Academic literature on the topic 'Primates – Reproduction (biologie)'
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Journal articles on the topic "Primates – Reproduction (biologie)":
1
Phillips, Sarah Renee, T. L. Goldberg, M. N. Muller, Z. P. Machanda, E. Otali, S. Friant, J. Carag, et al. "Faecal parasites increase with age but not reproductive effort in wild female chimpanzees." Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 375, no. 1811 (September 21, 2020): 20190614. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2019.0614.
Abstract:
Energy investment in reproduction is predicted to trade off against other necessary physiological functions like immunity, but it is unclear to what extent this impacts fitness in long-lived species. Among mammals, female primates, and especially apes, exhibit extensive periods of investment in each offspring. During this time, energy diverted to gestation and lactation is hypothesized to incur short and long-term deficits in maternal immunity and lead to accelerated ageing. We examined the relationship between reproduction and immunity, as measured by faecal parasite counts, in wild female chimpanzees ( Pan troglodytes schweinfurthii ) of Kibale National Park, Uganda. While we observed higher parasite shedding (counts of eggs, cysts and larvae) in pregnant chimpanzees relative to cycling females, parasites rapidly decreased during early lactation, the most energetically taxing phase of the reproductive cycle. Additionally, while our results indicate that parasite shedding increases with age, females with higher fertility for their age had lower faecal parasite counts. Such findings support the hypothesis that the relatively conservative rate of female reproduction in chimpanzees may be protective against the negative effects of reproductive effort on health. This article is part of the theme issue ‘Evolution of the primate ageing process’.
2
Brindle, Matilda, and Christopher Opie. "Postcopulatory sexual selection influences baculum evolution in primates and carnivores." Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 283, no. 1844 (December 14, 2016): 20161736. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2016.1736.
Abstract:
The extreme morphological variability of the baculum across mammals is thought to be the result of sexual selection (particularly, high levels of postcopulatory selection). However, the evolutionary trajectory of the mammalian baculum is little studied and evidence for the adaptive function of the baculum has so far been elusive. Here, we use Markov chain Monte Carlo methods implemented in a Bayesian phylogenetic framework to reconstruct baculum evolution across the mammalian class and investigate the rate of baculum length evolution within the primate order. We then test the effects of testes mass (postcopulatory sexual selection), polygamy, seasonal breeding and intromission duration on the baculum in primates and carnivores. The ancestral mammal did not have a baculum, but both ancestral primates and carnivores did. No relationship was found between testes mass and baculum length in either primates or carnivores. Intromission duration correlated with baculum presence over the course of primate evolution, and prolonged intromission predicts significantly longer bacula in extant primates and carnivores. Both polygamous and seasonal breeding systems predict significantly longer bacula in primates. These results suggest the baculum plays an important role in facilitating reproductive strategies in populations with high levels of postcopulatory sexual selection.
3
Hewitson, Laura. "Primate models for assisted reproductive technologies." Reproduction 128, no. 3 (September 2004): 293–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1530/rep.1.00242.
Abstract:
Although the deliberate creation of human embryos for scientific research is complicated by ethical and practical issues, a detailed understanding of the cellular and molecular events occurring during human fertilization is essential, particularly for understanding infertility. It is clear from cytoskeletal imaging studies of mouse fertilization that this information cannot be extrapolated to humans because of unique differences in centrosomal inheritance. However, the cytoskeletal rearrangements during non-human primate fertilization are very similar to humans, providing a compelling animal model in which to examine sperm–egg interactions. In order to address this key step in primate fertilization and to avoid the complexities in working with fertilized human zygotes, studies are now exploring the molecular foundations of various assisted fertilization techniques in a monkey model. While intracytoplasmic sperm injection with ejaculated or testicular sperm is quite successful in primate models, there are some specific differences when compared with standard IVF that warrant further investigation, particularly in regards to nuclear remodeling, genomic imprinting, Y-chromosome deletions and developmental outcomes. Similarly, primate models have been useful for examining spermatid function during fertilization but these have met with limited success. One area of primate reproductive research that has yet to be mastered is reproductive cloning. Genetically identical primates would provide the ultimate approach for accelerating stem cell-based therapies for a number of neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer’s and Parkinson’s disease, as well as targeted gene therapies for various metabolic disorders.
4
Wahab, Fazal, Ignacio Rodriguez Polo, and Rüdiger Behr. "SIRT1 Expression and Regulation in the Primate Testis." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 22, no. 6 (March 22, 2021): 3207. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms22063207.
