of image registration, defect extraction, and industrial efficiency compared to conventional methods. Although they suffer from irregular print distortions in batteries, the proposed method still ensures a higher detection accuracy.

<p>Persamaan Diferensial merupakan salah satu mata kuliah yang berisi banyak metode penyelesaian persamaan diferensial dengan langkah-langkah panjang, sehingga mata kuliah ini merupakan salah satu mata kuliah yang kerap kali dianggap cukup berat oleh mahasiswa. Karena sifat persamaan diferensial merupakan mata kuliah yang mayoritas standar kompetensinya adalah dari segi praktis menyelesaikan soal-soal persamaan diferensial, maka fokus utama permasalahan adalah model pembelajaran yang seperti apa yang tepat untuk meningkatkan pemahaman mahasiswa dalam identifikasi jenis jenis persamaan diferensial serta penguatan pemahaman dalam penggunaan metode penyelesaian persamaan diferensial. Dipilihlah model <em>Lesson Study</em> yang akan diterapkan pada mata kuliah ini. Data yang dikumpulkan adalah data uraian tentang tingkat keaktifan mahasiswa dalam perkuliahan, mengerjakan lembar kerja individu dan kelompok serta mengerjakan tugas pekerjaan rumah, data tersebut didukung dari data dosen observer. Teknik analisis data dengan deskriptif kualitatif, karena sebagian besar data berupa uraian deskriptif.<em>Lesson Study</em> dilaksanakan dengan 4 siklus dalam 4 kompetensi dasar. Dalam tiap siklus ada 3 tahapan yaitu <em>Plan, Do</em> dan <em>See. Plan</em> merupakan proses perencanaan pembelajaran dengan melibatkan dosen observe. <em>Do</em> merupakan tahapan perkuliahan dimana dalam hal ini satu pertemuan diadakan <em>Open Lesson Study</em> yang dihadiri dosen observer. <em>See</em> merupakan tahapan analisis dan refleksi hasil proses pembelajaran dan Open Lesson Study.Berdasarkan analisis dalam 4 siklus menunjukkan peningkatan dalam hal keaktifan dan proses pembelajaran dan mengerjakan lembar kerja pribadi, kelompok dan tugas rumah. Hal tersebut juga sejalan dengan hasil capaian prestasi mahasiswa yang semakin meningkat satu siklus ke siklus lainnya dan telah melebihi target capaian prestasi yang diinginkan. Dalam <em>Lesson Study</em> ini lebih ditekankan pada praktek mengerjakan soal soal Persamaan Diferensial.</p><p> </p><p><strong>Kata Kunci</strong> : <em>Lesson Study</em>, Persamaan Diferensial, <em>Plan, Do, See</em></p><div class="WordSection1"><p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin-top: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 35.45pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -35.45pt; line-height: 150%;"><span class="MsoHyperlink"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;" lang="EN-US">Herawaty, S.,H. Chotimah, R. Joharmawan, dkk., </span></span><span class="MsoHyperlink"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;">(</span></span><span class="MsoHyperlink"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;" lang="EN-US">2010</span></span><span class="MsoHyperlink"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;">)</span></span><span class="MsoHyperlink"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;" lang="EN-US">. Lesson Study Berbasis Sekolah.</span></span><span class="MsoHyperlink"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;" lang="EN-US">Bayumedia. Malang.</span></span></p></div><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;"><br style="page-break-before: always; mso-break-type: section-break;" clear="all" /> </span><p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin-top: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 35.45pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -35.45pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif;" lang="EN-US">Lewis, Catherine C, 2002, Lesson Study :</span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif;" lang="EN-US">A Handbook of Teacher-Led</span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif;" lang="EN-US">Instructional Change,</span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif;" lang="EN-US">Philadelphia, PA : research</span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif;" lang="EN-US">for better Schools,Inc</span></p><p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin-top: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 35.45pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -35.45pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif;" lang="EN-US">NCTM, 2000. Pembelajaran Berstandart National Council Tesching Matematics,</span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif;" lang="EN-US">Erlangga, Jakarta.</span></p><p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin-top: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 35.45pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -35.45pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Saparwadi, Lalu.(2015).</span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Peningkatan Kualitas Pembelajaran Kalkulus Integral Melalui Kegiatan Lesson Study di Program Studi Pendidikan Matematika.</span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Jurnal Pendidikan Matematika.(9)1.34-49</span></p><p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin-top: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 35.45pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -35.45pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif;" lang="EN-US">Sujadi, I. </span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; mso-ansi-language: IN;">(</span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif;" lang="EN-US">2011</span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; mso-ansi-language: IN;">)</span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif;" lang="EN-US">. Penerapan Blended Learning pada Perkuliahan dengan Kurikulum Berbasis Kompetensi. <em>Prosiding Seminar Nasional Matematika dan Pendidikan Matematika UNS 2011.</em></span></p><p class="MsoNormalCxSpFirst" style="margin-top: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-left: 35.45pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -35.45pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;">Widhiartha, Ashintya Putu dkk. (2008). Lesson Study: Sebuah Upaya Peningkatan Mutu Pendidik Pendidikan Nonformal. Surabaya: Prima Printing Surabaya</span></p>

