Academic literature on the topic 'Principe de rareté'

La sorcellerie (Kindoki) est une composante centrale de l’environnement culturel de l’entrepreneur. Ce phénomène est un facteur essentiel dans l’émergence de l’esprit d’entreprise et de comportement managériaux spécifiques. Elle est un instrument de lutte contre le rareté, exprime des situations de concurrence. Elle intervient aussi bien comme principe régulateur des successions, des changements de forme juridiques d’entreprises, de leur organisation interne. La sorcellerie apparaît à différents égards comme un mode culturel de gestion du risque entrepreneurial.

RésuméLe DSM III, qui est un système nosologique définissant des catégories diagnostiques psychiatriques, a été peu utilisé chez l’enfant et l’adolescent. En effet, les troubles psychiatriques de l’enfant ont longtemps été ignorés, leur abord étant essentiellement pédagogique. De plus, la définition du normal et du pathologique est difficile chez l’enfant, qui est un sujet en évolution. Le principe du DSM III chez l’enfant et l’adolescent est le même que chez l’adulte. Les diagnostics se retrouvent sur deux axes. Si le DSM III a une section séparée pour les diagnostics spécifiques à l’enfant et à l’adolescent, beaucoup d’enfants sont concernés par des diagnostics figurant a la partie adulte du DSM III, et réciproquement. Notre étude a porté sur 894 enfants et adolescents hospitalisés ou examinés en journée d’observation pendant 2 ans dans le Service de psychopathologie de l’enfant et de l’adolescent de l’hôpital Hérold à Paris. Les diagnostics ont été portés en fonction des directives du DSM III au cours d’une cotation collective non aveugle, réalisée par les médecins seniors du service, réunis une fois par semaine. Nos 894 sujets se répartissent en 560 sujets de moins de 13 ans et 334 sujets de 13 ans ou plus. La population comporte 551 garçons et 343 filles. La prédominance masculine est nette pour les moins de 13 ans, alors qu’après 13 ans le nombre de garçons et de filles est équivalent. Un diagnostic DSM III soit sur l’axe I, soit sur l’axe II a été possible dans 97% des cas. Les diagnostics les plus représentés sur l’axe I chez les moins de 13 ans sont le retard mental et les troubles avec manifestations physiques, surtout chez les garçons; chez les plus de 13 ans, ce sont les troubles affectifs et les troubles de l’alimentation, surtout chez les filles. Sur l’axe II, il faut souligner la rareté des troubles de la personnalité, alors que les troubles spécifiques du développement sont nombreux, en particulier chez les moins de 13 ans. Sur l’axe III, environ 20% de notre population présente un problème physique intervenant dans sa pathologie psychiatrique. Sur l’axe IV, on constate qu’il n’y a pas de différence de sévérité de stress dans les 2 groupes d’âges considérés: en revanche, les filles ont des stress plus marqués que les garçons. Sur I axe V, les plus de 13 ans fonctionnent plus mal que les moins de 13 ans. Les résultats de notre étude confirment les autres études en ce qui concerne le sex ratio. En revanche, chez les moins de 13 ans, nous avons beaucoup plus porté de diagnostic de retard mental et de trouble global du développement qu’Anderson, par exemple, et nous constatons moins de troubles des conduites et de déficit de l’attention que dans d'autres études, américaines notamment. De plus, chez les plus de 13 ans, nous comptons beaucoup moins de schizophrènes que Strober. Cette discordance peut être expliquée par le fait que nous ne portons qu’avec grande précaution le diagnostic de schizophrénie chez un adolescent. L'utilisation du DSM III dans un service de pédo-psychiatrie oblige à un minimum de rigueur et de cohérence, permet de pouvoir entreprendre des études de recherche clinique comparable avec d’autres centres. Son principal défaut est le problème de la validité de certaines de ces catégories diagnostiques chez l’enfant et chez l’adolescent due à l’absence de toute référence technique. On peut se demander si le DSM III a actuellement le statut d’une nosographie.

The pursuit of higher social rank by possessing artefacts of rare skill or distant origin is a familiar principle (Binford 1962; Helms 1993). Signes de richesse (‘Signs of wealth’) is an exhibition of evidence for this practice during the Neolithic period in France. It opened in June 2015 at the French National Museum of Prehistory, Les Eyzies, where the usual fare is Palaeolithic archaeology (Chancerel et al. 2015: 13). The exhibition's main concepts and some of its data spring from the great ‘Jade Project’ on the acquisition, manufacture and distribution of ‘big axes’ (Pétrequin et al. 2012). The display is alluring, but the underlying argument is flimsy because the conceptual principles remain implicit. For whom, then, was Signes designed?

