Journal articles: 'Printing forms'

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Alekseev, K. V., E. V. Blynskaya, S. V. Tishkov, V. K. Alekseev, and A. A. Ivanov. "MODIFICATION OF ADDITIVE TECHNOLOGIES FOR OBTAINING MEDICAL FORMS." Russian Journal of Biotherapy 19, no. 1 (March 22, 2020): 13–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.17650/1726-9784-2019-19-1-13-21.

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This review presents technological approaches to 4-D printing, which are modifications of additive technologies. Showing the distinctive features of this technology from the three-dimensional printing. The use of four-dimensional printing in pharmaceutical technology and advantages over traditional methods of creating dosage forms are described. Demonstrated classification of adaptive materials, the principles of their application and features of printing equipment. Examples of adaptive materials are presented, including smart polymers and stimuli sensitive hydrogels. The advantages of this type of production, its development prospects and technological features of the production of microcapsules, hydrogels and mucoadhesive films of smart polymers by additive printing technology are given.

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Zivkovic, Predrag, and Slobodan Jovanovic. "Trends in making offset printing forms." Chemical Industry 59, no. 7-8 (2005): 169–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/hemind0508169z.

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El Aita, Ilias, Hanna Ponsar, and Julian Quodbach. "A Critical Review on 3D-printed Dosage Forms." Current Pharmaceutical Design 24, no. 42 (March 20, 2019): 4957–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1381612825666181206124206.

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Background: In the last decades, 3D-printing has been investigated and used intensively in the field of tissue engineering, automotive and aerospace. With the first FDA approved printed medicinal product in 2015, the research on 3D-printing for pharmaceutical application has attracted the attention of pharmaceutical scientists. Due to its potential of fabricating complex structures and geometrics, it is a highly promising technology for manufacturing individualized dosage forms. In addition, it enables the fabrication of dosage forms with tailored drug release profiles. Objective: The aim of this review article is to give a comprehensive overview of the used 3D-printing techniques for pharmaceutical applications, including information about the required material, advantages and disadvantages of the respective technique. Methods: For the literature research, relevant keywords were identified and the literature was then thoroughly researched. Conclusion: The current status of 3D-printing as a manufacturing process for pharmaceutical dosage forms was highlighted in this review article. Moreover, this article presents a critical evaluation of 3D-printing to control the dose and drug release of printed dosage forms.

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Skyba, Vasyl, Каteryna Zolotukhina, and Olena Velychko. "REGULARITIES OF STABILITY FOR PRINTING FORMS OF OFFSET PRINTING WITH DAMPENING IN SHORT RUNS." EUREKA: Physics and Engineering 4 (July 29, 2016): 33–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.21303/2461-4262.2016.000126.

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The complex research for the changes in the properties of the printing plates’ printing and gap elements influenced by the printing process short runs was conducted, that allowed to determine the change of printing and gap elements’ surface microgeometry, also to determine the change of the oxide layer stability, and to explain the decrease of the ink receptivity coefficient. The mathematical regression equation model of the printing plates’ elements’ impact onto the imprints’ optical density in offset printing was developed, that allows estimating and predicting properties of modern brand of printing plate. Work reveals some new facts about characteristics for printability such as influences of printing plate’s elements parameters’ on color characteristics of imprints. Dampening solution, printing plates application and printing settings as well as color features of the imprints are analyzed in the context of offset printing.

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S, Hussain. "Overview of 3D Printing Technology." Bioequivalence & Bioavailability International Journal 5, no. 1 (2021): 1–3. http://dx.doi.org/10.23880/beba-16000149.

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The pharmaceutical industry is advancing at an incredible rate. Novel drug formulations for targeted therapy have been developed all thanks to advances in modern sciences. Even so, the manufacturing sector of novel dosage forms is minimal, and the industry continues to rely on traditional drug delivery systems, particularly modified tablets. The use of 3D printing technologies in pharma companies has opened up new possibilities for printed products and device research and production. 3D Printing has slowly progressed from its original use as pre-surgical imaging templates and tooling molds to produce one-of-a-kind instruments, implants, tissue engineering scaffolds, testing platforms, and drug delivery systems. The most significant advantages of 3D printing technologies include the ability to produce small batches of drugs with custom dosages, forms, weights, and drug release profiles. The production of medicines in this manner could eventually contribute to the realization of the principle of personalized medicine. The biomedical industry and academia have also embraced 3D printing in recent years. It offers commercially available medical devices as well as a forum for cutting-edge studies in fields such as tissue and organ printing. This mini-review provides an overview of 3D printed technology in medicines.

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Mondal, Kunal, and Prabhat Kumar Tripathy. "Preparation of Smart Materials by Additive Manufacturing Technologies: A Review." Materials 14, no. 21 (October 27, 2021): 6442. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma14216442.

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Over the last few decades, advanced manufacturing and additive printing technologies have made incredible inroads into the fields of engineering, transportation, and healthcare. Among additive manufacturing technologies, 3D printing is gradually emerging as a powerful technique owing to a combination of attractive features, such as fast prototyping, fabrication of complex designs/structures, minimization of waste generation, and easy mass customization. Of late, 4D printing has also been initiated, which is the sophisticated version of the 3D printing. It has an extra advantageous feature: retaining shape memory and being able to provide instructions to the printed parts on how to move or adapt under some environmental conditions, such as, water, wind, light, temperature, or other environmental stimuli. This advanced printing utilizes the response of smart manufactured materials, which offer the capability of changing shapes postproduction over application of any forms of energy. The potential application of 4D printing in the biomedical field is huge. Here, the technology could be applied to tissue engineering, medicine, and configuration of smart biomedical devices. Various characteristics of next generation additive printings, namely 3D and 4D printings, and their use in enhancing the manufacturing domain, their development, and some of the applications have been discussed. Special materials with piezoelectric properties and shape-changing characteristics have also been discussed in comparison with conventional material options for additive printing.

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Franklin, Simon. "Printing Social Control in Russia 3: Blank Forms." Russian History 42, no. 1 (February 6, 2015): 114–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/18763316-04201010.