Optical character recognition (OCR) technologies have made significant progress in the field of language recognition. Gujarati is a more difficult language to recognize compared to other languages because of curves, close loops, the inclusion of modifiers, and the presence of joint characters. So great effort has been laid into the literature for Gujarati OCR. Recently deep learning-based CNN models are applied to develop OCR for different languages but Convolutional Neural Networks (CNN) models are not yet giving a satisfactory performance to recognize Gujarati characters. So, this paper proposes a revolutionary Gujarati printed characters and numerals recognition CNN models. CNN-PGC (CNN for - Printed Gujarati Character) and CNN-HGC (CNN for - Handwritten Gujarati Character) are two optimally configured Convolutional Neural Networks (CNNs) presented in this research for printed Gujarati base characters and handwritten numbers, respectively. Concerning particular performance indicators, the suggested work's performance is evaluated and proven against that of other traditional models and with the latest baseline methods. Experimental analysis has been carried out on well-segmented newly generated Gujarati base characters and numerals dataset which includes 36 consonants, 13 vowels, and 10 handwritten numerals. Variation in the database is also taken into consideration during experiments like size, skew, noise blue, etc. Even in the presence of printing irregularities, writing irregularities, and degradations the proposed method achieves a 98.08% recognition rate for print characters and a 95.24 % recognition rate for handwritten numerals which is better than other existing models.

Customized clothing manufacturing is a clothing manufacturing method realized and performed in collaboration between the manufacturer and the customer. In this manufacturing method, the customer is offered a basic piece of clothing and various options (fabric, model, color, style, accessories, printing on clothing, etc.) so that the customer can modify the clothing and design the most suitable garment. Thanks to this manufacturing method, the customer has the opportunity to purchase the most appropriate personalized clothing while, at the same time, the manufacturer achieves a high profit margin by making a customized product. Customized clothing production is an important method in the industry because it increases both the profit margin of the enterprises and the level of customer satisfaction. Although it is not yet a very common method, it is expected that it will become widespread in the future with technological developments. Within the framework of this study, we focused on online customized T-shirt manufacturing. The study was carried out in three stages. In the first stage, the design options that young consumers prefer and/or need for online customized T-shirt design were determined. In the second stage, websites that perform the manufacturing of customized T-shirt that are available online in Turkey were determined. In the third stage, online T-shirt design options determined in the first stage were presented to the customers by the websites determined during the second stage. According to the assessment, customized T-shirt design websites active in Turkey were found to be adequate in terms of the “design with respect to body sizes” option. In addition, some design options that online personalized T-shirt design websites intend to offer change according to the gender and education of young consumers.

Purpose: Epitheses (facial prostheses) for large facial tissue defects manufacturedfrom silicones exhibit unsatisfactory rigidity and its stiffening is required, which createstechnological problems. Moreover, facial epitheses have to be replaced in a relatively shortperiod of use which creates a significant costs, often impossible to realize. The hypothesisof the study was that with use of additive manufacturing is possible to obtain the reusableform for thermoforming of the stiffening insert of auricular prosthesis and the mould whichallows multiple casting of silicone prosthesis with the insert.Design/methodology/approach: Manufacturing of the epithesis consisted of designingand manufacturing. In the first step, the auricular prosthesis and the stiffening insert weredesigned with use of engineering CAD software. In this first computer step, the split form forvacuum thermoforming of the stiffening insert and the split mould for casting of the siliconeear were designed. In the second step, additive printing was used for manufacturing thesplit and reusable model for vacuum thermoforming of the stiffening insert and the splitform of ear. In the third step, stiffening insert was made of thermoformed polyurethane sheetof 0.1 mm thick (Biolon, Dreve), where dental thermoforming machine (Drufosmart, Dreve)was used. In the fourth step, the stiffening insert was located in the mould and the ear wascasting of silicone.Findings: CAD/CAM of epitheses with stiffening insert for large tissues defect/loss wasproposed, where in case of re-producing, it required only thermoforming of insert andcasting silicone with use of the reusable models. Dental technician, in case of damage orloss of a forms, is not much involved in their creation.Research limitations/implications: Bond strength test between stiffening insert vs. softsilicone and manufacturing tolerance of epitheses have not been investigated.Practical implications: Method of casting in a negative form, despite the more timeconsumingwhen comparing with epithesis direct-printing, allows introducing a stiffeninginsert and performing a manual adjustment of margin shape and thickness. Method ofnegative form allows the use of a commercially available medical silicone without the needfor medical tests of a new printed materials.