Abstract:
The epigenetic mechanisms controlling germ cell development and differentiation are still not well understood. Sirtuin-1 (SIRT1) is a nicotinamide adenosine dinucleotide (NAD)-dependent histone deacetylase and belongs to the sirtuin family of deacetylases. It catalyzes the removal of acetyl groups from a number of protein substrates. Some studies reported a role of SIRT1 in the central and peripheral regulation of reproduction in various non-primate species. However, testicular SIRT1 expression and its possible role in the testis have not been analyzed in primates. Here, we document expression of SIRT1 in testes of different primates and some non-primate species. SIRT1 is expressed mainly in the cells of seminiferous tubules, particularly in germ cells. The majority of SIRT1-positive germ cells were in the meiotic and postmeiotic phase of differentiation. However, SIRT1 expression was also observed in selected premeiotic germ cells, i.e., spermatogonia. SIRT1 co-localized in spermatogonia with irisin, an endocrine factor specifically expressed in primate spermatogonia. In marmoset testicular explant cultures, SIRT1 transcript levels are upregulated by the addition of irisin as compared to untreated controls explants. Rhesus macaques are seasonal breeders with high testicular activity in winter and low testicular activity in summer. Of note, SIRT1 mRNA and SIRT1 protein expression are changed between nonbreeding (low spermatogenesis) and breeding (high spermatogenesis) season. Our data suggest that SIRT1 is a relevant factor for the regulation of spermatogenesis in primates. Further mechanistic studies are required to better understand the role of SIRT1 during spermatogenesis.
5
Rox, Astrid, Sophie Waasdorp, Elisabeth H. M. Sterck, Jan A. M. Langermans, and Annet L. Louwerse. "Multigenerational Social Housing and Group-Rearing Enhance Female Reproductive Success in Captive Rhesus Macaques (Macaca mulatta)." Biology 11, no. 7 (June 27, 2022): 970. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/biology11070970.
Abstract:
To optimize costs and reproductive success, rhesus macaques in biomedical primate research facilities are often peer-reared. Older, dependent infants are typically removed from their natal group to enhance female reproduction. The minimal husbandry age-norm of infant removal is ten months. These practices deviate from species-specific behavior and may reduce welfare, suggesting a trade-off between female reproduction and welfare. However, the effect of breeding group type and rearing history on female reproductive success (i.e., birth rate; inter-birth interval (IBI); offspring survival) is unclear. This retrospective study investigated whether group type (i.e., peer groups versus multigenerational groups) and rearing history (i.e., peer- or hand-reared; group-reared with peer- or hand-reared mother; group-reared) affected female reproductive success in captive rhesus macaques. Data on female reproduction between 1996 and 2019 were collected at the Biomedical Primate Research Centre, Rijswijk. Birth rates were higher in multigenerational breeding groups than in peer groups. Moreover, group-reared females had higher offspring survival than peer- or hand-reared females. IBI was not affected by breeding group type or female rearing history. However, females in both peer and multigenerational breeding groups typically conceived earlier after giving birth than the husbandry infant removal age-norm of ten months. Thus, infant removal at an age of ten months does not enhance a female’s reproduction. Altogether, female reproduction and non-human primate welfare can simultaneously be optimized through multigenerational breeding groups and group-rearing.
6
Buchanan-Smith, HM, MJ Prescott, and NJ Cross. "What factors should determine cage sizes for primates in the laboratory?" Animal Welfare 13, S1 (February 2004): S197—S201. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0962728600014597.
Abstract:
AbstractIt is imperative to provide adequate quantity and quality of space for all captive animals. Yet practically all guidelines on the housing of primates in the laboratory specify minimum cage sizes based solely on body weight. We argue that no single factor, such as body weight, is sufficient to determine cage size. Instead a suite of characteristics should be used that include morphometric, physiological, ecological, locomotor, social, reproductive and behavioural characteristics. Ideally, the primate's age, sex and individual history should also be taken into account. In this paper we compare this suite of characteristics for some commonly used primates whose weights overlap, to illustrate important differences amongst them. For good animal welfare and good quality science it is necessary to be sensitive to such species differences when determining suitable cage sizes.
7
Waddell, B. J. "056. EUTHERIAN MAMMALS DO IT DIFFERENTLY: PLACENTAL ENDOCRINE STRATEGIES FOR THE MAINTENANCE OF PREGNANCY IN RODENTS AND PRIMATES." Reproduction, Fertility and Development 22, no. 9 (2010): 17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/srb10abs056.