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Mainly on the basis of material from archives in St Petersburg, this article presents a classification and chronology of early printed blank forms in Russia, attributing their continuous history to Petrine initiatives from c.1714. Such “ephemera”, it is argued, constitute important but neglected components of Russian print culture and administrative practice.

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Zivkovic, Predrag, S. Jovanovic, Nenad Ilic, and Konstantin Popov. "The influence of electroless plated chromium on printing properties of aluminium offset printing plate." Journal of the Serbian Chemical Society 67, no. 6 (2002): 445–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/jsc0206445z.

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A method for the improvement of the printing properties of offset printing forms is presented. Specimens of technical aluminum were electrochemically roughened and treated in different alkaline solutions of chromium chloride in order to chemically deposit a chromium layer. The composition of the surface layer was investigated by EDAX. Chromium was found on the specimens that had been treated in an alkaline solution of chromium chloride, while no chromium was found on chemically untreated specimens or on specimens that had been treated in an alkaline solution without chromium chloride. The spectral reflectance from treated and non-treated specimens was also measured. The chromium-treated specimens were brighter than the non-chromium-treated ones. The wettability of the chromium- treated samples was compared with the wettability of the non-chromium treated samples by measuring the contact angle with water and the wetted area. The chromium-treated samples showed increased wettability compared with the non-chromium-treated samples.A printing test was performed under real printing conditions. Control prints was analyzed densitometrically and statistically. The chromium-treated printing forms gave clearer prints than the non-chromium-treated printing forms under all printing conditions.

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Karalia, Danae, Angeliki Siamidi, Vangelis Karalis, and Marilena Vlachou. "3D-Printed Oral Dosage Forms: Mechanical Properties, Computational Approaches and Applications." Pharmaceutics 13, no. 9 (September 3, 2021): 1401. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pharmaceutics13091401.

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The aim of this review is to present the factors influencing the mechanical properties of 3D-printed oral dosage forms. It also explores how it is possible to use specific excipients and printing parameters to maintain the structural integrity of printed drug products while meeting the needs of patients. Three-dimensional (3D) printing is an emerging manufacturing technology that is gaining acceptance in the pharmaceutical industry to overcome traditional mass production and move toward personalized pharmacotherapy. After continuous research over the last thirty years, 3D printing now offers numerous opportunities to personalize oral dosage forms in terms of size, shape, release profile, or dose modification. However, there is still a long way to go before 3D printing is integrated into clinical practice. 3D printing techniques follow a different process than traditional oral dosage from manufacturing methods. Currently, there are no specific guidelines for the hardness and friability of 3D printed solid oral dosage forms. Therefore, new regulatory frameworks for 3D-printed oral dosage forms should be established to ensure that they meet all appropriate quality standards. The evaluation of mechanical properties of solid dosage forms is an integral part of quality control, as tablets must withstand mechanical stresses during manufacturing processes, transportation, and drug distribution as well as rough handling by the end user. Until now, this has been achieved through extensive pre- and post-processing testing, which is often time-consuming. However, computational methods combined with 3D printing technology can open up a new avenue for the design and construction of 3D tablets, enabling the fabrication of structures with complex microstructures and desired mechanical properties. In this context, the emerging role of computational methods and artificial intelligence techniques is highlighted.

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Wood, Ross. "Printing Bindery Forms with the User‐defined Function Keys." OCLC Micro 2, no. 6 (June 1986): 8–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/eb055809.

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Katstra, W. E., R. D. Palazzolo, C. W. Rowe, B. Giritlioglu, P. Teung, and M. J. Cima. "Oral dosage forms fabricated by Three Dimensional Printing™." Journal of Controlled Release 66, no. 1 (May 2000): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0168-3659(99)00225-4.

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Lim, Hye-Won, Tom Cassidy, and Tracy Diane Cassidy. "Application Research of 3D Printing Technology on Dress Forms." International Journal of Engineering and Technology 9, no. 1 (February 2017): 78–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.7763/ijet.2017.v9.949.

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Edinger, Magnus, Daniel Bar-Shalom, Niklas Sandler, Jukka Rantanen, and Natalja Genina. "QR encoded smart oral dosage forms by inkjet printing." International Journal of Pharmaceutics 536, no. 1 (January 2018): 138–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijpharm.2017.11.052.

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Souto, E. B., J. C. Campos, S. C. Filho, M. C. Teixeira, C. Martins-Gomes, A. Zielinska, C. Carbone, and A. M. Silva. "3D printing in the design of pharmaceutical dosage forms." Pharmaceutical Development and Technology 24, no. 8 (June 25, 2019): 1044–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10837450.2019.1630426.

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Burgos-Suazo, Alejandro. "3D printing technique forms microlenses with adjustable refractive indices." MRS Bulletin 46, no. 4 (April 2021): 300. http://dx.doi.org/10.1557/s43577-021-00068-6.

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Prozherina, Yuliya. "3D printing in pharmacy." Remedium Journal about the Russian market of medicines and medical equipment, no. 9 (2020): 58–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.21518/1561-5936-2020-9-58-60.

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3D printing of drugs is an innovative and cost-effective technology, which is a major step towards personalized medicine. This technology can be used for the development of controlled-release drugs; fixed-dose combination drugs, as well as for the creation of orodispersible dosage forms. The global 3D drug market is still largely at the research stage, but its rapid growth is expected in the coming decade [1].

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Kutina, Zdeněk. "A Romanian banknote from the Prague printing office." Numismatické listy 72, no. 1-2 (2017): 82–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/nl-2017-0010.

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The National Bank of Romania decided to produce some means of payment for the monetary reform of 1947 in secrecy. The Czechoslovak National Bank (NBČS) executed a perfect graphic appearance for the banknote of 100 lei based on a drawing by a Romanian painter. The bank produced printing forms for offset processing and printed 12 series from the June issue. Bucharest was provided with the watermarked banknote paper for another 30 million of bills as well as printing forms and numbering machines. Later on, the bank produced printing forms for the letter-print and delivered them together with 50 new numbering machines for the purpose of the December issue. The author is focused on various phases of this cooperation as well as on the connection among watermarks, series, numbering machines and issues of this sole Romanian banknote, in which the NBČS’ printing office was involved in a decisive way. The author mentioned also mintage of the 2-lei coin in the Kremnica mint in 1947.