Printer Colombiana S.A.S. is a company with 40 years in the graphic arts industry that has seen this sector become more competitive day by day and faces the uncertainty caused by the current situation, where production is basically threatened by incursion of digital environments, for which it must be established how to promote growth in the company’s sales, without reducing the profit margin that must be attributed to this, implementing strategies that strengthen the business and generate a competitive advantage in the market. The differentiation in the services offered is well defined, what the client requires is to guarantee the fulfillment of the orders in the agreed times, low costs, and excellent quality, for this in PRINTER COLOMBIANA SAS, a series of Lean Manufacturing tools is determined in those that consider the creation of seasonal warehouses and relocation of pre-press, which yields an average decrease of 75% in travel times, reduces the setup time of the machine by 18 minutes, improving the VSM cycle time; In addition, control formats are provided in the printing process which help to have an order in the plant, errors are prevented in the production cycle and quality failures can be reduced by ensuring that the finished product is delivered to the customer’s satisfaction.

AbstractAfter a short introduction on the study of the history of religions at Groningen, this paper analyses the relationship between prophets (seers) and political power. Concentrating on Greece, Israel and early modern Europe it poses three questions. First, do seers operate independently of political rulers? Secondly, does the influence of prophets change when the political structure changes? Thirdly, does the medium of prophecy remain constant or does it change over time? In Greece, seers were closely connected with the political elite, especially the kings. As their main function was the legitimation of choices, their public influence started to wane with the rise of democracy and public political debate. In Israel we can note the concomitant rise of the king and decline of the prophet, who remains only influential from the margin of society. At the same time, we can see the gradual disappearance of ecstasy among the prophets and the growing influence of writing. After the return from exile the growing importance of the Torah led to a gradual merger of prophets and priests. Finally, in early modern Europe prophecy flourished especially in the Protestant areas, but lost ground in the seventeenth century through the centralisation of power, the introduction of the printing press, and the changing intellectual climate. In my conclusion I stress the importance of the histoire événementielle for the history of religions and ask for more interest in the religious history of Europe.

When the liquid residing in a horizontal bed of porous material is displaced by another liquid of different density, the resulting hydrodynamic dispersion is modified by the formation of a tongue of denser liquid undershooting the less dense liquid, a phenomenon known as gravity segregation. An earlier account of gravity segregation contained a substantial error (that of an incorrect frame of reference for flow) and several printing mistakes. In this paper we (i) correct these errors, (ii) extend the analysis to describe the course of breakthrough in beds of rectangular and circular cross-sections, (iii) re-interpret the existing experimental evidence, and (iv) present new experimental results on the vertical and horizontal transport of ionic solutions of different concentrations and densities through inert and reactive porous materials, ballotini, and sepiolite, respectively. The behaviour of immiscible liquids is predicted by the non-dimensional gravity segregation number, β, segregation becoming more extreme as β increases. With miscible liquids, however, breakthrough starts later and ends earlier then predicted for immiscible liquids, mixing by hydrodynamic dispersion moderating the effect of segregation. Breakthrough curves are well fitted by CXTFIT 2.0; apparent coefficients of hydrodynamic dispersion vary much less with pore-water velocity in horizontal than in vertical flow, but retardation factors are not influenced by orientation. Although a formal analysis of the combined effect of gravity segregation and hydrodynamic dispersion was not possible, the statistically significant inverse relation between β and column Peclet number was explained qualitatively. Gravity segregation occurs during the intrusion of saline groundwater into coastal aquifers. The simple theory for immiscible displacement overestimates the actual intrusion that occurs with miscible liquids and so provides an effective safety margin.

Objective. In the present study, the authors aimed to optimize the workflow of utilizing a 3D printing technique during surgical treatment for malignant sacral tumors, mainly on preparation of patient-specific surgical jigs and ready-made 3D-printed total sacral endoprosthesis. Methods. Three patients with a malignant sacral tumor received total sacrectomy with preoperative design of a patient-specific 3D-printed cutting jig and endoprosthetic reconstruction. Size of ready-made 3D-printed endoprosthesis was determined based on preoperative images, planned surgical margin, and size of the endoprosthesis. A patient-specific cutting jig was designed with a bilateral cutting slot matching the bilateral planes of the implant precisely. The tumor was removed en bloc through a single posterior approach only, being followed by reconstruction with ready-made total sacral endoprosthesis. Results. The mean time for preoperative design and manufacture of the surgical jig was 6.3 days. Surgical jigs were successfully used during surgery and facilitated the osteotomy. The mean operation time was 177 minutes (range 150-190 minutes). The mean blood loss was 3733 ml (range 3600-4000 ml). R0 resections were achieved in all the three cases proven by pathology. Evaluation of osteotomy accuracy was conducted by comparing preoperative plans and postoperative CT scans. The mean osteotomy deviation was 2.1 mm (range 0-4 mm), and mean angle deviation of osteotomy was 3.2° (range 0-10°). At a mean follow-up of 18.7 months, no local recurrence was observed. One patient had lung metastasis 15 months after surgery. Two patients were alive with no evidence of the disease. Conclusions. The patient-specific surgical jig and ready-made 3D-printed total sacral endoprosthesis can shorten the surgical preparation time preoperatively, facilitating accurate osteotomy and efficient reconstruction intraoperatively. The workflow seems to be feasible and practical.