Abstract:
The placenta of rats and humans share important anatomical similarities, each with a chorio-allantoic, single discoid, haemochorial structure that facilitates highly efficient nutrient transport. Importantly, however, these similarities reflect convergent evolution and conceal markedly different developmental trajectories and endocrine functions. Placental endocrine signals are essential to drive maternal adaptations that facilitate fetal development and ultimately successful birth. Central to these adaptations is a sustained increase in production of the sex steroids progesterone and oestrogen, each driven by very different placental signalling in rodents and primates. Specifically, while the rat placenta supplies androgen precursors for ovarian (luteal) oestrogen synthesis, in humans and closely-related primates the fetal adrenal cortex supplies androgen precursors for placental oestrogen synthesis. In both cases the resultant increase in oestrogen provides a local stimulus to ovarian (rat) and placental (primate) progesterone synthesis. This shift from a placental-ovarian to a feto-placental unit for oestrogen synthesis in primates may have evolved to ensure greater fetal influence over maternal adaptations. Placental regulation of maternal physiology is also mediated via a third steroid group, the glucocorticoids, which promote a successful pregnancy outcome via effects on maternal metabolism and fetal organ maturation. Glucocorticoids are produced within the HPA axis, activity of which is enhanced by the placenta (eg, via oestrogen in rodents and CRH in primates). Moreover, the placenta regulates access of maternal glucocorticoids to the fetus via expression of the 11 b -HSD enzymes which constitute the placental glucocorticoid barrier. Intriguingly, this barrier effectively disappears during late fetal life in rodents but increases markedly in primates (notably baboons and humans). We hypothesise that this opposite developmental change is due in part to the evolution of the feto-placental unit for oestrogen synthesis in these primate species, and the associated need to prevent suppression of the fetal HPA axis by maternal glucocorticoids in late gestation.
8
Zühlke, U., and G. Weinbauer. "The Common Marmoset (Callithrix jacchus) as a Model in Toxicology." Toxicologic Pathology 31, no. 1_suppl (January 2003): 123–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/01926230390175002.
Abstract:
The common marmoset, Callithrix jacchus, is the smallest nonhuman primate commonly used in biomedical research. Marmoset characteristics and propensities have enabled them to be used in a wide range of research as a model of human disease, physiology, drug metabolism, general toxicology, and reproductive biology. This paper provides a general overview of the marmoset with special emphasis on the benefits and disadvantages of this species as a model for inclusion in preclinical drug development programmes. In view of its small size in comparison with other nonrodent species marmosets have become of value for toxicology studies with biotechnology products where compound supply is limited. In general toxicology studies, marmosets have been successfully used to meet regulatory endpoints also for specific investigatory purposes. The widespread use of this species has allowed extensive background information to become available and a summary of the most frequently measured parameters are presented. Marmosets apparently represent an interesting animal model for comparative research on primate reproductive physiology. However, several basic aspects of reproductive processes exhibit cardinal discrepancies to those described for macaques and human. Thus, from the viewpoint of reproductive toxicology, the relevance of the marmoset primate model for human reproduction remains unclear to date and further research is obviously needed. Given our current knowledge of marmoset reproductive features, the use of this animal model cannot be recommended for reproductive toxicology assessment.
9
Kappeler, Peter M. "Sex roles and adult sex ratios: insights from mammalian biology and consequences for primate behaviour." Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 372, no. 1729 (July 31, 2017): 20160321. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2016.0321.
Abstract:
Theoretical models and empirical studies in various taxa have identified important links between variation in sex roles and the number of adult males and females (adult sex ratio (ASR)) in a population. In this review, I examine these relationships in non-human primates. Because most existing theoretical models of the evolution of sex roles focus on the evolutionary origins of sex-biased behaviour, they offer only a general scaffold for predicting variation in sex roles among and within species. I argue that studies examining sex role variation at these more specific levels need to take social organization into account to identify meaningful levels for the measurement of ASR and to account for the fact that ASR and sex roles mutually influence each other. Moreover, taxon-specific life-history traits can constrain sex role flexibility and impact the operational sex ratio (OSR) by specifying the minimum length of female time outs from reproduction. Using examples from the primate literature, I highlight practical problems in estimating ASR and OSR. I then argue that interspecific variation in the occurrence of indirect forms of paternal care might indeed be linked to variation in ASR. Some studies also indicate that female aggression and bonding, as well as components of inter-sexual relationships, are sensitive to variation in ASR. Thus, links between primate sex roles and sex ratios merit further study, and such studies could prompt the development of more specific theoretical models that make realistic assumptions about taxon-specific life history and social organization. This article is part of the themed issue ‘Adult sex ratios and reproductive decisions: a critical re-examination of sex differences in human and animal societies’.