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Azad, Mohammad A., Deborah Olawuni, Georgia Kimbell, Abu Zayed Md Badruddoza, Md Shahadat Hossain, and Tasnim Sultana. "Polymers for Extrusion-Based 3D Printing of Pharmaceuticals: A Holistic Materials–Process Perspective." Pharmaceutics 12, no. 2 (February 3, 2020): 124. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pharmaceutics12020124.

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Three dimensional (3D) printing as an advanced manufacturing technology is progressing to be established in the pharmaceutical industry to overcome the traditional manufacturing regime of 'one size fits for all'. Using 3D printing, it is possible to design and develop complex dosage forms that can be suitable for tuning drug release. Polymers are the key materials that are necessary for 3D printing. Among all 3D printing processes, extrusion-based (both fused deposition modeling (FDM) and pressure-assisted microsyringe (PAM)) 3D printing is well researched for pharmaceutical manufacturing. It is important to understand which polymers are suitable for extrusion-based 3D printing of pharmaceuticals and how their properties, as well as the behavior of polymer–active pharmaceutical ingredient (API) combinations, impact the printing process. Especially, understanding the rheology of the polymer and API–polymer mixtures is necessary for successful 3D printing of dosage forms or printed structures. This review has summarized a holistic materials–process perspective for polymers on extrusion-based 3D printing. The main focus herein will be both FDM and PAM 3D printing processes. It elaborates the discussion on the comparison of 3D printing with the traditional direct compression process, the necessity of rheology, and the characterization techniques required for the printed structure, drug, and excipients. The current technological challenges, regulatory aspects, and the direction toward which the technology is moving, especially for personalized pharmaceuticals and multi-drug printing, are also briefly discussed.

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Sen, Koyel, Tanu Mehta, Anson W.K.Ma, and Bodhisattwa Chaudhuri. "DEM based investigation of powder packing in 3D printing of pharmaceutical tablets." EPJ Web of Conferences 249 (2021): 14012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/epjconf/202124914012.

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3D printing is emerging as one of the most promising methods to manufacture Pharmaceutical dosage forms as it offers multiple advantages such as personalization of dosage forms, polypill, fabrication of complex dosage forms etc. 3D printing came into existence in 1980s but its use was extended recently to pharmaceutical industry along with the approval of first 3D printed tablet Spritam by FDA in 2015. Spritam was manufactured by Aprecia pharmaceuticals using binder jetting technology. Binder jet 3D printing involves a hopper for powder discharge and printheads for ink jetting. The properties of tablets are highly dependent upon the discharge quality of powder mixture from the hopper and jetting of the ink/binder solution from the printhead nozzle. In this study, numerical models were developed using Discrete element method (DEM) to gain better understanding of the binder jet 3D printing process. The DEM modeling of hopper discharge was performed using in-house DEM code to study the effect of raw material attributes such as powder bed packing density (i.e. particle size, particle density etc) on the printing process, especially during powder bed preparation. This DEM model was further validated experimentally, and the model demonstrated good agreement with experimental results.

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Afsana, Vineet Jain, Nafis Haider, and Keerti Jain. "3D Printing in Personalized Drug Delivery." Current Pharmaceutical Design 24, no. 42 (March 20, 2019): 5062–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1381612825666190215122208.

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Background: Personalized medicines are becoming more popular as they enable the use of patient’s genomics and hence help in better drug design with fewer side effects. In fact, several doses can be combined into one dosage form which suits the patient’s demography. 3 Dimensional (3D) printing technology for personalized medicine is a modern day treatment method based on genomics of patient. Methods: 3D printing technology uses digitally controlled devices for formulating API and excipients in a layer by layer pattern for developing a suitable personalized drug delivery system as per the need of patient. It includes various techniques like inkjet printing, fused deposition modelling which can further be classified into continuous inkjet system and drop on demand. In order to formulate such dosage forms, scientists have used various polymers to enhance their acceptance as well as therapeutic efficacy. Polymers like polyvinyl alcohol, poly (lactic acid) (PLA), poly (caprolactone) (PCL) etc can be used during manufacturing. Results: Varying number of dosage forms can be produced using 3D printing technology including immediate release tablets, pulsatile release tablets, and transdermal dosage forms etc. The 3D printing technology can be explored successfully to develop personalized medicines which could play a vital role in the treatment of lifethreatening diseases. Particularly, for patients taking multiple medicines, 3D printing method could be explored to design a single dosage in which various drugs can be incorporated. Further 3D printing based personalized drug delivery system could also be investigated in chemotherapy of cancer patients with the added advantage of the reduction in adverse effects. Conclusion: In this article, we have reviewed 3D printing technology and its uses in personalized medicine. Further, we also discussed the different techniques and materials used in drug delivery based on 3D printing along with various applications of the technology.

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Öblom, Heidi, Erica Sjöholm, Maria Rautamo, and Niklas Sandler. "Towards Printed Pediatric Medicines in Hospital Pharmacies: Comparison of 2D and 3D-Printed Orodispersible Warfarin Films with Conventional Oral Powders in Unit Dose Sachets." Pharmaceutics 11, no. 7 (July 14, 2019): 334. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pharmaceutics11070334.

