Journal articles on the topic 'Primates – Reproduction (biologie)'
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1
Phillips, Sarah Renee, T. L. Goldberg, M. N. Muller, Z. P. Machanda, E. Otali, S. Friant, J. Carag, et al. "Faecal parasites increase with age but not reproductive effort in wild female chimpanzees." Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 375, no. 1811 (September 21, 2020): 20190614. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2019.0614.
Abstract:
Energy investment in reproduction is predicted to trade off against other necessary physiological functions like immunity, but it is unclear to what extent this impacts fitness in long-lived species. Among mammals, female primates, and especially apes, exhibit extensive periods of investment in each offspring. During this time, energy diverted to gestation and lactation is hypothesized to incur short and long-term deficits in maternal immunity and lead to accelerated ageing. We examined the relationship between reproduction and immunity, as measured by faecal parasite counts, in wild female chimpanzees ( Pan troglodytes schweinfurthii ) of Kibale National Park, Uganda. While we observed higher parasite shedding (counts of eggs, cysts and larvae) in pregnant chimpanzees relative to cycling females, parasites rapidly decreased during early lactation, the most energetically taxing phase of the reproductive cycle. Additionally, while our results indicate that parasite shedding increases with age, females with higher fertility for their age had lower faecal parasite counts. Such findings support the hypothesis that the relatively conservative rate of female reproduction in chimpanzees may be protective against the negative effects of reproductive effort on health. This article is part of the theme issue ‘Evolution of the primate ageing process’.
2
Brindle, Matilda, and Christopher Opie. "Postcopulatory sexual selection influences baculum evolution in primates and carnivores." Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 283, no. 1844 (December 14, 2016): 20161736. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2016.1736.
Abstract:
The extreme morphological variability of the baculum across mammals is thought to be the result of sexual selection (particularly, high levels of postcopulatory selection). However, the evolutionary trajectory of the mammalian baculum is little studied and evidence for the adaptive function of the baculum has so far been elusive. Here, we use Markov chain Monte Carlo methods implemented in a Bayesian phylogenetic framework to reconstruct baculum evolution across the mammalian class and investigate the rate of baculum length evolution within the primate order. We then test the effects of testes mass (postcopulatory sexual selection), polygamy, seasonal breeding and intromission duration on the baculum in primates and carnivores. The ancestral mammal did not have a baculum, but both ancestral primates and carnivores did. No relationship was found between testes mass and baculum length in either primates or carnivores. Intromission duration correlated with baculum presence over the course of primate evolution, and prolonged intromission predicts significantly longer bacula in extant primates and carnivores. Both polygamous and seasonal breeding systems predict significantly longer bacula in primates. These results suggest the baculum plays an important role in facilitating reproductive strategies in populations with high levels of postcopulatory sexual selection.
3
Hewitson, Laura. "Primate models for assisted reproductive technologies." Reproduction 128, no. 3 (September 2004): 293–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1530/rep.1.00242.
Abstract:
Although the deliberate creation of human embryos for scientific research is complicated by ethical and practical issues, a detailed understanding of the cellular and molecular events occurring during human fertilization is essential, particularly for understanding infertility. It is clear from cytoskeletal imaging studies of mouse fertilization that this information cannot be extrapolated to humans because of unique differences in centrosomal inheritance. However, the cytoskeletal rearrangements during non-human primate fertilization are very similar to humans, providing a compelling animal model in which to examine sperm–egg interactions. In order to address this key step in primate fertilization and to avoid the complexities in working with fertilized human zygotes, studies are now exploring the molecular foundations of various assisted fertilization techniques in a monkey model. While intracytoplasmic sperm injection with ejaculated or testicular sperm is quite successful in primate models, there are some specific differences when compared with standard IVF that warrant further investigation, particularly in regards to nuclear remodeling, genomic imprinting, Y-chromosome deletions and developmental outcomes. Similarly, primate models have been useful for examining spermatid function during fertilization but these have met with limited success. One area of primate reproductive research that has yet to be mastered is reproductive cloning. Genetically identical primates would provide the ultimate approach for accelerating stem cell-based therapies for a number of neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer’s and Parkinson’s disease, as well as targeted gene therapies for various metabolic disorders.
4
Wahab, Fazal, Ignacio Rodriguez Polo, and Rüdiger Behr. "SIRT1 Expression and Regulation in the Primate Testis." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 22, no. 6 (March 22, 2021): 3207. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms22063207.
Abstract:
The epigenetic mechanisms controlling germ cell development and differentiation are still not well understood. Sirtuin-1 (SIRT1) is a nicotinamide adenosine dinucleotide (NAD)-dependent histone deacetylase and belongs to the sirtuin family of deacetylases. It catalyzes the removal of acetyl groups from a number of protein substrates. Some studies reported a role of SIRT1 in the central and peripheral regulation of reproduction in various non-primate species. However, testicular SIRT1 expression and its possible role in the testis have not been analyzed in primates. Here, we document expression of SIRT1 in testes of different primates and some non-primate species. SIRT1 is expressed mainly in the cells of seminiferous tubules, particularly in germ cells. The majority of SIRT1-positive germ cells were in the meiotic and postmeiotic phase of differentiation. However, SIRT1 expression was also observed in selected premeiotic germ cells, i.e., spermatogonia. SIRT1 co-localized in spermatogonia with irisin, an endocrine factor specifically expressed in primate spermatogonia. In marmoset testicular explant cultures, SIRT1 transcript levels are upregulated by the addition of irisin as compared to untreated controls explants. Rhesus macaques are seasonal breeders with high testicular activity in winter and low testicular activity in summer. Of note, SIRT1 mRNA and SIRT1 protein expression are changed between nonbreeding (low spermatogenesis) and breeding (high spermatogenesis) season. Our data suggest that SIRT1 is a relevant factor for the regulation of spermatogenesis in primates. Further mechanistic studies are required to better understand the role of SIRT1 during spermatogenesis.
5
Rox, Astrid, Sophie Waasdorp, Elisabeth H. M. Sterck, Jan A. M. Langermans, and Annet L. Louwerse. "Multigenerational Social Housing and Group-Rearing Enhance Female Reproductive Success in Captive Rhesus Macaques (Macaca mulatta)." Biology 11, no. 7 (June 27, 2022): 970. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/biology11070970.
Abstract:
To optimize costs and reproductive success, rhesus macaques in biomedical primate research facilities are often peer-reared. Older, dependent infants are typically removed from their natal group to enhance female reproduction. The minimal husbandry age-norm of infant removal is ten months. These practices deviate from species-specific behavior and may reduce welfare, suggesting a trade-off between female reproduction and welfare. However, the effect of breeding group type and rearing history on female reproductive success (i.e., birth rate; inter-birth interval (IBI); offspring survival) is unclear. This retrospective study investigated whether group type (i.e., peer groups versus multigenerational groups) and rearing history (i.e., peer- or hand-reared; group-reared with peer- or hand-reared mother; group-reared) affected female reproductive success in captive rhesus macaques. Data on female reproduction between 1996 and 2019 were collected at the Biomedical Primate Research Centre, Rijswijk. Birth rates were higher in multigenerational breeding groups than in peer groups. Moreover, group-reared females had higher offspring survival than peer- or hand-reared females. IBI was not affected by breeding group type or female rearing history. However, females in both peer and multigenerational breeding groups typically conceived earlier after giving birth than the husbandry infant removal age-norm of ten months. Thus, infant removal at an age of ten months does not enhance a female’s reproduction. Altogether, female reproduction and non-human primate welfare can simultaneously be optimized through multigenerational breeding groups and group-rearing.
6
Buchanan-Smith, HM, MJ Prescott, and NJ Cross. "What factors should determine cage sizes for primates in the laboratory?" Animal Welfare 13, S1 (February 2004): S197—S201. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0962728600014597.
Abstract:
AbstractIt is imperative to provide adequate quantity and quality of space for all captive animals. Yet practically all guidelines on the housing of primates in the laboratory specify minimum cage sizes based solely on body weight. We argue that no single factor, such as body weight, is sufficient to determine cage size. Instead a suite of characteristics should be used that include morphometric, physiological, ecological, locomotor, social, reproductive and behavioural characteristics. Ideally, the primate's age, sex and individual history should also be taken into account. In this paper we compare this suite of characteristics for some commonly used primates whose weights overlap, to illustrate important differences amongst them. For good animal welfare and good quality science it is necessary to be sensitive to such species differences when determining suitable cage sizes.
7
Waddell, B. J. "056. EUTHERIAN MAMMALS DO IT DIFFERENTLY: PLACENTAL ENDOCRINE STRATEGIES FOR THE MAINTENANCE OF PREGNANCY IN RODENTS AND PRIMATES." Reproduction, Fertility and Development 22, no. 9 (2010): 17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/srb10abs056.