Recently, translucent zirconia has become the most prevalent material used as a restorative material. This study aimed to compare the crown fracture load of the four most common different translucent zirconia brands available in the market at 1.5 mm thickness. Standardized tooth preparations for a full ceramic crown were designed digitally with software (AutoCAD) by placing a 1.0 mm chamfer margin and 1.5 mm occluso-cervical curvature for the crown sample manufacturing. Stylized crowns were chosen to control the thickness of the crown. The axial and occlusal thickness were standardized to 1.5 mm thickness except at the central pit, which was 1.3 mm thick. The STL file for the tooth dies was prepared using software (3Shape TRIOS® Patient Monitoring, Copenhagen, Denmark). The tooth dies were printed with a resin material (NextDent Model 2.0, Vertex-Dental B.V., Soesterberg, The Netherlands) using a 3D printing software (3D Sprint® Client Version 3.0.0.2494) from a 3D printer (NextDent™ 5100, Vertex-Dental B.V., Soesterberg, The Netherlands). The printing layer thickness was 50 µm. Then, a total of twenty-eight (N = 28) stylized crowns were milled out of AmannGirrbach (Amann Girrbach GmbH, Pforzheim, Germany) (n = 7), Cercon HT (Dentsply Sirona, Bensheim, Germany) (n = 7), Cercon XT (Dentsply Sirona, Bensheim, Germany) (n = 7), and Vita YZ XT (Zahnfabrik, Bäd Sackingen, Germany) (n = 7). Following sintering the crowns, sandblasting was performed and they were bonded to the tooth dies with the resin cement (RelyX U-200, 3M ESPE, Seefeld, Germany) and permitted to self-cure under finger pressure for 6 min. The crowns were loaded on the occlusal surface in a universal testing machine (MTS Centurion) with a stainless-steel ball indenter (7 mm radius) with a loading rate of 1 mm/min to contact the stylized crowns on each of the four cusps until failure. A rubber sheet (1.5 mm thickness) was positioned between the crown and indenter, which helped with the load distribution. Statistical analysis was done using SPSS version 20 (IBM Company, Chicago, USA). The fracture loads were analyzed using Dunnett’s T3 test, and the number of cracks was analyzed using the Mann–Whitney U test among the groups. The significant level was set at p value = 0.05. The mean fracture loads were 3086.54 ± 441.74 N, 4804.94 ± 70.12 N, 3317.76 ± 199.80 N, and 2921.87 ± 349.67 N for AmannGirrbac, Cercon HT, Cercon XT, and Vita YZ XT, respectively. The mean fracture loads for the surfaces with the greatest number of cracks (excluding the occlusal surfaces) were on the lingual surface for AmannGirrbach and Cercon HT, on the distal and mesial for Cercon XT, and on the buccal for Vita YZ XT. We found that the AmannGirrbach had the most overall cracks. Cercon XT had the greatest number of occlusal cracks and appeared to be the most shattered. Cercon HT had the least number of cracks. In conclusion, Cercon HT presented the best strength properties, the highest fracture load, and no visible cracks. AmannGirrbach presented the lowest strength properties.

Abstract Background Advancements in three-dimensional (3D) printing have enabled production of patient-specific guides to aid perforator mapping and pedicle dissection during abdominal flap harvest. We present our early experience using this tool to navigate deep inferior epigastric artery (DIEA) topography and evaluate its impact on operative efficiency and clinical outcomes. Patients and Methods Between January 2013 and December 2018, a total of 50 women underwent computed tomographic angiography (CTA)-guided perforator mapping prior to abdominal flap breast reconstruction, with (n = 9) and without (n = 41) 3D-printed vascular modeling (3DVM). Models were assessed for their accuracy in identifying perforator location and source-vessel anatomy, as determined by operative findings from 18 hemi-abdomens. The margin of error (MOE) for perforator localization using 3DVM was calculated and compared with CTA-derived measurements for the same patients. Flap harvest times, outcomes, and complications for patients who were preoperatively mapped using 3DVM versus CTA alone were analyzed. Results Overall, complete concordance was observed between 3DVM and operative findings with regards to perforator number, source-vessel origin, and DIEA branching pattern. By comparison, CTA interpretation of these parameters inaccurately identified branching pattern and perforator source-vessel origin in 28 and 33% of hemi-abdomens, respectively (p = 0.045 and p = 0.02). Compared with operative measurements, the average MOE for perforator localization using 3DVM was significantly lower than that obtained from CTA alone (0.81 vs. 8.71 mm, p < 0.0001). Reference of 3D-printed models, intraoperatively, was associated with a mean reduction in flap harvest time by 21 minutes (60.7 vs. 81.7 minutes, p < 0.001). Although not statistically significant, rates of perforator-level injury, microvascular insufficiency, and fat necrosis were lower among patients mapped using 3DVM. Conclusion The results of this study support the accuracy of 3DVM for identifying DIEA topography and perforator location. Application of this technology may translate to enhanced operative efficiency and fewer perfusion-related complications for patients undergoing abdominal free flap breast reconstruction.