10
Lee, Y. S., C. A. VandeVoort, and K. E. Latham. "188 EFFECTS OF IN VITRO MATURATION ON GENE EXPRESSION IN RHESUS MONKEY OOCYTES." Reproduction, Fertility and Development 21, no. 1 (2009): 193. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/rdv21n1ab188.
Abstract:
Assisted reproduction technologies (ARTs) are achieving increasing prominence in reproductive medicine. With the increasing application of ARTs comes increased interest in optimizing efficiency while minimizing potential risks to the offspring. One area of assisted reproduction in which improvements are being sought is in vitro oocyte maturation. In vitro oocyte maturation (IVM) holds great promise as a tool for enhancing clinical treatment of infertility, enhancing availability of non-human primates for development of disease models, and facilitating endangered species preservation. However, IVM outcomes have remained significantly below success rates obtained using in vivo-matured (VVM) oocytes from humans and non-human primates. There is thus considerable interest in improving IVM. Key objectives toward achieving more efficient IVM will be to establish the molecular determinants of oocyte quality, identify specific biological processes or mechanisms that may be disrupted by ARTs, and identify specific modifications to procedures to eliminate these deficiencies. This study provides the first global comparison of mRNA expression profiles between in vitro- and in vivo-matured metaphase II stage oocytes in a non-human primate species. RNAs isolated from oocytes of each kind (IVM and VVM) were subjected to a 2-cycle labeling assay, and the labeled cRNAs were hybridized to Affymetrix rhesus macaque genome arrays (Affymetrix Inc., Santa Clara, CA, USA). To minimize false positive signals, only genes called present in at least 3 out of 4 biological replicates were used for significance analysis of microarray. Genes with significant differences among samples were identified at the 5% false discovery rate and were further selected on the basis of t-test (P < 0.05). We observed a small set of just 59 mRNAs that are differentially expressed between the 2 types of oocytes. Independent confirmation of gene expression differences was performed for 19 candidate genes using the quantitative RT-PCR. Gene functional classification analysis revealed that genes differentially expressed between IVM and VVM oocytes are related to cellular homeostasis, cell-cell interactions including growth factor and hormone stimulation and cell adhesion, and other functions such as mRNA stability and translation. Additionally, we observed in IVM oocytes overexpression of PLAGL1 and MEST, 2 maternally imprinted genes, indicating a possible interruption or loss of correct epigenetic programming. These results provide novel insight into the nature of oocyte-follicle cell interactions, the potential molecular and cellular consequences of altering these interactions, and the basis for compromised developmental competence following IVM procedures in a non-human primate model. The results also raise concerns about applying IVM clinically without addressing such developmental defects but indicate that these deficiencies may be overcome by further improvement in IVM culture systems. This study was supported by grants from the National Institutes of Health, National Centers for Research Resources (NCRR) RR15253 (KEL), RR000169 (CAV), and RR13439 (CAV).
Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Primates – Reproduction (biologie)":
1
Burtschell, Lugdiwine. "Évolution de la saisonnalité reproductive : une investigation multi-échelle chez les mammifères." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Université de Montpellier (2022-....), 2023. http://www.theses.fr/2023UMONG032.