Abstract:
The placenta of rats and humans share important anatomical similarities, each with a chorio-allantoic, single discoid, haemochorial structure that facilitates highly efficient nutrient transport. Importantly, however, these similarities reflect convergent evolution and conceal markedly different developmental trajectories and endocrine functions. Placental endocrine signals are essential to drive maternal adaptations that facilitate fetal development and ultimately successful birth. Central to these adaptations is a sustained increase in production of the sex steroids progesterone and oestrogen, each driven by very different placental signalling in rodents and primates. Specifically, while the rat placenta supplies androgen precursors for ovarian (luteal) oestrogen synthesis, in humans and closely-related primates the fetal adrenal cortex supplies androgen precursors for placental oestrogen synthesis. In both cases the resultant increase in oestrogen provides a local stimulus to ovarian (rat) and placental (primate) progesterone synthesis. This shift from a placental-ovarian to a feto-placental unit for oestrogen synthesis in primates may have evolved to ensure greater fetal influence over maternal adaptations. Placental regulation of maternal physiology is also mediated via a third steroid group, the glucocorticoids, which promote a successful pregnancy outcome via effects on maternal metabolism and fetal organ maturation. Glucocorticoids are produced within the HPA axis, activity of which is enhanced by the placenta (eg, via oestrogen in rodents and CRH in primates). Moreover, the placenta regulates access of maternal glucocorticoids to the fetus via expression of the 11 b -HSD enzymes which constitute the placental glucocorticoid barrier. Intriguingly, this barrier effectively disappears during late fetal life in rodents but increases markedly in primates (notably baboons and humans). We hypothesise that this opposite developmental change is due in part to the evolution of the feto-placental unit for oestrogen synthesis in these primate species, and the associated need to prevent suppression of the fetal HPA axis by maternal glucocorticoids in late gestation.
8
Zühlke, U., and G. Weinbauer. "The Common Marmoset (Callithrix jacchus) as a Model in Toxicology." Toxicologic Pathology 31, no. 1_suppl (January 2003): 123–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/01926230390175002.
Abstract:
The common marmoset, Callithrix jacchus, is the smallest nonhuman primate commonly used in biomedical research. Marmoset characteristics and propensities have enabled them to be used in a wide range of research as a model of human disease, physiology, drug metabolism, general toxicology, and reproductive biology. This paper provides a general overview of the marmoset with special emphasis on the benefits and disadvantages of this species as a model for inclusion in preclinical drug development programmes. In view of its small size in comparison with other nonrodent species marmosets have become of value for toxicology studies with biotechnology products where compound supply is limited. In general toxicology studies, marmosets have been successfully used to meet regulatory endpoints also for specific investigatory purposes. The widespread use of this species has allowed extensive background information to become available and a summary of the most frequently measured parameters are presented. Marmosets apparently represent an interesting animal model for comparative research on primate reproductive physiology. However, several basic aspects of reproductive processes exhibit cardinal discrepancies to those described for macaques and human. Thus, from the viewpoint of reproductive toxicology, the relevance of the marmoset primate model for human reproduction remains unclear to date and further research is obviously needed. Given our current knowledge of marmoset reproductive features, the use of this animal model cannot be recommended for reproductive toxicology assessment.
9
Kappeler, Peter M. "Sex roles and adult sex ratios: insights from mammalian biology and consequences for primate behaviour." Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 372, no. 1729 (July 31, 2017): 20160321. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2016.0321.
Abstract:
Theoretical models and empirical studies in various taxa have identified important links between variation in sex roles and the number of adult males and females (adult sex ratio (ASR)) in a population. In this review, I examine these relationships in non-human primates. Because most existing theoretical models of the evolution of sex roles focus on the evolutionary origins of sex-biased behaviour, they offer only a general scaffold for predicting variation in sex roles among and within species. I argue that studies examining sex role variation at these more specific levels need to take social organization into account to identify meaningful levels for the measurement of ASR and to account for the fact that ASR and sex roles mutually influence each other. Moreover, taxon-specific life-history traits can constrain sex role flexibility and impact the operational sex ratio (OSR) by specifying the minimum length of female time outs from reproduction. Using examples from the primate literature, I highlight practical problems in estimating ASR and OSR. I then argue that interspecific variation in the occurrence of indirect forms of paternal care might indeed be linked to variation in ASR. Some studies also indicate that female aggression and bonding, as well as components of inter-sexual relationships, are sensitive to variation in ASR. Thus, links between primate sex roles and sex ratios merit further study, and such studies could prompt the development of more specific theoretical models that make realistic assumptions about taxon-specific life history and social organization. This article is part of the themed issue ‘Adult sex ratios and reproductive decisions: a critical re-examination of sex differences in human and animal societies’.
10
Lee, Y. S., C. A. VandeVoort, and K. E. Latham. "188 EFFECTS OF IN VITRO MATURATION ON GENE EXPRESSION IN RHESUS MONKEY OOCYTES." Reproduction, Fertility and Development 21, no. 1 (2009): 193. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/rdv21n1ab188.
Abstract:
Assisted reproduction technologies (ARTs) are achieving increasing prominence in reproductive medicine. With the increasing application of ARTs comes increased interest in optimizing efficiency while minimizing potential risks to the offspring. One area of assisted reproduction in which improvements are being sought is in vitro oocyte maturation. In vitro oocyte maturation (IVM) holds great promise as a tool for enhancing clinical treatment of infertility, enhancing availability of non-human primates for development of disease models, and facilitating endangered species preservation. However, IVM outcomes have remained significantly below success rates obtained using in vivo-matured (VVM) oocytes from humans and non-human primates. There is thus considerable interest in improving IVM. Key objectives toward achieving more efficient IVM will be to establish the molecular determinants of oocyte quality, identify specific biological processes or mechanisms that may be disrupted by ARTs, and identify specific modifications to procedures to eliminate these deficiencies. This study provides the first global comparison of mRNA expression profiles between in vitro- and in vivo-matured metaphase II stage oocytes in a non-human primate species. RNAs isolated from oocytes of each kind (IVM and VVM) were subjected to a 2-cycle labeling assay, and the labeled cRNAs were hybridized to Affymetrix rhesus macaque genome arrays (Affymetrix Inc., Santa Clara, CA, USA). To minimize false positive signals, only genes called present in at least 3 out of 4 biological replicates were used for significance analysis of microarray. Genes with significant differences among samples were identified at the 5% false discovery rate and were further selected on the basis of t-test (P < 0.05). We observed a small set of just 59 mRNAs that are differentially expressed between the 2 types of oocytes. Independent confirmation of gene expression differences was performed for 19 candidate genes using the quantitative RT-PCR. Gene functional classification analysis revealed that genes differentially expressed between IVM and VVM oocytes are related to cellular homeostasis, cell-cell interactions including growth factor and hormone stimulation and cell adhesion, and other functions such as mRNA stability and translation. Additionally, we observed in IVM oocytes overexpression of PLAGL1 and MEST, 2 maternally imprinted genes, indicating a possible interruption or loss of correct epigenetic programming. These results provide novel insight into the nature of oocyte-follicle cell interactions, the potential molecular and cellular consequences of altering these interactions, and the basis for compromised developmental competence following IVM procedures in a non-human primate model. The results also raise concerns about applying IVM clinically without addressing such developmental defects but indicate that these deficiencies may be overcome by further improvement in IVM culture systems. This study was supported by grants from the National Institutes of Health, National Centers for Research Resources (NCRR) RR15253 (KEL), RR000169 (CAV), and RR13439 (CAV).
11
Jasienska, Grazyna. "Costs of reproduction and ageing in the human female." Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 375, no. 1811 (September 21, 2020): 20190615. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2019.0615.
Abstract:
Evolutionary theories of ageing point to reproduction as a significant factor to consider when asking why ageing occurs and why there is inter-individual variation in its progression. Reproduction in human females is costly, in terms of energy, nutrients and metabolic adjustments. Thus, it is expected that women who experienced high reproductive effort resulting from multiple reproductive events will age faster. However, the evidence for long-term negative effects of reproduction is not conclusive. The lack of understanding of whether there are trade-offs between reproduction and ageing in women is partly due to methodological challenges. The costs of reproduction are often calculated based only on parity, while other elements contributing to these costs (e.g. breastfeeding, timing of reproduction) are neglected, which may significantly underestimate the total costs and obscure the all-important inter-individual variation in such costs. Costs must be evaluated in relation to individual characteristics, including developmental conditions, nutritional status and social support that a mother receives during reproduction. Furthermore, ageing and health must be assessed based on comprehensive markers rather than arbitrarily assembled variables. Finally, longitudinal rather than cross-sectional studies and new statistical approaches are needed to reveal how much of a decline in health and progressing ageing can actually be attributed to past reproductive processes. This article is part of the theme issue ‘Evolution of the primate ageing process'.
12
Comizzoli, Pierre, and William V. Holt. "Breakthroughs and new horizons in reproductive biology of rare and endangered animal species." Biology of Reproduction 101, no. 3 (February 17, 2019): 514–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/biolre/ioz031.