Subject area Managerial Accounting, Strategic Marketing. More specifically, cost behavior, cost estimation, cost prediction, cost-volume-profit (CVP) analysis, contribution income statement and pricing/promotional strategy. Study level/applicability This case is suitable to be used in advanced undergraduate level. Case overview This case demonstrates the issues relating to pricing strategy of “Video Internet Marketing Training”. Diyana Tahir and her husband, Abdul Rahim Abdul Shukor, established Aras Design & Multimedia Centre (ADMC) on January 17, 2009. The main office was located at Kuala Lumpur. Diyana was a well-known name in the field of internet video marketing training. In its early years, ADMC’s operation was limited to providing printing and graphic design services and offering printing materials for photocopy. However, with the passage of time, the company began to expand its services and offerings. At the beginning of 2010, ADMC offered editing facilities and services for video and multimedia in addition to its core services. As a unique marketing strategy, Diyana offered RM30 as the basic training fee for each participant, which was equivalent to RM470 value offered. In this way, she attracted customers to take part in further advanced level training that was conducted by ADMC. However, she felt that the number of participant to take advanced training was not satisfactory. She thought that it happened perhaps due to the fact that the participants were not much committed to the course since it was offered at a nominal price. Furthermore, she realized that the cost of providing such training had risen in the past six months. Currently, ADMC suffered losses in three consecutive months, and they really needed enough cash to sustain. As such, Diyana was thinking to reconsider the offered course fees whether to increase it. She was in a rush to make a decision to propose the new course fee in the monthly meeting with management committee at the end of April 2013. Expected learning outcomes Using this case, students can learn how a small-scale company can strategize its pricing strategy to survive in the highly competitive online market. The objectives of using this case are as follows: to help students in understanding the interrelationships between CVP in organization that can be used for future planning and decision-making; to be able to identify the cost structure of the basic training course (e.g. fixed and variable costs), determine the contribution margin, break-even point and prepare the contribution income statement that highlighting cost behavior; to help students to think critically while setting the price for the offered services; to develop students’ ability in analyzing the existing situation to come up with a viable and effective solution; to assist students in taking the right move in a right time; to broaden students’ views and understanding in considering the monetary aspect along with the human aspect in formulating an effective marketing strategy; to develop students’ understanding of the way to retain and attract customers through innovative pricing strategy; and to make students aware that innovation is the key to business success. Supplementary materials Teaching notes are available for educators only. Please contact your library to gain login details or email support@emeraldinsight.com to request teaching notes. Subject codes CSS 1: Accounting and Finance.

Learning outcomes The cases highlight the challenges in running a new start-up especially by women in a developing nation such as India in a high growth industry. The success of a business depends on employee motivation, sales, marketing, functional coordination and coordinated efforts from all the executives. Experten Office Supplies Pvt. Ltd. (EXOS) was women empowered entrepreneurial startup (printing) in Mumbai established themselves as a trustable brand among their clientele for their office stationeries need. At Initial stages, they started with a good pace and growth in revenue. Directors of EXOS, Komal and Upasana Sanjay Kumar, were facing a downturn, their declining sales and were stressed regarding the resignation of their core member Pravin. The reasons for the situation were many, including unplanned motivational factors, non-risk-taking ability, no proper sales management (organization structure), planning process issues, lack of reward system and dependency on a person, less marketing initiative. These issues must be resolved to come back in the business, increase its sales, better sales organization structure. After the case analysis, students should be able to: know the key role of marketing and sales as a management function. Develop motivation policies for the salesforce and key team members in the organization. Understand the salesforce retention strategies of the organization. Case overview/synopsis In September 2019, directors of EXOS, Komal and Upasana Sanjay Kumar were discussing the downturn of EXOS and were stressed regarding their declining sales and profit margin. Both were disappointed at the resignation of their Business Manager. They were in worry as the new deal that they were about to get which could have made them earn, but Pravin resigned from the job in short notice. The case has short- and long-term aspects. The short-term aspect is about the decision related to EXOS’s top performer, Pravin, how to retain him, which motivational factor will help him to rethink his resignation. The long-term aspect deals with framing a motivation model that will prevent the organization from a similar situation in the future. The case outlines the human resource management issues and particularly the importance of motivation to retain the talent of a small startup firm. Directors recognize the importance of Pravin and they have a realization that the deal on which Pravin is working is critical. Under this situation, Upasana has to stop Pravin. Complexity academic level Undergraduate, Master of Business Administration (MBA) or in the Management Development Programs. Supplementary materials Teaching notes are available for educators only. Subject code CSS: 8 Marketing.

