Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Principle of Right'
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Muullaart, Ida. "Choosing the Right Embryo : and not accepting the principle of procreative beneficence." Thesis, Umeå universitet, Institutionen för idé- och samhällsstudier, 2015. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:umu:diva-108060.
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Är det möjligt att välja rätt embryo vid In-vitro fertilisering (IVF)? I sådana fall, vad innebär det att något är det rätta embryot? I denna uppsats diskuteras IVF och de moraliska dilemman som kan uppstå vid val av embryo. Vid IVF är det möjligt att ställa en preimplantorisk genetisk diagnostik (PGD) vilken kan ge information om genetiska sjukdomar och andra anlag, såväl som kön och kromosomfel. Enligt Julian Savulescu, som förespråkar the Principle of Procreative Beneficence, är vi moraliskt skyldiga att välja ett friskt embryo, vilket också anses vara det rätta embryot. I kontrast till detta ställs Christine Overall som menar att Savulescus princip innebär problem för hur vi bör se på barnafödande. Jag diskuterar vidare hur vi utifrån ett socialt och ett samhällsperspektiv kan se det som moraliskt tveksamt att förbjuda att personer med vissa anlag föds, samt försöker visa på Savulescus ignorans för hur IVF fungerar och att detta bidrar till att hans argument fallerar.
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Gorka, K. "Reflections about right of public access to the EU documents." Thesis, Ukrainian Academy of Banking of the National Bank of Ukraine, 2009. http://essuir.sumdu.edu.ua/handle/123456789/61080.
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Chambo, Janeth Apelles. "The principle of non-refoulement in the context of refugee operation in Tanzania." Diss., University of Pretoria, 2005. http://hdl.handle.net/2263/1140.
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"The rights of refugees and basic human rights are inextricably linked. Today's human rights abuse is tomorrow's refugee movements. Quite often, refugees' rights are curtailed by the same states that declare them in accordance with international and domestic instruments, only because they are non-nationals. While the foundation of refugee rights is the principle that all men and women have the right to belong to a society in which they are protected by the state, the respect to the principle of non-refoulement is at the core of being a refugee. Even though the Universal Declaration of Human Rights (UDHR) proclaims rights to all, including refugees, states use international principles of sovereignty to shut their doors in front of asylum seekers. Furthermore, it is not easy to utilise international mechanisms of protection to instigate complaints against a potential host state, based on its arbitrary act to shut its doors. This is because one needs to seek remedies before authorities of the same country where she or he has been denied. In addition, international law has few precedents on the matter even assuming it was treated as an exception to the former rule. This situation puts refoulement victims in a dilemma. ... Since the first time when the wave of asylum seekers from Rwanda hit Tanzania in 1959, the flow of refugees continues. Tanzania has hosted refugees not only from its neighbouring countries, but also as far as from South Africa, Zimbabwe and Somalia. With an estimated number of 602,00 refugees population in 2004, Tanzania was among the top five refugee-hosting countries in the world. Tanzania ratified the international and regional refugee instrumetns, as well as other human rights instruments that may enhance the protection of refugees. Subsequently, Tanzania enacted appropriate legislation in order to make the refugee instruments enforceable within the national legal framework. The principle of non-refoulement is enshriend in all legal instruments of which Tanzania has an international, regional and national obligation to respect. However, in recent years a trend of sporadic incidents in which the principle of non-refoulement was not respected, has been observed. For instance, in October 2004, 68 Burundian asylum seekers were forced to return to Burundi following the orders of the local authorities. One of the most recent incidents occurred in January 2005 when the government returned two families of nine persons, despite assurances made to UNHCR that they would be granted refugee status. This research looks at the obligation of the Government of Tanzania to protect rights of asylum seekers and refugees. This is in line with the principle of non-refoulement as enshrined under international and regional instruments of which Tanzania ratified. It further explores the role of international communities in responsibility sharing (often referred to in the humanitarian community as 'burden sharing') as a way to ensure that all states respect the principle of non-refoulement. ... The first part of this research is the introduction, that is, the background to the problem, problem statement, scope of the research, hypotheses, objective of the research, literature review, research methodology, and outline of chapters. The second chapter looks at the right to non-refoulement under international, regional and national legal instruments. Chapter three deals with respect of the principle of non-refoulement in the refugee operation of Tanzania. Chapter four examines the relationship between the principle of non-refoulement and responsibility sharing with a view to reflect on the role of the international community in promoting refugee rights. The last chapter is the conclusion of the research and recommendations." -- Introduction.Thesis (LLM (Human Rights and Democratisation in Africa)) -- University of Pretoria, 2005.
Prepared under the supervision of Dr. Atangcho Nji Akonumbo at the Department of Social Science and Management, Catholic University [of Central Africa] in Yaounde, Cameroon
http://www.chr.up.ac.za/academic_pro/llm1/dissertations.html
Centre for Human Rights
LLM
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Genonceau, Cassandre. "Les droits du migrant en mer." Thesis, Brest, 2022. http://theses-scd.univ-brest.fr/2022/These-2022-SML-Droit_prive-GENONCEAU_Cassandre.pdf.
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Alors que les flux migratoires « spontanés » sont en recrudescence depuis le début du XXIe siècle, la mer est devenue le théâtre d’un drame humanitaire qui semble sans fin. Sur toutes les façades maritimes européennes, les décès ou disparitions de migrants demeurent fréquents du fait de conditions de transport extrêmes, le plus souvent liées au trafic dont ils sont l’objet, ou de manoeuvres dangereuses opérées à l’occasion de leur arraisonnement. Au risque de perdre la vie en mer s’ajoutent des atteintes répétées à la dignité et à la liberté du migrant imputables à certains États côtiers de départ et de destination qui cherchent à interrompre sa navigation, y compris lorsqu’il manifeste un besoin de protection internationale. Si la lutte contre l’immigration irrégulière ou la criminalité organisée constitue un motif légitime d’interception en vertu du droit international de la mer, les actions (recours abusif à la force, refoulement, expulsion collective, privation arbitraire de liberté) et inactions (refus de coordonner un sauvetage ou de coopérer au débarquement des rescapés dans un lieu sûr) de certains États dans cet espace constituent une grave méconnaissance des droits de l’Homme, du droit des réfugiés et du droit relatif à la sauvegarde de la vie humaine en mer. Le comportement des acteurs privés du monde maritime peut également se révéler préjudiciable au migrant en détresse, rescapé ou passager clandestin. Le constat ainsi dressé impose de réfléchir à la manière d’assurer la jouissance et l’exercice effectifs des droits du migrant en mer. À cet égard, la présente thèse se propose de résoudre des problématiques insuffisamment ou non appréhendées par le droit positif : elles concernent la teneur et la portée du droit fondamental d’émigrer appliqué à l’espace maritime, la question de la licéité d’un refus de débarquement opposé à un migrant rescapé, ou encore l’incapacité apparente des juridictions supranationales à contrôler les pratiques d’États européens qui tentent de diluer leur responsabilité à l’égard du migrant en mer dans celle d’États tiersWhile “spontaneous” migratory flows are on the increase since the beginning of the 21st century, the sea has become the scene of a humanitarian drama that seems endless. On all the European seaboards, the deaths or disappearances of migrants remain frequent due to extreme transport conditions, most often linked to the smuggling in which they are the object, or dangerous maneuvers carried out during their boarding. In addition to the risk of losing their life at sea, there are repeated attacks on the dignity and freedom of the migrant attributable to certain coastal States of departure and destination which seek to interrupt his navigation, including when he requires international protection. The fight against irregular immigration or organized crime constitutes a legitimate reason for interception under the international law of the sea; however, the actions (abusive use of force, refoulement, collective expulsion, arbitrary deprivation of liberty) and inactions (refusal to coordinate a rescue or to cooperate in the disembarkation of the survivors in a place of safety) of some states in this space constitute a serious disregard for human rights, refugee law and the law relating to the safeguard of human life in sea. The behavior of private users of the sea can also be detrimental to migrants in distress, survivors or stowaways. This observation requires to think about how to ensure the effective enjoyment and exercise of the rights of migrants at sea. In this respect, the thesis proposes to resolve issues that are insufficiently or not apprehended by positive law and which concern the content and scope of the fundamental right to emigrate applied to the maritime space, the question of the legality of a refusal to disembark opposed to a surviving migrant, or the apparent inability of supranational jurisdictions to control the practices of European States which attempt to dilute their responsibility with regard to the migrant at sea in that of third States
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Villavicencio, Ríos Alfredo. "The right to work: transition from free dismissal to guaranteed constitutional right." Pontificia Universidad Católica del Perú, 2013. http://repositorio.pucp.edu.pe/index/handle/123456789/116195.
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After presenting the evolution of labor stability law in Peru, public and private scopes of the right to work are described allowing the Constitutional Court redefine dismissal regime (working stability of exit), in general, and specifying temporary recruitment regime (working stability of entry). Redefinition of dismissal legal framework is analyzed from constitutional and judicial case law stressing solved and pending issues.Tras presentar la evolución del derecho de estabilidad laboral en el Perú, se precisan los alcances públicos y privados del derecho al trabajo, que permitieron al Tribunal Constitucional redefinir el régimen del despido (estabilidad laboral de salida), en general, y comenzar a precisar el régimen de contratación temporal (estabilidad laboral de entrada). Se analiza la redefinición del marco jurídico del despido a partir de la jurisprudencia constitucional y judicial, poniendo en relieve los temas resueltos y los pendientes.
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Obenius, Hedvig, Evelina Svensson, and Lindgren Emma Wedin. "The Principle of Non-Discrimination and Undocumented Migrant's Right to Health Care in Sweden - Legal and Political Challenges." Thesis, Malmö högskola, Fakulteten för kultur och samhälle (KS), 2014. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:mau:diva-21706.
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The principle of non-discrimination is recognised as vital to the human rights field. In May 2013 the Swedish parliament passed a law that provides undocumented migrants the same limited health care as asylum seekers. In relation, the Swedish Red Cross in a partnership with Malmö University created and distributed a questionnaire amongst Swedish politicians, that in part pertains to this law and also the situation of undocumented migrants’ right to health care.In applying the perspective of non-discrimination, legal challenges to undocumented migrants’ access to health care in Sweden, and the political attitudes surrounding this issue are duly examined. This produces the observation that the non-discrimination principle’s application is of relevant use. In concluding that the legislation examined fails to meet international standards regarding the principle of non-discrimination and the right to health care for undocumented migrants, it provides examples to illustrate that this conclusion is not necessarily representative of the views held by the selected group of politicians included in the twofold questionnaire study.
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MELLO, BERNARDO CARVALHO DE. "NEMO TENETUR SE DETEGERE PRINCIPLE: PRIVILEGE AGAINST SELF-INCRIMINATION AND RIGHT TO SILENCE IN THE CONSTITUTIONAL CRIMINAL PROCEDURAL ORDER." PONTIFÍCIA UNIVERSIDADE CATÓLICA DO RIO DE JANEIRO, 2018. http://www.maxwell.vrac.puc-rio.br/Busca_etds.php?strSecao=resultado&nrSeq=36159@1.
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PONTIFÍCIA UNIVERSIDADE CATÓLICA DO RIO DE JANEIROCOORDENAÇÃO DE APERFEIÇOAMENTO DO PESSOAL DE ENSINO SUPERIOR
PROGRAMA DE SUPORTE À PÓS-GRADUAÇÃO DE INSTS. DE ENSINO
PROGRAMA DE SUPORTE À PÓS-GRADUAÇÃO DE INSTITUIÇÕES COMUNITÁRIAS DE ENSINO PARTICULARES
O princípio nemo tenetur se detegere, em seu duplo aspecto vedação à autoincriminação e direito ao silêncio, é uma conquista civilizatória das sociedades democráticas. A importância do princípio, muitas vezes não explicitada nas discussões sobre a constitucionalidade dos institutos e leis, é de tamanha monta que, conjuntamente com o princípio da presunção de inocência, forma a base axiológica de todo o sistema processual penal democrático. Contudo, o poder Estatal, diante do apelo popular e em resposta aos altos índices de criminalidade e episódios notórios de corrupção no Brasil tem, nos últimos tempos, a partir de uma continuidade cronológica de legislações, relativizado ou erodido os sustentáculos do princípio nemo tenetur se detegere. Tal postura Estatal consubstancia o que na criminologia se denomina de direito penal do inimigo, que servirá de substrato teórico para explicar o porquê do fenômeno de hipercriminalização e recrudescimento Estatal. A pesquisa visa, portanto, reafirmar o valor do nemo tenetur se detegere, acentuando os casos em que está a sofrer ataques e oferecer, a partir de pesquisa doutrinária e da análise jurisprudencial nacional e estrangeira, possíveis salvaguardas ao princípio com vistas a garantir que o processo penal brasileiro continue a respeitar os direitos individuais inerentes a uma ordem constitucional de fato e não meramente de direito.
The principle nemo tenetur se detegere, in its double aspect privilege against self-incrimination and right to silence, is a civilizational conquest of democratic societies. The importance of this principle, which is often not made explicit in the discussions on the constitutionality of institutes and laws, is so significant that, together with the principle of presumption of innocence, forms the axiological basis of the entire democratic criminal procedural system. However, the State power, in the face of popular appeal and in response to high crime rates and notorious episodes of corruption in Brazil, has recently, from a chronological continuity of legislation, relativized or eroded the pillars of the nemo tenetur se detegere principle. This state posture consubstantiates what in criminology is called the criminal law of the enemy, which will serve as a theoretical substrate to explain the phenomenon of hypercriminalization and State recrudescence. The aim of the research is to reaffirm the value of the nemo tenetur, to highlight the cases in which it is under attack and to offer possible safeguards to the principle, based on jurisprudencial research and national and foreign case analysis, with a view to ensuring that the Brazilian criminal proceeding continues to respect the individual rights inherent in a constitutional order of fact and not merely law.