Abstract:
Abstract Because of higher extinction rates due to human and natural factors, more basic and applied research in reproductive biology is required to preserve wild species and design proper strategies leading to sustainable populations. The objective of the review is to highlight recent, inspiring breakthroughs in wildlife reproduction science that will set directions for future research and lead to more successes in conservation biology. Despite new tools and approaches allowing a better and faster understanding of key mechanisms, we still know little about reproduction in endangered species. Recently, the most striking advances have been obtained in nonmammalian species (fish, birds, amphibians, or corals) with the development of alternative solutions to preserve fertility or new information about parental nutritional influence on embryo development. A novel way has also been explored to consider the impact of environmental changes on reproduction—the allostatic load—in a vast array of species (from primates to fish). On the horizon, genomic tools are expected to considerably change the way we study wildlife reproduction and develop a concept of “precision conservation breeding.” When basic studies in organismal physiology are conducted in parallel, new approaches using stem cells to create artificial gametes and gonads, innovations in germplasm storage, and more research on reproductive microbiomes will help to make a difference. Lastly, multiple challenges (for instance, poor integration of new tools in conservation programs, limited access to study animals, or few publication options) will have to be addressed if we want reproductive biology to positively impact conservation of biodiversity.
13
Negrey, Jacob D., Melissa Emery Thompson, Kevin E. Langergraber, Zarin P. Machanda, John C. Mitani, Martin N. Muller, Emily Otali, Leah A. Owens, Richard W. Wrangham, and Tony L. Goldberg. "Demography, life-history trade-offs, and the gastrointestinal virome of wild chimpanzees." Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 375, no. 1811 (September 21, 2020): 20190613. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2019.0613.
Abstract:
In humans, senescence increases susceptibility to viral infection. However, comparative data on viral infection in free-living non-human primates—even in our closest living relatives, chimpanzees and bonobos ( Pan troglodytes and P. paniscus )—are relatively scarce, thereby constraining an evolutionary understanding of age-related patterns of viral infection. We investigated a population of wild eastern chimpanzees ( P. t. schweinfurthii ), using metagenomics to characterize viromes (full viral communities) in the faeces of 42 sexually mature chimpanzees (22 males, 20 females) from the Kanyawara and Ngogo communities of Kibale National Park, Uganda. We identified 12 viruses from at least four viral families possessing genomes of both single-stranded RNA and single-stranded DNA. Faecal viromes of both sexes varied with chimpanzee age, but viral richness increased with age only in males. This effect was largely due to three viruses, salivirus, porprismacovirus and chimpanzee stool-associated RNA virus (chisavirus), which occurred most frequently in samples from older males. This finding is consistent with the hypothesis that selection on males for early-life reproduction compromises investment in somatic maintenance, which has delayed consequences for health later in life, in this case reflected in viral infection and/or shedding. Faecal viromes are therefore useful for studying processes related to the divergent reproductive strategies of males and females, ageing, and sex differences in longevity. This article is part of the theme issue ‘Evolution of the primate ageing process'.
14
Snyder-Mackler, Noah, Susan C. Alberts, and Thore J. Bergman. "Concessions of an alpha male? Cooperative defence and shared reproduction in multi-male primate groups." Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 279, no. 1743 (July 4, 2012): 3788–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2012.0842.
Abstract:
By living in social groups with potential competitors, animals forgo monopolizing access to resources. Consequently, debate continues over how selection might favour sociality among competitors. For example, several models exist to account for the evolution of shared reproduction in groups. The ‘concession model’ hypothesizes that dominant reproducers benefit from the presence of subordinates, and hence tolerate some reproduction by subordinates. This mutual benefit to both dominants and subordinates may provide a foundation for the formation of social groups in which multiple members reproduce—a necessary step in the evolution of cooperation. To date, however, the concession model has received virtually no support in vertebrates. Instead, the vast majority of vertebrate data support ‘limited control models’, which posit that dominant reproducers are simply unable to prevent subordinates from reproducing. Here we present the most comprehensive evidence to date in support of the concession model in a vertebrate. We examined natural variation in the number of adult males in gelada ( Theropithecus gelada ) reproductive units to assess the extent of reproductive skew in multi-male units. Dominant (‘leader’) males in units that also had subordinate (‘follower’) males had a 30 per cent longer tenure than leaders in units that did not have followers, mainly because followers actively defended the group against potential immigrants. Follower males also obtained a small amount of reproduction in the unit, which may have functioned as a concession in return for defending the unit. These results suggest that dominants and subordinates may engage in mutually beneficial reproductive transactions, thus favouring male–male tolerance and cooperation.
15
Kraft, Thomas S., Jonathan Stieglitz, Benjamin C. Trumble, Angela R. Garcia, Hillard Kaplan, and Michael Gurven. "Multi-system physiological dysregulation and ageing in a subsistence population." Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 375, no. 1811 (September 21, 2020): 20190610. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2019.0610.
Abstract:
Humans have the longest post-reproductive lifespans and lowest rates of actuarial ageing among primates. Understanding the links between slow actuarial ageing and physiological change is critical for improving the human ‘healthspan’. Physiological dysregulation may be a key feature of ageing in industrialized populations with high burdens of chronic ‘diseases of civilization’, but little is known about age trajectories of physiological condition in subsistence populations with limited access to public health infrastructure. To better characterize human physiological dysregulation, we examined age trajectories of 40 biomarkers spanning the immune ( n = 13 biomarkers), cardiometabolic ( n = 14), musculoskeletal ( n = 6) and other ( n = 7) systems among Tsimane forager-horticulturalists of the Bolivian Amazon using mixed cross-sectional and longitudinal data ( n = 22 115 observations). We characterized age-related changes using a multi-system statistical index of physiological dysregulation (Mahalanobis distance; D m ) that increases with age in both humans and other primates. Although individual biomarkers showed varied age profiles, we found a robust increase in age-related dysregulation for Tsimane ( β = 0.17–0.18) that was marginally faster than that reported for an industrialized Western sample ( β = 0.14–0.16), but slower than that of other non-human primates. We found minimal sex differences in the pace or average level of dysregulation for Tsimane. Our findings highlight some conserved patterns of physiological dysregulation in humans, consistent with the notion that somatic ageing exhibits species-typical patterns, despite cross-cultural variation in environmental exposures, lifestyles and mortality. This article is part of the theme issue ‘Evolution of the primate ageing process'.
16
Yang, S. Y., P. C. Cheng, and A. W. S. Chan. "6 LENTIVIRAL TRANSGENESIS IN MICE AND NONHUMAN PRIMATES." Reproduction, Fertility and Development 20, no. 1 (2008): 83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/rdv20n1ab6.
Abstract:
Transgenic technology is a powerful tool for investigating gene function and regulation in species ranging from fly to higher primates. The role of transgenic animal modeling has become more prominent in biomedical research; therefore, a highly efficient method for producing transgenic animals is critical for the advancement of animal modeling of genetic disorders, especially in species with limited access such as nonhuman primates. Lentiviral transgenesis is one of most efficient methods in generating transgenic animals, and has been applied in different species including mice, rats, pigs, and cattle. Here we evaluated lentiviral transgenesis by an in-depth investigation on the effect of gene construct and the method of viral delivery in mice; thus the prospect of creating transgenic nonhuman primates can be assessed. Lentiviruses carrying 25 different gene constructs in the same viral backbone were created and microinjected into the cytoplasm or the perivitelline space (PVS) of mouse zygotes; these zygotes were then compared to those subjected to the traditional pronuclear injection (PI) method. Embryo development was not affected by PVS, whereas intracytoplasmic injection produced a mild effect on embryo development, which was dependent on the manipulation skill. We found that intracytoplasmic injection of lentivirus had the highest transgenic rate (weaned pups) of approximately 54.22% (199/367), whereas the transgenic rate using PVS injection was 40.74% (22/54). However, the transgenic rate of PI was only 9.09% (4/44), which was significantly lower than the other two methods. Germline transmission was confirmed in over 90% of the transgenic lines produced by lentiviral gene transfer. In addition to the effect due to gene delivery method, variations in gene transfer efficiency were also observed when lentiviruses with different constructs were used. Our interest was to translate the lentiviral gene transfer technique into nonhuman primates for the development of a model for human disease. We evaluated the in vitro developmental rate of Rhesus macaques embryos that were microinjected into the PVS with lentiviruses carrying mutant genes leading to neurodegenerative diseases. The blastocyst rate of the lentivirus injection group (26%; 62/238) was not different from that of the control (25%; 13/52), which was without lentivirus injection. This indicates the feasibility of applying the lentiviral gene transfer technique to nonhuman primates. We carried out embryo transfers to surrogate female monkeys; however, the confirmation of pregnancy and the success of a developing nonhuman primate model of human disease were not available at the time of this writing. Here we demonstrate that lentiviral transgensis by cytoplasmic injection or PVS injection is a promising method to generate transgenic animals at high efficiency, and is superior to the traditional methods. Thus the production of a nonhuman primate model of human genetic diseases is foreseeable, and will have a significant impact on transgenic animal modeling as well as the advancement of biomedicine. This work was supported by the NCRR/NIH.