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To date, the lack of age-appropriate medicines for many indications results in dose manipulation of commercially available dosage forms, commonly resulting in inaccurate doses. Various printing technologies have recently been explored in the pharmaceutical field due to the flexible and precise nature of the techniques. The aim of this study was, therefore, to compare the currently used method to produce patient-tailored warfarin doses at HUS Pharmacy in Finland with two innovative printing techniques. Dosage forms of various strengths (0.1, 0.5, 1, and 2 mg) were prepared utilizing semisolid extrusion 3D printing, inkjet printing and the established compounding procedure for oral powders in unit dose sachets (OPSs). Orodispersible films (ODFs) drug-loaded with warfarin were prepared by means of printing using hydroxypropylcellulose as a film-forming agent. The OPSs consisted of commercially available warfarin tablets and lactose monohydrate as a filler. The ODFs resulted in thin and flexible films showing acceptable ODF properties. Moreover, the printed ODFs displayed improved drug content compared to the established OPSs. All dosage forms were found to be stable over the one-month stability study and suitable for administration through a naso-gastric tube, thus, enabling administration to all possible patient groups in a hospital ward. This work demonstrates the potential of utilizing printing technologies for the production of on-demand patient-specific doses and further discusses the advantages and limitations of each method.

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Chang, Shing-Yun, Si Wan Li, Kavin Kowsari, Abhishek Shetty, Leila Sorrells, Koyel Sen, Karthik Nagapudi, Bodhisattwa Chaudhuri, and Anson W. K. Ma. "Binder-Jet 3D Printing of Indomethacin-laden Pharmaceutical Dosage Forms." Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences 109, no. 10 (October 2020): 3054–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.xphs.2020.06.027.

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Rowe, C. W., W. E. Katstra, R. D. Palazzolo, B. Giritlioglu, P. Teung, and M. J. Cima. "Multimechanism oral dosage forms fabricated by three dimensional printing™." Journal of Controlled Release 66, no. 1 (May 2000): 11–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0168-3659(99)00224-2.

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Wang, Jie, Alvaro Goyanes, Simon Gaisford, and Abdul W. Basit. "Stereolithographic (SLA) 3D printing of oral modified-release dosage forms." International Journal of Pharmaceutics 503, no. 1-2 (April 2016): 207–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijpharm.2016.03.016.

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Tamay, Dilara Goksu, and Nesrin Hasirci. "Bioinks—materials used in printing cells in designed 3D forms." Journal of Biomaterials Science, Polymer Edition 32, no. 8 (March 15, 2021): 1072–106. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09205063.2021.1892470.

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Alhijjaj, Muqdad, Jehad Nasereddin, Peter Belton, and Sheng Qi. "Impact of Processing Parameters on the Quality of Pharmaceutical Solid Dosage Forms Produced by Fused Deposition Modeling (FDM)." Pharmaceutics 11, no. 12 (November 27, 2019): 633. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pharmaceutics11120633.

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Fused deposition modeling (FDM) three-dimensional (3D) printing is being increasingly explored as a direct manufacturing method to product pharmaceutical solid dosage forms. Despite its many advantages as a pharmaceutical formulation tool, it remains restricted to proof-of-concept formulations. The optimization of the printing process in order to achieve adequate precision and printing quality remains to be investigated. Demonstrating a thorough understanding of the process parameters of FDM and their impact on the quality of printed dosage forms is undoubtedly necessary should FDM advance from a proof-of-concept stage to an adapted pharmaceutical manufacturing tool. This article describes the findings of an investigation into a number of critical process parameters of FDM and their impact on quantifiable, pharmaceutically-relevant measures of quality. Polycaprolactone, one of the few polymers which is both suitable for FDM and is a GRAS (generally regarded as safe) material, was used to print internally-exposed grids, allowing examination of both their macroscopic and microstructural reproducibility of FDM. Of the measured quality parameters, dimensional authenticity of the grids was found to poorly match the target dimensions. Weights of the grids were found to significantly vary upon altering printing speed. Printing temperature showed little effect on weight. Weight uniformity per batch was found to lie within acceptable pharmaceutical quality limits. Furthermore, we report observing a microstructural distortion relating to printing temperature which we dub The First Layer Effect (FLE). Principal Component Analysis (PCA) was used to study factor interactions and revealed, among others, the existence of an interaction between weight/dosing accuracy and dimensional authenticity dictating a compromise between the two quality parameters. The Summed Standard Deviation (SSD) is proposed as a method to extract the optimum printing parameters given all the perceived quality parameters and the necessary compromises among them.

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Song, Min Jeong, Euna Ha, Sang-Kwon Goo, and JaeKyung Cho. "Design and Development of 3D Printed Teaching Aids for Architecture Education." International Journal of Mobile and Blended Learning 10, no. 3 (July 2018): 58–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/ijmbl.2018070106.

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This article describes how the implementation of 3D printing in classrooms has brought many opportunities to educators as it provides affordability and accessibility in creating and customizing teaching aids. The study reports on the process of fabricating teaching aids for architecture education using 3D printing technologies. The practice-based research intended to illustrate the making process from initial planning, 3D modeling to 3D printing with practical examples, and addresses the potential induced by the technologies. Based on the investigation into the current state of 3D printing technologies in education, limitations were identified before the making process. The researchers created 3D models in both digital and tangible forms and the process was documented in textual and pictorial formats. It is expected that the research findings will serve as a guideline for other educators to create 3D printed teaching aids, particularly architectural forms.

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Lion, Anna, Ricky D. Wildman, Morgan R. Alexander, and Clive J. Roberts. "Customisable Tablet Printing: The Development of Multimaterial Hot Melt Inkjet 3D Printing to Produce Complex and Personalised Dosage Forms." Pharmaceutics 13, no. 10 (October 14, 2021): 1679. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pharmaceutics13101679.

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One of the most striking characteristics of 3D printing is its capability to produce multi-material objects with complex geometry. In pharmaceutics this translates to the possibility of dosage forms with multi-drug loading, tailored dosing and release. We have developed a novel dual material hot-melt inkjet 3D printing system which allows for precisely controlled multi-material solvent free inkjet printing. This reduces the need for time-consuming exchanges of printable inks and expensive post processing steps. With this printer, we show the potential for design of printed dosage forms for tailored drug release, including single and multi-material complex 3D patterns with defined localised drug loading where a drug-free ink is used as a release-retarding barrier. For this, we used Compritol HD5 ATO (matrix material) and Fenofibrate (model drug) to prepare both drug-free and drug-loaded inks with drug concentrations varying between 5% and 30% (w/w). The printed constructs demonstrated the required physical properties and displayed immediate, extended, delayed and pulsatile drug release depending on drug localisation inside of the printed formulations. For the first time, this paper demonstrates that a commonly used pharmaceutical lipid, Compritol HD5 ATO, can be printed via hot-melt inkjet printing as single ink material, or in combination with a drug, without the need for additional solvents. Concurrently, this paper demonstrates the capabilities of dual material hot-melt inkjet 3D printing system to produce multi-material personalised solid dosage forms.