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Tambwe, Giteya. "The impact of the engagement principle on the right to have access to adequate housing : from reasonableness to engagement." Diss., University of Pretoria, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/2263/64756.
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The adjudication of socio-economic rights has brought a new dimension in the South African legal landscape, and Courts, especially the Constitutional Court, which have been entrusted with the mandate of giving effect to the rights enshrined in the Bill of Rights.
In its attempt to fulfil this constitutional mandate, the Constitutional Court has to devise remedies that give relief to rights infringements; meaningful engagement is one such remedy. Since its inception in thePort Elizabeth case, meaningful engagement has become a conditio sine qua none in the litigation of claims that involve housing rights. Meaningful engagement has been applied subsequently both as a requirement and as a remedy in many cases, even in claims involving the right to education.
This dissertation seeks to evaluate the impact that the principle of meaningful engagement has had on the progressive realisation of the right to have access to adequate housing as entrenched in Section 26 of the Constitution.Mini Dissertation (LLM)--University of Pretoria, 2018.
Public Law
LLM
Unrestricted
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Alshammari, Yahya. "The promotion of the right of self-determination in international law and the impact of the principle of non-interference." Thesis, Brunel University, 2014. http://bura.brunel.ac.uk/handle/2438/9199.
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This dissertation presents an analytical study of the evolution of the right of political selfdetermination and the influence of the principle of non-interference on promotion of this right. The intellectual and legal interests in democracy, good governance and social justice have contributed to the development of this right and its realisation for peoples lacking the least degree of good governance. The right of political self-determination is strongly associated with international intervention because governments facing popular demands for this right often resort to repression and military means to suppress such claims. Such interventions have also been driven by contemporary interest in supporting collective rights through international organisations that monitor and identify violations of various political rights. Thus, this dissertation focuses on the tension between the principle of non-interference and the modern legal trend to promote the political rights of all peoples. This research contributes considerable insights into the transformation of the principle of non-interference from an absolute obligation into a flexible concept by tracing the contributing legal changes both in international practices and in emerging rules and principles in international law. It is concluded that the promotion of the right of self-determination has resulted in international practices that have dramatically influenced and caused tension with the principle of noninterference. Keywords: right of political self-determination, democracy, statehood, the principle of noninterference, international intervention, sovereignty.
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Baranauskienė, Vita. "Viešumo principas baudžiamojo proceso teisėje." Master's thesis, Lithuanian Academic Libraries Network (LABT), 2006. http://vddb.library.lt/obj/LT-eLABa-0001:E.02~2006~D_20060331_113542-75948.
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The work analyses the principle of publicity of judicial proceedings as established in both international and national legislation.The content of the principle of publicity is defined and its components are identified,i.e.the open hearing,the pasing and pronouncing of a sentence at the hearing,the publicity and accessibility of a case file,and the publication of the court decisions.The exceptions from the principle of publicity related to the criminal acts committed by minors,protection of private life of the participants in the proceedings,and witnesses or suffered parties to whom anonymity is applied, are examined in greater detail.
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Groenewald, Bernardus Hermanus. "A critical analysis of the principle permanent establishment and related tax rules in establishing taxing right with reference to e-commerce." Diss., University of Pretoria, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/2263/60048.
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E-commerce challenges traditional taxation rules and tax authorities find it difficult to effectively tax business profits derived from cross-border commercial transactions utilising the Internet.
This study analyses the fundamental principles of the concept of permanent establishment and related international tax rules and assess the traditional requirements against the unconventional characteristics of e-commerce. Whilst the features of e-commerce ignore territorial borders and geographic locations, that is, the status of a virtual presence, the concept of permanent establishment (still) calls for a fixed location in a country, which relates to a physical presence.
Gaps and mismatches in tax rules have allowed multi-national enterprises to adopt strategies to shift profits to low or no-tax jurisdictions and prompted the OECD to launch a Base Erosion and Profit Shifting (BEPS) initiative to counter tax avoidance. Today, more than100 countries are collaborating to implement the reform measures which include actions to address the tax challenges of the digital economy and to prevent the artificial avoidance of permanent establishment status. The research concludes that the OECD reform measures do not adequately address the issues relating to the concept of a permanent establishment in situations where enterprises conduct cross-border e-commerce based on a digital business model. Furthermore, the study submits that due to the traditional permanent establishment (nexus) approach, cases of e-commerce may challenge a country?s taxing rights by virtue of there being no physical presence to constitute a permanent establishment.Mini Dissertation (LLM)--University of Pretoria, 2016.
Mercantile Law
LLM
Unrestricted
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Newhouse, Marie E. "Kant's Typo, and the Limits of the Law." Thesis, Harvard University, 2013. http://dissertations.umi.com/gsas.harvard:10819.
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This dissertation develops a Kantian philosophical framework for understanding our individual obligations under public law. Because we have a right to do anything that is not wrong, the best interpretation of Immanuel Kant's Universal Principle of Right tracks the two ways--material and formal--in which actions can be wrong. This interpretation yields surprising insights, most notably a novel formulation of Kant's standard for formal wrongdoing. Because the wrong-making property of a formally wrong action does not depend on whether or not the action in question has been prohibited by statute, Kant's legal philosophy is consistent with a natural law theory of public crime. Moreover, because the law can obligate us only by establishing a universal external incentive to obey its commands, statutes that impose only fines on nominal violators do not constrain our lawful options. Instead, if they are otherwise just, such statutes must be regarded as rightful permissive laws, according to which we may incur liabilities through our voluntary choices.
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Lawensköld, Rebecca. "Principen mot rättsmissbruk inom det svenska mervärdesskatteområdet: är det hållbart?" Thesis, Jönköping University, JIBS, Commercial Law, 2010. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hj:diva-12203.
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The VAT Directive (2006/112/EC) does not regulate Member States’ opportunities to intervene against tax evasion. The European Court of Justice has clarified the situation in case C-255/02 Halifax. This case establish that the universal principle against the abuse of rights applies to VAT, which means that Member States have the opportunity to redefine transactions not involving a breach of law but nevertheless goes past what the legislature envisaged at the introduction of the provision.
A debate has risen as to whether the principle against the abuse of rights is equally ap-plicable in Swedish domestic law on VAT. The administrative court of appeal in Go-thenburg, Case No. 622-05, has ascertained that the principle is not applicable when it derives from the Directive and the provision has not been implemented in Swedish law as it should. Hence there is no basis for applying the principle. The Swedish tax authori-ty has released a statement asserting that the principle applies to Swedish domestic law on VAT. They believe that the principle has its basis in primary legislation and there-fore does not require legal basis in domestic law to be applicable. Most of the Swedish literature agree with the tax authority and establish that the principle should be regarded as applicable in Swedish domestic law.
The Swedish tax authority is an investigating and taxing authority and they are to follow their own positions and orientations and the principle against the abuse of rights should therefore be regarded as applicable is in Swedish domestic law on VAT.
The interpretation of legal certainty and predictability should prevail in Swedish tax law. When applying the purpose of the principle against the abuse of rights, there may be a collision between the principle against the abuse of rights and the principle of pre-dictability. The conflict is based on the state´s interest of taxation that the principle
against the abuse of rights could be considered to intend to protect and a taxpayer's right to certainty in taxation.
For the taxpayer’s certainty to be fulfilled, she shall with reasonable reliability be able to predict the tax consequences of her actions. This means that the law must be followed due to the principle of legality and future cases should be consistent with previous deci-sions. Predictability is rarely perfect and should be considered more gradually. When a taxpayer has taken an active action to maximize her tax benefits the action should be considered as a choice to give up some of the predictability provided by the taxation system. For that reason it should not be regarded as disproportionate that the principle against the abuse of rights must prevail over the principle of predictability. The ECJ has suggested it to be done like this within European Law, in case C-255/02 Halifax.
Då mervärdesskattedirektivet (2006/112/EG) ej reglerar medlemsstater möjlighet att ingripa mot skatteflykt har Europeiska unionens domstol i Mål C-255/02 Halifax klargjort denna situation. Den allmängiltiga principen mot rättsmissbruk anses vara tillämplig på mervärdesskatteområdet. Detta innebär att medlemsstater har möjlighet att omdefiniera transaktioner som i sig inte innebär ett lagbrott men likväl går förbi vad lagstiftaren åsyftat vid införandet av bestämmelsen.
Det har uppkommit en diskussion gällande huruvida principen mot rättsmissbruk är tillämplig även inom svensk intern rätt på mervärdesskatteområdet. Kammarrätten Göteborg har i mål nr. 622-05 konstaterat att principen ej är tillämplig då den härstammar från direktiv och att bestämmelsen ej har implementerats i svensk rätt som sig bör. Det finns därför ingen grund för att tillämpa principen. Skatteverket har publicerat ett ställningstagande som hävdar att principen är tillämplig i svensk intern rätt på mervärdesskatteområdet. De anser att principen har sin grund i primärrätten och därför inte kräver lagstöd i intern rätt för att vara tillämpningsbar. Större delen av svensk doktrin anser, likt Skatteverket, att principen ska anses vara tillämpningsbar i svensk intern rätt.
Då Skatteverket är utredande och beskattande myndighet och de har att följa sina egna ställningstaganden och riktlinjer måste det anses vara konstaterat att principen mot rättsmissbruk är tillämpningsbar i svensk intern rätt på mervärdesskatteområdet. Detta då de baserar sitt ställningstagande på att principen härrör från primär EU-rätt.
Inom svensk skattelagstillämpning ska rättssäkerhet och förutsebarhet vara rådande. Vid tillämpning av principen mot rättsmissbruk kan det uppkomma en kollision mellan nämnda princip och förutsebarhetsprincipen. Intressekonflikten grundas i statens beskattningsintresse som principen mot rättsmissbruk bör kunna anses ha som syfte att skydda, och den skatteskyldiges rätt till förutsebarhet inom beskattningen.
För att den skatteskyldiges förutsebarhet ska anses vara uppfylld ska denne med rimlig säkerhet kunna förutse skattekonsekvenserna av sitt handlande. Detta innebär att lagen måste följas, legalitetsprincipen, och att ny praxis går i linje med tidigare avgöranden. Förutsebarheten är sällan fullkomlig utan bör betraktas mer gradmässigt. Vid skatteflykt har man gjort ett aktiv handlande att maximera sin skattefördel och bör därför anses ha valt bort en del av den förutsebarhet som systemet erbjuder. Det bör därför inte anses vara oproportionerligt att man låter principen mot rättsmissbruk får företräde framför förutsebarhetsprincipen, så som man i målet C-255/02 Halifax antytt att det ska ske inom EU-rätten.
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Bružaitė, Gabrielė. "Laisvo tautų apsisprendimo principas tarptautinėje teisėje ir jo įgyvendinimo ribos." Master's thesis, Lithuanian Academic Libraries Network (LABT), 2008. http://vddb.library.lt/obj/LT-eLABa-0001:E.02~2007~D_20080125_095402-67249.
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Darbo tema – laisvo tautų apsisprendimo principas tarptautinėje teisėje ir jo įgyvendinimo ribos. Darbo tikslas - išanalizuoti ir įvertinti esminius laisvo tautų apsisprendimo principo reglamentavimo tarptautinėje teisėje bei realizavimo teorinius ir praktinius aspektus. Pirmoje darbo dalyje nagrinėjame šio principo evoliuciją tarptautinėje teisėje. Laisvo tautų apsisprendimo principo kilmė siejama su Amerikos ir Prancūzijos revoliucijomis ir idėja, kad valdžia remiasi tautos valia. Po Pirmojo pasaulinio karo jis tapo JAV prezidento Woodrow Wilson idealu, perbraižant Europos žemėlapį, tačiau nebuvo taikomas nuosekliai. Kadangi Europos imperijų suskaldymas ir naujų tautinių valstybių sukūrimas buvo įtakojamas ekonominių interesų, istorinių pretenzijų ir strateginių išskaičiavimų, laisvo tautų apsisprendimo principą iki Antrojo Pasaulinio karo pabaigos galime vertinti tik kaip politinę deklaraciją. Laisvo tautų apsisprendimo principas teisės statusą įgijo Jungtinių Tautų režime dekolonizacijos kontekste. Nors Jungtinių Tautų chartijoje įtvinta tik labai abstrakti šio principo formuluotė, jo ribas apibrėžia vėlesnės Generalinės Asamblėjos rezoliucijos. Šaltojo karo pabaiga privertė persvarstyti analizuojamo principo turinį. Tapo akivaizdu, kad apsisprendimo teisė peržengė dekolonizacijos ribas, tačiau iškilo naujų klausimų dėl to, kam priklauso šis principas bei, ar jis apima teisę atsiskirti. Antroje darbo dalyje analizuojame laisvo tautų apsisprendimo principo apimtį... [toliau žr. visą tekstą]The topic of the paper is the principle of self-determination of peoples in international law and the limits of its implementation. The aim of the paper is to analyze and evaluate theoretical and practical aspects of regulation and implementation of the principle of self-determination of peoples. In the first part of the paper we examine the evolution of the principle in international law. The origin of the principle of self-determination of peoples is connected with the American and French revolutions in late XVIII century and the idea that government derives from the will of people. After the First World War the principle became the ideal of USA president Woodrow Wilson and it was used in redrawing the map of Europe, its practical application was inconsistent though. Since the dismemberment of European empires and the creation of the new national states were based on economic interests, historical claims and strategic calculations we can think of the principle of self-determination of peoples till the Second World War as the political declaration only. The principle of self-determination of peoples got the status of the right of international law under the regime of United Nations in the context of decolonization. Though the formulation of the principle in the Charter of United Nations is abstract, its content is clarified by the resolutions of the General Assembly. The scope of the principle was revised after the Cold War. It became obviously that the right of... [to full text]
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Dalil, Brahim. "Le droit administratif face au principe de la sécurité juridique." Thesis, Paris 10, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015PA100080/document.
