Journal articles: 'Primiparous sow'

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Roldan-Santiago, P., D. Mota-Rojas, J. Martínez-Burnes, A. Velarde, R. Muns, and A. López-Mayagoitia. "Neurophysiological development of newborn pigs: effect of the sow." Animal Production Science 59, no. 2 (2019): 216. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/an16641.

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The objective of the present study was to determine the effect of sow parity on neonatal piglet health and vitality at birth. We evaluated 1505 neonate piglets, which were born of York–Landrace sows with the following parity distribution: primiparous (n = 202), second (n = 207), third (n = 211), fourth (n = 222), fifth (n = 225), sixth (n = 218) and seventh parity (n = 220). Piglets born to primiparous and seventh-parity sows had the lowest and highest birthweights respectively, and showed the most marked imbalances in blood gas exchanges, acid–base balance and energy profiles, as well as the highest percentage of severe meconium staining of the skin and the lowest vitality scores (P < 0.05). In contrast, the neonates from the fourth-parity sows had the highest vitality scores, required less time to reach the mother’s teat, and had the highest percentage of adhered umbilical cords and newborns with dyspnoea, apnoea and abnormal heartbeat (P < 0.05). The results of this study suggest that during eutocic farrowings, the sow’s parity number has the following effects on newborn piglets: reduced vigour and longer latencies to begin breathing, stand and take the teat. These effects are due to the presence of imbalances in gas exchanges, the acid–base balance and energy profiles that occurred when the mother was a primiparous or older sow. These signs indicate that the newborn piglet survived a process of intrapartum asphyxia.

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Zak, L., GR Foxcroft, FX Aherne, and RN Kirkwood. "Role of Luteinizing Hormone in Primiparous Sow Responses to Split Weaning." Reproduction in Domestic Animals 43, no. 4 (August 2008): 445–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1439-0531.2007.00932.x.

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Patterson, J. L., M. N. Smit, S. Novak, A. P. Wellen, and G. R. Foxcroft. "Restricted feed intake in lactating primiparous sows. I. Effects on sow metabolic state and subsequent reproductive performance." Reproduction, Fertility and Development 23, no. 7 (2011): 889. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/rd11015.

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The effects of feed restriction (60% of anticipated feed intake; Restrict; n = 60) during the last week of a 21-day lactation in primiparous sows compared with feeding at 90% of anticipated feed intake (Control; n = 60) on sow metabolic state, litter growth and sow reproductive performance after weaning were compared. Metabolisable energy (ME) derived from feed was lower, ME derived from body tissues was higher and litter growth rate was reduced (all P < 0.05) in Restrict sows during the last week of lactation. Treatment did not affect weaning-to-oestrus interval, pregnancy rate, ovulation rate, embryonic survival or the number of live embryos (P > 0.05) at Day 30 of gestation: However, embryo weight was greater (P < 0.05) in Control than in Restrict sows (1.55 ± 0.04 vs 1.44 ± 0.04 g, respectively). These data suggest the biology of the commercial sow has changed and reproductive performance of contemporary primiparous sows is increasingly resistant to the negative effects of lactational catabolism. Overall, catabolism negatively affected litter weaning weight and embryonic development of the next litter, but the extent to which individual sows used tissue mobilisation to support these litter outcomes was highly variable.

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Portele, Scheck, Siegmann, Feitsch, Maschat, Rault, and Camerlink. "Sow-Piglet Nose Contacts in Free-Farrowing Pens." Animals 9, no. 8 (July 31, 2019): 513. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ani9080513.

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Nose contact is a frequent form of social behaviour in pigs, but the motivational reasons underlying this behaviour remain unclear. We investigated the frequency, direction and type of sow–piglet nosing behaviour and its association with sow and piglet traits. Social nosing behaviour was recorded by live observations and video recordings in 22 sows and their 249 piglets in free-farrowing pens once weekly during the first three weeks after farrowing (3 times 30 min of observations per litter). Piglet-to-sow nosing occurred on average 32.8 ± 2.35 times per 30 min per litter. Heavier piglets at one week of age nosed the sow more than lighter piglets (P = 0.01). Piglet-to-sow nosing was unrelated to the piglet’s sex or teat order. Sow-to-piglet nosing occurred on average 3.6 ± 0.53 times per 30 min, and this was unrelated to litter size. Primiparous sows nosed their piglets more in the second week after farrowing. Litters in which piglet-to-sow nosing occurred more showed less variation in the expression of this behaviour across the weeks. Social nosing between sow and piglets deserves further research to understand the positive implications of this behaviour for sow and piglet welfare.

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Foisnet, A., C. Farmer, C. David, and H. Quesnel. "Relationships between colostrum production by primiparous sows and sow physiology around parturition1." Journal of Animal Science 88, no. 5 (May 1, 2010): 1672–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.2527/jas.2009-2562.

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Min, Yejin, Yohan Choi, Joeun Kim, Doowan Kim, Yongdae Jeong, Younghwa Kim, Minho Song, and Hyunjung Jung. "Comparison of the Productivity of Primiparous Sows Housed in Individual Stalls and Group Housing Systems." Animals 10, no. 11 (October 22, 2020): 1940. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ani10111940.

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This study was conducted to provide commercial pig farms with information about group housing systems for sows in accordance with the amendment of the prohibition law for individual stalls for sows in South Korea. Therefore, this experiment was performed to compare the effects of individual stalls (IS) and group housing systems (GS) on the productivity of sows to investigate the feasibility of replacing individual stalls with group housing systems in commercial sow units. Forty primiparous sows (Landrace × Yorkshire; 210.67 ± 2.22 kg average initial body weight) were randomly assigned to four treatments with restricted feeding after 8 weeks from artificial insemination. The four treatments were (i) individual stalls (IS; housed in pen stalls), (ii) short stalls (SS; sows housed in pens with non-gated feeding stalls), (iii) free access stalls (FAS; a non-competitive housing system), and (iv) electronic sow feeders (ESF; used with radio frequency identification technology to allow individual sow management without individual confinement). All sows were transferred to farrowing crates at 110 days of gestation. There were no differences in sow productive performance, reproductive performance, and colostrum composition between IS and GS and among GS. The considered GS did not negatively affect any productivity parameters of primiparous sows compared with IS; the GS could replace IS in commercial sow units.

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Liu, Bo, Yuanfei Zhou, Xiong Xia, Chao Wang, Hongkui Wei, and Jian Peng. "Effects of Dietary Lysine Levels on Production Performance and Milk Composition of High-Producing Sows during Lactation." Animals 10, no. 11 (October 22, 2020): 1947. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ani10111947.

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Modern genotype sows require enhanced nutrition because of their larger body size and higher reproductive performance than 20 years ago. This study aimed to evaluate the effect of dietary Lys on the lactating of primiparous sows and the second lactating period to minimize sow body weight (BW) loss and maximize the survival rate of piglets and litter gain. A total of 160 primiparous Yorkshire sows were randomly allotted to one of four experimental lactation diets. Formulated to contain 0.84%, 0.94%, 1.04%, and 1.14% standardized ileal digestibility (SID) Lys and balanced in Met, Thr, Trp, and Val. No dietary effects were found on sow body weight (BW) and backfat thickness (BF) change and feed intake during lactation. However, the Lys intake (p = 0.04) of lactation increased linearly with increasing dietary Lys levels. In addition, 1.14% Lys for primiparous sow and 0.94% Lys for second parity sow during lactation increased the survival rate (p = 0.04), weight (p = 0.04), and ADG of piglets at d 21 (p = 0.03). The dietary Lys level did not affect colostrum compositions. However, the dry matter (p = 0.04) and protein (p = 0.03) in milk increased linearly with the increase in dietary Lys levels, whereas moisture decreased linearly (p = 0.05). The level of plasma urea nitrogen (PUN) also increased at d 21 of weaning (p = 0.04). These results indicate that high-yielding lactating sows required 1.14% SID Lys during parity 1, and 0.94% SID Lys during parity 2 to maximize the survival rate of piglets and litter gain, respectively. Moreover, the effects of dietary amino acid (AA) on the production performance of weaning pigs could be mediated through milk composition change.

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Jahan, Marefa, Nidhish Francis, and Bing Wang. "Serum lactoferrin concentration of primiparous sow during gestation and lactation, and comparison between sow-fed and formula-fed piglets1." Translational Animal Science 3, no. 4 (July 1, 2019): 1410–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/tas/txz145.