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Krause, Julius, Laura Müller, Dorota Sarwinska, Anne Seidlitz, Malgorzata Sznitowska, and Werner Weitschies. "3D Printing of Mini Tablets for Pediatric Use." Pharmaceuticals 14, no. 2 (February 11, 2021): 143. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ph14020143.

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In the treatment of pediatric diseases, suitable dosages and dosage forms are often not available for an adequate therapy. The use of innovative additive manufacturing techniques offers the possibility of producing pediatric dosage forms. In this study, the production of mini tablets using fused deposition modeling (FDM)-based 3D printing was investigated. Two pediatric drugs, caffeine and propranolol hydrochloride, were successfully processed into filaments using hyprolose and hypromellose as polymers. Subsequently, mini tablets with diameters between 1.5 and 4.0 mm were printed and characterized using optical and thermal analysis methods. By varying the number of mini tablets applied and by varying the diameter, we were able to achieve different release behaviors. This work highlights the potential value of FDM 3D printing for the on-demand production of patient individualized, small-scale batches of pediatric dosage forms.

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Zivkovic, Predrag, Nenad Ilic, Jovan Popic, Slobodan Jovanovic, and Konstantin Popov. "Investigation of the influence of cementation of chromium onto aluminium on the characteristics of non-printing elements of an offset printing plate." Chemical Industry 58, no. 5 (2004): 232–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/hemind0405232z.

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The possibility of the electro less deposition of chromium onto aluminum was investigated in order to improve non-printing element properties. It was determined that the electrochemical deposition of trivalent chromium was possible from alkaline solutions. The presence of chromium was confirmed by the EDAX procedure in three different laboratories. The influence of chromium on the wet ability of the nonprinting elements of the printing form was examined by drop spreading. Specimens were examined by pouring distilled water in drops onto the surface of the specimen. The picture of the drop was taken by a digital camera from two directions, in order to measure the diameter of the spreaded drop (a measuring gauge was recorded together with the drop) and contact angle. The chromium-treated samples showed increased wettability compared with the non-chromium-treated samples. Improvement of the non-printing elements was confirmed during a printing test that was performed under real printing conditions. The purity of the prints made by two types of printing forms was analyzed in two ways: based on densitometric measurements and based on statistical analysis of the scanned print. Both methods of analysis of the control prints showed that the control prints made from chromium-treated specimens were purer than the prints made from the non-chromium-treated specimens. Considering that all the conditions of making the printing forms and the printing conditions, except the electro less deposition procedure were the same, it could be concluded that the electro less deposited layer of chromium improved the printing properties of the offset printing form because of the increased wettability.

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Abd El-Maksoud, Mona Mohamed, and Nadia Abdel-Latif Ali. "Perception of printing workers regarding occupational health hazards and safety measures." Journal of Nursing Education and Practice 10, no. 8 (May 17, 2020): 39. http://dx.doi.org/10.5430/jnep.v10n8p39.

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Background and objective: Printing workers are frequently exposed to many forms of occupational hazards while doing their jobs. Little research was done in Egypt about printings occupational hazards, which constitute a huge burden on the affected workers and employment settings. Therefore, the present study aimed to investigate the perception of occupational hazards and safety measures among printing workers.Methods: Descriptive analytic design was carried out the current study at the Egyptian Book House Press in Cairo on a purposive sample of 200 workers using a structured questionnaire to collect data, which include demographic data, occupational hazards, predisposing factors and safety measures as perceived by workers.Results: The results revealed that the majority of workers exposed to moderate level of occupational health hazards and safety measures. The most hazards the printing workers are exposed to it, are health, chemical, injury and psychological hazards. Also, there is a highly statistically significant negative correlation with total occupational hazards and safety measures.Conclusions: The study can be concluded that the workers exposed to moderate occupational hazards. As well, the majority of workers stated that there is a moderate level of safety measures to occupational hazards in their workplace. Therefore, this study recommended that continuous training of the printing workers on safety guidelines and enforcement of standard safety practices to decrease the potential occupational hazards.

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Frazelle, Jessie. "Out-of-this-world additive manufacturing." Communications of the ACM 64, no. 3 (March 2021): 58–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/3424254.

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Wickström, Henrika, Rajesh Koppolu, Ermei Mäkilä, Martti Toivakka, and Niklas Sandler. "Stencil Printing—A Novel Manufacturing Platform for Orodispersible Discs." Pharmaceutics 12, no. 1 (January 1, 2020): 33. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pharmaceutics12010033.

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Stencil printing is a commonly used printing method, but it has not previously been used for production of pharmaceuticals. The aim of this study was to explore whether stencil printing of drug containing polymer inks could be used to manufacture flexible dosage forms with acceptable mass and content uniformity. Formulation development was supported by physicochemical characterization of the inks and final dosage forms. The printing of haloperidol (HAL) discs was performed using a prototype stencil printer. Ink development comprised of investigations of ink rheology in combination with printability assessment. The results show that stencil printing can be used to manufacture HAL doses in the therapeutic treatment range for 6–17 year-old children. The therapeutic HAL dose was achieved for the discs consisting of 16% of hydroxypropyl methylcellulose (HPMC) and 1% of lactic acid (LA). The formulation pH remained above pH 4 and the results imply that the drug was amorphous. Linear dose escalation was achieved by an increase in aperture area of the print pattern, while keeping the stencil thickness fixed. Disintegration times of the orodispersible discs printed with 250 and 500 µm thick stencils were below 30 s. In conclusion, stencil printing shows potential as a manufacturing method of pharmaceuticals.