Background: Untreated chronic massive rotator cuff tears and primary osteoarthritis can lead to conditions of significant retroversion, posterior bone loss, and humeral head subluxation. Indications: Reverse total shoulder arthroplasty with humeral head autograft glenoid reconstruction may be indicated in patients with advanced glenohumeral osteoarthritis and/or severe glenoid retroversion/bone loss due to rotator cuff arthropathy, trauma, primary, or inflammatory osteoarthritis. Technique: Besides routine radiography and preoperative computed tomography (CT) scans, 3-dimensional (3D) planning software is often performed as a routine part of preoperative planning. A 3D printed model of the glenoid can also be helpful in cases of significant bone deformity. Patients are placed in a 45° modified beach chair position. Using a standard deltopectoral approach, the glenoid is exposed. An anatomic humeral head resection is made. The contour of the articular margin of the humeral head should match the glenoid bone deficiency anatomically as it has been chronically resting within the glenoid defect. Three dimensional preoperative planning and the 3D printed model are used to make an asymmetric humeral head autograft which should match the deficiency perfectly. The articular cartilage is removed with a burr. The graft and baseplate are coupled together (metaphyseal bone facing the baseplate and prepared articular side of the graft facing native bone) and measurements are performed with the preoperative planning software to fashion a graft with the appropriate dimension and with the desired amount of lateralization. The bone graft is then compressed with the baseplate to the native glenoid and fixed with screws. Results: In select patients with careful preoperative planning, excellent outcomes can be achieved with careful gradual resumption of range of motion and strength with physical therapy. Sequential radiographic imaging is performed up to 6 months and beyond to confirm solid union of graft to native glenoid bone and incorporation into the baseplate. Discussion/Conclusion: Reverse total shoulder arthroplasty (rTSA) with humeral head autograft glenoid reconstruction is an excellent option to address severe glenoid bone loss and restore the native joint line for both primary osteoarthritis and rotator cuff arthropathy. Using 3D CT scans, 3D preoperative planning software and 3D printing of the glenoid can help achieve a good outcome. Patient Consent Disclosure Statement: The author(s) attests that consent has been obtained from any patient(s) appearing in this publication. If the individual may be identifiable, the author(s) has included a statement of release or other written form of approval from the patient(s) with this submission for publication.