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Abstract Lactoferrin (LF) is a sialylated iron-binding glycoprotein, occurring in several biological secretions like milk, saliva, and seminal fluids and is a major component of a mammalian innate immune system. It plays multiple protective roles against large group of microorganisms and performs anti-inflammatory and anti-cancer activities. The concentration of serum LF in gilt (primiparous sow) and their piglets remains unknown. We determined serum LF concentration in gilts during gestation and lactation to that of 19-d-old piglets, including sow-fed and formula-fed piglets using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). We found that the concentration of serum LF in gilts varied during gestation (0.77 ± 0.10 µg/mL) and lactation (0.62 ± 0.11 µg/mL). The mean concentration of serum LF in gilts (0.72 ± 0.06 µg/mL) was significantly higher than that of piglets (0.42 ± 0.07 µg/mL, P = 0.004). Additionally, a marginal significant difference (P =0.06) was observed for serum LF concentration in sow-fed piglets (0.42 ± 0.03 µg/mL) at 19 d old compared to that of formula-fed piglets (0.33 ± 0.04 µg/mL) at 37 d old. This study provides noble information regarding the serum LF concentration in the healthy gilts and piglets and thereby the data can be used as a standard reference point for future studies on the role of LF in pig reproduction.

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Wijesiriwardana, Udani A., Kate J. Plush, Sally Tritton, John R. Pluske, Jeremy J. Cottrell, and Frank R. Dunshea. "Feeding Sows Lucerne, or Diets with Similar Energy and Nutritional Profiles to Lucerne, Improves the Pre-Weaning Performance of Piglets." Agriculture 11, no. 11 (November 15, 2021): 1146. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agriculture11111146.

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Feeding fibre and branched-chain amino acids (BCAA) to sows during late gestation and lactation, respectively, have been shown to improve litter weights at weaning. Therefore, supplementing primiparous sow diets with lucerne chaff, a feedstuff high in fibre, BCAA and tryptophan, may improve the performance of their progeny. Experiment 1 investigated the effects of feeding primiparous sows (n = 118) either (i) a control diet (CON); (ii) CON with 1 kg of lucerne chaff (LUC); or (iii) a diet formulated to have a similar digestible energy and BCAA content as CON + LUC (SIMLUC 1) until farrowing. The LUC and SIMLUC 1 diets improved day 21 litter weight (p = 0.055). In Experiment 2 primiparous (n = 111) and multiparous sows (parities 2–5, n = 112) were fed either the CON or SIMLUC diet (SIMLUC 2) from day 110 of gestation to farrowing (PreF), or to day 10 post-farrowing (PreF + PostF). The SIMLUC 2 diet tended to be more beneficial to primiparous compared to multiparous sows when fed PreF, as indicated by an interaction between diet and parity on day 21 average piglet weights (p = 0.078). Overall, SIMLUC is most effective in improving primiparous progeny performance as evidenced by their D21 weights.

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Craig, Jessica, Frank Dunshea, Jeremy Cottrell, Udani Wijesiriwardana, and John Pluske. "Primiparous and Multiparous Sows Have Largely Similar Colostrum and Milk Composition Profiles Throughout Lactation." Animals 9, no. 2 (January 26, 2019): 35. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ani9020035.

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It is important to understand the biological factors influencing the poorer lifetime performance of gilt progeny in comparison to sow progeny and determine whether this may be partially due to differences in lactation performance between primiparous and multiparous sows. It was hypothesized that primiparous sows would have lower levels of immunoglobulin G (IgG) in colostrum and milk compared to multiparous sows, and lower levels of other energetic components. Differences in colostrum and milk composition between ten primiparous and ten multiparous sows (parities 3 and 4) from a commercial herd were examined throughout lactation (day 0, 1, 2, 3, 7, 14, and 21). Overall, there were no (p ≥ 0.05) parity differences in total IgG, fat, protein, lactose, and net energy (NE) concentrations. Primiparous sows had higher lactose levels at day 2 (parity by timepoint interaction; p = 0.036) and lower NE at day 3 (p = 0.091), and multiparous sows had higher lactose levels at days 14 and 21. Results suggest that shortcomings of gilt progeny are unlikely due to insufficient nutrient levels in colostrum and milk, and more likely to reduced colostrum and milk intake and their capacity to digest and absorb each component.

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Johnston, L. J., D. E. Orr, L. F. Tribble, and J. R. Clark. "Effect of Lactation and Rebreeding Phase Energy Intake on Primiparous and Multiparous Sow Performance." Journal of Animal Science 63, no. 3 (September 1, 1986): 804–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.2527/jas1986.633804x.

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Lefaucheur, L., and P. Ecolan. "Changes in muscle fiber populations and muscle enzyme activities in the primiparous lactating sow." Reproduction Nutrition Développement 30, no. 4 (1990): 523–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/rnd:19900407.

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Kim, Sung Woo. "Recent advances in sow nutrition." Revista Brasileira de Zootecnia 39, suppl spe (July 2010): 303–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s1516-35982010001300033.

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Sows produce a larger number of fetuses than before and these fetuses possess genetic potentials to grow faster than before. Recent comparison shows that a porcine fetus is 40% heavier than 40 years ago. Thus the nutritional management of sows has been updated to reflect these genetic changes. Our recent study quantified nutritional needs for sows to support the growth of fetuses and mammary glands during gestation. Amino acid needs for fetal growth and mammary growth during late gestation (d 70 to farrowing) significantly greater than those needs during early gestation (until d 70). Considering these increases, daily requirement of true ileal digestible Lys for a primiparous sows increases from 7 g (until d 70) to 15 g (d 70 to farrowing). Required qualities of proteins (i.e., amino acid ratios) also change with an advance of pregnancy as maternal, fetal, and mammary tissues have their unique amino acid compositions. Thus, if the feed does not provide sufficient amounts and qualities of proteins, sows can be under a severe catabolic status during late gestation, especially during late gestation. Sows under a conventional feeding program had increased litter weight variations at farrowing (19%) compared with early gestation (3.0%). Our recent study also shows that sows under a conventional feeding program have a dramatic increase in a systemic oxidative stress during late gestation compared with early gestation when measured by plasma α-tocopherol (56% decrease), plasma retinol (57% decrease), and DNA damage in white blood cells (125% increase) which were sustained until the early lactation period. Increased oxidative damages in sows negatively affect the growth and health of fetuses as well as postpartum growth. Sow feeding during late gestation should reflect the changed needs for amino acids and antioxidants. Phase feeding or top dressing could be a practical solution to provide sufficient nutrients during late gestation.

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Neil, M., B. Ogle, and K. Annèr. "A two-diet system andad libitumlactation feeding of the sow 1. Sow performance." Animal Science 62, no. 2 (April 1996): 337–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s135772980001465x.

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AbstractEffects of a two-diet system combined withad libitumlactation feeding of sows on food consumption, sow live weight (LW), backfat depth, condition scoring, rebreeding interval, symptoms of agalactia and culling were studied on 60 sows followed for four parities. Feeding regimes were: CR, conventional i.e. restricted during gestation and lactation; SA, a simplified diet offered at a restricted level during gestation and a conventional dietad libitumduring lactation; CA, conventional during gestation and the same dietad libitumduring lactation. During lactation CR sows consumed 5·9 kg food daily (71 MJ metabolizable energy (ME)), whereas SA and CA sows consumed on average 7·0 kg (85 MJ ME), the difference being larger in multiparous than in primiparous sows and larger in the first than in later weeks of lactation. From the second farrowing onward sows on CR treatment were lighter and had thinner backfat and lower condition scores than sows on CA treatment, with sows on SA treatment in between, i.e. approaching the CR sows in the gestation periods and the CA sows in the lactation periods. At first service LW was 130 kg and backfat thickness 14 mm. During the fourth lactation LW averaged 190 kg in CR sows and around 220 kg for SA and CA sows, and backfat thickness was 11 mm in CR sows and around 16 mm in SA and CA sows. SA sows tended to rebreed earlier after weaning than did CR or CA sows. CA sows and in particular SA sows had higher incidences of agalactia symptoms and higher rectal temperatures post partum than CR sows. The culling rates did not differ between feeding regimes, although the predominant causes for culling did, being shoulder lesions and abscesses in thin CR sows and leg disorders in SA and CA sows. At the end of the experiment, however, more SA sows than others were retained in the experimental herd. It was concluded that the SA feeding regime was superior in terms of sow performance, despite an increased incidence of agalactia symptoms.

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Gourley, K. M., G. E. Nichols, J. A. Sonderman, Z. T. Spencer, J. C. Woodworth, M. D. Tokach, J. M. DeRouchey, et al. "Determining the impact of increasing standardized ileal digestible lysine for primiparous and multiparous sows during lactation1,2." Translational Animal Science 1, no. 4 (December 1, 2017): 426–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.2527/tas2017.0043.