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Le droit est devenu de plus en plus illisible et compliqué. Les causes de ce mal juridique sont multiples, il s’agit d’une part, de ce qu’on a appelé une inflation législative où le rythme d’élaboration et de modification des textes juridiques bat tous les records. D’autre part, cette complexité normative a été renforcée par l’apparition de matières juridiques nouvelles faisant appel à des concepts techniques et scientifiques, il s’agit par exemple du droit des nouvelles technologies. Enfin, la crise de la norme juridique est due aussi à la dégradation de la qualité rédactionnelle des textes. Pouvoirs publics et personnes privées s’accordaient pour dénoncer un phénomène d’insécurité juridique. C’est dans ce contexte que le Conseil d’Etat a consacré un principe de sécurité juridique comme moyen de remédier à ce phénomène. Au lendemain de cette consécration la doctrine dans sa majorité estimait qu’il s’agissait d’un principe qui respecte la portée objective de notre droit administratif. Nous avons estimé, avec d’autres, qu’il s’agit en revanche d’un principe inspiré du principe de protection de la confiance légitime. Celui-ci d’origine allemande, et adopté par le droit Communautaire et celui de tous les Etats européens, est de portée subjective. Ainsi nous avons développé l’idée qu’à travers le principe de sécurité juridique, le Conseil d’ Etat consacre un droit public subjectif à la sécurité juridique qui rompt avec cette tradition objective du droit administratif français. En effet, depuis la consécration du principe de sécurité juridique, notre droit administratif prend une tournure subjectiveLaw has become increasingly illegible and complicated. The causes of this are multiple, it acts on the one hand, of what one called a legislative inflation where the rhythm of development and modification of the legal texts breaks all the records. In addition, this normative complexity was reinforced by the appearance of new legal matters calling on technical and scientific concepts, such as for example new technology law. Lastly, the crisis of the legal standard is due also to the deterioration of the editorial quality of the texts. Public authorities and individuals agreed to denounce a phenomenon of legal insecurity. It is in this context that the Council of State stated a principle of legal security like means of curing this phenomenon. After this decision, the doctrines in its majority estimated that it was a principle which respected the objective range of our administrative law. With others, we feel that it is principle inspired of the principle of protection of legitimate confidence.This one, of German origin, and adopted by the Community law and that of all the European States, is of subjective range. Thus we developed the idea that through the principle of legal security, the Council of State establishes a subjective public right to the legal security which breaks with this objective tradition of the French administrative law. Indeed, since the principle of legal security is proclaimed, our administrative law takes a subjective turn
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Abu, Zueiter Iman. "Family Reunification for Unaccompanied Refugee Minors, A Right or A Privilege? The Case of the United Kingdom." Thesis, Malmö universitet, Fakulteten för kultur och samhälle (KS), 2018. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:mau:diva-22614.
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Family reunification for unaccompanied refugee minors is one of the most debatable issues when it comes to deciding whether it should be viewed as a right or it can be justifiable for states to completely prevent it and rather provide it only as a privilege. The discussion in the legal sphere proved that the issue is still problematic in both international and European laws. In this thesis, I have analyzed this issue through assessing the three claims that were provided by the United Kingdom for its negative position on the case. Through the lens of the child’s best interests’ principle, the non-discrimination principle, and the global distributive justice theory, I argued for considering family reunification as a right rather than a privilege. Children should always be treated as children. It cannot be justifiable for states to completely prevent them from being reunited with their families for being refugees.
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Chien, Li-Fen. "Do existing laws in South Africa hold directors personally liable for environmental transgressions?" University of the Western Cape, 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/11394/8008.
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Magister Legum - LLMThe number of environmental offences taking place continues to increase each year. Despite the special position of responsibility occupied by directors as the ‘directing mind and will’ of the companies responsible for the commission of these offences, directors appear to continue to be shielded unconditionally behind the separate legal personality of the company. This thesis consists of a thorough examination of existing environmental laws, as well as the Companies Act 71 of 2008 and the King IV Report on Corporate Governance, to determine whether the provisions contained therein may be interpreted so as to depart from the principle of separate legal personality (as provided for by corporate law) in order to hold directors personally liable for environmental transgressions.
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Lewis, Matthew. "A Conception of Human Dignity : A study about human dignity as a guiding moral principle in the implementation and conflict of human rights." Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Teologiska institutionen, 2020. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-411680.
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The purpose of this study is to develop a fruitful conception of human dignity, a conception that can be used as a guiding moral principle when trying to resolve the conflict of rights. Specifically, the question that this study attempts to answer is what is a fruitful conception of human dignity and how can it be used to deal with concrete issues pertaining to human rights? Two reports from special rapporteurs propose two different courses of action regarding the implementation of the right to protection of property, and this is the conflict that the proposed conception of human dignity tries to resolve. To develop a conception of human dignity a broad conception of human dignity is initially developed, through the usage of a Rawlsian reflective equilibrium, and it is further developed through a combination of a reflective equilibrium, examination of the conception in relation to overall coherence with the human rights tradition, and a consequence analysis. The latter is done by utilizing a consequence analysis with the aforementioned courses of action being applied in a specific case, the case of Tanzania. By using a consequence analysis, a proposed conception of human dignity and a reflective equilibrium the conception of human dignity could be developed further and contribute to resolve the specific conflict of rights that could be found in the reports of the special rapporteurs. The conclusion drawn was that both of the proposed courses of action, regarding the implementation of the right to the protection of property and in relation to the proposed conception of human dignity, had desirable and less desirable consequences. Therefore, a third way was proposed that sought to bridge the gap between both courses of action, by combining elements of both, and to strengthen the condition-dignity for the parties affected.
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Sánchez, Reyes Christian. "Una visión ponderada de la legislación laboral: comentarios al régimen MYPE y a la propuesta de «Ley de la Nueva Empresa»." Pontificia Universidad Católica del Perú, 2012. http://repositorio.pucp.edu.pe/index/handle/123456789/115607.
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A weighted view of labor law: commentaries on the MSE regime and the proposal «Law of New Enterprise»The present article evaluates constitutional character of the regime of Micro and Small Enterprises (MSE) and the legislative proposal of «Law of New Enterprise» from the jurisprudence of the Constitutional Court. With this purpose it starts with analyzing own characters of the right to equality as a classical liberal right that is based on social rights as the right to work. Finally, the article seeks to dispel doubt of whether those regimes, MSE and the Law of New Enterprise, they obey to a policy of promotion of employment or rather they introduce a differentiated treatment without objective basis and therefore unconstitutional.El presente artículo evalúa el carácter constitucional del Régimen de la Micro y Pequeña Empresa (MYPE) y de la propuesta legislativa de la «Ley de la Nueva Empresa» a partir de la jurisprudencia del Tribunal Constitucional. Con dicho propósito parte de analizar los caracteres propios del derecho a la igualdad, que como derecho liberal clásico es base de derechos sociales como el derecho al trabajo. Finalmente, el artículo busca despejar la duda de si los referidos regímenes, MYPE y Ley de la Nueva Empresa, obedecen a una política de promoción del empleo o más bien introducen un trato diferenciadosin sustento objetivo y, en consecuencia, inconstitucional.
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Núñez, del Prado Chaves Fabio. "Demystifying myths: Economic analysis of double hearings in the Peruvian civil process." THĒMIS-Revista de Derecho, 2015. http://repositorio.pucp.edu.pe/index/handle/123456789/108752.
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Inside the Peruvian civil process, there are warranties that seek to protect the rights of the persons who come to it. Since these warranties are affirmed in the Peruvian Constitution and in international human rights treaties, they are considered as fundamental rights. One of them is the right to a second hearing.The present essay is a constructive critic of the principle of the right to appeal. The hypothesis consists in proving, through an economic analysis, that the second hearing does not play a role in our legal system.Dentro del proceso civil peruano, existen garantías que buscan la protección de los derechos de las personas que acuden al mismo.Estas garantías, al estar consagradas en laConstitución peruana y en tratados internacionales sobre derechos humanos, son con-sideradas derechos fundamentales. Una de ellas es la doble instancia.El presente ensayo es una crítica constructiva al principio de doble instancia. La hipótesis que se sustenta consiste en acreditar a través de un análisis económico que la doble instancia no cumple una función en nuestro sistema jurídico.
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Du, Plessis Alida Anél. "Fulfilment of South Africa's constitutional environmental right in the local government sphere / by Anél du Plessis." Thesis, North-West University, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/10394/2882.
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Claims related to the environment increasingly permeate the domain of human and fundamental rights. It is widely accepted that a direct functional relationship exists between the pursuit of environmental aims generally, and the protection of environmental rights. By and large, this relation compelled 'the environment' to have become a prominent contemporary focus point in legal thought, discourse and adjudication. Since local government operates closer to citizens than any other level of government, it is obvious that it may be expected of it to also play an important role in the management and regulation of matters that affect the environment. In the main, this study questions the extent to which the South African legal framework facilitates local government progress in the decentralised fulfilment of the section 24 environmental right in the Constitution of the Republic of South Africa, 1996.
Firstly, this thesis provides a theoretical literature review of a number of approaches to, categories of and different perspectives on environmental rights in general. As part of this review a number of generic elements is identified for the fulfilment of constitutional environmental provisions, generally. The literature review attends also to the notions of local environmental governance and 'local politics of pollution', amongst other concepts related to local government.
Secondly, this thesis (by employing the comparative research method and by using the generic elements for fulfilment of constitutional environmental provisions as benchmarks) critically considers the Constitution or Basic Law of the Federal Republic of Germany, 1949 (Grundgesety and relevant developments in Germany with reference to the European context and a local government case study on the municipality of Heidelberg. It considers also the Constitution of Namibia of 1990 and relevant developments in Namibia with reference to the African and Southern African contexts and a case study on the Walvis Bay municipality. The South African position is subsequently analysed, first with a focus on section 24 of the Constitution of the Republic of South Africa, 1996, environmental law and related developments, then shifting the focus to the constitutional provisions on local government, local government law, related developments and the case of the Drakenstein Local Municipality.
Thirdly, based on the lessons learned from and lacunae identified in all three of the countries considered, this study concludes with a set of recommendations for the South African context.Thesis (LL.D.) -- North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2009.
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Nemeti, Rogério. "Crimes de perigo abstrato: um estudo à luz dos princípios da ofensividade e da precaução." Pontifícia Universidade Católica de São Paulo, 2015. https://tede2.pucsp.br/handle/handle/6830.
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Previous issue date: 2015-08-20The aim with this study is to analyze the validity and legitimacy of the abstract danger s crimes to the principle of offensiveness or harmfulness. The problem that arises is the increasing adoption of this type of offense, with foundation in the principle of precaution, in order to control the call of Risk Society. Because, as know, in the abstract danger s crimes, it is not required the legal asset is exposed to risk, given that in such cases there is only a probability of placing the legal asset at risk. So, what we intend to discuss in this paper, it is whether this type of crimes offends the structure of the felony and the basic tenets of criminal law classic
O que se pretende com o presente estudo é analisar a validade e a legitimidade dos crimes de perigo abstrato à luz do princípio da ofensividade ou da lesividade. O problema que surge é o da crescente adoção desse tipo de delito, com alicerce no principio da precaução, como forma de controle da chamada Sociedade do Risco. É que, como se sabe, nos crimes de perigo abstrato, não se exige sequer que o bem jurídico seja exposto ao risco, sendo certo que, nesses casos, há apenas uma probabilidade da colocação do bem jurídico em risco. Assim, o que se pretende discutir no presente trabalho, é se esse tipo de incriminação ofende a estrutura do delito e os postulados básicos do Direito Penal Clássico
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Mabanga, Ghislain Mabanga Monga. "Le témoin assisté devant la Cour pénale internationale : contribution à l’évolution du droit international pénal." Thesis, Paris 10, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016PA100151.
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À la suite d’une décision orale rendue le 28 janvier 2009 par la Chambre de première instance I dans l'affaire Lubanga, la Cour pénale internationale a institué un nouvel acteur du procès pénal international : le témoin susceptible d'auto-incrimination qui, à ce titre, est assisté d'un conseil. Ce « témoin assisté » a en commun avec le suspect leur suspicion, et, avec le témoin ordinaire, leur comparution à l’audience ès qualité de témoins. Il n’est cependant ni totalement un suspect – parce que non poursuivable devant la Cour – ni totalement un témoin, parce que notamment impliqué dans la procédure principale. L’évolution de cet acteur singulier du procès pénal international aura eu le mérite de permettre à la Cour de revisiter des notions classiques du droit international pénal. Grâce à lui, la qualité de « parties » n’est plus une forteresse réservée à l’accusation et à la défense. Le témoin ordinaire, considéré comme tiers passif à l’instance, partage désormais la barre avec un « témoin » actif pouvant diligenter des procédures « détachables » de la procédure principale. En sept ans d’existence, le témoin assisté a tellement impacté la procédure pénale internationale qu’une révision des textes fondamentaux de la Cour s’impose pour mettre un terme à la cacophonie jurisprudentielle des chambres sur l’étendue de ses droits et obligationsFollowing an oral decision given by the Trial Chamber I in the Lubanga case, the International Criminal Court has introduced a new player into international criminal cases: the self-incriminating witness, who is assisted by a counsel. This "assisted witness", like the suspect, is under suspicion, and like an ordinary witness appears before the Court to testify. However, he is neither completely a suspect, since he cannot be convicted by the Court, nor completely a witness, since he is implicated in the criminal proceedings. The evolution of the role of this singular player in international criminal cases has given the Court the opportunity of reviewing traditional notions of international criminal law. Thanks to this situation, the status of the different parties is no longer restricted to prosecution and defense. The ordinary witness, considered as a passive third party in the trial, now shares the stand with an active witness who is able to speed up proceedings that are separable from the main proceedings. In seven years of existence, the assisted witness has had such an impact on criminal proceedings that it has become necessary to revise the core texts of the Court in order to put an end to the legal confusion among the different chambers regarding the extent of this witness's rights and obligations
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Mineikaitė, Aurelija. "Vaiko teisių apsauga Žmogaus teisių ir pagrindinių laisvių apsaugos konvencijos 8 straipsnio plotmėje." Master's thesis, Lithuanian Academic Libraries Network (LABT), 2013. http://vddb.laba.lt/obj/LT-eLABa-0001:E.02~2013~D_20130205_085829-57151.