This paper presents a theoretical method for simulation and three-dimensional reconstruction of the anatomical elements of the spine in order to achieve hydrogel disc prosthesis by 3D printing. For these simulations are used computed tomography (CT) scan image and AutoCAD reconstruction program, to provide high quality prediction of the 3D spine structures appearance and design the patient specific prosthesis model. After initial registration, the internal surface of L5, S1 vertebras and intervertebral disc at the lumbosacral spine region was individualized from the CT image. Then, the contour of the anatomic structures on the CT image was modified manually or adjusted automatically according to AutoCAD possibilities, to drive the volume simulation of vertebras and intervertebral disc. Three-dimensional simulations of the adjacent vertebrae, intervertebral disc and vertebral disc contact areas are used to achieve a customized prosthesis automatically by 3D printing method. This planning system is attractive and very useful to design personalized prosthesis and has potential for clinical practice to establishing the severity of spine disorders. 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Language and Identity in the Forewords to Christian Gottlieb Mielcke’s Dictionary Littauisch -deutsches und Deutsch - littauisches Wörter - Buch (1800): Discourse Analysis S u m m a r y The article deals with the discourse pertaining to the ties between the Lithuanian language and identity in the Prussian Kingdom at the cusp of the 18th and the 19th centuries. The main sources here are four forewords to Christian Gottlieb Mielcke’s (Lith. Kristijonas Gotlybas Milkus) dictionary Littauisch-deutsches und Deutsch-littauisches Wörter-Buch (1800) as monologue texts sharing the following elements: (1) the subject of the focus (the view of the language and the nation); (2) the direct context (book publication); (3) the historical context (the political situation in the Prussian Kingdom at the cusp of the 18th and the 19th centuries); (4) the target (German reader); (5) the contents (descriptive and evaluative statements about the language and the nation). Discourse analysis is applied as a methodological access-way. In this discourse, views of the language and the nation were articulated by persons holding different positions: (1) Christian Gottlieb Mielcke, cantor at the Evangelic Lutheran Church of Pilkalnis; (2) Daniel Jenisch, philosopher and Evangelic Lutheran priest of Berlin; (3) Christoph Friedrich Heilsberg, counsellor at the House of War and Domains in Königsberg, school counsellor in Königsberg; (4) philosopher Immanuel Kant. Since Heilsberg initiated Mielcke’s foreword in April of 1799 and wrote one himself in December of 1799, brokered the deal between Mielcke and the printing house and kept correspondence with all the authors, he could have provided an impetus for writing forewords to others, and then given them the conditions to rely on the texts by one another to formulate a relevant discourse about the Lithuanian language and nation. All four forewords target the German reader. The authors of the forewords imagined the target differently, with Mielcke and Heilsberg approaching it from a rather pragmatic, Jenisch and Kant, a scientific position. Mielcke identified five target groups: priests, teachers, lawyers, translators, merchants; according to Heilsberg, these were public servants, lawyers, merchants, and teachers, hence both of them were focusing on the non-Lithuanians whose duty it was to proliferate general and religious teaching, solve legal and administrative issues, engage in trade. Jenisch and Kant primarily focused on members of the scientific and educational tribe. As representatives of different trades, the authors of the forewords also differed in their descriptions of the underlying subject of the discourse: 1. Mielcke defined the range of the Lithuanian language that had expanded in the Prussian Kingdom after the Third Partition of the Polish–Lithuanian (1795) and the need for it to be learned by non-Lithuanians, in the New Eastern Prussia post annexation in particular, to facilitate the formation of communications. In his description of the key users of the Lithuanian language, he also addressed the cultural (language, customs, traditions) and social (rustic origin) aspects of identity. 2. Jenisch considered the Lithuanian language scientifically valuable due to how old it was, its affinity with other languages, and the conservation of the characteristic features of the parent language, yet predicted its demise and raised the question of recording it for science. Jenisch approached all languages as tools for the formation and preservation of the nation’s character, and considered language and customs to be the key elements of the individuality of nations and, by the same margin, the cultural identity of Lithuanians. He saw the national Lithuanian pride and distrust towards foreigners (that could only be turned into trust when these latter spoke Lithuanian) as negative traits. Jenisch tied the disappearance of the old views and the cultural advancement with education and contacts with the western neighbouring nations; hence he approached the introduction of the German language as the right tool for the expansion of education and culture. 3. Heilsberg perceived language as a critical element of national identity, and considered phraseology a tool for the formation and upkeep of cultural identity. He highlighted that loss of language would lead to loss of virtue, a conception that was supported by the Lithuanians in their own right. According to Heilsberg, the second language-related loss would be the loss of national characteristics. By contrast to Jenisch, Heilsberg did not see any merit in introducing a single language for the whole state and even considered harmful the impact of the German language and customs on the Lithuanians, which became manifest through acculturation. Heilsberg approached the pride of the Lithuanians as a defence mechanism, and considered their modesty towards other nations – new German settlers and other foreigners in particular – as strength of character and consistency, rather than a flaw like Jenisch did. 4. Referring to Jenisch and Heilsberg, Kant stressed that efforts had to be made to preserve the unique character of the Prussian Lithuanian, and since the language was the key tool for its formation and conservation, its purity had to be protected as well. Kant did not address the issue of the survival of the language as such, the main highlight of his foreword being the conservation of the purity of language for two purposes: (1) so that the nation could develop and preserve its national identity; (2) so that the language could be used as a tool for scientific research. Contrary to Jenisch, Kant did not envision the demise of the language but rather suggested instruments to preserve the languages of the small nations, which consisted of using the language in its pure form to teach in schools and at church, and using it as such to the broadest extent possible. The essence of Kant’s foreword as a post scriptum is to underscore one important thing that had been omitted by the other authors: rather than just any kind of language, the nations per se and the science investigating the history of nations and states were concerned with language in its pure form – authentic, unique, unaffected by others. The discourse that took shape at the cusp of the 18th and the 19th centuries on the occasion of Mielcke’s dictionary and grammar being published has showed that the role of the language in the process of formation and upkeep of the nation’s identity was perceived to be unique: it was an instrument for constructing a cultural and social identity and not just a tool for communication. The Lithuanian language was also seen a symbol of the unique culture of the region, its continued existence considered to be under threat and envisioned in different scenarios. Thanks to Jenisch being able to rely on Mielcke’s foreword, Heilsberg, on the forewords by Jenisch and Mielcke, and Kant, on all three of them, the discourse is peppered with elements of peaceful dialogue and opposition, leading to a multifaceted analysis of the underlying issue that has highlighted the understanding for the ties between the language and identity at the cusp of the 18th and the 19th centuries and provided a pillar for its research later on.

In this paper, a new approach to assess the skew angle for scanned/printed documents and historical document images has been proposed. This is substantial for an automatic document processing system (as text and image segmentation) to avert errors in auxiliary stages. The proposed tactic is based on the statistical analysis of the slope of the connected lines in the document. The proposed technique detects skew and corrects it by initial letter (X1, Y1+200) from left margin of the resized (800X800) image and (X1+200, Y1) from top margin. Final letter (X2, Y2-200) and (X2-200, Y2) were chosen from right and bottom margins of the same image. The skew angle estimation is done for standard skewed dataset and effective correction of the same is performed with minimum errors

Digital is better than offset printing process as it imparts zero make-ready wastage. It also supports variable data printing advantages. Machine downtime of Konica Minolta C1085 and Richo pro 8100se digital press was analyzed in local market. The results indicated that white area on print matter, blank page, paper jam, paper curl, paper skew, wrinkle and creasing, print rub-off, miss feed, blur image, horizontal line, ink drop out, technical faults, custom paper, press room temperature, roller track, paper swing, paper moisture, registration, maintenance are the major issues contributed into downtime digital printing