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Mahmood, Muhammad Arif. "3D Printing in Drug Delivery and Biomedical Applications: A State-of-the-Art Review." Compounds 1, no. 3 (September 24, 2021): 94–115. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/compounds1030009.

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Personalized medicines are gaining popularity day by day as they empower patient genomics and assist in improved drug design with minimum side effects. Various dosages can be combined into one dose that fits the patient’s requirements. For this purpose, 3D printing is a new technology to produce medicine based on patient needs. It utilizes controlled devices to prepare active pharmaceutical ingredients (API) in a layer-wise fashion to develop an appropriate tailored drug transport structure. It contains numerous methods, including inkjet printing and fused deposition modeling. For this purpose, scientists have used various materials, including polyvinyl alcohol, polylactic acid and polycaprolactone. These materials have been applied to design and develop forms that are suitable for tuning the drug release. Different forms of dosages, including tablets (immediate and pulsatile release) and transdermic dosages, can be produced using the 3D printing technique. Furthermore, the 3D printing technique can also be used to prepare customized medicines to treat life-threatening diseases. In the case of patients needing various medicines, a 3D printer can be used to design and manufacture only one dosage incorporating different medicines. This article reviewed 3D printing utilization for customized medicines based on one’s needs. Various methods and materials used in medicine 3D printing were discussed with their applications.

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Shie, Ming-You, Yu-Fang Shen, Suryani Dyah Astuti, Alvin Kai-Xing Lee, Shu-Hsien Lin, Ni Luh Bella Dwijaksara, and Yi-Wen Chen. "Review of Polymeric Materials in 4D Printing Biomedical Applications." Polymers 11, no. 11 (November 12, 2019): 1864. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym11111864.

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The purpose of 4D printing is to embed a product design into a deformable smart material using a traditional 3D printer. The 3D printed object can be assembled or transformed into intended designs by applying certain conditions or forms of stimulation such as temperature, pressure, humidity, pH, wind, or light. Simply put, 4D printing is a continuum of 3D printing technology that is now able to print objects which change over time. In previous studies, many smart materials were shown to have 4D printing characteristics. In this paper, we specifically review the current application, respective activation methods, characteristics, and future prospects of various polymeric materials in 4D printing, which are expected to contribute to the development of 4D printing polymeric materials and technology.

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Tao, Hu, Benedetto Marelli, Miaomiao Yang, Bo An, M. Serdar Onses, John A. Rogers, David L. Kaplan, and Fiorenzo G. Omenetto. "Inkjet Printing: Inkjet Printing of Regenerated Silk Fibroin: From Printable Forms to Printable Functions (Adv. Mater. 29/2015)." Advanced Materials 27, no. 29 (August 2015): 4245. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/adma.201570192.

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Palo, Mirja, Karin Kogermann, Ivo Laidmäe, Andres Meos, Maren Preis, Jyrki Heinämäki, and Niklas Sandler. "Development of Oromucosal Dosage Forms by Combining Electrospinning and Inkjet Printing." Molecular Pharmaceutics 14, no. 3 (February 14, 2017): 808–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.6b01054.

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Verstraete, G., A. Samaro, W. Grymonpré, V. Vanhoorne, B. Van Snick, M. N. Boone, T. Hellemans, L. Van Hoorebeke, J. P. Remon, and C. Vervaet. "3D printing of high drug loaded dosage forms using thermoplastic polyurethanes." International Journal of Pharmaceutics 536, no. 1 (January 2018): 318–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijpharm.2017.12.002.

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Kassem, Tarek, Tanoy Sarkar, Trieu Nguyen, Dipongkor Saha, and Fakhrul Ahsan. "3D Printing in Solid Dosage Forms and Organ-on-Chip Applications." Biosensors 12, no. 4 (March 22, 2022): 186. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/bios12040186.

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3D printing (3DP) can serve not only as an excellent platform for producing solid dosage forms tailored to individualized dosing regimens but can also be used as a tool for creating a suitable 3D model for drug screening, sensing, testing and organ-on-chip applications. Several new technologies have been developed to convert the conventional dosing regimen into personalized medicine for the past decade. With the approval of Spritam, the first pharmaceutical formulation produced by 3DP technology, this technology has caught the attention of pharmaceutical researchers worldwide. Consistent efforts are being made to improvise the process and mitigate other shortcomings such as restricted excipient choice, time constraints, industrial production constraints, and overall cost. The objective of this review is to provide an overview of the 3DP process, its types, types of material used, and the pros and cons of each technique in the application of not only creating solid dosage forms but also producing a 3D model for sensing, testing, and screening of the substances. The application of producing a model for the biosensing and screening of drugs besides the creation of the drug itself, offers a complete loop of application for 3DP in pharmaceutics.

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Chandekar, Anish, Dinesh K. Mishra, Sanjay Sharma, Gaurav K. Saraogi, Umesh Gupta, and Gaurav Gupta. "3D Printing Technology: A New Milestone in the Development of Pharmaceuticals." Current Pharmaceutical Design 25, no. 9 (July 9, 2019): 937–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1381612825666190507115504.

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The global market of pharmaceuticals has witnessed a new revolution recently in the form of threedimensional printing (3D) technology. 3D printing has its existence since the 1980s that uses a 3D printer to manufacture the different dosage forms through computer-aided drug design technology. The need for 3D printing is due to numerous advantages like personalized medicine, tailored doses, rapid disintegration in case of SLS technique, incorporation of high doses and taste masking capacity. The different techniques used in 3D printing are Powder based (PB), Semi-solid extrusion (EXT), Fused deposition modeling (FDM), Stereolithographic (SLA) and Selective laser sintering (SLS) 3D printing. However, from the latest reports of association of pharmaceutical 3D printing technology, it is evidenced that this technology is still in its infancy and its potential is yet to be fully explored. The present review includes sections for introduction and scope of 3D printing, personalized medicines and their approaches, historical aspects, research milestones, and various 3D printing techniques.