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1950 m. Europos Tarybos Žmogaus teisių ir pagrindinių laisvių apsaugos konvencijoje įtvirtintas rinkinys teisių ir laisvių (teisė į gyvybę, kankinimų draudimas, teisė į teisingą teismą, teisė į privataus ir šeimos gyvenimo gerbimą ir kt.), taikomų kiekvienam, esančiam valstybės, ratifikavusios šią Konvenciją, jurisdikcijoje. Tačiau čia nėra išskiriamos vaikų, kaip specifinės socialinės grupės, reikalingos didesnės apsaugos, teisės. Visgi remiantis tuo, kad EŽTK įtvirtintos teisės taikomos „kiekvienam“, teigtina, kad jos taikomos ir vaikams.
Šiame darbe autorė siekia atskleisti, kokios teisės yra užtikrinamos vaikams EŽTK 8 straipsnio plotmėje, taip pat tam tikrus, iš šių teisių kylančius, probleminius aspektus. Siekiant šio tikslo, ypač didelis dėmesys skiriamas EŽTT jurisprudencijai, kadangi remiantis šio Teismo praktika ne tik nustatomas tam tikrų teisių turinys ir jo kaita, bet ir atskleidžiama vaiko teisių apsaugai aktuali problematika.
Pirmoje šio darbo dalyje bandoma apibrėžti, kas apskritai yra vaikystė, kodėl teisiškai svarbu nustatyti tiek aukštutinę, tiek žemutinę vaiko amžiaus ribas bei koks yra vaiko teisinis statusas. Nagrinėjama įvairi mokslinė literatūra bei įvairūs tarptautiniai ir nacionaliniai teisės aktai atskleidė, kad daugiausia problemų kyla nustatant žemutinę vaiko amžiaus ribą, kadangi šis klausimas tiesiogiai susijęs su abortų reguliavimu. Pagal kai kurių valstybių, tame tarpe ir Lietuvos, teisinį reguliavimą, matyti, kad neretai civilinėje teisėje... [toliau žr. visą tekstą]The 1950's Convention of European Council on Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms establishes a set of rights and fundamental freedoms (the right to life, prohibition of torture, the right to a fair trial, the right to respect for private and family life etc.) applicable to everyone within the jurisdiction of the state that ratified the Convention. Children are a very specific social group, which needs greater protection. However their rights are not distinguished in the Convention. On the basis that the rights enshrined in the ECHR are applicable to „everyone“, it may be maintained that those rights can be applicable to children as well. The author of this work aims to reveal the rights that are guaranteed for children in the context of the article 8 of the ECHR. To this end, particular attention is paid to the jurisprudence of the ECtHR. According to the case law of this Court, it can not only be determined the contents and evolution of specific rights, but also relevant problematic issues for the protection of the rights of a child can be revealed. In the first part of this work the author attempts to define a childhood, to identify both the upper and lower limits of the child's age and the child's legal status. By examining different scientific literature and various international and national legislations it was revealed that most of the problems arise in determining the lower limit of the age of a child, since this issue is directly related to the regulation of... [to full text]
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Taborda, Maren Guimaraes. "O princípio da publicidade e a participação na administração pública." reponame:Biblioteca Digital de Teses e Dissertações da UFRGS, 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/10183/7472.
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Ce travail étudie la possibilité de l’élargissement de l’éventail de participation politique à l’Administration, étant donné que l’État brésilien a des fins, des buts à réaliser et qu’il s’agit d’une démocratie “procéduraledélibérative”, où le peuple doit participer aux décisions touchant sa vie. En plus, la réalisation de l’intérêt général n’a qu’à gagner en efficacité si les décisions de l’État échappent le plus possible à la logique technocratique du “secret administratif” ; en effet, la participation des intéressés possédant la connaissance des données concrètes et des facteurs humains et techniques qui conditionnent une décision peut apporter un élément susceptible de la modifier, en obligeant l’Administration à expliquer les raisons de son action, ce qui en faciliterait l’exécution. C’est pourquoi nous étudions aussi bien le principe démocratique que le principe de la publicité, les formes possibles de participation des citoyens à l’Administration et les concrétisations de la publicité administrative en droit de savoir, droit de contrôle et droit de participation au processus administratif.O presente trabalho investiga a possibilidade de aumentar o espectro de participação política na Administração, pela consideração de que o Estado brasileiro tem fins, objetivos a realizar e é uma democracia do tipo “procedimental-deliberativa”, em que o povo deve participar das decisões que afetem sua vida. Além disso, a realização do interesse geral só tem a ganhar em eficácia se as decisões estatais escaparem, o mais possível, da lógica tecnocrática do “segredo administrativo”, porque, graças à participação dos interessados, pelo conhecimento dos dados concretos e dos fatores humanos e técnicos que condicionam uma decisão, estes podem trazer algum elemento que a modifique, obrigando a Administração a explicar os motivos de sua ação, facilitando, assim, a execução. Por isso, estuda-se, tanto o significado do princípio democrático quanto do princípio da publicidade, as formas possíveis de participação dos cidadãos na Administração e as concretizações da publicidade administrativa em direito de saber, direito de controle e direito de participar do processo administrativo.
The present work investigates the possibilities of enlargement of the spectrum of political participation in Administration, considering that the Brazilian State has purposes to accomplish and it is a “proceduredeliberative” kind of democracy, one in which the people must participate in the decision processes, specially those concerning their lives. Besides, the accomplishment of general benefits has only to improve the efficacy of the State decisions escape, as much as it is possible, from the technocratic logics of “administrative secret”, thanks to the participation of the parts involved, and by the knowledge of concrete data and the technical and human factors that make contingent on a decision. These parts may bring some elements that could change the decisions, forcing the Administration to explain the reasons behind its actions, thus making it easier their execution. Because of this, the significance of the democratic principle is studied so extensively, as well as the publicity principle and the possible means of participation of citizens in Administration and the realizations of administrative publicity in the rights of knowledge, rights of control and rights of participation in the administrative procedure.
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Hussein, Bozang. "Article 9 - The Right to Freedom of Thought, Consience and Religion : A study on whether banning of religious symbols in order to preserve the principle of secularism can be justified under article 9 of the European Convention on Human Rights." Thesis, Örebro universitet, Institutionen för juridik, psykologi och socialt arbete, 2013. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:oru:diva-32673.
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The tension between the banning of religious symbols and the principle of secularism is the subject of this study. The presence and visibility of religious symbols in the public sphere has given raise to a debate around Europe. Within the member states of the Council of Europe the role of religion differs and the principle of secularism is interpreted differently. The right to freedom of thought, conscience and religion is provided for in article 9 of the European Convention on Human Rights under which the right to manifest religion or belief is protected. This right is of fundamental character and cannot be derogated from. The right to manifest religion or belief however can be subject to limitations under given conditions. The case law of the European Court of Human Rights indicates that member states has been left with a wide margin of appreciation in dealing with the freedom of religion and regulations falling under this right. The Strasbourg Court has accepted that the protection of secularism can be a justified ground for banning religious symbols. However, this is an interference with the right to express and worship one’s religion or belief and there is a need to strike a balance between the public interest and the interest of the individuals and determine whether such interference is necessary in a democratic society. This thesis discusses two values of fundamental character, on the one hand the right to freedom of religion and on the other hand the principle of secularism as a constitutional value. With regard to this, the application of the margin of appreciation is of relevance to consider. The author of this thesis argues that the role of the Court is to ensure that domestic laws are not in conflict with the Convention rights and thus that it shall not take any position on whether or not symbols shall be prohibited. The role of it shall be to secure that interference with article 9 by state authorities does not extend the conditions provided for in the Convention.
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Coulibaly, Ibrahima. "Les droits de la défense en droit mauritanien." Thesis, Paris 8, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018PA080008.
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L’universalisme des droits a fait accéder au concept des droits de la défense des diversités procédurales. Au niveau de chaque pays, qu’il soit petit ou grand, quelle que soit sa culture, il est accepté et officiel qu’on ne peut juger sans se référer aux règles fondamentales, et sans se faire assister par un avocat. Les droits à la défense sont garantis en Mauritanie par la loi n° 2007-036 portant approbation d'un Code de Procédure Pénale, la loi n° 2007- 012 portant l'Organisation Judiciaire et la loi n° 99-035 portant code de Procédure Civile Commerciale et Administrative. Les règles des droits de la défense ne peuvent être atteintes sans la mise en place d’organes qui encadrent les dispositions de celle-ci. L’égalité devant la Justice est expressément considérée de droit fondamental dans la constitution du 20 juillet 1991. Cependant, le principe n'ait aucune portée réelle malgré la précision du texte. Ce qui paraît absurde avec notre modèle de système de « droit ineffectif », implique, que les règles du procès équitable ne sont pas affectées de manière égalitaire à tous. Ce n’est pas la seule difficulté ou ambigüité. La présente étude soutient, d’une part, que l’exercice des principes du contradictoire et de l’égalité des armes garantit l’effectivité des droits de la défense, et d’autre part, que le développement des principes participe à un renouveau des droits. La position contemporaine des droits de la défense emploie cette notion, démontrant souvent les droits de la défense comme une implication supérieure et d’une évidence logique de la procédure, obéissant donc aux critères fondamentaux du droit à un procès équitable. Il se détermine par toute une série de procédures menées dans un procès et se déclare, aujourd’hui, sous un ensemble de bases juridiques protégeant les droits de la défense. Pour ce faire nous avons essayé de faire un travail d’évaluation sociologique sans prétention de scientificité parfaite. Evitant tout juridisme ou positivisme, le travail reste néanmoins à dominance juridiqueUniversalism of the rights have come the concept the rights of the defenses diversity of procedural. A the level of each country, however big or small, whatever is its culture, he (It) is accepted and official that we cannot judge without referring to the fundamental rules (rulers), and without being attended by a lawyer. Rights of defence are guaranteed in Mauritanie by the law number 2007-036 carrying Code of criminal procedure, the law number 2007-012 carrying the judicial organization, the law number 99–035 carrying Code of civil procedure, commercial and administrative. The rules of rights of defence not wind not to be reached without the implementation of organs which frame the capacities of this one. The equality before the courts is expressly considered by fundamental law in the of the constitution owed July 20th, 1991. However, the principle is of no real reach in spite of the precision of the text. What seems absurd with our model of system of ineffective right, imply that the rules of the fair trial are not allocated in a egalitarian way to all. It is not the only difficulty or the ambiguity. The present study supports on one hand that the exercice of the equality of the contradictory and the equality of weapons guarantees the effectiveness of rights of defence, and on the other hand, that the development of the principles participates in a revival oo the rights.The contemporary position of rights of defence uses this notion demonstrating, often rights of defence as a superior implication and of a logical obvious fact of the procedure, thus obeying the fundamental criteria of the right to fair trial. He is determined by a whole series of procedures led in a trial and declares itself, today, under a set of legal bases protecting rights of defence. To this end we had tried to make a work of unpretentious sociological evaluation of perfect scientificity. Avoiding any legalism or positivism, the work stays nevertheless in legal dominance
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Elliott, Sarah. "The 'pay now argue later' principle in South African Tax Law: its development, operation, comparison to South African civil debt enforcement and consistency with the constitutional right of access to courts." Master's thesis, University of Cape Town, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/25267.
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Section 164 of the Tax Administration Act 28 of 2011 (the TAA), previously contained in section 88 of the Income Tax Act 58 of 1962 (the Income Tax Act) and section 36 of the Value-Added Tax (VAT) Act 89 of 1991 (the VAT Act), provides that the payment of tax will not be automatically suspended until the resolution of a dispute regarding the liability for the said tax debt. This is known as the 'pay now argue later' principle. The objectives of this research were to analyse the development of the 'pay now argue later' principle in South African tax law, to provide an overview of the content and operation of section 164 of the TAA, to compare the principle and its purpose with civil debt enforcement procedures and, lastly, to test the principle against the Constitution of the Republic of South Africa, 1996 (the Constitution), specifically the right of access to courts. The underlying theme of this research is the recognition of taxpayers' rights in South Africa, specifically the interplay between the powers of the fiscus and the rights of taxpayers. In order to achieve the abovementioned objectives, this research examined the development of the 'pay now argue later' principle from its first appearance in section 88 of the Income Tax Act and section 36 of the VAT Act to its subsequent incorporation into the Tax Administration Bill 11 of 2011 and, ultimately, into section 164 of the TAA. It was concluded that the development of the 'pay now argue later' principle, from its first appearance in the Income Tax Act in 1962 and the VAT Act in 1993 until their repeal in 2011, was relatively minor save for in 2009, during which year there was a marked change in the structure of this principle with the inclusion of the so-called 'suspension rule'. This research provided a practical overview and understanding of the operation of the 'pay now argue later' principle in terms of section 164 of the TAA, specifically focusing on the suspension rule. This research further compared the 'pay now argue later' principle with civil debt enforcement procedures, specifically provisional sentence and summary judgment. It was concluded that the 'pay now argue later' principle is an exception to the ordinary rules governing civil debt enforcement proceedings. Lastly, this research placed the 'pay now argue later' principle under constitutional scrutiny, specifically whether its application infringes on the right of access to courts of taxpayers. It was found that the 'pay now argue later' principle infringes a taxpayer's right of access to courts, but this limitation is justified in terms of section 36 of the Constitution.