17
Baiz, Marcella D., Priscilla K. Tucker, Jacob L. Mueller, and Liliana Cortés-Ortiz. "X-Linked Signature of Reproductive Isolation in Humans is Mirrored in a Howler Monkey Hybrid Zone." Journal of Heredity 111, no. 5 (July 2020): 419–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jhered/esaa021.
Abstract:
Abstract Reproductive isolation is a fundamental step in speciation. While sex chromosomes have been linked to reproductive isolation in many model systems, including hominids, genetic studies of the contribution of sex chromosome loci to speciation for natural populations are relatively sparse. Natural hybrid zones can help identify genomic regions contributing to reproductive isolation, like hybrid incompatibility loci, since these regions exhibit reduced introgression between parental species. Here, we use a primate hybrid zone (Alouatta palliata × Alouatta pigra) to test for reduced introgression of X-linked SNPs compared to autosomal SNPs. To identify X-linked sequence in A. palliata, we used a sex-biased mapping approach with whole-genome re-sequencing data. We then used genomic cline analysis with reduced-representation sequence data for parental A. palliata and A. pigra individuals and hybrids (n = 88) to identify regions with non-neutral introgression. We identified ~26 Mb of non-repetitive, putatively X-linked genomic sequence in A. palliata, most of which mapped collinearly to the marmoset and human X chromosomes. We found that X-linked SNPs had reduced introgression and an excess of ancestry from A. palliata as compared to autosomal SNPs. One outlier region with reduced introgression overlaps a previously described “desert” of archaic hominin ancestry on the human X chromosome. These results are consistent with a large role for the X chromosome in speciation across animal taxa and further, suggest shared features in the genomic basis of the evolution of reproductive isolation in primates.
18
Sankai, Tadashi, and Nobuhiro Shimozawa. "Current Reproductive Research in Non-Human Primates." Journal of Mammalian Ova Research 23, no. 4 (October 2006): 163–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1274/jmor.23.163.
19
Thompson, Melissa Emery. "Primate Reproduction: When Timing Is Everything." Current Biology 31, no. 1 (January 2021): R11—R13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cub.2020.11.029.
20
Hewitson, Laura, and Gerald Schatten. "The use of primates as models for assisted reproduction." Reproductive BioMedicine Online 5, no. 1 (January 2002): 50–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1472-6483(10)61598-2.
21
Liu, Lei, and Fang Fang. "Long Noncoding RNA Mediated Regulation in Human Embryogenesis, Pluripotency, and Reproduction." Stem Cells International 2022 (January 22, 2022): 1–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2022/8051717.
Abstract:
Long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs), a class of noncoding RNAs with more than 200 bp in length, are produced by pervasive transcription in mammalian genomes and regulate gene expression through various action mechanisms. Accumulating data indicate that lncRNAs mediate essential biological functions in human development, including early embryogenesis, induction of pluripotency, and germ cell development. Comprehensive analysis of sequencing data highlights that lncRNAs are expressed in a stage-specific and human/primate-specific pattern during early human development. They contribute to cell fate determination through interacting with almost all classes of cellular biomolecules, including proteins, DNA, mRNAs, and microRNAs. Furthermore, the expression of a few of lncRNAs is highly associated with the pathogenesis and progression of many reproductive diseases, suggesting that they could serve as candidate biomarkers for diagnosis or novel targets for treatment. Here, we review research on lncRNAs and their roles in embryogenesis, pluripotency, and reproduction. We aim to identify the underlying molecular mechanisms essential for human development and provide novel insight into the causes and treatments of human reproductive diseases.
22
Bellofiore, Nadia, Stacey J. Ellery, Peter Temple-Smith, and Jemma Evans. "Pseudopregnancy and reproductive cycle synchronisation cannot be induced using conventional methods in the spiny mouse (Acomys cahirinus)." Reproduction, Fertility and Development 32, no. 4 (2020): 363. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/rd18506.
Abstract:
The menstruating spiny mouse is the first rodent identified to exhibit natural spontaneous decidualisation, cyclical endometrial shedding and regeneration. While the spiny mouse shares several primate-like characteristics in its reproductive biology, it has not been established whether pseudopregnancy can be induced or if its cycles can be synchronised as in non-human mammals. Here we describe attempts to induce pseudopregnancy and synchronisation of menstrual cycles (i.e. Whitten effect) in spiny mice. Virgin females (n=3–8 per group) underwent one of the following procedures to induce pseudopregnancy: daily vaginal lavage only (control), progesterone injection, mechanical stimulation of the cervix and sterile mating. A separate cohort was also exposed to male-soiled bedding to assess the Whitten effect. Pseudopregnancy was deemed successful if females presented with extended (>12 consecutive days) leukocytic vaginal cytology. No female from any method of induction met this criterion. In addition, the menstrual cycles of a group of six females could not be synchronised, nor immediate ovulation induced via exposure to male-soiled bedding. These responses indicate that the spiny mouse does not behave as a typical rodent. Like higher-order primates, the spiny mouse exhibits a relatively rare reproductive strategy, of failure to show pseudopregnancy or cyclical synchronisation. This is further endorsement of the use of this species as a versatile animal model for translational studies of menstruation and fertility.
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Riehl, Christina, and Meghan J. Strong. "Stable social relationships between unrelated females increase individual fitness in a cooperative bird." Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 285, no. 1876 (April 11, 2018): 20180130. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2018.0130.
Abstract:
Social animals often form long-lasting relationships with fellow group members, usually with close kin. In primates, strong social bonds have been associated with increased longevity, offspring survival and reproductive success. However, little is known about the fitness effects of social bonds between non-kin, especially outside of mammals. In this study, we use long-term field research on a cooperatively breeding bird, the greater ani ( Crotophaga major ), to ask whether adult females benefit by remaining in long-term associations with unrelated, co-breeding females. We find that females that have previously nested together synchronize their reproduction more rapidly than those nesting with unfamiliar partners, which leads to lower competition and higher fledging success. Importantly, although previous experience with a co-breeding female influenced reproductive synchrony, the degree of reproductive synchrony did not influence whether co-breeding females remained together in subsequent years, ruling out the alternate hypothesis that highly synchronized females are simply more likely to remain together. These results indicate that switching groups is costly to females, and that social familiarity improves reproductive coordination. Stable social relationships therefore have significant fitness consequences for cooperatively nesting female birds, suggesting that direct benefits alone may favour the evolution of associations between non-relatives and contribute to long-term group stability.
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Froenicke, L., S. M. Nichols, H. M. Kubisch, L. A. Lyons, B. D. Bavister, and C. A. Brenner. "242 DEVELOPMENT OF BAC FISH PROBES FOR GENETIC ANALYSIS OF NON-HUMAN PRIMATE GAMETES AND EMBRYONIC STEM CELLS." Reproduction, Fertility and Development 17, no. 2 (2005): 271. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/rdv17n2ab242.
Abstract:
Several factors relating to reproductive health and gamete competence must be considered when implementing programs for propagation of genetically valuable primates via natural breeding or assisted reproductive technologies. These relevant factors include ascertaining gamete chromosome normality of individuals. Our early attempts at characterizing aneuploidy levels of gametes within a model primate species, the rhesus macaque, utilizing Vysis centromeric fluorescent in situ hybridization (FISH) probes, failed to produce a signal. Commercially available probe sets for interphase cytogenetics rely partly on repetitive DNA probes. Therefore, we have employed either pools of human BACs or clones selected from a rhesus macaque BAC library for interphase cytogenetics. Bacterial artificial chromosome (BAC) FISH probes specific to regions of human DNA that are homologous to macaque DNA were produced, in collaboration with researchers at the University of California-Davis. The most common aneuploidies implicated in human birth defects or pregnancy failures are those involving the sex chromosomes and chromosomes HSA (human) 13, 16, 18, and 21 (Munne 2003 Placenta 24, 70–76). Hence, we have initially used human BAC FISH probes on the equivalent chromosome homologs in Macaca mulatta (MMU): X, Y, MMU 17 (HSA13), MMU 20 (HSA16), and MMU18 (HSA18). The homolog of HSA 21 is part of a larger chromosome in the macaque (MMU3) that also contains HSA 7 (based on nomenclature by Cambefort et al. 1976 Ann. Genet. 19, 5–9). Since aneuploidy has been linked to chromosome size and MMU3 is large, this macaque chromosome may be involved in aneuploidies. In addition, we determined the suitability of commercially available “chromosome paints” that target repetitive sequences and are widely used in determining karyotypes in human fertility clinics. Initial work was performed on cultured macaque blood cells exposed to Colcemid. Our preliminary data clearly demonstrate the feasibility of using probes that are commonly used in the analysis of human karyotypes to examine chromosomal anomalies in macaque gametes and embryos. Additional probes for other chromosomes are currently under investigation. The development of a large panel of available probes will provide a rapid and accurate method to assess aneuploidy/mosaicism levels in genetically valuable primate spermatozoa, in vitro-matured oocytes and blastomeres of IVP embryos. Furthermore, these probes will be useful to determine the karyotypic normalcy of cultured non-human primate embryonic stem cells. This research has been supported by the University of New Orleans to CAB, Tulane National Primate Research Center base grant NIH 5P51 RR00164-41, and the Joe W. and Dorothy Dorsett Brown Foundation Cellular Imaging Facility.