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Healy, Andrew V., Evert Fuenmayor, Patrick Doran, Luke M. Geever, Clement L. Higginbotham, and John G. Lyons. "Additive Manufacturing of Personalized Pharmaceutical Dosage Forms via Stereolithography." Pharmaceutics 11, no. 12 (December 3, 2019): 645. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pharmaceutics11120645.

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The introduction of three-dimensional printing (3DP) has created exciting possibilities for the fabrication of dosage forms, paving the way for personalized medicine. In this study, oral dosage forms of two drug concentrations, namely 2.50% and 5.00%, were fabricated via stereolithography (SLA) using a novel photopolymerizable resin formulation based on a monomer mixture that, to date, has not been reported in the literature, with paracetamol and aspirin selected as model drugs. In order to produce the dosage forms, the ratio of poly(ethylene glycol) diacrylate (PEGDA) to poly(caprolactone) triol was varied with diphenyl(2,4,6-trimethylbenzoyl)phosphine oxide (Irgacure TPO) utilized as the photoinitiator. The fabrication of 28 dosages in one print process was possible and the printed dosage forms were characterized for their drug release properties. It was established that both drugs displayed a sustained release over a 24-h period. The physical properties were also investigated, illustrating that SLA affords accurate printing of dosages with some statistically significant differences observed from the targeted dimensional range, indicating an area for future process improvement. The work presented in this paper demonstrates that SLA has the ability to produce small, individualized batches which may be tailored to meet patients’ specific needs or provide for the localized production of pharmaceutical dosage forms.

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McDonagh, Thomas, Peter Belton, and Sheng Qi. "Direct Granule Feeding of Thermal Droplet Deposition 3D Printing of Porous Pharmaceutical Solid Dosage Forms Free of Plasticisers." Pharmaceutical Research 39, no. 3 (February 22, 2022): 599–610. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11095-022-03198-x.

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Abstract Purpose To develop a new direct granule fed 3D printing method for manufacturing pharmaceutical solid dosage forms with porous structures using a thermal droplet deposition technology. Methods Eudragit® E PO was used as the model polymer, which is well-known to be not FDM printable without additives. Wet granulation was used to produce drug loaded granules as the feedstock. The flow and feedability of the granules were evaluated. The physicochemical properties and in vitro drug release performance of the granules and the printed tablets were fully characterised. Results Using the method developed by this study, Eudragit E PO was printed with a model drug into tablets with infills ranging from 30–100%, without additives. The drug was confirmed to be molecularly dispersed in the printed tablets. The printing quality and performances of the porous tablets were confirmed to be highly compliant with the pharmacopeia requirement. The level of infill density of the porous tablets had a significant effect on their in vitro drug release performance. Conclusion This is the first report of thermal droplet deposition printing via direct granule feeding. The results of this study demonstrated that this new printing method can be used as a potentially valuable alternative for decentralised pharmaceutical solid dosage form manufacturing.

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Rycerz, Katarzyna, Krzysztof Adam Stepien, Marta Czapiewska, Basel T. Arafat, Rober Habashy, Abdullah Isreb, Matthew Peak, and Mohamed A. Alhnan. "Embedded 3D Printing of Novel Bespoke Soft Dosage Form Concept for Pediatrics." Pharmaceutics 11, no. 12 (November 26, 2019): 630. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pharmaceutics11120630.

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Embedded three-dimensional printing (e-3DP) is an emerging method for additive manufacturing where semi-solid materials are extruded within a solidifying liquid matrix. Here, we present the first example of employing e-3DP in the pharmaceutical field and demonstrate the fabrication of bespoke chewable dosage forms with dual drug loading for potential use in pediatrics. LegoTM-like chewable bricks made of edible soft material (gelatin-based matrix) were produced by directly extruding novel printing patterns of model drug ink (embedded phase) into a liquid gelatin-based matrix (embedding phase) at an elevated temperature (70 °C) to then solidify at room temperature. Dose titration of the two model drugs (paracetamol and ibuprofen) was possible by using specially designed printing patterns of the embedded phase to produce varying doses. A linearity [R2 = 0.9804 (paracetamol) and 0.9976 (ibuprofen)] was achieved between percentage of completion of printing patterns and achieved doses using a multi-step method. The impact of embedded phase rheological behavior, the printing speed and the needle size of the embedded phase were examined. Owning to their appearance, modular nature, ease of personalizing dose and geometry, and tailoring and potential inclusion of various materials, this new dosage form concept holds a substantial promise for novel dosage forms in pediatrics.

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de Oliveira, Rafaela Santos, Stephani Silva Fantaus, Antonio José Guillot, Ana Melero, and Ruy Carlos Ruver Beck. "3D-Printed Products for Topical Skin Applications: From Personalized Dressings to Drug Delivery." Pharmaceutics 13, no. 11 (November 17, 2021): 1946. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pharmaceutics13111946.

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3D printing has been widely used for the personalization of therapies and on-demand production of complex pharmaceutical forms. Recently, 3D printing has been explored as a tool for the development of topical dosage forms and wound dressings. Thus, this review aims to present advances related to the use of 3D printing for the development of pharmaceutical and biomedical products for topical skin applications, covering plain dressing and products for the delivery of active ingredients to the skin. Based on the data acquired, the important growth in the number of publications over the last years confirms its interest. The semisolid extrusion technique has been the most reported one, probably because it allows the use of a broad range of polymers, creating the most diverse therapeutic approaches. 3D printing has been an excellent field for customizing dressings, according to individual needs. Studies discussed here imply the use of metals, nanoparticles, drugs, natural compounds and proteins and peptides for the treatment of wound healing, acne, pain relief, and anti-wrinkle, among others. The confluence of 3D printing and topical applications has undeniable advantages, and we would like to encourage the research groups to explore this field to improve the patient’s life quality, adherence and treatment efficacy.

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Lizunova, I. V., and E. A. Stepanov. "Activities of the Publishing and Printing Enterprises of the Siberian-Far East Region at the Early XXI Century." Bibliosphere, no. 4 (February 4, 2022): 50–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.20913/1815-3186-2021-4-50-58.