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Helfenstein, Mara Juliane Woiciechoski. "A fundamentação moral do direito na filosofia de Kant." reponame:Biblioteca Digital de Teses e Dissertações da UFRGS, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10183/71956.
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Esta tese tem o objetivo de investigar o estatuto dos princípios fundamentais do direito, apresentados por Kant na Doutrina do direito, parte constitutiva da obra Metafísica dos costumes, a fim de mostrar como Kant fundamenta a sua teoria do direito racional. A questão fundamental no que concerne à teoria do direito de Kant, e que há muitos anos suscita o debate entre os intérpretes, diz respeito à possibilidade ou não do direito encontrar os fundamentos de seus conceitos e princípios fundamentais na teoria moral elaborada por ele na Fundamentação da metafísica dos costumes e na Crítica da razão prática. Recentemente pode-se observar um crescente número de estudiosos que afirmam a independência da Doutrina do direito da teoria moral kantiana e, consequentemente, a independência dos princípios a priori do direito do imperativo moral. Contrariamente a essa posição, esta tese procura mostrar que Kant fundamenta o direito em sua teoria moral - o direito pressupõe a teoria moral e seu princípio fundamental, o imperativo moral, - e que essa é a única maneira de interpretarmos a Doutrina do direito se não quisermos fazer afirmações que entrem em contradição com o pensamento do próprio autor. A tese que afirma a fundamentação moral do direito se baseia em duas afirmações, que encontram respaldo nos textos de Kant. São elas: a) as leis jurídicas são uma espécie de leis morais, cujo princípio último é o imperativo categórico – os princípios a priori do direito derivam do princípio supremo da moral; b) o uso da coerção externa para obrigar outrem a cumprir um dever jurídico é moralmente justificável, o que significa que esse tipo de constrangimento imposto ao arbítrio é autorizado por uma lei moral. A tese tem, enfim, o objetivo de reconstruir os argumentos de Kant para mostrar que buscar na sua filosofia moral os fundamentos da teoria do direito está totalmente de acordo com seus textos e com o seu pensamento sistemático.This thesis aims to investigate the nature of fundamental principles of Right, presented by Kant in the Doctrine of Right, a constituent part of the work Metaphysic of Morals, in order to show how Kant grounded his theory of rational Right. The fundamental question regarding the Kant‟s theory of Right, and that for many years raises debate among interpreters, concerns the possibility or not of the Right to find the foundations of its concepts and principles in moral theory elaborated by him in the Groundwork the Metaphysics of Morals and Critique of Practical Reason. Recently one can observe a growing number of scholars who assert the independence of the Doctrine of Right of Kantian moral theory and accordingly the independence of a priori principles of Right of moral imperative. Contrary to this position, this thesis aims to show that Kant bases the Right on his moral theory - the Right presuppose the moral theory and its fundamental principle, the moral imperative - and that is the only way to interpret the doctrine of Right if not want to make statements that come into conflict with the author's own thought. The thesis argues that the moral foundation of Right rests on two assertions that are supported in the writings of Kant. They are: a) juridical laws are a kind of moral law whose ultimate principle is the Categorical imperative - the a priori principles of Right derived from the supreme principle of morality; b) the use of external coercion to compel another to fulfill a duty legal is morally justifiable, meaning that this type of constraint imposed on the choice is authorized by a moral law. In short, the thesis has the objective of reconstructing Kant's arguments to show that find in his moral philosophy the foundations of the theory of Right is fully consistent with his writings and his systematic thinking.
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Ferraz, Gustavo Dantas. "A proteção do direito fundamental à vida e as pesquisas com células-tronco embrionárias humanas no ordenamento jurídico brasileiro." Universidade de São Paulo, 2009. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/2/2134/tde-07022011-154645/.
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A dissertação trata do debate acerca do início da proteção do direito à vida e as consequências dessa proteção em relação às pesquisas com células-tronco embrionárias humanas, autorizadas no ordenamento jurídico brasileiro pelo artigo 5º, da Lei nº 11.105/2005, julgada constitucional pelo Supremo Tribunal Federal em sede de controle concentrado de constitucionalidade. A abordagem, que se concentrou no estudo da doutrina, legislação e jurisprudência, tem caráter preponderantemente dogmático jurídico, nas dimensões analítica, empírica e normativa. As principais conclusões são as seguintes: o direito à vida garantido pela Constituição Federal, estruturalmente, consiste em um princípio, com âmbito de proteção amplo, ensejando a necessidade de sopesamento com outros valores protegidos pelo ordenamento jurídico para sua aplicação; dentre as possíveis interpretações acerca do que consiste esse direito, ele pode ser considerado como um direito à própria existência, um direito à vida digna e um direito à proteção em face do desenvolvimento da biotecnologia; o início da proteção do direito à vida e as pesquisas e terapias com células-tronco embrionárias são disciplinados no direito brasileiro por dispositivos internacionais e nacionais, tais como a Convenção Americana de Direitos Humanos, a Constituição Federal e a Lei nº 11.105/2005; o fato de o Supremo Tribunal Federal ter considerado constitucional o artigo 5º, da Lei nº 11.105/2005, em sede de controle concentrado, não afastou a aplicação da Convenção Americana de Direitos Humanos (a qual contém norma que protege o direito à vida, em geral, desde a concepção) e nem impediu um controle estatal e internacional efetivo sobre as pesquisas e terapias com células-tronco embrionárias a fim de resguardar, dentre outros aspectos, o direito à vida em um enfoque transindividual.The present work deals with the debate about the beginning of the protection of the right to life and the consequences of this protection related to human embryo-based stem cell research, authorized by the Brazilian legal legislation according to the Article 5 of Law no. 11.105/2005, considered constitutional by the Federal Supreme Court in the concentrated model of constitutional control. The approach, centralized in the study of the doctrine, legislation and jurisprudence, is based on a predominantly dogmatic legal nature, in the analytical, empirical and regulatory dimensions. Following are the main conclusions: the right to life grated by the Federal Constitution structurally consists of a principle, with a broad protection scope, that justifies the need of weighting with other values protected by the legal legislation for its application; among the possible interpretations of what this right is consistent of, it can be considered as a right to the existence itself, a right to a decent life and a right to protection facing the development of the biotechnology; the beginning of the protection of the right to human embryo-based stem cell research and therapies are set in the Brazilian Law by national and international precepts, such as the American Convention of Human Rights, the Federal Constitution and the Law nº 11.105/2005; the fact that the Federal Supreme Court considered the Article 5 of Law nº 11.105/2005, in the concentrated model of constitutional control, did not distract the application of the American Convention of Human Rights (which contains the regulations that protects the right to life, in general, from its conception) neither obstructed an actual state or international control on the human embryo-based stem cell research and therapies in order to protect, among other aspects, the right to life in a transindividual approach.
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Dechambre, Anaïs. "L'intégration de principes directeurs du procès dans le contrôle de constitutionalité des lois : contribution à une étude processuelle de la question prioritaire de constitutionnalité." Thesis, Paris 1, 2019. https://ecm.univ-paris1.fr/nuxeo/site/esupversions/e667d6fe-b85e-4ff1-b423-45535cc04063.
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L’instauration de la question prioritaire de constitutionnalité (« QPC ») conduit à s’interroger sur l’émergence d’un droit processuel constitutionnel en France et sur les conséquences que cela peut avoir sur le contrôle de constitutionnalité des lois. En particulier, en inscrivant le contrôle a posteriori dans une procédure contradictoire et en confiant aux juges du filtre la détermination de la matière litigieuse, le législateur organique a souhaité inscrire le contrôle de constitutionnalité dans le cadre d’une procédure juridictionnelle, conduisant le Conseil à suivre les deux principes directeurs du procès, le principe dispositif et le principe du contradictoire. Toutefois, il a également souhaité préserver la nature de ce contrôle, identique à celle du contrôle a priori, à savoir abstraite et objective. Sont alors envisagées l’existence et la portée de ces deux principes sur le contrôle de constitutionnalité des lois. En définitive, à travers les liens juridiques que le mécanisme crée et le système juridique dans lequel celui-ci s’insère, le Conseil constitutionnel est toujours plus contraint par des éléments qui devraient pourtant rester en dehors de son contrôle. Cette « processualisation » entraîne alors une concrétisation accrue de ce dernier, ainsi qu’une tendance à une subjectivation qui a nécessairement un impact sur l’autorité des décisions. Ce faisant, se crée une tension entre, d’une part, la nature du contrôle et, d’autre part, la procédure qui lui est applicable. La thèse défendue a ainsi pour objet de démontrer l’existence et l’incidence de cette tension sur le contrôle, menant principalement à sa dénaturation voire à son altérationThe introduction of the priority preliminary rulings on the issue of constitutionality (« QPC ») raises questions about the emergence of a constitutional procedural law in France and the consequences that this may have on the constitutional judicial review of laws. Indeed, the organic legislator created a new form of constitutional review, allowing claimants to challenge the law during the trial. This new judicial overview of the law is part of a judicial procedure and is thus following an adversarial procedure. Ordinary judges, acting as filters for the Constitutional Council should determine whether there is a serious or novel constitutional question at stake before referring it to the Council. Given the very judicial nature of the control, the Constitutional Council was encouraged to follow the two principles of court proceedings, that is the principle of party disposition and the adversarial principle. However, despite the jurisdictional character of this overview, the Council tried to remain faithful to his traditional form of control. As for a priori control, this new form of review was meant to remain abstract and objective. However, this thesis demonstrates that such is not the case. It is shown that the Constitutional Council is increasingly constrained by the legal relationships with other courts that the mechanism created and by the legal system in which this new mechanism is embedded. A true "processualization" is taking place, leading to a more subjective and concrete form of control. The preliminary ruling therefore also has an impact on the scope of the decisions which lose the abstract character justifying an erga omnes authority. As a result, a tension is created between, on the one hand the nature of the control and, on the other hand the procedure applicable to it. The purpose of this thesis is thus to demonstrate the existence and impact of this tension, which has profoundly altered the nature of the control insofar exercised by the Constitutional Council
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Noteboom, Emilie Jeannette. "Critical analysis of Guillaume Groen van Prinsterer's Christian-historical principle, with a comparative critical analysis of his argument of 'history' with that of Edmund Burke's as used in their critique of the French Revolution." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2017. http://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:6233d0bf-9fd2-4c4a-ad1c-9becb5cd514c.
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This thesis provides an analytical interpretation of the critique Dutch nineteenth-century statesman-cum-historian Guillaume Groen van Prinsterer (1801-1876) articulated of French revolutionary ideology. It achieves an original reading of Groen's thought as Protestant right-order theory. This reading achieves a clarification of the functions that Scripture, 'nature', and 'history' have in his thought, and connects his thinking to that of a small group of contemporary British-based political theologians, notably Oliver and Joan Lockwood O'Donovan, and their minority view on the ontological grounding of justice. Our comparison of Groen's argument of 'history' with that of Edmund Burke achieves original critical leverage on their concepts of 'history', and draws out that Burke's critique of the Revolution purposes to re-affirm English common law, while Groen's is an apologia for Christianity.
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Bello, Ahmed. "Étude comparative des libertés collectives des travailleurs : essai de rapprochement à partir de la situation juridique des travailleurs français et béninois." Thesis, Cergy-Pontoise, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010CERG0493/document.
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Assurer un équilibre, entre les différentes parties du contrat du travail, a toujours été l'un des buts de la création de la branche du droit du travail. La mise en place des règles du droit du travail réside, certes, dans une finalité particulière ; elle est constituée par la volonté d'émanciper le travailleur même, dans l'espace de l'entreprise. C'est assurément dans le même dessein que, pour permettre aux libertés individuelles de ne pas rester à la lisière de l'entreprise, des droits d'expression collective ont été attribués aux travailleurs : la liberté syndicale, le droit de grève et le principe de participation. Il convient d'étudier la fondamentalité de ces droits, dans un champ qui doit nécessairement s'affranchir de tout ordre juridique national, en regard du caractère universel dont ils disposent. Mais encore faut-il partir de deux ordres internes pour mener une réflexion non superficielle. Comment ne pas dès lors partir du « pays des droits de l'homme » et du « quartier latin de l'Afrique », pour voir dans quelle mesure les droits fondamentaux de l'homme au travail sont partout respectés. La problématique de « mimétisme juridique » génère t-elle des difficultés sur le plan des garanties des libertés collectives des travailleurs en Afrique et, plus précisément, au Bénin ? Qu'en est-il de la réalité des droits fondamentaux de l'homme au travail dans l'ex Dahomey ? Telles sont les formes de questions auxquelles cette étude comparative des libertés collectives des travailleurs se propose d'apporter une esquisse de réponseTo ensure a balance, between the different parts of the work contract, has always been the aim of the employment law creation. The implementation of the rules of employment law certainly has got a particular purpose. It is constituted by the wish to get the worker emancipated in the business space. It is certainly in the same purpose that, in order to enable individual liberties not to remain in the edge of the enterprise, those collective expressions rights were given to workers: the liberty of trade unions, the right to strike and the principle of participation. We will have to study the fundamental nature of those rights in a way which would be totally free of any national legal system, in regard of the universal character there have. However, we still have to start from two internal orders to reach a non-superficial reflexion. Then, why shall we not focus on the “human right country” and the “Latin district of Africa” to understand in which extent fundamental human rights regarding employment are respected everywhere. Does the “mimicry legal” issue generate difficulties in Africa workers' collective liberties and freedom field and more specifically in Benin? What about fundamental human rights regarding employment in ex Dahomey? That comparative study on worker's collective liberties will make an attempt to answer
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Henriksen, Leyla. "Effektivitetsprincipen i offentlig förvaltning : en komparativrättslig studie med särskild fokus på handläggningstider och dröjsmål vid ärendehandläggning i svensk och norsk rätt." Thesis, Södertörns högskola, Institutionen för samhällsvetenskaper, 2019. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:sh:diva-41744.