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Abstract Two experiments were conducted to evaluate the effects of increasing dietary SID Lys in lactation on sow and litter performance. In Exp. 1, a total of 111 primiparous sows (Line 241; DNA Genetics, Columbus, NE) were allotted to 1 of 4 dietary treatments on d 110 of gestation. Dietary treatments included increasing dietary standardized ileal digestible (SID) Lys (0.80, 0.95, 1.10, and 1.25%). During lactation, there were no differences in ADFI or sow BW at weaning (d 21), resulting in no differences in BW loss. However, backfat loss during lactation decreased (linear, P = 0.046) as SID Lys increased. There were no differences in litter weaning weight, litter gain from d 2 to weaning, percentage of females bred by d 7 after weaning, d 30 conception rate, farrowing rate or subsequent litter characteristics. In Exp. 2, a total of 710 mixed parity sows (Line 241; DNA Genetics) were allotted to 1 of 4 dietary treatments at d 112 of gestation. Dietary treatments included increasing SID Lys (0.75, 0.90, 1.05, and 1.20%). Sow BW at weaning increased (quadratic, P = 0.046), and sow BW loss from post-farrow to weaning or d 112 to weaning decreased (quadratic, P ≤ 0.01) as SID Lys increased. Sow backfat loss increased (linear, P = 0.028) as SID Lys increased. Conversely, longissimus muscle depth loss decreased (linear, P = 0.002) as SID Lys increased. Percentage of females bred by d 7 after weaning increased (linear, P = 0.047) as SID Lys increased in parity 1 sows, with no difference in parity 2 or 3+ sows. Litter weight at d 17 and litter gain from d 2 to 17 increased (quadratic, P = 0.01) up to 1.05% SID Lys with no improvement thereafter. For subsequent litter characteristics, there were no differences in total born, percentage born alive, stillborn, or mummies. In conclusion, our results suggest that increasing dietary SID Lys can reduce sow protein loss in lactation. The optimal level of dietary SID Lys required by the sow may vary based on response criteria and parity.

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McCormick, Katherine A., Michael E. Johnston, and Grant I. Petersen. "273 Impact of either high energy or high SID Lys:ME on Parity 1 performance in lactation." Journal of Animal Science 98, Supplement_3 (November 2, 2020): 97–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jas/skaa054.169.

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Abstract Primiparous sows may have difficulty consuming sufficient feed during lactation to account for energy lost in milk production, development, and body maintenance. Addition of higher energy and/or higher standardized ileal digestible (SID) Lys may improve gilt and litter performance. One hundred seventy-two primiparous DNA F1 females were randomly allotted within breeding/farrowing group, previous treatment, and entry weight at farrowing to one of four dietary treatments. Treatments were arranged in a 2 x 2 factorial with energy (3186 and 3332 kcal/kg ME) and SID lysine (1.15 and 1.30%). Sows were weighed upon entry and exit of the farrowing room. Feed disappearance was calculated as the total amount of feed provided to the sow during lactation. A post-farrow weight model was utilized to assess true weight loss in lactation. Litters were standardized within 24 h of birth, and individual pig birth and weaning weights were recorded. The wean to estrus interval was also measured. Data were analyzed as a randomized complete block design with the fixed effect of treatment and the random effect of replicate. Addition of high energy and/or high lysine did not impact (P > 0.10) piglet wean weight or sow average daily feed intake. High energy diets reduced (P < 0.05) sow weight loss post-farrow by 15.5% from 8.75 to 7.39 kg. High SID lysine diets reduced (P < 0.05) number of sows not expressing estrus by day 9 post-wean from 13.0 to 7.7% of sows eligible for insemination. The high SID lysine diets targeted 70 g/d and led to an increase (P < 0.05) of 10.3% of sows displaying estrus on day 4 and 5. These data show that higher levels of SID lysine to target 70 g/d in lactation can improve wean to estrus interval, and potentially decrease non-productive sow days.

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Edwards, M. V., R. G. Campbell, T. Chapman, H. Brouwers, S. G. Pierzynowski, B. R. Weström, O. Prykhod'ko, L. Gabor, and M. Choct. "Spray-dried porcine plasma and yeast derived protein meal influence the adaption to weaning of primiparous and multiparous sow progeny in different ways." Animal Production Science 53, no. 1 (2013): 75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/an12151.

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Pigs from 154 litters (n = 1132, 19 ± 3 days of age, 4.9 ± 1.1 kg of bodyweight) were used in a 3 × 2 factorial design to evaluate two raw materials with nutraceutical properties being used in feeds, spray-dried porcine plasma (SDPP) and a yeast protein meal, and their effects on growth performance, immune parameters and gastrointestinal adaption of piglets to weaning. Factors included dietary treatments being (1) 5% SDPP (PLA), (2) 3.5% yeast protein meal (NUP) and (3) medicated control (TMC) and parity (primiparous versus multiparous). The treatment groups were imposed from Day 19 through to weaning at Day 27. Selected pigs (n = 720, 28 ± 3 days of age, 7.4 ± 1.0 kg of bodyweight) were weaned and remained on their respective diets from Day 28 to Day 34. From Day 35 to Day 48 all group-housed pigs were offered a commercial weaner 1 diet, and from Day 49 to Day 68 pigs were offered a commercial weaner 2 diet. Growth performance, survival, and serum immunoglobulin G were monitored throughout the nursery phase (Day 28 to Day 68). Adaptation of the gastrointestinal tract in the acute post-weaning phase (Day 28 to Day 34) was assessed in 36 individually housed male weaners, with the effects of feed on structural, digestive, microbial and immune parameters along the gastrointestinal tract determined at Day 34. Pre-weaning feed disappearance was greater (P < 0.01) in multiparous litters independent of diet. In the commercial nursery, total removals (mortality and morbidity) were highest (P < 0.01) in primiparous sow progeny, with pigs offered NUP having greater (P ≤ 0.05) total removals. Pigs offered PLA had superior average daily gain, average daily feed intake and feed conversion ratio from Day 28 to Day 34 (P < 0.05). Pigs offered NUP tended to (P = 0.07) have superior average daily gain from Day 35 to Day 49. Pigs offered NUP had higher (P < 0.05) serum immunoglobulin G concentrations at Day 68 compared with pigs offered TMC, with the effect most pronounced in primiparous sow progeny. Individually housed weaners offered PLA consumed more (P < 0.05) feed on Day 30 to Day 31, had shorter relative intestine length (P < 0.05), greater villous height in the medial jejunum (P < 0.10) and lower immuno-pathology scores along the intestine. Pigs offered PLA also tended (P < 0.10) to have increased pancreatic-specific lipase and amylase activity compared with pigs offered NUP. Pigs offered NUP had a higher ratio of E. coli : coliforms in the colon (P < 0.01) and more counts of β-haemolytic bacteria in the medial jejunum (P < 0.05) and colon (P < 0.10). Diets containing either SDPP or NUP offered pigs benefits beyond nutrition relative to the medicated control diet. The benefits of SDPP were highly effective but transient, while the yeast derived protein had a successive or accumulative effect which was more pronounced in primiparous sow progeny.

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Tokach, M. D., J. E. Pettigrew, G. D. Dial, J. E. Wheaton, B. A. Crooker, and Y. Koketsu. "Influence of glucose infusions on luteinizing hormone secretion in the energy-restricted, primiparous, lactating sow." Journal of Animal Science 70, no. 7 (July 1, 1992): 2202–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.2527/1992.7072202x.

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Giesemann, M. A., E. R. Peo, A. J. Lewis, and J. D. Hancock. "Effect of Exogenous Thyroxine on the Interval from Weaning to Estrus of the Primiparous Sow." Journal of Animal Science 67, no. 1 (1989): 157. http://dx.doi.org/10.2527/jas1989.671157x.

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Segura, Mónica, Silvia Martínez-Miró, Miguel José López, Josefa Madrid, and Fuensanta Hernández. "Effect of Parity on Reproductive Performance and Composition of Sow Colostrum during First 24 h Postpartum." Animals 10, no. 10 (October 12, 2020): 1853. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ani10101853.

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The aim of this study is to assess the effects of parity number on sow reproductive performance and the chemical and immunological composition of colostrum and immunoglobin concentrations in the sera of the sows. Colostrum samples were collected at 0, 6 and 24 h after the births of the first piglets from 56 sows with different numbers of parturitions (ranging 1–6). The piglets born alive to primiparous sows had lower birth weights (p < 0.05) than piglets from second and fourth parturition sows. The colostrum composition was influenced (p < 0.05) by parity number: primiparous sows had higher concentrations of dry matter, fat, lactose and non-fat-solids. No parity-dependent differences were found concerning total protein amount. Colostrum composition was drastically affected (p < 0.001) by sampling time—the highest concentrations of dry matter and protein and lowest concentrations of fat and lactose were found immediately after parturition (0 h). The study revealed no effect of parity (p ≥ 0.05) on the concentrations of immunoglobulins in colostrum. The immunoglobulin with the highest level in sow serum at day 110 of gestation was IgG, while IgA showed the lowest values and greater variability with respect to parity from an immunological point of view. Regarding the relationship between serum Ig levels at the end of gestation and colostrum Ig, serum IgG showed a strong correlation with colostrum IgG and IgM, while colostrum IgG was strongly related with colostrum IgM, but not with IgA. IgA did not correlate with any other immunoglobulin. The different behaviors of the immunoglobins in colostrum were probably due to IgG coming almost exclusively from the sows’ sera, whereas IgA is mainly synthetized by the mammary gland.