Abstract:
La saisonnalité reproductive est une adaptation majeure aux cycles saisonniers qui consiste à regrouper temporellement les évènements reproductifs, en vue de synchroniser les coûts énergétiques associés avec la saison la plus productive de l’année. Cette stratégie est largement répandue, notamment chez les mammifères où les coûts de reproduction sont particulièrement élevés pour les femelles, et varie fortement entre espèces, allant d’une saisonnalité accrue pour certaines à une absence totale de saisonnalité pour d’autres. Pourtant, nous sommes encore incapables de prédire les variations de saisonnalité reproductive entre espèces sur la seule base de la saisonnalité de leur environnement. Cette situation est le reflet d’une prise en compte insuffisante d’autres déterminants potentiels de la saisonnalité reproductive, comme l’histoire de vie ou la socialité, et plus généralement de l’absence d’un cadre théorique global pour expliquer la diversité de stratégies observées. Dans cette thèse, je propose un cadre théorique complet et nouveau, décliné en 11 hypothèses portant sur les déterminants écologiques, d’histoire de vie et sociaux de la saisonnalité reproductive, que je mets ensuite à l’épreuve à travers trois approches méthodologiques complémentaires : (i) une étude populationnelle, (ii) une étude théorique de modélisation et (iii) une analyse comparative. Neuf de ces onze hypothèses ont été soutenues par nos analyses, même si certains résultats sont spécifiques à un taxon. En particulier, nous montrons que l'intensité de la saisonnalité reproductive diminue lorsque les espèces vivent dans des environnements moins saisonniers (1), plus productifs (2) et plus imprévisibles (3), étalent leur effort reproductif dans le temps (4), pallient les disettes saisonnières par des innovations en matière de recherche de nourriture (tampon cognitif) (5) ou par une stratégie alimentaire plus diversifiée (tampon écologique) (6), présentent une mortalité juvénile élevée par rapport à celle des adultes (7) et subissent une compétition reproductive importante entre femelles (8) avec des variations dues au rang (9). Ces résultats viennent montrer la pertinence de ce cadre théorique nouveau qui enrichit notre compréhension de la complexité des déterminants de la saisonnalité reproductive des mammifères, améliorant ainsi notre potentiel prédictif quant à leur résilience au changement climatique. Ils apportent également un éclairage inédit sur l’émergence et le maintien de la reproduction non saisonnière chez les espèces à histoire de vie lente, avec des implications en écologie, en histoire de vie, en écologie comportementale et en anthropologieReproductive seasonality is a major adaptation to seasonal cycles that consists in a clustering of reproductive events in order to synchronize the associated energetic costs with the most productive season of the year. This strategy is widespread, especially in mammals where females face high breeding costs, and it varies widely across species, from strongly seasonal to non-seasonal. Yet we are still unable to predict variations in reproductive seasonality between species solely on the basis of the seasonality of their environment. This situation reflects an insufficient attention given to other potential determinants of reproductive seasonality, such as life history or sociality, and more generally the absence of a global theoretical framework to explain the diversity of strategies observed. In this study, I propose such a theoretical framework, defined by eleven hypotheses, on the ecological, life history and social determinants of reproductive seasonality, that I further test through three complementary methodological approaches: (i) a populational study, (ii) a theoretical modelling study and (iii) a comparative analysis. We found support for nine of these eleven hypotheses, even though some of these findings may be taxon-specific. In particular, we show that the intensity of reproductive seasonality declines as species live in less seasonal (1), more productive (2) and more unpredictable environments (3), spread their reproductive effort in time (4), buffer annual food shortage through foraging innovations (cognitive buffer) (5) or a broader dietary range (ecological buffer) (6), suffer from high infant mortality relatively to adults (7) and experience acute reproductive competition among females (8), with rank-related variations (9). These results show the relevance of this new theoretical framework that offer a comprehensive synthesis to understand the complexity of the determinants of reproductive seasonality in mammals, thereby improving our predictive potential with regard to their resilience to climate change. They also shed new light on the emergence and maintenance of non-seasonal breeding in slow-living species, with implications in ecology, life-history, behavioural ecology and anthropology
2
Charpentier, Marie. "Système de reproduction, relations de parenté et structure sociale chez Mandrillus Sphinx : Approche intégrée en écologie comportementale et génétique." Montpellier 2, 2004. http://www.theses.fr/2004MON20158.
3
Fujita, Shiho. "Reproductive Biology in Wild Female Primates : Variability in Hormonal Profiles, Behavior and Reproductive Parameters." 京都大学 (Kyoto University), 2003. http://hdl.handle.net/2433/149150.
4
Abel, Ty William. "Gonadal steroids, reproductive aging and the primate hypothalamus." Diss., The University of Arizona, 1999. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/284259.