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Public administration plays a major role in some countries that benefits citizens and government. Therefore, the government needs to uphold a standard of effectiveness in public administration. Research has been done in effectiveness in public administration in individual countries with limited research on certain aspects. However, not much research has been done on effectiveness of public administration which is linked to case management in Scandinavian countries. In the Swedish Administration Act, an efficiency principle has been incorporated which provides an opportunity for the delay in the case of delayed processing. At present there is no such opportunity in Norway. Aim to clarify what protection there is for individuals against delay in case management in Swedish and Norwegian law and whether this is consistent with the international commitments to which the countries are bound, primarily the principle of efficiency. The purpose is therefore to clarify what applies in each country, and to compare protection in both countries and whether this is compatible with international law, primarily the European Convention and EU law. Two methods have been used: the legal dogmatic and the comparative method. The result indicates that there is clearly that both countries tried to reduce resources in administrative case management by simplifying the rule. But this is not closed to meeting the requirement for efficiency in case management. Imposing penalties for case handling are not enough if there is no effective remedy that can uphold international law. Consequently, the delay speech without effective remedies will not lead to any major changes in practice in Swedish law. Norway is in the process of reviewing its provisions. This study is expected to draw attention to international law that is linked to public administration.
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Schmitt, Cédric. "Le principe "un homme, une voix" dans les sociétés coopératives." Thesis, Besançon, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015BESA0002/document.
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« De plus en plus les sociétés coopératives deviennent de plus en plus des sociétés et de moins en moins des coopératives » : Jacques Mestre, Marie-Eve Pancrazi, Isabelle Arnaud-Grossi, Laure Merland et Nancy Tagliarino-Vignal, Droit commercial / Droit interne et aspect de droit international, 29ème édition, n°650, éditeur L.G.D.J.. Construite pendant des siècles en opposition aux modes traditionnels entrepreneuriat, la société coopérative suit en effet depuis quelques années le chemin inverse et glisse progressivement vers les sociétés que l’on peut qualifier de « classiques » ; sociétésanonymes, sociétés par actions simplifiées ou bien encore sociétés à responsabilité limitée notamment. Néanmoins s’agissant du principe « un homme, une voix », qui veut que chaque associé dispose d’une seule et unique voix et cela quel que soit son apport, composant si ce n’est essentiel en tout cas totalement indispensable de l’originalité des sociétés coopératives celui-ci reste omniprésent. Aussi bien dans la loi du 10 septembre 1947 formant le statut général de la coopération que dans les plus importants types de sociétés coopératives, sociétés coopératives agricoles, banques coopératives, sociétés coopératives de commerçants détaillants entre autres le principe « un homme, une voix » reste la règle sur laquelle s’appuie la répartition des voix dans les sociétés coopératives et ce même si celui-ci n’est plus toutseul…« More and more cooperative societies become more and more societies and less and less cooperatives » : Jacques Mestre, Marie-Eve Pancrazi, Isabelle Arnaud-Grossi, Laure Merland et Nancy Tagliarino-Vignal, Droit commercial / Droit interne et aspect de droit international, 29th edition, n° 650, L.G.D.J. editor. Built during centuries in opposition to the traditional modes of entrepreneurship, the cooperative society indeed follows since a few years the inverse way and slides gradually towards the societies which we can qualify as « classics » ; sociétés anonymes, sociétés par actions simplifiées either still sociétés à responsabilité limitée in particular. Nevertheless as regards the principle « a man, a voice », which wants that every partner has only one voice and it whatever is his contribution, component if it is not essential in any case totally essential of the originality of cooperative societies this one remains omnipresent. However in the law of September 10th, 1947 forming the general status of the cooperation in the most important structure of cooperative societies, sociétés coopératives agricoles, banques coopératives, sociétés coopératives de commerçants détaillants among others things the principle « a man, a voice » stays the rule on which leans the distribution of the voices in cooperative societieseven if this one is not alone any more …
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Ferraz, Mariana de Araujo. "Direito à alimentação e sustentabilidade." Universidade de São Paulo, 2014. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/2/2140/tde-27012015-145702/.
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O presente trabalho tem como tema central a investigação sobre a relação do direito humano à alimentação com a sustentabilidade e os conflitos e desafios advindos da realização desse direito nos sistemas alimentares atuais. Procuramos compreender quais aspectos vêm sendo considerados no processo de especificação desse direito e de que forma a sustentabilidade seria um valor ético e um princípio inerente ao teor do direito humano à alimentação. Propomos as seguintes questões como eixo condutor da pesquisa: O que é direito humano à alimentação? O que é sustentabilidade? A sustentabilidade é um aspecto inerente ao direito humano à alimentação? Ela é verificada nos atuais modelos de produção e consumo de alimentos? Quais são os conflitos e impedimentos da realização do direito humano à alimentação sob o prisma da sustentabilidade? Como recorte metodológico, analisamos o caso da produção e consumo de alimentos transgênicos tendo em vista as premissas adotadas no presente trabalho. O modelo produtivo dos alimentos transgênicos é colocado em face ao modelo alternativo da agroecologia, de forma a comparar a presença dos aspectos da sustentabilidade em ambos os sistemas. Na esfera do consumo, abordamos o papel do consumidor como agente de promoção da sustentabilidade na alimentação, assim como as dificuldades conjunturais para o exercício desse papel. Dessa análise, constatamos a existência de conflitos público-privados emergentes da realização do direito humano à alimentação sob o prisma da sustentabilidade. Em face a tais óbices, apresentamos mecanismos de exigibilidade e justiciabilidade do direito humano à alimentação. Procuramos abordar de forma transversal os temas da solidariedade, da ética na ciência e no capitalismo e da educação como desafios a serem conquistados tendo em vista a plena realização do direito humano à alimentação sob a ótica da sustentabilidade.The present work is focused on the relationship between the human right to food, sustainability and the conflicts arising from the realization of this right in current food systems. We seek to understand which aspects are being considered in the specification of this right and how sustainability would be an ethical value and an inherent principle of the human right to food. We propose the following questions as a guide to the research: What is human right to food? What is sustainability? Sustainability is an inherent aspect of the human right to food? Does it occur in the current models of production and consumption? What are the conflicts and impediments to the completion of the human right to food through the prism of sustainability? The methodological approach includes the analysis of the case of production and consumption of genetically modified (GM) foods in contrast with the assumptions adopted in this work. The production model of GM foods is analyzed against the alternative model of agroecology in order to compare the presence of sustainability aspects in both systems. We discuss the role of the consumer as an agent capable of promoting sustainability of food systems, as well as the economic difficulties to exhert this role. From this analysis, we found the existence of public-private conflicts emerging from realization of the human right to food when looking through the prism of sustainability. Before such obstacles, we present mechanisms of enforceability and justiciability of the human right to food. We seek to transversely address themes such as solidarity, ethics in science and in capitalism, and education as challenges to be conquered in order to achieve the full realization of the human right to food from the perspective of sustainability.
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Aleksaitytė, Eglė. "Ar teismas gali įpareigoti šalis sudaryti sutartį?" Master's thesis, Lithuanian Academic Libraries Network (LABT), 2010. http://vddb.laba.lt/obj/LT-eLABa-0001:E.02~2010~D_20100611_145051-19839.
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Magistro baigiamajame darbe nagrinėjamas klausimas – ar teismas gali įpareigoti šalis sudaryti sutartį? Lietuvos teisės doktrinoje tai mažai nagrinėtas klausimas dažniausiai apsiribojama, tokios teismų teisės konstatavimu ir toliau nesigilinama į detales, trūksta konkrečiai apibrėžtos sistemizuotos šio klausimo analizės, tad darbo tikslas ir būtų – išanalizuoti teismo galimybę įpareigoti šalis sudaryti sutartį.
Darbas susideda iš trijų pagrindinių dalių. Pirmoje dalyje pateikiama sutarčių laisvės principo samprata, bei jo ribojimo galimybės. Vienas iš grieščiausių šio principo ribojimų - teismui suteikta teisė įpareigoti šalis sudaryti sutartį. Toks ribojimas įstatymų pagrindu galimas tik esant įstatymo imperatyvioms nuostatoms įtvirtinančioms tokią teisę ir kai pati šalis įsipareigoja sudaryti sutartį. Teisės doktrina išskiria dar vieną sutarčių laisvės principo ribojimo aplinkybę – sąžiningumo principo pažeidimas nesudarius sutarties.
Antroje pagrindinėje darbo dalyje ir yra nagrinėjama teismo galimybė įpareigoti šalis sudaryti sutartį šių trijų aplinkybių kontekste. Aplinkybė, pačios šalies įsipareigojimas sudaryti sutartį (preliminariosios sutarties sudarymas), nors ir yra įtvirtinama įstatyme kaip veiksnys ribojantis sutarčių laisvės principą, tačiau teismas negali įpareigoti šalių sudaryti jokios preliminariosios sutarties, nes ši prarastų savo paskirtį. Esant įstatymui numatančiam teismui galimybę įpareigoti šalis sudaryti sutartį, teismas beabejo ir turi šią teisę... [toliau žr. visą tekstą]The issue is analyzed in the master’s thesis whether the court can obligate the parties to conclude the contract. It is a kind of issue which has been hardly analyzed in the juridical doctrine of Lithuania; it is mostly restricted to stating such a right of the courts and it is not gone into further details; there is a lack of certainly defined systemized analysis of this issue; therefore the purpose of this thesis would be to analyze a possibility of the court to obligate the parties to conclude the contract. The work consists of three main parts. In the first part, the concept of the contract freedom principle and possibilities of its limitation are presented. One of the strictest limitations of this principle is a right given to the court to obligate the parties to conclude the contract. This limitation on a basis of the laws is only possible in case of imperative regulations of the law which consolidate this right and in case the party itself obligates to conclude the contract. The juridical doctrine distinguishes one more circumstance of limiting the contract freedom principle – infringement of the honesty principle without concluding the contract. In case the court obligates the parties to conclude the contract, it is both important to follow the balance principle of the parties’ interests and reasonably intervene in the contractual relations, as otherwise the state can have tortuous responsibility because of harm done to the people by illegal actions of the courts in... [to full text]
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Reis, João Emílio de Assis. "O crescimento desordenado das cidades sobre áreas de proteção ambiental: o princípio da boa-fé e a proteção ao direito de moradia." Pontifícia Universidade Católica de São Paulo, 2015. https://tede2.pucsp.br/handle/handle/6853.
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Previous issue date: 2015-08-14This study analyzes the conflict between the fundamental right to housing and the fundamental right to the environment, in the case of illegal occupation of Environmental Protection Areas under the principle of good faith applied in relations between the state and citizens. The intense urban growth occurred in the world from the twentieth century has provoked numerous socioeconomic and territorial changes in the country and huge problems. The expansion of cities, especially in developing countries like Brazil is even worse, given the fact that combine intensive urbanization, environmental degradation, with a historical formation characterized by economic inequality and inefficiency of the government. One of the effects of urban growth at this juncture is the housing deficit that forces people to seek alternatives for housing, which too often end up breaking the law, degrade the environment, and often endanger their own lives. In this context, it is common to invasion or irregular land subdivision in environmentally protected areas, which are of limited use, such as Permanent Preservation Areas, which creates a relevant social problem to be solved. It analyzes first the formation of the housing problem scenario, considering the historical formation of Brazilian cities, the urban property and public housing policy. The following is based on an analysis of the evolution of the incorporation of the housing and protection of the environment to the law as rights, analyzes the presence of both as fundamental rights in the Constitution of 1988, seeks to present the principle of good faith, as a constitutional rule of law reputable protect occupants populations of Protected Areas in consolidated situation, due to the confidence of the protection of the need - here meaning legal certainty and predictability in the government's performance - in state relations versus citizens. Studies the principle of good faith from its core in private law, analyzing its development and evolution in the Brazilian public law, to then apply it specifically in the case of irregularly occupied Permanent Preservation Areas, trying to analyze both the possibility of removal of these populations as the regularization of these occupations, based on the technique of balance between fundamental rights
O presente trabalho busca analisar o conflito entre o direito fundamental à moradia e o direito fundamental ao meio ambiente, no caso específico das ocupações irregulares de Áreas de Proteção Ambiental à luz do princípio da boa-fé aplicado nas relações entre Estado e cidadãos. O intenso crescimento urbano ocorrido no mundo a partir do século XX tem provocado inúmeras mudanças socioeconômicas e territoriais no país e enormes problemas. A expansão das cidades, em especial em países em desenvolvimento como o Brasil é ainda pior, dada a circunstância de aliar urbanização intensiva, degradação ambiental, com uma formação histórica caracterizada por desigualdades econômicas e ineficiência do Poder Público. Um dos efeitos do crescimento urbano nessa conjuntura é o déficit habitacional que obriga a população a buscar alternativas para moradia, que muito frequentemente terminam por infringir a lei, degradar o meio ambiente, e muitas vezes colocam em risco a própria vida das pessoas. Nesse contexto, é comum a invasão ou o parcelamento irregular do solo em áreas ambientalmente protegidas, que são de uso restrito, como as Áreas de Preservação Permanente, o que cria um problema social relevante a ser resolvido. Analisa-se inicialmente a formação do cenário do problema habitacional, considerando a formação histórica das cidades brasileiras, da propriedade urbana e das política publicas de habitação. A seguir, partindo da análise da evolução da incorporação da tutela da moradia e do ambiente ao ordenamento jurídico como direitos, analisa a presença de ambas como direitos fundamentais na Constituição de 1988, busca apresentar o princípio da boa-fé, como norma jurídica constitucional idônea a proteger as populações ocupantes de Áreas Protegidas em situação consolidada, em razão da necessidade da proteção da confiança aqui significando segurança jurídica e a previsibilidade na atuação do poder público nas relações Estado versus cidadãos. Estuda-se o princípio da boa-fé a partir de seu cerne no direito privado, analisando-se sua incorporação e evolução no direito público brasileiro, para a seguir aplica-lo especificamente no caso das Áreas de Preservação Permanente irregularmente ocupadas, buscando analisar tanto a possibilidade de remoção dessas populações como a de regularização dessas ocupações, tendo por base a técnica da ponderação entre direitos fundamentais
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Innes, Rebecca L. "From principles to practice, the role of transnational principle-issues networks and the advancement of women's human rights." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1999. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk1/tape9/PQDD_0015/MQ49376.pdf.