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Brendemuhl, J. H., A. J. Lewis, and E. R. Peo. "Effect of Protein and Energy Intake by Primiparous Sows During Lactation on Sow and Litter Performance and Sow Serum Thyroxine and Urea Concentrations." Journal of Animal Science 64, no. 4 (April 1, 1987): 1060–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.2527/jas1987.6441060x.

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Kim, S. W., M. Brandherm, B. Newton, D. R. Cook, I. Yoon, and G. Fitzner. "Effect of supplementing Saccharomyces cerevisiae fermentation product in sow diets on reproductive performance in a commercial environment." Canadian Journal of Animal Science 90, no. 2 (June 1, 2010): 229–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/cjas09100.

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Sows (n = 491) were used to determine the effects of dietary yeast culture (Diamond V Original XPC™) on sow and litter performance in three treatments: (1) no added XPC, (2) 5 and 15 g d-1 XPC, and (3) 12 and 15 g d-1 XPC during gestation and lactation, respectively. Litter weight gain of multiparous sows fed XPC tended to be increased (P = 0.051), whereas that of primiparous sows was not affected. Days from wean to successful breeding of multiparous sows was reduced 35% (P < 0.05) by XPC. However, feeding a higher level of XPC during gestation resulted in no additional benefits.Key words: Litter weight gain, parity, sows, Saccharomyces cerevisiae fermentation product

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Tokach, M. D., J. E. Pettigrew, B. A. Crooker, G. D. Dial, and A. F. Sower. "Quantitative influence of lysine and energy intake on yield of milk components in the primiparous sow." Journal of Animal Science 70, no. 6 (June 1, 1992): 1864–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.2527/1992.7061864x.

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Goodman, S. V., and S. A. Edwards. "Effect of lactational and post weaning feeding on the reproductive performance of primiparous sows." Proceedings of the British Society of Animal Production (1972) 1987 (March 1987): 14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0308229600034565.

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A depression in sow reproductive performance at the second litter is frequently experienced in modern production. Reducing the loss of body reserves during lactation and increasing energy intake between weaning and service have been suggested as ways of increasing the size of the second litter. This trial investigated these possibilities.

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Craig, Jessica, Frank Dunshea, Jeremy Cottrell, Erin Ford, Udani Wijesiriwardana, and John Pluske. "Feeding Conjugated Linoleic Acid without a Combination of Medium-Chain Fatty Acids during Late Gestation and Lactation Improves Pre-Weaning Survival Rates of Gilt and Sow Progeny." Animals 9, no. 2 (February 15, 2019): 62. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ani9020062.

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Feeding conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) or medium-chain fatty acids (MCFA) to dams has been shown to improve progeny growth and survival, and hence may be particularly advantageous to gilt progeny. Primiparous (n = 129) and multiparous sows (n = 123; parities 3 and 4) were fed one of four diets from day 107 of gestation (107.3 ± 0.1 days) until weaning (day 27.2 ± 0.1 of lactation): (i) control diet; (ii) 0.5% CLA diet; (iii) 0.1% MCFA diet; and (iv) equal parts of (ii) and (iii). Progeny performance data were collected and, from a subset of sows (n = 78) and their piglets (n = 144), a colostrum (day 0), milk (day 21), and piglet serum sample (day 3) were analyzed for immunoglobulin G and several selected metabolites. Liveborn pre-weaning mortality tended to be lowest (p = 0.051) in piglets from sows fed 0.5% CLA. However, sows fed the CLA diet had more (p = 0.005) stillbirths than those on the other diets. There were few effects of diet or the dam parity x diet interaction (p ≥ 0.05) on other parameters. Overall, feeding CLA or MCFA did not improve the performance of primiparous sows, multiparous sows, or their progeny.

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Law, Kayla, Eduardo Rosa Medina Garcia, Chad W. Hastad, Deborah Murray, Pedro E. Urriola, and Andres Gomez. "113 Effects of Maternal Parity and Prebiotics on the Microbiome of Nursery Pigs." Journal of Animal Science 100, Supplement_2 (April 12, 2022): 53–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jas/skac064.084.

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Abstract The objective of this study was to investigate the effect of maternal parity on sow and offspring microbiomes, and the influence of parity on pig fecal microbiome and performance in response to a prebiotic post-weaning. Fecal and vaginal swabs were collected from 22 primiparous and 74 multiparous sows in a commercial farm at weaning. Fecal swabs were also collected from 48 randomly selected piglets (n = 24, from primiparous and multiparous sows respectively) at d 0, 21, and 42 post-weaning. At weaning, piglets were allotted into 3 dietary treatment groups: a standard nursery diet including pharmacological doses of Zn and Cu (CTRL), a group fed a commercial prebiotic only (PRE), and a group fed the prebiotic plus Zn and Cu (PRE+ZnCu). Extracted DNA was sequenced on the MiSeq platform targeting the V4 variable region of the 16S rRNA bacterial gene, and sequence data were analyzed using DADA2 plus various packages within the R statistical software. Although there were no differences in vaginal microbiome composition between primiparous and multiparous sows, fecal microbiome composition was different (PERMANOVA, R2 = 0.02, P = 0.03). The fecal microbiomes of primiparous offspring displayed significantly higher bacterial diversity compared with multiparous offspring at d0 and d21 (Shannon’s H, P < 0.01), with differences in community composition observed at d21 only (PERMANOVA, R2 = 0.03, P = 0.04). When analyzing the effects of maternal parity within each treatment, only the PRE diet showed significant compositional distinctions between primiparous and multiparous microbiomes (d21: PERMANOVA, R2 = 0.13, P = 0.01; d42: PERMANOVA, R2 = 0.19, P = 0.001). Compositional differences in pig fecal microbiomes between treatments, regardless of maternal parity, were observed only at d21 (PERMANOVA, R2 = 0.12, P = 0.001). No significant differences in growth performance between treatment groups were observed. These results indicate that maternal parity influences pig gut microbiomes post-weaning, and may influence the effects of dietary prebiotics on nursery pig microbiomes.

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He, Jianwen, Weijiang Zheng, Mingzhou Lu, Xiaojing Yang, Yongqiang Xue, and Wen Yao. "A controlled heat stress during late gestation affects thermoregulation, productive performance, and metabolite profiles of primiparous sow." Journal of Thermal Biology 81 (April 2019): 33–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jtherbio.2019.01.011.

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Arsenakis, Ioannis, Annelies Michiels, Gabriele Schagemann, Charles Oliver Gomez-Duran, Filip Boyen, Freddy Haesebrouck, and Dominiek G. D. Maes. "Effects of pre-farrowing sow vaccination against Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae on offspring colonisation and lung lesions." Veterinary Record 184, no. 7 (January 10, 2019): 222. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/vr.104972.

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This study investigated Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae colonisation and lung lesions at slaughter in pigs from vaccinated (V) and non-vaccinated (NV) sows, in two herds (A and B). In each herd, two sow batches were V against M. hyopneumoniae with a commercial bacterin at six and three weeks before farrowing and two sow batches remained NV. From each sow batch, laryngeal swabs were collected from the litters of five primiparous sows at weaning and seven days post-weaning. All samples were tested for M. hyopneumoniae by nested PCR. In total, 488 piglets were sampled. At slaughter, the extent of Mycoplasma-like pneumonia lesions (lung lesion score (LLS)) was assessed. The colonisation rates with M. hyopneumoniae at weaning and seven days post-weaning were (V-A=14.2, NV-A=20.0 (P=0.225); V-B=0.9, NV-B=0.8 (P=0.948)) and (V-A=0.8, NV-A=7.0 (P=0.039); V-B=1.8, NV-B=2.5 (P=0.738)), respectively. The average LLS (in per cent) was V-A=15.5, NV-A=26.4 (P=0.021); V-B=9.7, NV-B=8.4 (P=0.541). In conclusion, in herd A, with a substantially higher level of piglet colonisation at weaning than herd B, offspring from V sows had a significantly lower colonisation rate seven days post-weaning and a significantly lower LLS at slaughter compared with the offspring of the NV sows. This implies that sow vaccination might be useful for control of M. hyopneumoniae infections, although significant results may not be achieved at all times (such as in herd B).