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The article concerns the problems of functioning the publishing and printing industry in Siberia and the Far East at the early XXI century: peculiarities of its infrastructure forming, entering the country’s printing services market, the place of a region in it. The paper objective is to represent the modern publishing and printing industry in Siberia and the Far East, its structural components, and determine the likely directions for further development of the regional market to printing product and service producers. The article reveals that, at the region territory, there are printing enterprises of various forms of ownership, production scale, printing technologies used, producing practically all types of publishing products of a wide range – from text editions to special ones. The leaders of the modern printing industry in the region are still the largest regional/area printing houses/media holdings - the flagships of the printing industry of certain territories in terms of provided products and services. At the same time, small printing enterprises start to play an increasing role, responding more flexibly and quickly to changes in consumer demand, changes and challenges of the printing services market. Their number in the region is quite large. The basis of small printing enterprises are district/city printing houses, print shops, advertising agencies, mini-printing houses, publishing centers. One can observe the continuation of the activity diversification of the largest printing houses in the region and the general digitalization of the activities of enterprises in the industry.

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Kudryavtseva, E. V., V. V. Kovalev, E. S. Zakurinova, G. Muller-Kamskii, and V. V. Popov. "Closest and long-term prospects of 3D-printing for obstetrics and gynecology." Ural Medical Journal 20, no. 1 (July 12, 2021): 76–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.52420/2071-5943-2021-20-1-76-81.

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Introduction. Despite the notable and rapid progress in the development of medical 3D printing in recent years, not much is known about the use of this technology in obstetrics and gynecology.The purpose of our review of scientific literature was to determine the current level of 3D printing development, discuss the closest and long term prospects for using this technology in obstetrics and gynecology, and analyze its potential advantages and disadvantages.Materials and methods. We searched for scientific literature. 378 papers passed a three-step screening, as a result of which 42 sources were selected for the final scientific review.Results and discussion. The main areas in which dimensional printing can be used in this area of medicine is the creation of simulation models and training for students, the creation of anatomical models for preoperative preparation, the surgical instruments, the creation of new dosage drug forms (including transvaginal ones), and bioprinting of organs and tissues.Conclusion. The presented literary review allows us to conclude that 3D printing the obstetrics and gynecology is a current rapidly developing direction. The organization of 3D modeling and printing laboratories can significantly increase the efficiency of teaching students and residents. In addition, obstetricians-gynecologists and surgeons should be informed about the possibility of 3D printing surgical instruments according to an individual design. It can inspire them to implement their own ideas and develop domestic innovative developments. Three-dimensional printing of dosage forms and bioprostheses requires more complex technological solutions, and is not yet used in clinical practice. However, given the enormous prospects for these areas, various grants should be envisaged for their development in Russia

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Marjanović, Jelena, Slavenka Petrak, Maja Mahnić Naglić, and Martinia Ira Glogar. "Design and Computer Construction of Structural Sleeve Forms for Women’s Clothing." Textile & leather review 2, no. 4 (December 6, 2019): 183–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.31881/tlr.2019.29.

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The paper presents the research of the development process of a unique women’s clothing collection with complex, structural sleeve forms. Using the 2D/3D CAD systems for computer clothing design, 15 models of women’s clothing with structural sleeve forms were constructed and modeled. Textile patterns were also computer-designed, as a preparation for digital printing on cutting parts of a particular clothing models. The computer clothing design included all the segments of the computer 3D prototype development, with the purpose of investigating the possibilities of modeling and 3D simulations of complex sleeve structures, which in the real manufacturing process require additional fixation of cutting parts. The influence of 3D simulation parameters, in correlation with the applied physical and mechanical properties of textile material, was investigated in order to achieve complex 3D forms of simulated clothing models. Color and textile patterns variations of computer-designed 3D models were developed with the purpose of achieving a realistic visualization of the designed clothing collection. Original prototypes were made for two selected models from the collection, with computer-designed textile patterns applied on a model using digital printing technology.

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Wang, Chen, and Lin. "A Collaborative and Ubiquitous System for Fabricating Dental Parts Using 3D Printing Technologies." Healthcare 7, no. 3 (September 6, 2019): 103. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/healthcare7030103.

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Three-dimensional (3D) printing has great potential for establishing a ubiquitous service in the medical industry. However, the planning, optimization, and control of a ubiquitous 3D printing network have not been sufficiently discussed. Therefore, this study established a collaborative and ubiquitous system for making dental parts using 3D printing. The collaborative and ubiquitous system split an order for the 3D printing facilities to fulfill the order collaboratively and forms a delivery plan to pick up the 3D objects. To optimize the performance of the two tasks, a mixed-integer linear programming (MILP) model and a mixed-integer quadratic programming (MIQP) model are proposed, respectively. In addition, slack information is derived and provided to each 3D printing facility so that it can determine the feasibility of resuming the same 3D printing process locally from the beginning without violating the optimality of the original printing and delivery plan. Further, more slack is gained by considering the chain effect between two successive 3D printing facilities. The effectiveness of the collaborative and ubiquitous system was validated using a regional experiment in Taichung City, Taiwan. Compared with two existing methods, the collaborative and ubiquitous 3D printing network reduced the manufacturing lead time by 45% on average. Furthermore, with the slack information, a 3D printing facility could make an independent decision about the feasibility of resuming the same 3D printing process locally from the beginning.

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Okafor-Muo, Ogochukwu Lilian, Hany Hassanin, Reem Kayyali, and Amr ElShaer. "3D Printing of Solid Oral Dosage Forms: Numerous Challenges With Unique Opportunities." Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences 109, no. 12 (December 2020): 3535–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.xphs.2020.08.029.

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Tao, Hu, Benedetto Marelli, Miaomiao Yang, Bo An, M. Serdar Onses, John A. Rogers, David L. Kaplan, and Fiorenzo G. Omenetto. "Inkjet Printing of Regenerated Silk Fibroin: From Printable Forms to Printable Functions." Advanced Materials 27, no. 29 (June 16, 2015): 4273–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/adma.201501425.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Printing forms'

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