Abstract:
The gonadal steroid withdrawal of menopause is associated with neuronal hypertrophy and increased tachykinin gene expression in the hypothalamic infundibular nucleus. Previous studies have shown that secretion of hypothalamic b -endorphin is modified by gonadal steroids, and there are consistent age-related changes in b -endorphin neurons in rodents. Therefore, in situ hybridization was used to determine if the expression of POMC mRNA, the precursor for b -endorphin, is altered in the hypothalamus of postmenopausal women. The number of POMC mRNA-containing neurons/section in the infundibular nucleus was reduced by 65% in postmenopausal women. In contrast, there was no significant difference in the number of neurons expressing POMC gene transcripts in the retrochiasmatic region. Our findings support the hypothesis that the activity of hypothalamic POMC neurons is decreased in the infundibular nucleus of postmenopausal women. In a second study, we examined the effects of hormone replacement therapy (HRT) on the hypothalamus of young, ovariectomized cynomolgus monkeys. HRT dramatically suppressed tachykinin gene expression while having no detectable effects on POMC neurons. These results provide strong support for the hypothesis that alterations in tachykinin neurons in postmenopausal women are secondary to estrogen withdrawal. Conversely, postmenopausal changes in POMC gene expression may reflect hypothalamic aging. Finally, we found no evidence that HRT, in doses designed to mimic currently prescribed regimens, produces signs of estrogen toxicity in the primate infundibular nucleus. Degenerative changes, including neuron loss, have been reported in the arcuate nucleus of aging rodents, and hypothalamic aging has been shown to contribute to reproductive decline in these species. In addition, in the infundibular nucleus of postmenopausal women, there is an age-associated decline in proopiomelanocortin gene expression. To evaluate the possibility of neuron loss associated with reproductive aging, unbiased stereological methods were used to compare the total number of infundibular neurons between groups of premenopausal and postmenopausal women. The mean neuronal volume was increased by 40% in postmenopausal women but there was no change in the total number of neurons. These data suggest that the neuronal hypertrophy observed in the postmenopausal human hypothalamus is not a pathological process secondary to degeneration of adjacent infundibular neurons.
5
Kane, Erin Elizabeth. "Socioecology, stress, and reproduction among female Diana monkeys (Cercopithecus diana) in Cote d’Ivoire’s Tai National Park." The Ohio State University, 2017. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1503076541553319.
6
Fürtbauer, Ines. "The socio-endocrinology of female reproductive strategies in wild Assamese macaques (Macaca assamensis)." Doctoral thesis, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/11858/00-1735-0000-0006-AE23-3.
7
Ostner, Julia [Verfasser]. "Sex specific reproductive strategies in redfronted lemurs (Eulemur fulvus rufus, Primates, Lemuridae) / vorgelegt von Julia Ostner." 2003. http://d-nb.info/96776517X/34.
8
Dröscher, Iris. "Behavioral and Feeding Ecology of a Small-bodied Folivorous Primate (Lepilemur leucopus)." Thesis, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/11858/00-1735-0000-0023-9982-5.
Abstract:
Kleine blattfressende Primaten sind selten, da die Verarbeitung von Blättern oft umfangreiche Anpassungen des Verdauungsapparates und lange Retentionszeiten für die Fermentierung der Blattfasern erfordert. Dennoch basiert die Nahrung von Lepilemur leucopus (Weißfuß-Wieselmaki) auf Blättern trotz kleinem Körpergewichts (<1 kg). Um unser Verständnis darüber voranzutreiben wie kleine Blattfresser ihre Verhaltensstrategien anpassen um ihre Nahrungsbedürfnisse zu stillen, beabsichtigte ich zu untersuchen wie extrinsische (i.e. Nahrungsquantität und -qualität) und intrinsische Faktoren (i.e. Fortpflanzungsstatus) Strategien der Nahrungssuche, Nahrungswahl und soziale Interaktionen beeinflussen. Ich sammelte Daten bezüglich Aktivitätsmuster, Fressverhalten, sozialer Interaktionen und Streifverhalten in einer Population von L. leucopus in Berenty Reserve (Madagaskar) über einen kompletten Jahreszyklus. Ich erhob Daten zur Habitatstruktur und Phänologie des Dornenwaldes und sammelte Blattproben für die chemische Analyse des Nährstoffgehaltes. Es gab keine eindeutigen Anhaltspunkte, dass die saisonale Abnahme in der Nahrungsverfügbarkeit einen beträchtlichen Einfluss auf Fressverhalten oder soziale Interaktionen in L. leucopus hatte, vermutlich aufgrund der geringen Nahrungsselektivität und der Nutzung der am häufigsten im Wald vorkommenden Pflanzenarten, und Nahrungsstress stand wahrscheinlich eher mit Nahrungsqualität als -quantität in Verbindung. Nahrungsprotein scheint nur begrenzt zur Verfügung gestanden zu haben, da L. leucopus Protein- gegenüber nicht-Protein-Aufnahme über Jahreszeiten und Reproduktionsstadien hinweg priorisierte. Da Veränderungen hinsichtlich Aktivitätsmuster und sozialer Interaktionen nicht im Zusammenhang mit Nahrungsknappheit standen, scheinen Bottom-Up-Prozesse weniger wichtig als Top-Down-Prozesse für die Formgebung des sozialen Systems von L. leucopus zu sein. Die Ergebnisse unterstützen außerdem die Idee, dass quantitative Nahrungsknappheit während der Trockenzeit eine untergeordnet Rolle gegenüber Blattqualität als Selektionsdruck für blattfressende Primatenpopulationen spielt.