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Farmer, C., P. Charagu, and M. F. Palin. "Influence of genotype on metabolic variables, colostrum and milk composition of primiparous sows." Canadian Journal of Animal Science 87, no. 4 (December 1, 2007): 511–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/cjas07041.

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Composition of colostrum and milk in first-parity sows from four genetic lines, namely, synthetic Belgian Landrace/Pietrain (B), Duroc (D), Landrace (L) and Yorkshire (Y) were determined. Circulating concentrations of leptin, IGF-I, glucose and FFA were also measured in sows. Differences in colostrum and milk composition were observed between genotypes, but did not generally seem related to variables in blood. Colostrum and day-2 milk from D sows contained more protein (P < 0.05) and less lactose (P < 0.1) than that from sows of other genotypes. Results suggest that selection strategies to improve the composition of milk and colostrum of sows from European breeds could be a useful tool to increase their lactation potential. Key words: Colostrum, lactation, milk composition, sow

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Greiner, L., C. Neill, G. L. Allee, K. J. Touchette, and J. Connor. "Evaluation of the optimal standardized ileal digestible tryptophan:lysine ratio in lactating sow diets." Translational Animal Science 1, no. 4 (December 1, 2017): 526–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.2527/tas2017.0059.

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Abstract Three hundred and fifteen primiparous and multiparous sows were evaluated in a study to determine the effect of standardized ileal digestible (SID) Trp:Lys ratio in lactating sow diets. Camborough sows (PIC USA, Hendersonville, TN) ranging from first parity to eighth parity were blocked by parity and randomly allotted to 1 of 4 experimental diets containing different levels of added L-Trp (0.006, 0.026, 0.045, and 0.064%, respectively) while soybean meal, 30% corn dried distiller's grain with solubles (DDGS), and L-Lys levels were held constant. The SID Lys level for the rations was 0.95% so that the SID Trp:Lys ratios were formulated to be 14, 16, 18, and 20%, respectively. All diets were formulated to have 3.2 Mcal ME/kg and to contain vitamins and minerals that exceeded NRC (1998) recommendations. Sows were fed twice a day with a Howema computerized feed system and were allowed a maximum intake (5.9 kg/d). Average daily feed intake had a tendency to be quadratically improved when the SID ratio was increased (5.11, 5.28, 5.24, 5.21 kg/d, P = 0.09). In addition, sow wean to estrus (6.71, 5.53, 5.58, 6.33, P < 0.02) was quadratically improved as SID Trp:Lys ratio increased. Percent of sows bred by 10 d (84.39, 90.82, 90.28, 90.61) was not linearly (P = 0.25) or quadratically (P = 0.40) improved. There was no difference in litter gain (2.44, 2.52, 2.60, 2.57 kg/d, P = 0.16). Based on a broken-line quadratic model, when sows are fed 30% DDGS, the SID Trp:Lys ratio of 17.6 is required for optimal sow average daily feed intake and 17.2 for wean to estrus interval.

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Zak, L. J., X. Xu, R. T. Hardin, and G. R. Foxcroft. "Impact of different patterns of feed intake during lactation in the primiparous sow on follicular development and oocyte maturation." Reproduction 110, no. 1 (May 1, 1997): 99–106. http://dx.doi.org/10.1530/jrf.0.1100099.

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Tokach, M. D., J. E. Pettigrew, G. D. Dial, J. E. Wheaton, B. A. Crooker, and L. J. Johnston. "Characterization of luteinizing hormone secretion in the primiparous, lactating sow: relationship to blood metabolites and return-to-estrus interval." Journal of Animal Science 70, no. 7 (July 1, 1992): 2195–201. http://dx.doi.org/10.2527/1992.7072195x.

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33

Bierhals, T., D. Magnabosco, R. R. Ribeiro, J. Perin, R. A. da Cruz, M. L. Bernardi, I. Wentz, and F. P. Bortolozzo. "Influence of pig weight classification at cross-fostering on the performance of the primiparous sow and the adopted litter." Livestock Science 146, no. 2-3 (July 2012): 115–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.livsci.2012.02.026.

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34

Seyfang, Jemma, P. Langendijk, T. Y. Chen, E. Bouwman, and R. N. Kirkwood. "Human chorionic gonadotrophin in early gestation induces growth of estrogenic ovarian follicles and improves primiparous sow fertility during summer." Animal Reproduction Science 172 (September 2016): 21–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.anireprosci.2016.06.009.

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Bate, L. A., A. Finsten, and J. G. Crossley. "Postnatal thyroxine status of piglets in response to prenatal thyroxine infusion of the sow." Canadian Journal of Animal Science 73, no. 3 (September 1, 1993): 533–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/cjas93-057.

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Fifteen pregnant primiparous sows were infused intravenously with either 0 (T40), 25 (T425), or 50 (T450) mg thyroxine (T4) d−1 between days 102 and 112 of gestation. Piglets were observed for the birth to suckling interval (BTS) during the first 6 h of life. At 6 h, pre-determined piglets were subjected to a cold challenge, consisting of exposure to an environment of 5 °C for 2 h. Rectal and skin temperatures of piglets were recorded from birth to 8 h of life. Body weights of piglets and their plasma-T4 concentrations were measured until 4 wk of age. Infusion with T4 increased the sow's plasma-T4 levels (P < 0.05) during the entire infusion period. No postnatal differences in piglet plasma-T4 concentrations were observed as a consequence of the prenatal treatment of the sows. BTS was not influenced by treatment. Piglets of all groups had similar rectal temperatures within 2 min of birth (P > 0.05). During cold exposure, the rectal and skin temperatures of all the piglets decreased (P > 0.05). It can be concluded that prenatal priming of sows with T4 does not influence BTS, thermoregulatory capability or subsequent performance of piglets, probably because of low rates of transport of thyroxine across the placenta. Key words: Thyroxine, thermoregulation, temperature, cold, piglet

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Papatsiros, Vasileios G., Eleni G. Katsogiannou, Georgios I. Papakonstantinou, Alfred Michel, Konstantinos Petrotos, and Labrini V. Athanasiou. "Effects of Phenolic Phytogenic Feed Additives on Certain Oxidative Damage Biomarkers and the Performance of Primiparous Sows Exposed to Heat Stress under Field Conditions." Antioxidants 11, no. 3 (March 20, 2022): 593. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/antiox11030593.

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The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of two commercial phenolic phytogenic feed additives (PFAs) on sows under heat stress conditions of high summer temperatures for seven days before and seven days after the farrowing. The PFA-1 product was a mixture based on the plants Emblica officinalis, Foeniculum vulgare, Citrus sinensis and nut fiber, while the PFA-2 product was a mixture based on plants Andrographis paniculata, Glycyrrhizia glabra, Tinospora cordifolia and nut fiber. A total of 48 primiparous sows were divided into three groups: T1-control group: regular gestation (GF) and lactation feed (LF); T2 group: regular GF and LF supplemented with PFA-1; T3 group: regular GF and LF supplemented with PFA-2. Each sow in the T2 and T3 groups received 5 g daily of the PFA-1 and PFA-2 product, respectively, for seven days before and seven days after the farrowing. Blood samples were collected from all groups 24 h after farrowing. Thiobarbituric acid-–reactive substances (TBARS) and protein carbonyl (CARB) concentrations were determined in the sow plasma. The body condition scoring (BCS) and the backfat of sows on the farrowing and weaning days along with reproductive parameters and litter characteristics were recorded. The highest number of stillborn piglets and the largest interval from weaning to estrus were observed in the T1 group. The lowest number of alive 24 h after birth and weaning piglets and the lowest BCS and backfat at weaning were also recorded in the T1 group. TBARS and CARB concentrations were significant higher in the T1 group compared to all other groups. In conclusion, the use of phenolic PFAs seems to reduce oxidative damage caused by heat stress and ameliorate performance in primiparous sows.

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Heo, S., Y. X. Yang, Z. Jin, M. S. Park, B. K. Yang, and B. J. Chae. "Effects of dietary energy and lysine intake during late gestation and lactation on blood metabolites, hormones, milk compositions and reproductive performance in primiparous sows." Canadian Journal of Animal Science 88, no. 2 (June 1, 2008): 247–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/cjas07060.