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Fraser, Hamish M., and W. Colin Duncan. "SRB Reproduction, Fertility and Development Award Lecture 2008. Regulation and manipulation of angiogenesis in the ovary and endometrium." Reproduction, Fertility and Development 21, no. 3 (2009): 377. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/rd08272.
Abstract:
The marked cyclical physiological angiogenesis in the developing follicle, corpus luteum and endometrium implies a critical role in health and disease. Our approach to understanding its regulation has been to localise and quantify the temporal changes in putative angiogenic factors, and their receptors, in human and non-human primate tissue and to use antagonists to dissect their role by specific inhibition at defined periods during the ovulatory cycle in non-human primates in vivo. The course of angiogenesis throughout the cycle and the cellular and molecular effects of inhibitory treatments have been investigated in the marmoset ovary and uterus, whereas consequences on pituitary–ovarian function have been monitored in macaques. Inhibition of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) at the time of follicle recruitment or selection prevents endothelial cell proliferation, leading to inhibition of follicular development. VEGF inhibition during the early luteal phase prevents angiogenesis and restricts development of the luteal microvasculature. Inhibition of angiogenesis at all stages of the cycle leads to profound suppression of ovarian function. Even during the ‘post-angiogenic’ period of the luteal phase, inhibition of VEGF precipitates a suppression of progesterone secretion, pointing to additional roles for VEGF in the ovary. In the endometrium, oestrogen drives endometrial angiogenesis through VEGF. Thus, oestrogen can restore angiogenesis after ovariectomy, but not in the presence of VEGF inhibitors. These investigations enhance our understanding of the regulation of angiogenesis in the ovary and uterus and inform studies on conditions with abnormal vascularisation, such as polycystic ovary syndrome, endometriosis, uterine fibroids and menstrual dysfunction.
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Thomas, Gregg W. C., Richard J. Wang, Arthi Puri, R. Alan Harris, Muthuswamy Raveendran, Daniel S. T. Hughes, Shwetha C. Murali, et al. "Reproductive Longevity Predicts Mutation Rates in Primates." Current Biology 28, no. 19 (October 2018): 3193–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cub.2018.08.050.
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Garcia, Cécile, Sébastien Bouret, François Druelle, and Sandrine Prat. "Balancing costs and benefits in primates: ecological and palaeoanthropological views." Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 376, no. 1819 (January 11, 2021): 20190667. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2019.0667.
Abstract:
Maintaining the balance between costs and benefits is challenging for species living in complex and dynamic socio-ecological environments, such as primates, but also crucial for shaping life history, reproductive and feeding strategies. Indeed, individuals must decide to invest time and energy to obtain food, services and partners, with little direct feedback on the success of their investments. Whereas decision-making relies heavily upon cognition in humans, the extent to which it also involves cognition in other species, based on their environmental constraints, has remained a challenging question. Building mental representations relating behaviours and their long-term outcome could be critical for other primates, but there are actually very little data relating cognition to real socio-ecological challenges in extant and extinct primates. Here, we review available data illustrating how specific cognitive processes enable(d) modern primates and extinct hominins to manage multiple resources (e.g. food, partners) and to organize their behaviour in space and time, both at the individual and at the group level. We particularly focus on how they overcome fluctuating and competing demands, and select courses of action corresponding to the best possible packages of potential costs and benefits in reproductive and foraging contexts. This article is part of the theme issue ‘Existence and prevalence of economic behaviours among non-human primates’.
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Drea, Christine M. "Design, delivery and perception of condition-dependent chemical signals in strepsirrhine primates: implications for human olfactory communication." Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 375, no. 1800 (April 20, 2020): 20190264. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2019.0264.
Abstract:
The study of human chemical communication benefits from comparative perspectives that relate humans, conceptually and empirically, to other primates. All major primate groups rely on intraspecific chemosignals, but strepsirrhines present the greatest diversity and specialization, providing a rich framework for examining design, delivery and perception. Strepsirrhines actively scent mark, possess a functional vomeronasal organ, investigate scents via olfactory and gustatory means, and are exquisitely sensitive to chemically encoded messages. Variation in delivery, scent mixing and multimodality alters signal detection, longevity and intended audience. Based on an integrative, 19-species review, the main scent source used (excretory versus glandular) differentiates nocturnal from diurnal or cathemeral species, reflecting differing socioecological demands and evolutionary trajectories. Condition-dependent signals reflect immutable (species, sex, identity, genetic diversity, immunity and kinship) and transient (health, social status, reproductive state and breeding history) traits, consistent with socio-reproductive functions. Sex reversals in glandular elaboration, marking rates or chemical richness in female-dominant species implicate sexual selection of olfactory ornaments in both sexes. Whereas some compounds may be endogenously produced and modified (e.g. via hormones), microbial analyses of different odorants support the fermentation hypothesis of bacterial contribution. The intimate contexts of information transfer and varied functions provide important parallels applicable to olfactory communication in humans. This article is part of the Theo Murphy meeting issue ‘Olfactory communication in humans’.
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Rooker, Kelly, and Sergey Gavrilets. "On the evolution of visual female sexual signalling." Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 285, no. 1879 (May 30, 2018): 20172875. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2017.2875.
Abstract:
A long-standing evolutionary puzzle surrounds female sexual signals visible around the time of ovulation. Even among just primates, why do some species have substantial sexual swellings and/or bright colorations visible around females' genital regions, while other species are like humans, with no signs of ovulation visible? What is the evolutionary purpose behind not just these signs, but also this great variation seen among species? Here, we examine the evolutionary trade-offs associated with visual ovulation signalling using agent-based modelling. Our model predicts how various factors, including male genetic heterogeneity and reproductive inequality, female physiological costs, group size, and the weighting of genetic versus non-genetic benefits coming from males, each influence the strength of ovulation signalling. Our model also predicts that increasing the impacts of infanticide will increase ovulation signalling. We use comparative primate data to show that, as predicted by our model, larger group size and higher risk of infanticide each correlate with having stronger visual ovulation signs. Overall, our work resolves some old controversies and sheds new light on the evolution of visual female sexual signalling.
30
Chellman, Gary J., Jeanine L. Bussiere, Norbert Makori, Pauline L. Martin, Yojiro Ooshima, and Gerhard F. Weinbauer. "Developmental and reproductive toxicology studies in nonhuman primates." Birth Defects Research Part B: Developmental and Reproductive Toxicology 86, no. 6 (December 2009): 446–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bdrb.20216.
31
Eghlidi, Dominique H., Vasilios T. Garyfallou, Steven G. Kohama, and Henryk F. Urbanski. "Age-associated gene expression changes in the arcuate nucleus of male rhesus macaques." Journal of Molecular Endocrinology 59, no. 2 (August 2017): 141–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1530/jme-17-0094.
Abstract:
The hypothalamic arcuate nucleus (ARC) represents a major component of the neuroendocrine reproductive axis and plays an important role in controlling the onset of puberty as well as age-associated reproductive senescence. Although significant gene expression changes have been observed in the ARC during sexual maturation, it is unclear what changes occur during aging, especially in males. Therefore, in the present study, we profiled the expression of reproduction-related genes in the ARC of young and old male rhesus macaques, as well as old males that had received 6 months of hormone supplementation (HS) in the form of daily testosterone and dehydroepiandrosterone; we also compared morning vs night ARC gene expression in the old males. Using Affymetrix gene microarrays, we found little evidence for age-associated expression changes for genes associated with the neuroendocrine reproductive axis, whereas using qRT-PCR, we detected a similar age-associated decrease in PGR (progesterone receptor) that we previously observed in postmenopausal females. We also detected a sex-steroid-dependent and age-associated decrease in androgen receptor (AR) expression, with highest AR levels being expressed at night (i.e., coinciding with the natural peak in daily testosterone secretion). Finally, unlike previous observations made in females, we did not find a significant age-associated increase in KISS1 (Kisspeptin) or TAC3 (Neurokinin B) expression in the ARC of males, most likely because the attenuation of circulating sex-steroid levels in the males was much less than that in postmenopausal females. Taken together, the data highlight some similarities and differences in ARC gene expression between aged male and female nonhuman primates.
32
Gustison, Morgan L., Aliza le Roux, and Thore J. Bergman. "Derived vocalizations of geladas ( Theropithecus gelada ) and the evolution of vocal complexity in primates." Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 367, no. 1597 (July 5, 2012): 1847–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2011.0218.