A 35-year-old woman who developed whitish macules on trunk and limbs at 12 years of age and observed a remarkable increase of the hypopigmentated lesions after her pregnancies at ages 29 and 32 years. Because of the highly characteristic clinical aspect and the light- and electron-microscopic histopathologic findings, we diagnosed progressive macular hypomelanosis (PMH). It is a nonscaly disorder with hypopigmented macules mainly on the trunk and is more often seen in young women. In contrast to some authors assuming the presence ofPropionibacterium spp.as a matter of principle in PMH, we report a case with no evidence forPropionibacterium spp.

Abstract For structural design of steel structures under seismic action there are two possible approaches of global analysis. In global analysis we can consider the structure to behave in linear elastic way or in post-elastic way with developing of plastic hinges during seismic situation. The second method is based on principle of seismic energy transformation into thermal energy. Both design methods are defined in Eurocodes but the post-elastic way is only rarely used because of design complexity. Application of this design method is presented in the entry on an example of a steam power plant boiler structure.

ABSTRACT Nearly a half of known IMA-approved minerals (as of November 2021) are reported from four localities or fewer and so may be considered rare mineral species. These minerals form a continuum with more common species (e.g., rock-forming minerals), all of which constitute important constituents of Earth and contributors to its dynamics. To better understand the taxonomy of mineral rarity, evaluations have been made on the basis of k-means clustering and kernel density estimation of one-dimensional data on mineral occurrence metrics. Results from second- and third-degree polynomial regression analyses indicate the presence of a divergence between the observed number of endemic minerals discovered since 2000 and those that are likely to represent “true” endemic species. The symmetry index, calculated using the approach of Urusov for each rarity cluster, reveals a gradual decrease from ubiquitous to endemic from 0.64 to 0.47. A network analysis of element co-occurrences within each rarity cluster suggests the existence of at least three different communities having similar geochemical affinities; the latter may reflect the relative abundance of minerals their elements tend to form. The analysis of element co-occurrence matrices within each group indicates that crustal abundance is not the only factor controlling the total number of minerals each element tends to form. Other significant factors include: (1) the geochemical affinity to the principal element in the group (i.e., sulfur for chalcophile and oxygen for lithophile elements) and (2) dispersion of the principal element through geochemical processes. There is a positive correlation between the lithophile element group's abundance in the Earth's crust and the number of common minerals they tend to form, but a negative correlation with the number of rare species.

Giant cell tumour of bone (GCTB) is a benign, locally aggressive primary bone neoplasm that represents 5% of all bone tumours. The principal treatment approach is surgery. Although generally GCTB is considered only a locally aggressive disease, it can metastasise, and lung metastases occur in 1–9% of patients. To date, only the use of denosumab has been approved as medical treatment for GCTB. Even more rarely, GCTB undergoes sarcomatous transformation into a malignant tumour (4% of all GCTB), but history of this malignant transformation is unclear and unpredictable. Considering the rarity of the event, the data in the literature are few. In this review, we summarise published data of GCTB malignant transformation and we analyse three cases of malignant transformation of GCTB, evaluating histopathology, genetics, and radiological aspects. Despite the rarity of this event, we conclude that a strict follow up is recommended to detect early malignant transformation.

AbstractThe Pareto principle states that if the members of society express the same preference judgement between two options, this judgement is compelling for society. A building block of normative economics and social choice theory, and often borrowed by contemporary political philosophy, the principle has rarely been subjected to philosophical criticism. The paper objects to it on the ground that it applies indifferently to those cases in which the individuals agree both on their expressed preferences and on their reasons for entertaining them, and those cases in which they agree on their expressed preferences while differing on their reasons. The latter are cases of ‘spurious unanimity’, and it is normatively inappropriate, or so the paper argues, to defend unanimity preservation at the social level for such cases: thus the Pareto principle is formulated much too broadly. The objection seems especially powerful when the principle is applied in an ex ante context of uncertainty, in which individuals can disagree on both their probabilities and utilities, and nonetheless agree on their preferences over prospects.

Clustering data streams is one of the prominent tasks of discovering hidden patterns in data streams. It refers to the process of clustering newly arrived data into continuously and dynamically changing segmentation patterns. This article presents a stream mining algorithm to cluster the data stream with focusing on its evolution and concept drift. Even though concept drift is expected to be present in data streams, explicit drift detection is rarely done in stream clustering algorithms. Concept drift is caused by the changes in data distribution over time. Relationship between concept drift and the occurrence of physical events has been studied by applying the algorithm on the education data stream. Viber education data streams produced by Viber Groups in our Computer Science Department are used to conduct this study. The results show that our proposed algorithm superiority existing ones in purity, entropy, and sum of square error measurements. Experiments led to the conclusion that the concept drift accompanied by a change in the number of clusters and outliers indicates a significant education event. This kind of online monitoring and its results can be utilized in education systems in various ways, such as present the capabilities of participants.