9
Schülke, Oliver [Verfasser]. "Living apart together - patterns, ecological basis and reproductive consequences of life in dispersed pairs of fork marked lemurs (Phaner furcifer, Primates) / vorgelegt von Oliver Schülke." 2003. http://d-nb.info/967765897/34.
10
Clough, Dagmar. "Variation in susceptibility to parasite infection: patterns, determinants and consequences in red-fronted lemurs." Doctoral thesis, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/11858/00-1735-0000-0006-AD75-4.
Books on the topic "Primates – Reproduction (biologie)":
1
Itoigawa, Naosuke. Hanshoku kodo to tekio senryaku: Nihonzaru shudan o chushin ni (Dobutsu, sono tekio senryaku to shakai). Tokai Daigaku Shuppankai, 1987.
Book chapters on the topic "Primates – Reproduction (biologie)":
1
Martin, R. D. "Primate reproductive biology." In Primate Origins and Evolution, 427–75. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1990. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-009-0813-0_9.
2
Chang, Tien-cheng Arthur, and Anthony W. S. Chan. "Assisted Reproductive Technology in Nonhuman Primates." In Methods in Molecular Biology, 337–63. Totowa, NJ: Humana Press, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-61779-210-6_13.
3
Chang, Tien-cheng Arthur, and Anthony W. S. Chan. "Erratum to: Assisted Reproductive Technology in Nonhuman Primates." In Methods in Molecular Biology, E1—E2. Totowa, NJ: Humana Press, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-61779-210-6_25.
4
Knapp, Leslie A., and Simeon H. S. Innocent. "Molecules and Mating: Positive Selection and Reproductive Behaviour in Primates." In Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology, 218–36. New York, NY: Springer US, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4614-1704-0_14.
5
Hendrickx, Andrew G., and W. Richard Dukelow. "Reproductive Biology." In Nonhuman Primates in Biomedical Research, 147–91. Elsevier, 1995. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/b978-012088661-6/50011-9.
6
Dixson, Alan F. "The Road to Truth." In Sexual Selection and the Origins of Human Mating Systems, 168–86. Oxford University PressOxford, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199559428.003.0009.
Abstract:
Abstract Much more is now known about human origins and evolution than was the case almost 40 years ago, when I began to study primate reproductive biology. In the final essence, it is the fossil evidence of hominid evolution, reviewed briefly in the first chapter of this book, which provides the backcloth against which the sexual behaviour and reproductive anatomy and physiology of the extant primates may be viewed in true evolutionary perspective. This has been the approach adopted throughout this book, and the goal of this final chapter is to present overall conclusions concerning the origins of human mating systems, patterns of copulatory behaviour, and mate choice.
7
Dixson, A. F. "Callitrichid mating systems: laboratory and field approaches to studies of monogamy and polyandry." In Marmosets and Tamarins, 164–75. Oxford University PressOxford, 1993. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198540229.003.0007.
Abstract:
Abstract Traditionally, the marmosets and tamarins have been regarded as monogamous primates which live in extended family units (e.g. Kleiman 1977). However, with increasing knowledge of callitrichid field biology it has become apparent that a single reproductive female may mate with more than one partner (e.g. Callithrix humeralifer: Rylands 1982, 1986a; Saguinus fuscicollis: Goldizen 1987a). This has led to suggestions that ‘facultative polyandry’ may occur; i.e. that two or more males copulate with a single female and co-operate in rearing her twin offspring (Goldizen 1987a; Sussman and Garber 1987). Paternity of offspring and genetic relatedness of adult group members has not been determined for free-ranging callitrichids. Nor is it known whether facultative polyandry occurs throughout this primate family, or if it is restricted to particular species or populations. Answers to these questions may be achieved by a combined field and laboratory approach.