Abstract:
Primates are intensely social and exhibit extreme variation in social structure, making them particularly well suited for uncovering evolutionary connections between sociality and vocal complexity. Although comparative studies find a correlation between social and vocal complexity, the function of large vocal repertoires in more complex societies remains unclear. We compared the vocal complexity found in primates to both mammals in general and human language in particular and found that non-human primates are not unusual in the complexity of their vocal repertoires. To better understand the function of vocal complexity within primates, we compared two closely related primates (chacma baboons and geladas) that differ in their ecology and social structures. A key difference is that gelada males form long-term bonds with the 2–12 females in their harem-like reproductive unit, while chacma males primarily form temporary consortships with females. We identified homologous and non-homologous calls and related the use of the derived non-homologous calls to specific social situations. We found that the socially complex (but ecologically simple) geladas have larger vocal repertoires. Derived vocalizations of geladas were primarily used by leader males in affiliative interactions with ‘their’ females. The derived calls were frequently used following fights within the unit suggesting that maintaining cross-sex bonds within a reproductive unit contributed to this instance of evolved vocal complexity. Thus, our comparison highlights the utility of using closely related species to better understand the function of vocal complexity.
33
Sierens, JE, GA Scobie, J. Wilson, and PT Saunders. "Cloning of oestrogen receptor beta from Old and New World primates: identification of splice variants and functional analysis." Journal of Molecular Endocrinology 32, no. 3 (June 1, 2004): 703–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1677/jme.0.0320703.
Abstract:
Oestrogens have a major impact on reproductive function in both males and females. Two oestrogen receptor genes known as ERalpha (ESR1NR3A1) and ERbeta (ESR2NR3A2) have been cloned. Splice variant isoforms of the ERbeta gene have been identified in human, bovine and rodents and it has been suggested that the existence of these forms can influence oestrogen responsiveness. In the human, splicing of an alternative eighth exon results in the formation of a C-terminal variant called hERbetacx, or hERbeta2, but this isoform has not been identified in other species. The aim of the present study was to clone ERbeta cDNAs from primates so as to determine how closely they resembled the ERbeta isoforms found in the human. The two species studied were the stump-tailed macaque (Macaca arctoides), an Old World primate, and the common marmoset (Callithrix jacchus jacchus), a New World primate. Full length ERbeta (wild type, ERbeta1) cDNAs were cloned from macaque and marmoset; they encoded proteins of similar size to those found in human (59 and 54 kDa, long and short forms respectively) and shared significant sequence homology (97.5% in macaque and 93.8% in marmoset) with the human peptide sequence. Full length cDNAs homologous to the hERbeta2 variant were identified in both primates. Marmoset ERbeta2 was slightly shorter than that of human ERbeta2 (54 kDa compared with 55 kDa) and did not contain the peptide sequence used to raise an anti-hERbeta2 antibody. All the macaque ERbeta2 cDNAs contained 56 bp of intronic sequence which included an in-frame stop codon resulting in translation of a truncated protein ( approximately 35 kDa). In all three species, truncated, alternatively spliced mRNAs lacking exon 5 were isolated on multiple occasions from all tissue extracts. In transient transfection assays, ERbeta2-containing constructs were unable to induce transcription of an oestrogen response element (ERE) reporter plasmid in the presence of oestradiol. ERbeta1 from human, macaque and marmoset exhibited minor differences in their ability to induce transcription of the ERE reporter when incubated with different ligands (oestradiol, PPT, DPN, 5-alpha-androstane-3-beta, 17beta-diol (3betaAdiol), genistein) and this may be due to amino acid substitutions within their ligand binding domains. In conclusion, we have identified and cloned wild type ERbeta (ERbeta1) from macaque and marmoset and demonstrated that splice variant mRNAs homologous to hERbeta2 are formed in both species. The marmoset monkey, therefore, provides a suitable animal model in which to investigate the impact of ERbeta variant expression on tissue responsiveness to oestrogens.
34
Yoshimatsu, Sho, Iori Kisu, Emi Qian, and Toshiaki Noce. "A New Horizon in Reproductive Research with Pluripotent Stem Cells: Successful In Vitro Gametogenesis in Rodents, Its Application to Large Animals, and Future In Vitro Reconstitution of Reproductive Organs Such as “Uteroid” and “Oviductoid”." Biology 11, no. 7 (June 29, 2022): 987. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/biology11070987.
Abstract:
Recent success in derivation of functional gametes (oocytes and spermatozoa) from pluripotent stem cells (PSCs) of rodents has made it feasible for future application to large animals including endangered species and to ultimately humans. Here, we summarize backgrounds and recent studies on in vitro gametogenesis from rodent PSCs, and similar approaches using PSCs from large animals, including livestock, nonhuman primates (NHPs), and humans. We also describe additional developing approaches for in vitro reconstitution of reproductive organs, such as the ovary (ovarioid), testis (testisoid), and future challenges in the uterus (uteroid) and oviduct (oviductoid), all of which may be derived from PSCs. Once established, these in vitro systems may serve as a robust platform for elucidating the pathology of infertility-related disorders and ectopic pregnancy, principle of reproduction, and artificial biogenesis. Therefore, these possibilities, especially when using human cells, require consideration of ethical issues, and international agreements and guidelines need to be raised before opening “Pandora’s Box”.
35
Sayasith, Khampoune, Nadine Bouchard, Monique Doré, and Jean Sirois. "Cloning of equine prostaglandin dehydrogenase and its gonadotropin-dependent regulation in theca and mural granulosa cells of equine preovulatory follicles during the ovulatory process." Reproduction 133, no. 2 (February 2007): 455–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1530/rep-06-0210.
Abstract:
The mammalian ovulatory process is accompanied by a gonadotropin-dependent increase in follicular levels of prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) and PGF2α, which are metabolized by 15-hydroxy prostaglandin dehydrogenase (PGDH). Little is known about ovarian PGDH regulation in non-primate species. The objectives of this study were to characterize the structure of equine PGDH and its regulation in follicles during human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG)-induced ovulation. The full-length equine PGDH was obtained by RT-PCR, 5′- and 3′-rapid amplification of cDNA ends (RACE). Its open reading frame encodes a 266-amino acid protein that is 72–95% homologous to other species. Semi-quantitative RT-PCR/Southern blot were used to study PGDH regulation in follicles isolated 0–39 h post-hCG. Results showed that PGDH mRNA expression was low in follicles obtained at 0 h, increased at 12 and 24 h (P< 0.05), and decreased at 36-h post-hCG. This induction of expression was biphasic, with elevated abundance of transcripts at 12 and 33 h post-hCG (P< 0.05) in mural granulosa and theca cells. Immunohistochemistry and immunoblotting confirmed regulated expression of PGHD protein in both cell types of preovulatory follicles after hCG. High levels of PGDH mRNA were observed in corpus luteum and other non-ovarian tissues tested, except kidney, muscle, brain, and heart. Thus, this study is the first to report the gonadotropin-dependent regulation of PGDH during ovulation in a non-primate species. PGDH induction was biphasic in theca and mural granulosa cells differing from primates in which this induction was monophasic and limited to granulosa cells, suggesting species-specific differences in follicular control of PGDH expression during ovulation.
36
Snowdon, Charles T., Toni E. Ziegler, Nancy J. Schultz-Darken, and Craig F. Ferris. "Social odours, sexual arousal and pairbonding in primates." Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 361, no. 1476 (November 6, 2006): 2079–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2006.1932.
Abstract:
We describe the role of social odours in sexual arousal and maintaining pairbonds in biparental and cooperatively breeding primates. Social odours are complex chemical mixtures produced by an organism that can simultaneously provide information about species, kinship, sex, individuality and reproductive state. They are long lasting and have advantages over other modalities. Both sexes are sensitive to changes in odours over the reproductive cycle and experimental disruption of signals can lead to altered sexual behaviour within a pair. We demonstrate, using functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI), that social odours indicating reproductive state directly influence the brain areas responsible for sexual behaviour. Social odours also influence other brain areas typically involved in motivation, memory and decision making, suggesting that these signals have more complex functions in primates than mere sexual arousal. We demonstrate a rapid link between social odours and neuroendocrine responses that are modulated by a male's social status. Recent work on humans shows similar responses to social odours. We conclude with an integration of the importance of social odours on sexual arousal and maintaining pairbonds in socially biparental and cooperatively breeding species, suggesting new research directions to integrate social behaviour, neural activation and neuroendocrine responses.
37
Walker, Margaret L., Daniel C. Anderson, James G. Herndon, and Lary C. Walker. "Ovarian aging in squirrel monkeys (Saimiri sciureus)." REPRODUCTION 138, no. 5 (November 2009): 793–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1530/rep-08-0449.