Three-dimensional printing (3DP)provides the opportunity to personalise different dosage forms and therapeutic regimenwhere conventional manufacturing processes might not be applicable. Limitedwork has been done to investigate using 3DP for personalising hormonal intrauterinesystems (IUSs). The aim of this work was to prepare 3DP IUS containing progesteroneusing vat photopolymerisation (VPP) technique. The device was successfullyprinted and showed a slow release in phosphate buffer (pH 7.4). VPP has theadvantages of better printing resolution producing smoother surfaces, and theelimination of the pre-printing process of hot melt extrusion (HME) needed for fuseddeposition modelling (FDM) method. To the author’s knowledge, this is the firstreport of using VPP for printing hormone-loaded IUSs.@font-face{font-family:"Cambria Math";panose-1:2 4 5 3 5 4 6 3 2 4;mso-font-charset:0;mso-generic-font-family:roman;mso-font-pitch:variable;mso-font-signature:-536870145 1107305727 0 0 415 0;}@font-face{font-family:Calibri;panose-1:2 15 5 2 2 2 4 3 2 4;mso-font-charset:0;mso-generic-font-family:swiss;mso-font-pitch:variable;mso-font-signature:-469750017 -1073732485 9 0 511 0;}p.MsoNormal, li.MsoNormal, div.MsoNormal{mso-style-unhide:no;mso-style-qformat:yes;mso-style-parent:"";margin-top:0cm;margin-right:0cm;margin-bottom:10.0pt;margin-left:0cm;line-height:115%;mso-pagination:widow-orphan;font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif;mso-fareast-font-family:Calibri;mso-fareast-language:EN-US;}.MsoChpDefault{mso-style-type:export-only;mso-default-props:yes;font-size:10.0pt;mso-ansi-font-size:10.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif;mso-ascii-font-family:Arial;mso-fareast-font-family:Calibri;mso-hansi-font-family:Arial;mso-bidi-font-family:Arial;}div.WordSection1{page:WordSection1;}

<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; margin: 0in 0in 0pt 0.5in;"><span style="font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;; color: black; font-size: 10pt;" lang="EN-AU">In this paper, we explore the relationship between dimensions of the Myers-Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI) and individual investor ex-ante risk tolerance. Ex-ante risk tolerance is measured using ex-ante variance and skew tolerance measures as well as industry-like Scenario Response Assessment (SRA). Our study uses survey results to relate these measures of ex-ante risk tolerance to MBTI measures. Our results indicate that personality dimensions do explain many SRA measures of individual ex-ante risk tolerance and further suggest that the relationship between personality dimensions and the industry-like individual ex-ante risk tolerance measures are generally complex and non-linear in form. Finally, our results find fewer, but still complex and non-linear, relationships between variance/skew ex-ante risk tolerance measures.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">&nbsp; </span></span></p>

Abstract Background Use of standardized and scientifically sound outcome measures is encouraged in clinical practice and research. With the development of newer rehabilitation therapies, we need technology-supported upper extremity outcome measures that are easily accessible, reliable and valid. 3‐Dimensional printing (3D-printing) has recently seen a meteoric rise in interest within medicine including the field of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation. The primary objective of this study was to evaluate the feasibility of designing and constructing a 3D printed version of the Toronto Rehabilitation Institute-Hand Function Test (TRI-HFT). The TRI-HFT is an upper extremity gross motor function assessment tool that measures function at the intersection of the International Classification of Function’s body structure and function, and activity domain. The secondary objective was to assess the preliminary psychometrics of this test in individuals with stroke. Results 3D design files were created using the measurements of the original TRI-HFT objects. The 3D printed objects were then compared to the original test objects to ensure that the original dimensions were preserved. All objects were successfully printed except the sponge and paper which required some modification. The error margin for weight of the objects was within 10% of the original TRI-HFT for the rest of the objects. Nine participants underwent the following assessments: the Chedoke Arm and Hand Activity Inventory (CAHAI), Fugl Meyer Assessment-Hand (FMA-Hand), Chedoke McMaster stages of recovery of the arm (CMSA-Arm) and Chedoke McMaster stages of recovery of the hand (CMSA-Hand) and the 3D TRI-HFT for assessment of psychometric properties of the test. The video recorded assessment of the 3D TRI-HFT was used for reliability testing. Construct validity was assessed by comparing the scores on 3D TRI-HFT with the scores on CAHAI, CMSA-Arm, CMSA-Hand and FMA-Hand. The 3D TRI-HFT had high inter-rater reliability (Intra-Class Correlation Co-efficient (ICC) of 0.99; P < 0.000), high intra-rater reliability (ICC of 0.99; P < 0.000) and moderate-to-strong correlation with the CMSA-Arm, CMSA-Hand and FMA-Hand scores. Conclusions The TRI-HFT could be successfully 3D printed and initial testing indicates that the test is a reliable and valid measure of upper extremity motor function in individuals with stroke.