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Chouaibi, Meriam. "Droits du patient : étude comparée entre la France et la Tunisie." Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016AIXM1055.
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Le système juridique français accorde une grande importance aux droits du patient, essentiellement à travers la loi du 4 mars 2002. Ce texte a été construit de manière à placer le patient au centre du dispositif et à lui attribuer des droits liés à sa qualité de sujet de droit. Cette idée est quasiment absente dans la législation tunisienne. En Tunisie, la législation relative aux droits des patients est insuffisante. Il est vrai que le législateur tunisien a défini certains droits pour le patient. Cependant, ces consécrations législatives ne nous permettent pas de confirmer l’idée selon laquelle le patient est le centre de la relation médicale, particulièrement parce que le paternalisme médical trouve encore une consécration en Tunisie. L’étude comparative a montré certaines convergences entre les deux systèmes juridiques mais aussi d’importantes divergences. Ainsi, pour un pays, comme la Tunisie, dont le système sanitaire confronte des difficultés intenses non seulement sur le plan infra-structurel mais également législatif, le code de la santé publique en général et la loi du 4 mars 2002 pour les droits des malades, en particulier, peuvent constituer une source efficace pour des changements en profondeur. Cependant, si en France la loi du 4 mars 2002 occupe une place primordiale dans le corpus des règles du droit de la santé, on ne peut nier que les droits du patient confrontent aujourd’hui des difficultés de mise en œuvre. En effet, même si le souci du législateur français était de protéger au maximum les droits des patients, certaines failles restent à signalerThe french legal system attaches great importance to patient rights, mainly through the law of 4 March 2002. This text was constructed to place the patient at the center of the device and assigning the rights to as a subject of law. This idea is almost absent in tunisian law. In Tunisia, legislation on the rights of patients is inadequate : the rights of patients are devoted so scattered in several legal texts. It is true that the tunisian legislature has defined certain rights for patients. However, these legislative consecrations do not allow us to confirm the idea that the patient is the center of the medical relationship, particularly because medical paternalism still finds consecration in Tunisia. The comparative study showed some convergence between the two legal systems but also important differences. Thus, for a country like Tunisia, whose health system confronts severe difficulties not only its infrastructure but also the legislative, the code of public health in general and the law of 4 March 2002 for the rights of patients, particular, can be an effective source for in-depth changes. However, if in France the Law of 4 March 2002 occupies a prominent place in the corpus of rules of health law, there is no denying that the patient's rights today facing implementation difficulties. Even if the concern of the french parliament was to maximally protect the rights of patients, some flaws still to report
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Pino, Giorgio. "Fundamental rights and the proportionality principle." Derecho & Sociedad, 2017. http://repositorio.pucp.edu.pe/index/handle/123456789/118697.
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The paper assesses the widespread use of the test of proportionality in fundamental rights adjudication. While constitutional and human rights courts all over the world appear to be consistently engaged in deploying the test of proportionality in order to assess the permissibility of a given rights limitation, this approach is under severe criticism insofar as it is considered an attack to the very idea of fundamental rights. The paper will discuss this criticism of the use of proportionality, and will provide a defense of its use by courts in light of some basic features of the contemporary discourse of fundamental rights.El artículo evalúa el uso generalizado de la prueba de proporcionalidad en la adjudicación de derechos fundamentales. Mientras que los tribunales constitucionales y de derechos humanos de todo el mundo parecen estar constantemente involucrados en el despliegue de la prueba de proporcionalidad para evaluar la permisibilidad de una determinada limitación de derechos, este enfoque está sometido a severas críticas en tanto que se considera un ataque a la idea misma de Derechos fundamentales. El artículo discutirá esta crítica al uso del principio de proporcionalidad y ofrecerá una defensa de su uso por los tribunales a la luz de algunas características básicas del discurso contemporáneo de los derechos fundamentales.
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Kulionytė, Kristina. "Ar procesinė taisyklė, leidžianti apylinkių teismams nagrinėjant administracinių teisės pažeidimų bylas savo iniciatyva neribotai rinkti įrodymus, pažeidžia šalių lygiateisiškumo ir rungimosi principus?" Master's thesis, Lithuanian Academic Libraries Network (LABT), 2008. http://vddb.library.lt/obj/LT-eLABa-0001:E.02~2008~D_20080807_144215-47181.
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Darbe keliama hipotezė – procesinė taisyklė, leidžianti apylinkių teismams nagrinėjant administracinių teisės pažeidimų bylas, savo iniciatyva neribotai rinkti įrodymus, pažeidžia proceso šalių lygiateisiškumo ir rungimosi principus. Siekiant patvirtinti hipotezę, yra pasirinkta trijų dalių darbo struktūra. Pirmojoje dalyje aptarta administracinių teisės pažeidimų bylų teisena, administracinės atsakomybės samprata ir organai (pareigūnai) įgalioti nagrinėti administracinių teisės pažeidimų bylas. Antroje dalyje analizuojama rungimosi ir lygiateisiškumo principų samprata, jų veikimas administracinių teisės pažeidimų teisenoje. Paskutinėje dalyje įvertinamas teisėjo vaidmuo administracinių teisės pažeidimų teisenoje, lyginama su užsienio šalių teisinėmis sistemomis Atlikus mokslinės teisinės literatūros, įstatymų analizę bei išanalizavus bendros kompetencijos teismo vaidmenį nagrinėjant administracinių teisės pažeidimų bylas, galima daryti išvadą, kad teisėjas rinkdamas įrodymus pažeidžia rungimosi ir proceso šalių lygiateisiškumo principus. Darbe keliama hipotezė pasitvirtino.The paper proposes a hypothesis – the procedural rule that enables district courts to collect evidence while hearing the cases of administrative law offences at their own initiative without any limitations violates the principle of equal rights of the dispute parties and the adversarial principle. In order to support the hypothesis, a three-part structure of the paper has been chosen. The first part discusses administrative legal proceedings, the concept of administrative liability and the bodies (officers) authorized to hear the cases of administrative law offences. The second part analyzes the concept of the adversarial principle and the principle of equal rights, their application in administrative legal proceedings. The final part evaluates the role of a judge in administrative legal proceedings and provides a comparison with foreign legal systems. The analysis of scientific legal literature, laws, the role of the court of general competence and the case-law on administrative law offences permits to jump into conclusion that by collecting evidence in administrative cases without limitations, the judge violates the adversarial principle and the principle of equal rights of the parties in the proceedings. The proposed hypothesis has been supported.
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Rosenberg, Jennifer. "The penalty fee in the Electricity Certificates Act : in relation to article 6 in the European Convention on Human Rights." Thesis, Internationella Handelshögskolan, Högskolan i Jönköping, IHH, Rättsvetenskap, 2010. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hj:diva-14192.
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The government of Sweden encourage the development of electricity produced from renewable sources by maintaining an electricity certificates system in which producers that use renewable sources in their production are given certificates. The system is regulated in the Swedish Electricity Certificates Act (lag (2003:113) om elcertifikat). To prevent fraudulent behaviour a penalty fee is charged upon producers that have recieved certificates due to incorrect or misleading information. The penalty fee can be appealed to a court but under the Electricity Certificates Act it is not allowed to reduce or adjust. The purpose of this thesis is to analyse if the penalty fee in the Electricity Certificates Act meets the requirements of legal certainty in article 6 of the European Convention on Human Rights (the Convention) including right to a fair trial and to be seen as innocence until proven guilty. The method used is analysing applicable sources in accordance with the Swedish legal hierarchy in which laws have the highest value. The Convention is incorporated into Swedish law and has the same legal value as such. Judgments from the European Court of Human Rights on the Swedish tax surcharge are used for guidance on how to interpret article 6 in the Convention. Two cases from Swedish courts concerning the penalty fee are used to find what problems the penalty fee encounters in a legal process. The rules on the penalty fee does not allow adjustments of it and circumstances in each case cannot be taken into consideration, therefore the penalty fee can be charged even when it would be unreasonable and there is a conflict with legal certainty in article 6 of the Convention. For that matter rules on evidentiary issues also has to be implemented. Courts can refuse to use rules which are in conflict with the Convention, but it is concluded that a change in regulation is needed.
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Lidholm, Johanna. "På rätt sida om gränsen? : Om EU:s yttre gränskontroll, folkrättens räckvidd och skyddsbehövandes rätt till rättigheter." Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Teologiska institutionen, 2015. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-254342.
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Idag befinner sig över 50 miljoner människor på flykt runt om i världen. De har behövt lämna sina hem till följd av väpnade konflikter, förföljelse eller andra grova människorättskränkningar. Flera av dem behöver få skydd i andra länder. Dock är det svårt för många att få det. Inte minst gäller det de skyddsbehövande som försöker finna en fristad inom EU. Unionens yttre gränser har de senaste åren stärkts och blivit allt mer ogenomträngliga för tredjelandsmedborgare på flykt. De riskerar därmed att hindras från att få tillgång till skydd. Syftet med denna studie är att lyfta den här frågan ur ett rättighetsperspektiv och att undersöka det nuvarande rättighetsskyddet för de människor som behöver få tillgång till skydd inom EU. Delar av gällande folkrätt och EU-rätt undersöks för att se vad dessa rättssystem idag innebär för skyddsbehövandes tillgång till skydd. Vidare granskas den gällande rätten utifrån ett moraliskt och kritiskt perspektiv som utgår ifrån principen om skyddsbehövandes rätt till rättigheter. Principen grundas på de mänskliga rättigheternas grundtanke om att alla människor har lika och inneboende rättigheter samt Hannah Arendts analys om att människor på flykt riskerar att hamna utan rättighetsskydd i praktiken. Studien visar att skyddsbehövande som kommit till EU:s fysiska gränser eller möter medlemsstaterna till havs under vissa omständigheter har, i alla fall rent formellt, rätt att få komma in i unionen och erhålla skydd där. Detta enligt vissa bestämmelser inom både folkrätten och EU-rätten. Studien visar dock att skyddsbehövande som fortfarande befinner sig i ursprungslandet riskerar att i praktiken hamna utan skydd av sina rättigheter under gällande rättssystem. Folkrättens skydd når inte riktigt dit på ett tydligt sätt och EU:s extraterritoriella gränskontroll, i form av regler kring visum och transportöransvar, riskerar att stänga flera av dem ute från det skydd som de har rätt till när de väl kommit fram till unionens territoriella gränser. Flera skyddsbehövande blir således nekade sin rätt till rättigheter idag.Today, over 50 million people are forcibly displaced worldwide. They have been forced to leave their homes due to armed conflicts, persecution or other human rights violations. Numerous people need protection in another state. However, for many of them it is difficult to get that kind of protection. This is true for many refugees and other people in need of international protection who are trying to find refuge within the EU. The union has in recent years strengthened the external borders which has made it increasingly difficult for third-country nationals to get access to the EU. This is affecting people in need of protection and their access to asylum. The purpose of this thesis is to highlight this issue from a human rights perspective and study how the rights of those people who need access to protection within the EU are safeguarded today. Parts of international law and EU law are examined to see what different rules mean for people’s access to protection. The existing law is then reviewed from a moral and critical point of view that revolves around the understanding that people in need of international protection have a right to have rights. This theoretical approach is partly based on the core principle of human rights which emphasizes the equal and inherent rights of all people and partly based on Hannah Arendt’s thoughts about the fact that people who are forcibly displaced risk being denied their rights. The study shows that people in need of international protection who have arrived at the EU’s physical borders or who the member states encounter at sea have, under certain circumstances, a right to enter the union and receive protection there through parts of both international law and EU law. However, people in need of protection who are still in the country of origin risk being denied their rights. This is because of possible gaps in international law and certain EU rules concerning visas and carrier sanctions which can exclude them from the protection that they are entitled to once they have arrived to EU territory. Thus, many people in need of international protection are today being denied their right to have rights.
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Pfeiffer, Maria da Conceição Maranhão. "Direito à informação e ao consumo sustentável." Universidade de São Paulo, 2011. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/2/2131/tde-10092012-162142/.