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The effects of energy and lysine intake during late gestation and lactation on the reproductive performance of primiparous sows were evaluated using 36 gilts. Sows were allocated to six dietary treatments according to a 3 × 2 factorial arrangement and each treatment had six replicates. Three energy levels [low (EL), medium (EM) and high (EH)] and two lysine levels [low (LL) and high (HL)] were used. Gilts with HL intake had more weight (P = 0.004) and backfat thickness (P = 0.047) gain during gestation. Similar changes in sow body conditions were observed during lactation. HL intake resulted in higher litter birth weight (P = 0.001), weaning weight (P < 0.001) and growth rate (P < 0.001) and shortened wean-to-estrus interval (P= 0.001). Energy intake influenced the fat and lactose content while lysine intake influenced the total solids and protein content in milk and colostrum. Gilts with HL had higher insulin and lower creatinine levels during post farrowing and weaning, while triglyceride concentration at weaning increased with increasing of energy intake. The basal and pulses of LH were also influenced by lysine intake. In conclusion, higher lysine intake than those recommended by National Research Council (1998) could improve performance during late gestation and lactation in primiparous sows. Key words: Energy, lysine, gestation, lactation, sows

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Kapelanska, Jolanta, Salomea Grajewska, Maria Bocian, Hanna Jankowiak, and Wojciech Kapelanski. "Carcass and meat quality of primiparous sows as related to the lactation period of 21 or 28 days and to body weight loss." Acta Veterinaria Brno 81, no. 3 (2012): 257–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.2754/avb201281030257.

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The study included 70 primiparous sows nursing piglets for 21 days and 30 sows nursing piglets for 28 days. Body weight of the sows was recorded at mating, farrowing, weaning and slaughter. The assessment covered the degree of sow body weight loss and its influence on carcass and meat quality as related to the lactation period and to the extent of lactation body loss below 5%, from 5 to 10% and over 10% of body weight. Carcass quality as well as physicochemical meat traits were also subjected to evaluation. Extending the nursing period from 21 to 28 days increased the average lactation body weight loss from 7.88 to 8.50% (P ≤ 0.01). This did not influence the carcass quality in any noticeable way; nonetheless, some meat traits did yield less favourable results. These were related to the electric conductivity of the meat as well as its water holding capacity and colour (P ≤ 0.01). The same undesirable tendency was observed in the group of sows with body weight losses exceeding 10%. It resulted in the decrease of backfat thickness (P ≤ 0.01) and reduction of certain meat traits, particularly lower protein content (P ≤ 0.05). Lower carcass fatness of primiparous sows is a beneficial trait in preparation of a heavy pig for slaughter.

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van Riet, Miriam M. J., Sam Millet, Elena Nalon, Karolien C. M. Langendries, An Cools, Bart Ampe, Gijs Du Laing, Frank A. M. Tuyttens, Dominiek Maes, and Geert P. J. Janssens. "Fluctuation of potential zinc status biomarkers throughout a reproductive cycle of primiparous and multiparous sows." British Journal of Nutrition 114, no. 4 (July 22, 2015): 544–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0007114515002238.

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Fluctuations in Zn metabolism throughout gestation and lactation might affect Zn requirements. However, scientific data on Zn requirements for breeding sows are limited. The objective of the present study was to assess the Zn status of primiparous and multiparous sows using different Zn status biomarkers, to identify periods of critical Zn status throughout the reproductive cycle at different parities. Blood samples were taken after overnight fasting before feeding in the morning from five primiparous and ten multiparous sows at fixed time intervals during gestation (days − 5, 0 (insemination), 21, 42, 63 and 84), around parturition (days 108, 112, 115 (parturition) and 118) and during lactation (days 122, 129 and 143 (weaning)). At parturition, blood samples were collected from two randomly selected piglets per sow before colostrum intake. Plasma was analysed for Zn and Cu contents, whereas serum was analysed for alkaline phosphatase, metallothionein and albumin concentrations. Independently of parity, all biomarkers fluctuated differently during gestation and lactation (P< 0·050). This reflects their different roles in Zn metabolism, and suggests that the choice of a Zn status biomarker necessitates careful consideration. Low average plasma Zn concentration at the end of gestation and throughout lactation seem to be replenished towards weaning.

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Hăbeanu, Mihaela, Nicoleta Aurelia Lefter, Anca Gheorghe, Mariana Ropota, Smaranda Mariana Toma, Gina Cecilia Pistol, Ioan Surdu, and Mihaela Dumitru. "Alterations in Essential Fatty Acids, Immunoglobulins (IgA, IgG, and IgM), and Enteric Methane Emission in Primiparous Sows Fed Hemp Seed Oil and Their Offspring Response." Veterinary Sciences 9, no. 7 (July 11, 2022): 352. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/vetsci9070352.

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This study shows the effects of dietary hemp seed oil on the milk composition, blood immunoglobulins (Ig), and enteric methane (E-CH4) production of primiparous sows, and their offspring’s response at three time points. A bifactorial experiment was conducted for 21 days (d) on 18 primiparous sows (195 ± 3 days old). The sows were fed two diets: (i) a control diet (SO) based on soybean oil (1.6%), with an 18.82 n-6:n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) ratio; (ii) an experimental diet (HO) based on hemp seed oil (1.6%), with a 9.14 n-6:n-3 PUFA ratio. The milk contained an elevated level of linoleic acids (LA), n-3 FA, and especially alpha-linolenic acids (ALA), while the n-6:n-3 ratio declined using hemp oil. The Ig concentration was higher in colostrum than in milk. In the first few hours, the IgG in the plasma of piglets was more than double that of maternal plasma IgG (+2.39 times). A period effect (p < 0.0001) for IgG concentration in the plasma of piglets was recorded (40% at 10 d, respectively 73% lower at 21 d than 12 h after parturition). However, the sow diet did not affect Ig (p > 0.05). The frequency of diarrhoea declined after about 7 d. The value of the rate of diarrhoea was 6.2% lower in the PHO group. We found a 4.5% decline in E-CH4 in the HO group. Applying multiple linear regression, feed intake, n-6:n-3 ratio, ALA, and lean meat were potential indicators in estimating E-CH4. In conclusion, sow dietary hemp seed oil increased lean meat %, milk EFA, and milk IgM. Significant changes in the other dependent variables of interest (body weight, plasma Igs in sows and offspring, E-CH4 production) were not recorded. There was reduced diarrhoea which shows that EFA could play a therapeutic role in the incidence of diarrhoea and in lowering of E-CH4 emission in sows and progeny. All dependent variables were significantly altered at different time points, except for fat concentration in milk and sow plasma IgG.

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Oliver, G., S. Novak, J. L. Patterson, J. A. Pasternak, F. Paradis, M. Norrby, K. Oxtoby, M. K. Dyck, W. T. Dixon, and G. R. Foxcroft. "Restricted feed intake in lactating primiparous sows. II. Effects on subsequent litter sex ratio and embryonic gene expression." Reproduction, Fertility and Development 23, no. 7 (2011): 899. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/rd11013.

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Expression of panels of candidate genes controlling myogenesis, angiogenesis and gender-specific imprinting of development were analysed in embryonic, placental and endometrial tissues recovered at Day 30 of gestation from a subset of primiparous sows that were either feed restricted (Restrict; n = 17) or fed to appetite (Control; n = 15) during the last week of the previous lactation. Embryos were also sex typed to investigate gender bias in response to treatments. Average embryonic weight was lower in the subset of Restrict compared with Control litters (1.38 ± 0.07 vs 1.59 ± 0.08 g, respectively) and the male : female sex ratio was higher (P < 0.05) in embryos (litters) recovered from Restrict sows. Treatment affected (P ≤ 0.05) the expression of embryonic and placental genes involved in insulin-like growth factor (IGF) 2 signalling, including IGF2, INSR and IGF2R. Embryonic expression of ESR1 was also affected by treatment (P < 0.03) and sex × treatment interactions were observed for the expression of embryonic ESR1 (P < 0.05) and placental ANGPT2 (P < 0.03). At the molecular level, these results support the suggestion that changes in placental function are not the primary mechanism mediating detrimental effects of previous sow catabolism on early embryonic development in the feed-restricted lactational sow model. However, perturbations in the IGF2 system are implicated as mediators of these effects.

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Brüssow, K. P., J. Rátky, and H. Torner. "Follicular and oocyte development in gilts of different age." Acta Veterinaria Hungarica 50, no. 1 (March 1, 2002): 101–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1556/avet.50.2002.1.12.