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Thornhill, Randy, and Steven W. Gangestad. "Estrus." In The Evolutionary Biology of Human Female Sexuality, 184–206. Oxford University PressNew York, NY, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780195340983.003.0008.
Abstract:
Abstract One dictionary de0nition of estrus is “the periodic state of sexual excitement in the female of most mammals, excluding humans, that immediately precedes ovulation and during which the female is most receptive to mating” (American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language). In mammalian reproductive biology, the estrous cycle is equivalent to the ovarian cycle. The estrous phase refers to the phase of high fertility and ovulation in the cycle. Estrus is typically synonymous with estrous phase. Many biologists do not refer to reproductive cycles of female nonhuman Old World primates as estrous cycles. Rather, cycles in these primates are often referred to as menstrual cycles, in reference to the blood Kow that occurs at approximately 30-day intervals. As we emphasize later, however, the mid-cycle phase occurring within females of these primates appears to share homologies with the estrous phase of other mamma- lian species (e.g., Dixson, 1998; Nelson, 1995). Other scholars reserve the term men- strual cycle to refer to the ovarian cycles of human females exclusively, which reflects the widespread assumption—one that, we argue in chapter 9, is clearly wrong— that, of all mammalian species, humans alone lack estrus. (This view is expressed in the dictionary de0nition we quoted above.) Behavioral estrus is typically de0ned as a restricted period of proceptivity and receptivity characterized by mammalian females’ behavioral readiness to mate, in addition to attractiveness to males, usually, though not invariably, coinciding with relatively high probability of conception (e.g., Beach, 1976; Nelson, 1995; Symons, 1979). A synonym for behavioral estrus is heat (Nelson, 2000).
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Thornhill, Randy, and Steven W. Gangestad. "Concealed Fertility." In The Evolutionary Biology of Human Female Sexuality, 266–89. Oxford University PressNew York, NY, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780195340983.003.0011.
Abstract:
Abstract According to most authors, some female primates, often thought to be only women, possess concealed, cycle-related fertility, whereas most mammalian females do not (e.g., Alexander & Noonan, 1979; Andelman, 1987; Baker & Bellis, 1995; Beach, 1976; Burley, 1979; Campbell, 2002; Cartwright, 2000; Dixson, 1998; Marlowe, 2004; Strassmann, 1981; Symons, 1979; Turke, 1984). In its fullest form, female concealment of cycle-phase fertility has typically been thought to require three features. First, a concealing female does not “know,” that is, perceive, discriminate, or respond to, her own peak fertility in the estrous/menstrual cycle. Hence, she exhibits no variation in sexual motivation across the cycle. Second, and relatedly, female sexual behavior has become independent of variations in female reproductive-cycle hormonal inKuences. That is, endocrine changes across the cycle do not signi0cantly produce variation in female sexual motivation. Third, female morphological, behavioral, or olfactory signals of peak fertility in the estrous/menstrual cycle are greatly reduced or altogether absent. Hence, males cannot discriminate female peak fertility in the cycle.
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Thornhill, Randy, and Steven W. Gangestad. "The Evolution of Human Mating Systems and Parental Care." In The Evolutionary Biology of Human Female Sexuality, 56–77. Oxford University PressNew York, NY, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780195340983.003.0004.
Abstract:
Abstract In chapter 3, we, following others, argued that extended female sexuality typically functions to obtain male-delivered material assistance. As we also noted, no mammalian female known to biology matches the ampli0ed form of extended sexuality exhibited by women. Though women can possibly conceive on 5 or 6 days of their cycles in which ovulation occurs, with pronounced chances occurring just 2–3 days, women engage in and seek copulation throughout these cycles. Indeed, in aggregate data, human mating frequency varies very little across the cycle, aside from a drop at menstruation (see chapter 10). Furthermore, women of reproductive age often have nonovulatory cycles and mate frequently within these cycles. And human females may be sexually active during years of adolescence before establishing reliable ovulatory cycles. Indeed, human female adolescents appear to be more sexually motivated than adolescents in other primates in which adolescent females exhibit sexuality (see chapter 6). Finally, women are proceptive and receptive when pregnant. Naturally, if the male-assistance hypothesis of extended female sexuality applies speci0cally to women, women bene0t through male-delivered material assistance by mating during infertile times of their lives.