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As informações acerca da performance e impacto socioambientais do fornecedor e do produto são necessárias para o exercício do consumo de forma sustentável. O conhecimento dos impactos socioambientais advindos da produção, uso e pós-consumo é requisito para a livre escolha dos consumidores por produtos que apresentem impactos socioambientais positivos em qualquer dessas fases de seu ciclo de vida. Um dos instrumentos para o alcance do desenvolvimento sustentável é possibilitar o consumo de produtos que utilizem menos recursos finitos da natureza e que tragam melhorias sociais como suas consequências. No Brasil, o fundamento para a inclusão dos dados socioambientais do produto nas informações veiculadas ao consumidor está presente no ordenamento jurídico, na garantia de acesso à informação e no direito à preservação do meio ambiente, ambos inseridos no rol dos direitos constitucionais fundamentais, ao lado do princípio da dignidade da pessoa humana, bem como em preceitos do Código de Defesa do Consumidor e da legislação ambiental. A função social da empresa decorrente do princípio constitucional da função social da propriedade também justifica o dever de veiculação dos dados referentes ao impacto socioambiental de seus produtos e acerca do comportamento socioambiental da empresa. A veiculação desses dados beneficia a concorrência, acarretando o aperfeiçoamento dos próprios meios de produção para atrair os consumidores que optam por produtos sustentáveis. Os deveres de clareza e veracidade, decorrentes do princípio da boa-fé objetiva previstos no CC e CDC, necessitam ser observados na veiculação dessas informações para evitar a maquiagem socioambiental, que é a divulgação da falsa imagem de preocupação socioambiental ao produto. A essencialidade ou utilidade das informações é o parâmetro para sua veiculação sob o risco de ocorrer seu excesso, que impede a correta compreensão de todos os dados apresentados. Até os riscos de impactos socioambientais ainda não comprovados cabem ser informados em atenção ao princípio da precaução. O repasse dessas informações pode e deve ocorrer por todos os meios de comunicação utilizados para a divulgação dos produtos, ressaltando-se o papel da rotulagem.The information concerning the social-environmental impact of the product and the of the producers performance are necessary for the exercise of the sustainable consumption. The knowledge of the social-environmental impacts of the life cycle impact of the product is a requisite for the free choice of the consumers for products that present positive social-environmental impacts in any of these phases of its cycle of life. One of the instruments for the reach of the sustainable development is to make possible the consumption of products that use less finite resources of the nature and that they bring social improvements as its consequences. In Brazil, is possible to conclude that the legal system establishes the inclusion of the social-environmental data of the product in the information propagated to the consumer. Brazilian Constitution imposes the guarantee of access to the information, the consumer protection and the right of the preservation of the environment, as well as the dignity of the person human being. The social function of the companies, based in the constitutional principle of the social function of the property also justifies the duty of propagation of the referring data to the social-environmental impact of its products and concerning the social-environmental behavior of the company. In the legislative basis, there are strong rules concerning information in the Code of Defense of the Consumer and the environmental legislation. The propagation of these data benefits to the competition, creating incentives to the companies improving the means of production to attract the consumers that opt to sustainable products. The duties of clarity and veracity, attached with the good-faith principle established by Civil Code and Consumer Defense Code, need to be observed in the propagation of this information to prevent the greenwashing, that it is the propagation of the false image of social-environmental concern to the product. The essentiality or utility of the information is the parameter for its propagation under the risk to occur its excess, which hinders the correct understanding of all the presented data. Until the risks of social-environmental impacts not yet proven, they fit to be informed in attention to the Precautionary Principle. The view of this information can and must occur by all means of communication used for the spreading of the products, standing out itself the paper of the labeling.
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Henrique, Sobrinho Luiz. "O direito de moradia e o princípio da dignidade da pessoa humana." Universidade Presbiteriana Mackenzie, 2008. http://tede.mackenzie.br/jspui/handle/tede/1237.
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Previous issue date: 2008-10-27The author talks about the social rights, its history and characteristics, especially in relation to the Right to Housing, an authentic social right. It is his main concern the implementation of this right and the fact that, although it is part of the present established constitution, and even before, when it could be inferred from the constitutional text as well as it could be printed on international documents, there still remain the excluded ones, particularly, the low-wage population or the ones who have no wages who notwithstanding their situation, should never be put A side from these rights, and above all, observing the principle of dignity of the human being. The lawmakers try to demonstrate that the social rights and specially the right for housing are goals that cannot be left aside. On the other side, it is intended from the constitutional text, as well as the referring ordinary legislation, the intention of make it effective, already existing the instruments, institutes and governamental agencies that can act towards this subject, highlighting as fundamental importance the participation of the civil society. It is intended to demonstrate the necessity of the Nation to be organized eficiently, so that everybody can have decent housing conditions.
O autor fala sobre os direitos sociais, sua caminhada histórica e características, principalmente no que toca ao Direito de Moradia, autêntico direito social. É sua preocupação principal a questão de sua concretização e o fato de que, apesar de presentemente ter assento constitucional e, mesmo antes, já pudesse ser deduzido do texto constitucional, bem como estar estampado nos documentos internacionais, ainda persistem os excluídos, principalmente, a população de baixa ou nenhuma renda, e que, nem por isso, devem estar dele alijados, sobretudo, considerando o princípio da dignidade da pessoa humana. O constituinte originário, assim como o derivado, não pretenderam deixar os direitos sociais e especialmente o direito de moradia, como metas irrealizáveis. Ao contrário, depreende-se do texto constitucional, bem como da legislação ordinária correspondente, a intenção de torná-lo efetivo, existindo, já, os instrumentos, institutos e órgãos que podem atuar nesse sentido, destacando-se como de fundamental importância a participação da sociedade civil. Pretende-se assinalar a necessidade de o Estado organizar-se eficientemente para que todos tenham moradia digna.
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Laval, Pierre-François. "La compétence ratione temporis des juridictions internationales." Thesis, Bordeaux 4, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011BOR40030.
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La « compétence ratione temporis » est une expression d’origine jurisprudentielle dont la signification varie selon le contexte dans lequel elle se trouve employée. Telle qu’elle apparaît dans les décisions des juridictions internationales, celle-ci désigne d’abord la durée de l’habilitation à exercer le pouvoir juridictionnel que l’on associe à la durée de validité de l’engagement juridictionnel de l’Etat. La compétence temporelle désigne également le domaine temporel d’exercice du pouvoir de juger, les Etats précisant bien souvent les catégories de litiges ratione temporis pour lesquels ils peuvent être attraits en justice. Sur la base de ce constat, la doctrine ne voit dans la compétence temporelle qu’une notion à contenu variable sans véritable utilité pour l’analyse du droit positif, et préfère parler soit de compétence personnelle dès lors qu’est en cause l’existence du consentement de l’Etat à se soumettre à la juridiction, soit de compétence matérielle pour envisager les catégories de différends dont le tribunal pourra connaître. L’étude de la jurisprudence internationale conduit toutefois à remettre en cause le bien-fondé d’une telle analyse. Si l’on peut voir dans la compétence temporelle un élément d’identification de la sphère de compétence du tribunal, et donc un aspect de sa compétence matérielle, la résolution pratique du problème de la durée de l’habilitation à juger ne peut être comprise en ayant recours au concept de compétence personnelle. Par la manière dont les juridictions appliquent l’engagement juridictionnel ratione temporis, celui-ci n’apparaît pas simplement comme l’acte par lequel les Etats consentent à se soumettre à la juridiction, mais d’abord comme le titre qui fonde l’action des justiciables. En cela, l’explication des solutions retenues par les juridictions internationales ne peut faire l’économie d’un concept propre à la durée de l’habilitation : celui de compétence ratione temporis"Jurisdiction ratione temporis" is an expression that derives from case law, the meaning of which varies depending on the context it is used in. As it appears in International court decisions, it is used to mean the time during which the court has the authority to exercise jurisdictional power which also relates to the time during which the State’s consent to jurisdiction is valid. Jurisdiction ratione temporis also means the time period during which the court has the power to judge as the States often specify categories of disputes for which they can be brought to justice as ratione temporis. On this basis, legal doctrine only sees temporal jurisdiction as a variable notion that is not particularly useful in analysing positive law, and prefers to refer to either jurisdiction ratione personae when there is an issue of whether the State has agreed to submit to the jurisdiction of the court, or to jurisdiction ratione materiae for categories of disputes for which a court could have jurisdiction. Studies on International case law however call into question the justification of such an analysis. If we can consider that in temporal jurisdiction there is an element of identifying the jurisdictional sphere of the court and therefore an aspect of its jurisdiction ratione materiae, the problem of the time during which a court has jurisdiction cannot be practically solved by referring to the concept of jurisdiction ratione personae. Given the way in which courts apply the title of jurisdiction ratione temporis, this does not appear to be just an act by which the States agree to submit to the jurisdiction of the court but first of all as the very basis of the action. In this, the explanations of the solutions of the International courts cannot ignore a concept that is specific to the duration of authorisation, that of jurisdiction ratione temporis
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Bunhola, Gabriela Pirajá Cecilio. "Políticas Públicas e Planejamento Familiar à luz dos Direitos Fundamentais /." Franca, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/190709.
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Orientador: Maria Amália de Figueiredo Pereira AlvarengaResumo: O tema central do presente trabalho tem como escopo abordar as especificidades do Planejamento das Famílias Brasileiras na realidade ora vigente, a partir dos novos conceitos e concepções gerados através da evolução no campo do Direito das Famílias, marcada positivamente pela constitucionalização desta disciplina, que trouxe a superação da hipocrisia, do preconceito e da ideia do homem como centro norteador das famílias. Na área específica do planejamento familiar, o arcabouço legislativo está contido no art. 226, §7° da Carta Magna, que preconiza que o planejamento familiar é livre, baseado nos princípios da dignidade da pessoa humana, reafirmando o art. 1°, III, da Constituição Federal de 1988, e deve ser direcionado pelo princípio da paternidade responsável, bem como pela lei n. 9.263/96, que, em suma, dispõe sobre ações e procedimentos a serem realizados pelo sistema público de saúde, distribuição de métodos contraceptivos, realização de cirurgias de esterilização, e instituindo programas amplos da saúde sexual da população. Esta lei, no entanto, pouco dispôs sobre garantias à população atinentes à concretização de políticas públicas estatais no sentido de trazer informação direcionada ao planejamento familiar. Dessa maneira, a insuficiência de informação direcionada à assistência e educação na seara do planejamento familiar vem acarretando problemas relacionados ao crescimento demográfico e à má-formação psíquica das crianças advindas de uma estrutura familiar por vezes ... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo)
Abstract: The central theme of this present work aims to point out the specificities of the brazilian family planning in the reality currently in force, from the new concepts and conceptions generated through evolution in the field of Family Law posively marked by the constitucionalisation of this subject, which has bring the overcoming of hyprocrisy, preconception and the idea of the men as the middle guiding of the families. In the specific area of family planning, backed by the protective housing of brazilian constitucion law, inserted on the art. 226, §7º of the Brazilian Constitution/1988 and should be directed by the responsible paternity principle, such as the law n. 9.263/96, that, briethly says about actions and procedures that has to be taken by the public system of health, distribution of contraceptives methods, performing sterilization surgeries and istituting wide programs of population´s sexual health. This law, althogh, has little arranged about guarantees to the population about concretization of public politics in the sense to bring information to people directed to family planning. The insufficient information directed to assistance and education in the area of family planning has been carrying problems related to demographic growth and to the bad psiquic formation of child coming from a fragile and lacking of information familiar structure. As a solution presented, it is necessary that the State provides public politics and structure of its organs to propitiate the p... (Complete abstract click electronic access below)
Mestre
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Козловська, Ганна Борисівна, Анна Борисовна Козловская, Hanna Borysivna Kozlovska, and M. U. Zhmaeva. "Freedom of speech as a principle of human rights." Thesis, Сумський державний університет, 2022. https://essuir.sumdu.edu.ua/handle/123456789/87827.
Full textAbstract:
Дослідження присвячене свободі слова як одному з головних принципів прав людини. Необхідність дотримання свободи людини є вектором цивільного суспільства. Ця проблема важлива, бо людина – найвища соціальна цінність демократичної держави.Исследование посвящено свободе слова как одному из основных принципов прав человека.
The research deals with freedom of speech as a principle of human rights. The necessity of ensuring human freedom is a vector of civil society. It is important because a man is the highest social value of any democratic state.
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Symon, Bernard Dennis. "A Reductionistic Epistemology utilizing Brain Laterality which Investigates Pharmacists' Ideal Interactive Environment." University of the Western Cape, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/11394/6487.
Full textAbstract:
Doctor Pharmaceuticae - DpharmThe brain laterality of pharmacists may influence where the pharmacists are best suited to work. Brain laterality refers to the asymmetry of the hemispheres of the brain with regard to specific cognitive functions, such as objectivity and emotion. The left hemisphere functions objectively and rationally, whereas the right hemisphere is subjective and non-rational. Animal behaviour in the literature demonstrated an influence of brain laterality, thus selecting an ideal work environment may also be driven by brain laterality bias. Further support for the research included: amblyopia; hemiplegia; the WADA test. The research question investigated the matching of the brain laterality groups of pharmacists to their ideal work environments. The aims investigated: ear, eye, hand and foot dominance in determining brain laterality; influence of brain laterality and reductionistic variables on job choice; location of emotion generation and job choice. Five objectives investigated these aims: influence of brain laterality alone; influence of brain laterality and reductionistic variables; influence of a new brain laterality determining continuum; Propinquity Principle in achieving data; correctness of the Right Hemisphere Theory (RHT) or the Valence Theory (VT). The RHT suggests that the right hemisphere is dominant in processing all emotion. The VT argues that the left hemisphere is specialised in processing the positive emotions while the right hemisphere is specialised in processing the negative emotions. The resulting Null Hypothesis posits that there is no statistical difference between the different brain laterality groups enabling pharmacists to work competently in any placement. The Alternative Hypothesis was that there is a statistical difference between the brain laterality groups, thus brain laterality can be used to best place pharmacists into ideal placements.