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The aim of the present study was to estimate follicular and oocyte development of the same gilts in three phases of their reproductive life - prepuberal gilt (6 months old), cycling gilt (9.5 months old) and primiparous sow. Follicular development was induced by injections of 1000 IU PMSG followed by 500 IU hCG 72 h later. Cumulus-oocyte-complexes (COCs) were recovered from preovulatory follicles of the left ovary, and follicular fluid (FF) from the right ovary always 34 h after hCG by endoscopy. Altogether, 19 gilts were used in the prepuberal (P) and cycling (C) trials and 12 of them in the primiparous trial (S). Altogether 168, 190 and 82 follicles were aspirated from the left ovary and 106, 125 and 42 COCs recovered (recovery rate 60.5 ± 26.9, 62.7 ± 20.9 and 52.9 ± 21.8%). The average number of follicles was higher in C compared to P (19.7 ± 6.8 vs. 15.7 ± 6.8, p = 0.06) and to S (14.2 ± 4.0, P < 0.05), respectively. More uniform expanded COCs were aspirated from prepuberal and cycling gilts as compared to sows (89.7 and 78.4% vs. 46.3%, P < 0.05). Furthermore, the meiotic configuration in oocytes differed (P < 0.05) between these groups (55.5 and 61.7% vs. 0% Telo1/Meta2). Concentrations of progesterone in FF decreased (P < 0.05) from 590.0 ± 333.6 (P) to 249.1 ± 72.6 (C) and 161.4 ± 75.2 ng/ml (S). FF concentrations of oestradiol-17β were different between gilts and sows (9.3 ± 2.9, 21.9 ± 10.6 and 94.0 ± 15.9 pg/ml, P < 0.05). The progesterone/oestradiol ratio was 72.1, 15.2 and 4.7. Results indicate a different follicular and oocyte development during the investigated lifetime periods. Cycling gilts should preferably be used in IVF and breeding programs. The lower reproductive potential of primiparous sows is taken into consideration at breeding. Prediction of lifetime performance based on individual ovarian reaction of prepuberal gilts is unsuitable.

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Rigat, J., S. A. Edwards, and P. R. English. "The influence of parity on lactational oestrus in a multisuckling system for sows." Proceedings of the British Society of Animal Science 1999 (1999): 187. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1752756200003422.

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The occurrence of ovulation in the sow after parturition is usually inhibited for the duration of suckling. A system of management in which lactating sows are mated and conceive, therefore routinely commencing a successful pregnancy concurrent with lactation, would obviate the need for early weaning of piglets and promote adoption of economic systems incorporating more extensive lactation housing. Previous studies have shown that first parity sows rarely show ovulation during lactation when group-housed in multisuckling systems with multiparous sows, and suggested that reduced food intake through social competition and/or higher suckling intensity were responsible for this (Hulten, 1997). The object of this experiment was to investigate, in a more controlled way, the factors contributing to this parity effect by removing the possibility of social interactions between primiparous and multiparous sows, and investigating possible dietary influences within parity.

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Jarvis, S., BT Reed, AB Lawrence, SK Calvert, and J. Stevenson. "Peri-natal environmental effects on maternal behaviour, pituitary and adrenal activation, and the progress of parturition in the primiparous sow." Animal Welfare 13, no. 2 (May 2004): 171–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0962728600026919.

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AbstractMaternal behaviour in free-ranging sows is normally performed in an isolated nest that the sow has built during the pre-parturient period. Consequently there is much concern over the use of restrictive farrowing crates, in which manipulable substrates are often not provided, for parturient sows under commercial conditions. This study examined the impact of the provision of space and substrate on the performance of maternal behaviour by gilts (primiparous sows) on physiological indicators of stress and on the progress of parturition. Gilts had an indwelling jugular catheter implanted 12 days before their expected farrowing date. At 5 days before expected farrowing, 34 gilts were placed in one of four farrowing treatments: crate without straw (C, n = 8), crate with straw (CS, n = 9), pen without straw (P, n = 9) or pen with straw (PS, n = 8). Behavioural observations of gilts and piglets were made during an 8 h period after the expulsion of the first piglet. Blood samples were taken via a catheter extension to minimise disturbance throughout the parturition period. Gilts in all treatments were most active in the first 2 h: performing more standing/walking, substrate-directed and piglet-directed behaviour. This active phase was followed by inactivity and passivity, as has been seen in free-ranging sows. However, this temporal profile of behaviour was more pronounced in the penned gilts (P and PS), which were more active during the first 2 h than the crated gilts (C and CS). Gilts in crates spent longer sitting throughout the 8 h period and tended to show more savaging of their piglets. Savaging gilts were found to be more active and responsive to piglets. The provision of straw did not alter gilt behaviour but did alter piglet behaviour, with piglets that were born into environments with no straw (C and P) spending more time next to the gilt's udder. The provision of straw increased the length of parturition (CS and PS), but this did not have detrimental effects on piglet survival. Plasma cortisol was unaffected by space or substrate, however, plasma ACTH was found to be highest in C gilts during the second hour of parturition. Plasma oxytocin was unaffected by space or substrate, however, there was a positive relationship between plasma oxytocin and unresponsiveness to piglets. In conclusion, it appears that farrowing crates thwart interactions between the gilt and her piglets, and that the provision of space during parturition, irrespective of straw availability, facilitates the performance of maternal behaviour that more closely resembles that performed by free-ranging sows.

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Cervantes, Miguel A., Michelle R. Garcia, Brittney N. Keel, William T. Oliver, James E. Wells, and Lea A. Rempel. "PSI-16 Sow parity structure and body condition measurements throughout lactation and relationship to piglet growth." Journal of Animal Science 97, Supplement_2 (July 2019): 250–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jas/skz122.441.

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Abstract Energy demands during lactation can greatly influence sow body condition and piglet performance. Therfore, it was hypothesized that primiparous sows would have reduced sow body condition measurements and piglet growth. Eight weekly farrowing seasons (N=157 dams) were used to evaluate sow body condition (Post Farrowing; PF to Weaning; WN) and piglet growth. Final number of white composite sows within parity were as follows: Parity 1(P1), 62; P2, 50; P3, 30; and P4, 15. Body condition was measured at PF and WN using sow calipers (last rib and hip) and 10th rib ultrasound. Sows were categorized as thin, moderate, or fat by caliper. Piglets were weighed at Day 0 PF (D0), D10, WN, and D45. All data were analyzed using mixed models and reported as LSM ± SE. Fat sows at WN (last rib or hip) had the lightest (P < 0.05; Table 1) piglets at D10 and WN. However at D45, piglets from fat sows were heavier than piglets from moderate and thin sows(P < 0.05; Table 1). At WN, piglets from P1 sows weighed the least (P < 0.05; Table 1). Parity 4 sows had greater hip caliper measurement compared to P1 sows(P < 0.05; 15.5 ± 0.389 vs 13.92 ± 0.215). Sows had similiar (P > 0.10) PF last rib caliper measurements but at WN, P1 sows had the smallest caliper measurements compared to other parities (P < 0.05). Paraties 1, 2, and 3 sows had similiar (P > 0.10) loin eye area at PF; however, at WN P1 sows had the smallest loin eye area (P < 0.05; 38.2 ± 0.63 cm2). Parity 1 sows had the greatest (P < 0.05) reduction of backfat and loin eye area over the lactation period (-2.9 ± 0.31 mm and -2.6 ± 0.49 cm2, respectively). In conclusion, fat sows, had similar or smaller piglets throughout lactation, but by D45 piglet weights surpassed moderate and thin caliper groups.

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Farmer, Chantal, Kevin Herkelman, Brad James, Pierre Lessard, Arnaud Samson, and Isabelle Cormier. "Impact of diet deprivation and subsequent overallowance during gestation on lactation performance of primiparous sows1." Translational Animal Science 2, no. 2 (April 2018): 162–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/tas/txy012.

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Abstract The impact of diet deprivation followed by overallowance during gestation on metabolic status of pregnant gilts and their lactation performance was determined. Gilts were fed a standard diet until day 27 of gestation and were subsequently reared under a control (CTL; n = 28) or an experimental (treatment, TRT; n = 26) dietary regimen. The experimental regimen provided 70% (restriction diet, RES) and 115% (overallowance diet, OVER) of the protein and NE contents provided by the CTL diet. The RES diet was given from days 28 to 74 of gestation followed by the OVER diet from day 75 until farrowing. Blood samples were obtained from all gilts on days 28, 75, and 110 of gestation, and on days 3 and 20 of lactation to measure concentrations of IGF-1, urea, FFA, and glucose. Milk samples were collected from 12 sows per treatment on day 19 of lactation and sow feed intake was recorded daily throughout lactation. Piglets were weighed at 24 h (after standardization of litter size), and on days 7, 14, and 21 (weaning). The TRT gilts gained less BW than CTL gilts (17.3 vs. 31.7 kg; P < 0.01) from days 28 to 75 of gestation and more BW (29.5 vs. 21.9 kg; P < 0.01) from days 75 to 110, but their overall gain from mating to day 110 was lower (61.4 vs. 67.2 kg; P < 0.05). Metabolic status during gestation was affected, with TRT gilts having less IGF-1 and urea, and more FFA than CTL gilts on day 75 (P < 0.01), and more urea on day 110 (P < 0.01). Growth rate of suckling piglets, sow lactation feed intake, and standard milk composition in late lactation (DM, fat, protein, lactose) were not affected by treatment (P > 0.10). In conclusion, diet deprivation of gilts as of day 28 of gestation followed by overfeeding from day 75 of gestation until farrowing did not improve lactation performance. It is likely that the compensatory growth that took place in late gestation was not adequate to illicit beneficial effects.