Abstract:
In female squirrel monkeys (Saimiri sciureus), the reproductive period normally extends from ∼2.5 years to the mid-teens. In the present study, we examined the age-associated cytological changes in the ovaries of 24 squirrel monkeys ranging in age from newborn to ∼20 years. We found a significant, age-related decline in the number of primordial follicles, with the most pronounced loss occurring between birth and 5 years. After ∼8 years of age, relatively few primordial follicles were evident in the ovarian sections examined. An unusual feature of the aging squirrel monkey ovary is the emergence of highly differentiated, encapsulated clusters of granulosa cells that increase in size and number, particularly after the age of 8 years. Many of these cells express anti-Müllerian hormone, and, histologically, the clusters resemble granulosa cell tumors in humans. However, granulosa cell clusters (GCCs) are present in both ovaries of all older squirrel monkeys, and they display no obvious signs of malignancy, suggesting that they are a normal feature of ovarian aging in this species. Our findings indicate that reproductive senescence in female squirrel monkeys, as in other primates, involves the inexorable depletion of ovarian follicles. In addition, the consistent appearance of abundant, well-differentiated clusters of granulosa cells in older squirrel monkeys, prior to the cessation of reproduction, suggests that these structures may influence the later stages of reproductive potential in this species. Analysis of GCCs in older squirrel monkeys also could yield insights into the pathophysiology of granulosa cell tumors in humans.
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Henson, M. C., K. F. Swan, D. E. Edwards, G. W. Hoyle, J. Purcell, and V. D. Castracane. "Leptin receptor expression in fetal lung increases in late gestation in the baboon: a model for human pregnancy." Reproduction 127, no. 1 (January 2004): 87–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1530/rep.1.00037.
Abstract:
Leptin produced by both adipose tissue and the placental trophoblast, has been proposed to regulate numerous aspects of human conceptus development. Although recent animal studies have suggested an additional role for the polypeptide in fetal lung maturation, no evidence has been reported in primates. Therefore, we employed the baboon (Papio sp.), a well-characterized primate model for human pregnancy, to determine the presence and ontogeny of leptin receptor in fetal lung with advancing gestation. Lungs were collected from fetal baboons, early in gestation (days 58–62, n = 4), at mid gestation (days 98–102, n = 4), and late in gestation (days 158–165, n = 4) (term 184 days). mRNA transcripts for leptin (LEP) and both long and short intracellular domain isoforms of the leptin receptor (LEP-RL and LEP-RS) were assessed by RT-PCR. leptin receptor protein was evaluated by immunoblotting and cell types expressing leptin receptor were identified in late pregnancy by immunohistochemistry. Fetal serum leptin concentrations, determined by RIA, remained relatively unchanged at 5.7 ± 1.1 ng/ml (mean ± s.e.m.) in mid pregnancy and 8.4 ± 3.0 ng/ml in late pregnancy (P > 0.05). Although leptin were detectable in fetal lung, no changes in transcript abundance were apparent with advancing gestation. However, transcripts for both LEP-RL and LEP-RS receptor isoforms increased several-fold (P < 0.05) in fetal lung between mid and late gestation, while leptin receptor protein was detectable only in late pregnancy. leptin receptor was localized in distal pulmonary epithelial cells, including type II pneumocytes. In conclusion, leptin is present in the fetal baboon and its receptor is enhanced during late gestation in cells responsible for the synthesis of pulmonary surfactant. Collectively, these and past findings may suggest a modulatory role for the polypeptide in pulmonary development and/or may identify leptin receptor as a physiological marker of primate fetal lung maturity.
39
Tao, Ya-Xiong, and Yong-Qing Cao. "Trophoblast interferons of primates." Placenta 13, no. 4 (July 1992): A62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0143-4004(92)90185-v.
40
Gibson, T., T. Quebedeaux, S. Rajasekaran, and C. Brenner. "128 MITOCHONDRIAL DNA DELETIONS IN RHESUS MACAQUE OOCYTES, EMBRYOS, AND ADULT AND EMBRYONIC STEM CELLS." Reproduction, Fertility and Development 18, no. 2 (2006): 173. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/rdv18n2ab128.
Abstract:
Mitochondria are the most abundant organelles in mammalian oocytes and early embryos. Previous data have shown that mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) deletions are present both in human oocytes and in embryos from in vitro fertilization (IVF) patients and suggest that accumulation of these deletions may contribute to mitochondrial dysfunction and impaired ATP production. In addition, high levels of mitochondrial mutations are present in skeletal muscle fibers from aged rhesus macaques. The specific aims of this study were to determine whether the mitochondrial common deletion is present in non-human primate oocytes and embryos generated by IVF and to determine whether mtDNA mutations are already present in immature oocytes from rhesus ovaries. Using a nested primer polymerase chain reaction (PCR) strategy, we determined the frequency of the rhesus common deletion in immature oocytes compared with stimulated oocytes and embryos. There was a low incidence (21%) of the rhesus common deletion present in immature, unstimulated oocytes derived from necropsied ovaries of 2 to 10-yr-old rhesus macaques. However, there was >3-fold increase (71.4%) in the frequency of deleted mtDNA in stimulated oocytes and IVF embryos from age-matched fertile monkeys. We postulated that, in addition to skeletal muscle, a similar time-dependent accumulation of mtDNA deletions occurs in fertile rhesus macaque oocytes and embryos. We are now investigating the effects of culture and passage number on mtDNA deletions in primate adult and embryonic stem cells. We propose the rhesus monkey to be an excellent model to assess the quality of gametes and embryos, as well as stem cells, and their developmental competence in human and non-human primates. This study was supported by National Institutes of Health grants RR15395 and HD045966.
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Carter, Anthony M. "Animal models of human pregnancy and placentation: alternatives to the mouse." Reproduction 160, no. 6 (December 2020): R129—R143. http://dx.doi.org/10.1530/rep-20-0354.
Abstract:
The mouse is often criticized as a model for pregnancy research as gestation is short, with much of organ development completed postnatally. There are also differences in the structure and physiology of the placenta between mouse and human. This review considers eight alternative models that recently have been proposed and two established ones that seem underutilized. A promising newcomer among rodents is the spiny mouse, which has a longer gestation than the mouse with organogenesis complete at birth. The guinea pig is also recommended both because it has well-developed neonates and because there is a wealth of information on pregnancy and placentation in the literature. Several smaller primates are considered. The mouse lemur has its advocates yet is less suited as a model for human pregnancy as its young are altricial, placentation very different from that of humans, and husbandry requirements not fully assessed. In contrast, the common marmoset, a New World monkey, has well-developed neonates and is kept at many primate centres. Marmoset placenta has some features that closely resemble human placentation, such as the interhaemal barrier, although it is uncertain if invasion of the uterine arteries occurs in this species. In conclusion, pregnancy research would benefit greatly from increased use of alternative models such as the spiny mouse and common marmoset.
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Sharma, Swati, Bastien Venzac, Thomas Burgers, Séverine Le Gac, and Stefan Schlatt. "Microfluidics in male reproduction: is ex vivo culture of primate testis tissue a future strategy for ART or toxicology research?" Molecular Human Reproduction 26, no. 3 (January 16, 2020): 179–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/molehr/gaaa006.
Abstract:
Abstract The significant rise in male infertility disorders over the years has led to extensive research efforts to recapitulate the process of male gametogenesis in vitro and to identify essential mechanisms involved in spermatogenesis, notably for clinical applications. A promising technology to bridge this research gap is organ-on-chip (OoC) technology, which has gradually transformed the research landscape in ART and offers new opportunities to develop advanced in vitro culture systems. With exquisite control on a cell or tissue microenvironment, customized organ-specific structures can be fabricated in in vitro OoC platforms, which can also simulate the effect of in vivo vascularization. Dynamic cultures using microfluidic devices enable us to create stimulatory effect and non-stimulatory culture conditions. Noteworthy is that recent studies demonstrated the potential of continuous perfusion in OoC systems using ex vivo mouse testis tissues. Here we review the existing literature and potential applications of such OoC systems for male reproduction in combination with novel bio-engineering and analytical tools. We first introduce OoC technology and highlight the opportunities offered in reproductive biology in general. In the subsequent section, we discuss the complex structural and functional organization of the testis and the role of the vasculature-associated testicular niche and fluid dynamics in modulating testis function. Next, we review significant technological breakthroughs in achieving in vitro spermatogenesis in various species and discuss the evidence from microfluidics-based testes culture studies in mouse. Lastly, we discuss a roadmap for the potential applications of the proposed testis-on-chip culture system in the field of primate male infertility, ART and reproductive toxicology.
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Tsuchiya, H., C. Iwatani, J. Okahara-Narita, J. Yamasaki, and R. Torii. "60 INFLUENCE OF HOECHST STAINING FOR NUCLEAR TRANSFER ON PARTHENOGENETIC EMBRYOS IN CYNOMOLGUS MONKEYS (MACACA FASCICULARIS)." Reproduction, Fertility and Development 20, no. 1 (2008): 111. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/rdv20n1ab60.