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Czech, Anna, Eugeniusz Ryszard Grela, Martyna Kiesz, and Sylwia Kłys. "Biochemical and Haematological Blood Parameters of Sows and Piglets Fed a Diet with a Dried Fermented Rapeseed Meal." Annals of Animal Science 20, no. 2 (April 1, 2020): 535–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/aoas-2019-0079.

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AbstractAnimal health and welfare can be assessed using biochemical and haematological markers of the blood. The values of these parameters depend in part on the quantity and quality of feed ingredients, i.e. feed protein and feed additives. The aim of the study was to determine the effect of including fermented rapeseed meal (FRSM) in dry feeding system on haematological and biochemical blood parameters of sows and piglets. The experimental material comprised 30 primiparous gilts and 30 multiparous sows after their second lactation. They were randomly divided into two groups of equal size – control and experimental. The animals in control groups CG (15 gilts) and CS (15 sows) received a standard diet for pregnant or lactating sows, depending on the reproductive period. Experimental groups EG and ES were 15 gilts and 15 multiparous sows, respectively, receiving feed with a 4% share of FRSM in place of soybean meal up to 100 d of gestation. In addition, from 100 d of gestation to 7 d of lactation, the sows in these groups received feed with a 9% share of FRSM, and then again a diet with a 4% share of FRSM until the end of lactation. Blood samples were taken from 6 animals from each group in two periods: at 100 days of pregnancy (late pregnancy) and at 27 days of lactation (late lactation). Blood from piglets was taken at 27 days of age (before weaning), from two piglets from each sow (one gilt and one barrow), taking into account the average body weight in the litter. Haematological parameters: Ht, Hb and RBC were determined in whole blood. The plasma content of minerals, activity of selected enzymes and biochemical parameters of sows, gilts and piglets were determined. The diet containing fermented rapeseed meal, fed to pregnant and lactating sows, increased the level of Ht and Hb and RBC content and mineral content (phosphorus, calcium and iron) in the plasma. This effect was mainly observed in primiparous sows. The inclusion of FRSM in the diet of sows reduced the plasma content of total cholesterol and triacylglycerols in sows and piglets, as well as liver enzyme activity, particularly AST in piglets. The use of fermented rapeseed meal in sow diet resulted in better use of mineral compounds, improvement of production effects and health parameters of sow and piglet blood.

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Guo, Ji Yao, Yawang Sun, Ashley E. DeDecker, Max Terry Coffey, and Sung Woo Kim. "Effect of suckling intensity of primiparous sows on production performance during current and subsequent parities1." Journal of Animal Science 97, no. 12 (November 4, 2019): 4845–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jas/skz341.

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Abstract This study was conducted to evaluate the effects of suckling intensity (litter size and lactation length) to primiparious sows on production performance during current and subsequent parities. Upon farrowing, 115 primiparous sows (farrowing weight: 222.7 ± 20.0 kg) were initially allotted to 4 treatments in a 2 × 2 factorial arrangement with 2 litter sizes: 10 and 13 piglets (LS10 vs. LS13), and 2 lactation lengths: 21 and 27 d (LL21 vs. LL27). Upon weaning, sows were rebred and those farrowed successfully (n = 66) kept 10 piglets and weaned at 21 d in the second parity. Sows were fed ad libitum during lactation in both parities. Feed intake, BW loss, backfat loss, litter size, and litter weight gain during lactation in both parities were determined. Litter weight gain in LS13 was greater (P < 0.05) than that in LS10 (54.4 vs. 47.7 kg) during the first lactation. Sows in LS13 had a greater (P < 0.05) BW loss than sows in LS10 (24.1 vs. 17.4 kg). Body weight loss was not different between LL27 and LL21. Sows in LS13 tended to have a greater (P = 0.075) removal rate than those in LS10 (47.5 vs. 32.2%). Sows in LL27 had a smaller (P < 0.05) removal rate than those in LL21 (28.0 vs. 51.7%). In the second parity, gestation BW gain in LL27 tended to be greater (P = 0.098) than that in LL21 when the previous litter size was 10 piglets (56.1 vs. 33.2 kg). Litter performance and feed intake of sows were not affected by previous litter size, lactation length, and their interaction. The farrowing weight, farrowing body protein and lipid, body weight loss was not different between LS13 and LS10, whereas backfat loss in LS13 was smaller (P < 0.05) than that in LS10 during the second lactation (0.9 vs. 2.4 mm). The predicted body lipid loss in LS13 was also smaller than that in LS10 (2.3 vs. 5.3 kg) during the second lactation. Sows in LL27 had a smaller (P < 0.05) BW loss and body lipid loss during the second lactation than sows in LL21 (4.0 vs. 9.0 kg; 2.3 vs. 4.8 kg). The concentration of milk fat in LL27 was smaller (P < 0.05) than that in LL21 (7.9 vs. 9.1%). In conclusion, increasing suckling intensity to primiparous sows increased litter weight gain but increasing litter size reduced piglet ADG. Sow performance in the second lactation was not negatively affected by increasing suckling intensity of the first lactation. Interestingly, sows with an increased suckling intensity in the first lactation had reduced loss of body reserves in the second lactation.

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Costa, Annamaria, Cecilia Salvagnini, Eleonora Buoio, Fabio Palmeri, Andrea Salvagnini, and Silvia Michela Mazzola. "The Effect of Lift Crates on Piglet Survival Rate and Sow Stress Level during Farrowing." Animals 12, no. 6 (March 16, 2022): 745. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ani12060745.

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In the present study, we aimed to determine the effect of lift farrowing crates on piglet mortality by crushing and on sow welfare. Eighty-four sows were considered in the one-year experiment in three monitoring sessions. In each session, 14 sows were housed in a room with conventional crates (CC), and 14 sows were lodged in a room equipped with lift crates (LC). The sows, of the same genetics, with parity ranging from 2 to 9, were randomly distributed in CC and LC rooms. No primiparous sows were considered in the study to avoid sows unexperienced with the dynamics of lift crates. The numbers of crushed piglets, assessed by the farm’s veterinarian, within 48 h, 72 h, and at weaning (28th day), were recorded. Hair cortisol concentration (HCC) was measured upon entry and exit from farrowing to evaluate stress level variation. Feet diseases and backfat thickness were evaluated to assess sows’ potential diseases induced by lift crates and metabolic problems. The results show that the number of crushed piglets per sow was higher in the CC rooms than in the LC rooms in the first two days after delivery (0.39 vs. 0.15, p < 0.05) and up to weaning (0.50 vs. 0.37; p < 0.05). Mean values of HCC variation in sows during farrowing were significantly different in the two housing systems and higher for the LC sows (0.53 pg/mg vs. 0.22 pg/mg; p < 0.05). No significant differences were detected for backfat variation and feet disease scoring between LC and CC sows. In conclusion, LC sows evidenced an increase in hair cortisol values during farrowing, probably caused by a higher stress status induced by the lift crate, along with the benefit of the higher survival rate of piglets before weaning.

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Lachance, M. P., J. P. Laforest, N. Devillers, A. Laperrière, and C. Farmer. "Impact of an extended photoperiod in farrowing houses on the performance and behaviour of sows and their litters." Canadian Journal of Animal Science 90, no. 3 (September 1, 2010): 311–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/cjas09113.

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The effects of an extended photoperiod around parturition and throughout lactation on performances of primiparous sows and their piglets were studied. Sows were assigned to two light regimens: (1) standard (CTL, n = 28), 8 h of daily light from day 112 of gestation until day 23 of lactation; and (2) extended (TRT, n = 26), 23 h of daily light from day 112 of gestation to day 4 of lactation and 16 h thereafter. Colostrum intake was estimated based on a 24-h piglet weight gain starting at the end of farrowing. Piglets were weighed on days 4, 7, 14, 21 (weaning on day 23), 35 and 56. On days 4 and 21 of lactation, milk and blood samples were obtained. Behaviour was recorded on days 3 and 20. Piglet feed intakes were noted post-weaning until day 56. The TRT sows had lower concentrations of melatonin than the CTL sows on day 4 (P < 0.05), but prolactin concentrations, milk composition and colostrum intake by piglets were unaffected by treatment (P > 0.1). Litter growth during lactation was unaffected (P > 0.1), but TRT piglets consumed less feed between 23 and 34 d of age (P < 0.05) and weighed less on day 35 (P < 0.05). The TRT piglets were more active than CTL piglets on day 3 of lactation only (P < 0.05). Increasing the period of daily light in the farrowing house did not improve the performance of primiparous sows and their piglets. Key words: Behaviour, growth, lactation, photoperiod, piglet, sow

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Journal articles on the topic 'Primiparous sow'

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