Abstract:
Nonhuman primates are valuable animal models for the study of human diseases, and somatic cell nuclear transfer (SCNT) is an important method for establishing tailor-made embryonic stem (ES) cells and transgenic animals in these model species. However, there have been few reports on SCNT in nonhuman primates. Moreover, the development of cloned blastocysts could be influenced by any chemical reagents and manipulations used in this technique. In this study we compared blastocyst developmental rates with and without Hoechst staining. Metaphase II (MII) oocytes were collected from hormone-treated adult female cynomolgus monkeys (Macaca fascicularis) under laparoscopic observation (Torii et al. 2000 Primates 41, 39–47). A pseudo-SCNT procedure, which consisted of cytochalasin B treatment, cytoplasm removal, and dissection of the oocyte membrane, was performed on MII oocytes either in the presence of (Experiment 1; Ex1) or in the absence of Hoechst 33342 (Experiment 2; Ex2). Hoffman modulation contrast microscopy was used in Ex1 and Nomarski differential interference contrast (DIC) was used in Ex2. In Ex1, cumulus-free MII oocytes were treated with Hoechst 33342 (5 mg mL–1; Sigma Chemical Co., St. Louis, MO, USA) for 5 min and the following pseudo-SCNT procedure was carried out: cytochalasin B (CB, 5 µg mL–1; Sigma) for 20 min, removal of a small amount of cytoplasm (pseudo-EN), and then dissection of the oocyte cytoplasmic membrane (pseudo-IN) under Hoffman modulation contrast microscopy. In Ex2, CB treatment, pseudo-EN, and pseudo-IN were performed under Nomarski DIC microscopy. After treatment, these oocytes were activated by parthenogenetic stimulation. Parthenogenesis was induced by 5-m ionomycin (Sigma) for 2 min and 2 mm 6-dimethylaminopurine (Sigma) for 4 h. As a control, cumulus-free MII oocytes were activated by only parthenogenetic stimulation, without the above manipulations. These activated oocytes were cultured in CMRL-1066 medium containing 20% calf serum at 38�C in 5% CO2, 5% O2, and 90% N2 for 7–8 days. The rates of development to blastocyst stage were 14% (1/7) in Ex1, 30% (3/10) in Ex2, and 29% (2/7) in the control. The developmental rate of parthenotes to the blastocyst stage in Ex2 was greater than that in Ex1 and similar to the control. These results suggest that treatment of cynomolgus monkey oocytes with Hoechst staining possibily decreases development to the blastocyst stage. Therefore, enucleation under Nomarski DIC will be a good alternative to Hoechst staining and could improve the potential development of nonhuman primate SCNT embryos.
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Cowlishaw, Guy, Richard A. Pettifor, and Nick J. B. Isaac. "High variability in patterns of population decline: the importance of local processes in species extinctions." Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 276, no. 1654 (September 2, 2008): 63–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2008.0767.
Abstract:
A fundamental goal of conservation science is to improve conservation practice. Understanding species extinction patterns has been a central approach towards this objective. However, uncertainty remains about the extent to which species-level patterns reliably indicate population phenomena at the scale of local sites, where conservation ultimately takes place. Here, we explore the importance of both species- and site-specific components of variation in local population declines following habitat disturbance, and test a suite of hypotheses about their intrinsic and extrinsic drivers. To achieve these goals, we analyse an unusually detailed global dataset for species responses to habitat disturbance, namely primates in timber extraction systems, using cross-classified generalized linear mixed models. We show that while there are consistent differences in the severity of local population decline between species, an equal amount of variation also occurs between sites. The tests of our hypotheses further indicate that a combination of biological traits at the species level, and environmental factors at the site level, can help to explain these patterns. Specifically, primate populations show a more marked decline when the species is characterized by slow reproduction, high ecological requirements, low ecological flexibility and small body size; and when the local environment has had less time for recovery following disturbance. Our results demonstrate that individual species show a highly heterogeneous, yet explicable, pattern of decline. The increased recognition and elucidation of local-scale processes in species declines will improve our ability to conserve biodiversity in the future.
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Lu, C. L., J. Yan, X. Zhi, X. Xia, T. R. Wang, L. Y. Yan, Y. Yu, et al. "Basic fibroblast growth factor promotes macaque follicle development in vitro." REPRODUCTION 149, no. 5 (May 2015): 425–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1530/rep-14-0557.
Abstract:
Fertility preservation is an important type of frontier scientific research in the field of reproductive health. The culture of ovarian cortices to i) initiate primordial follicle growth and ii) procure developing follicles for later oocyte maturation is a promising fertility preservation strategy, especially for older women or cancer patients. At present, this goal remains largely unsubstantiated in primates because of the difficulty in attaining relatively large follicles via ovarian cortex culture. To overcome this hurdle, we cultured macaque monkey ovarian cortices with FSH, kit ligand (KL), basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF), and/or epidermal growth factor (EGF). The various factors and factor combinations promoted primordial follicle development to different extents. Notably, both bFF (bFGF, 100 ng/ml and FSH, 50 ng/ml) and KF (KL, 100 ng/ml and FSH, 50 ng/ml) contributed to the activation of primordial follicles at day 12 (D12) of culture, whereas at D18, the proportions of developing follicles were significantly higher in the bFF and KF groups relative to the other treatment groups, particularly in the bFF group. Estradiol and progesterone production were also highest in the bFF group, and primary follicle diameters were the largest. Up until D24, the bFF group still exhibited the highest proportion of developing follicles. In conclusion, the bFGF–FSH combination promotes nonhuman primate primordial follicle developmentin vitro, with the optimal experimental window within 18 days. These results provide evidence for the future success of human ovarian cortex culture and the eventual acquisition of mature human follicles or oocytes for fertility restoration.
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Rahbaran, Mohaddeseh, Ehsan Razeghian, Marwah Suliman Maashi, Abduladheem Turki Jalil, Gunawan Widjaja, Lakshmi Thangavelu, Mariya Yurievna Kuznetsova, et al. "Cloning and Embryo Splitting in Mammalians: Brief History, Methods, and Achievements." Stem Cells International 2021 (November 30, 2021): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2021/2347506.
Abstract:
Embryo splitting is one of the newest developed methods in reproductive biotechnology. In this method, after splitting embryos in 2-, 4-, and even 8-cell stages, every single blastomere can be developed separately, but the embryos are genetically identical. Embryo splitting, as an approach in reproductive cloning, is extensively employed in reproductive medicine studies, such as investigating human diseases, treating sterility, embryo donation, and gene therapy. In the present study, cloning in mammalians and cloning approaches are briefly reviewed. In addition, embryo splitting and the methods commonly used in embryo splitting and recent achievements in this field, as well as the applications of embryo splitting into livestock species, primate animals, and humans, are outlined. Finally, a perspective of embryo splitting is provided as the conclusion.
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Piotrowska-Nitsche, Karolina, Shang-Hsun Yang, Heather Banta, and Anthony WS Chan. "Assisted fertilization and embryonic axis formation in higher primates." Reproductive BioMedicine Online 18, no. 3 (January 2009): 382–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1472-6483(10)60097-1.
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Cline, J. Mark, Gunnar Söderqvist, Thomas C. Register, J. Koudy Williams, Michael R. Adams, and Bo Von Schoultz. "Assessment of Hormonally Active Agents in the Reproductive Tract of Female Nonhuman Primates." Toxicologic Pathology 29, no. 1 (January 2001): 84–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/019262301301418883.
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Mecklenburg, Lars, C. Marc Luetjens, and Gerhard F. Weinbauer. "Toxicologic Pathology Forum*: Opinion on Sexual Maturity and Fertility Assessment in Long-tailed Macaques (Macaca fascicularis) in Nonclinical Safety Studies." Toxicologic Pathology 47, no. 4 (March 21, 2019): 444–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0192623319831009.
Abstract:
If nonhuman primates represent the only relevant species for nonclinical safety evaluation of biotechnology-derived products, male and female fertility effects can be assessed in repeat dose toxicity studies given that sexually mature monkeys are used. This opinion piece provides recommendations for determining sexual maturity and when/how fertility assessments should be conducted in the cynomolgus monkey. Male sexual maturity should be proven by presence of sperm in a semen sample, female sexual maturity by at least two consecutive menstrual bleedings. As per regulatory guidance, default parameters for an indirect assessment of fertility in both sexes are reproductive organ weight and histopathology. Beyond default parameters, daily vaginal swabs are recommended for females, and for males, it is recommended to include blood collections (for potential analysis of reproductive hormones), testis volume sonography, and collection of frozen testis samples at necropsy. Only if there is a cause for concern, blood collection for potential reproductive hormone analysis should be conducted in females and semen analysis in males. In principle, adverse reproductive effects can be detected within 4 weeks of test article administration, depending on study design and reproductive end point chosen. Therefore, there are options for addressing reproductive toxicity aspects with studies of less than 3 months dosing duration. [Box: see text]
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Ehmcke, Jens, and Stefan Schlatt. "A revised model for spermatogonial expansion in man: lessons from non-human primates." Reproduction 132, no. 5 (November 2006): 673–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1530/rep.1.01081.
Abstract:
We have recently described a revised scheme for spermatogonial expansion in non-human primates. We proposed that Apale-spermatogonia act as self-renewing progenitors and premeiotic germ cells are organized and divide as small clones. Here, we are revisiting the model described for man and propose a modified scheme for spermatogonial expansion. Our revised model shows high similarity to the scheme proposed for non-human primates and is in accordance with all previous and present data.