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Journal articles on the topic 'Primate cortical movement area'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 14 February 2022

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1

Lemon, Roger N. "The Cortical “Upper Motoneuron” in Health and Disease." Brain Sciences 11, no. 5 (2021): 619. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/brainsci11050619.

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Upper motoneurons (UMNs) in motor areas of the cerebral cortex influence spinal and cranial motor mechanisms through the corticospinal tract (CST) and through projections to brainstem motor pathways. The primate corticospinal system has a diverse cortical origin and a wide spectrum of fibre diameters, including large diameter fibres which are unique to humans and other large primates. Direct cortico-motoneuronal (CM) projections from the motor cortex to arm and hand motoneurons are a late evolutionary feature only present in dexterous primates and best developed in humans. CM projections are d

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2

Prud'homme, M. J., D. A. Cohen, and J. F. Kalaska. "Tactile activity in primate primary somatosensory cortex during active arm movements: cytoarchitectonic distribution." Journal of Neurophysiology 71, no. 1 (1994): 173–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.1994.71.1.173.

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1. Cells were recorded in areas 3b and 1 of the primary somatosensory cortex (SI) of three monkeys during active arm movements. Successful reconstructions were made of 46 microelectrode penetrations, and 298 cells with tactile receptive fields (RFs) were located as to cytoarchitectonic area, lamina, or both. 2. Area 3b contained a greater proportion of cells with slowly adapting responses to tactile stimuli and fewer cells with deep modality inputs than did area 1. Area 3b also showed a greater level of movement-related modulation in tactile activity than area 1. Other cell properties were equ

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3

Martin, Ruth E., Pentti Kemppainen, Yuji Masuda, Dongyuan Yao, Gregory M. Murray, and Barry J. Sessle. "Features of Cortically Evoked Swallowing in the Awake Primate (Macaca fascicularis)." Journal of Neurophysiology 82, no. 3 (1999): 1529–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.1999.82.3.1529.

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Although the cerebral cortex has been implicated in the control of swallowing, the output organization of the cortical swallowing representation, and features of cortically evoked swallowing, remain unclear. The present study defined the output features of the primate “cortical swallowing representation” with intracortical microstimulation (ICMS) applied within the lateral sensorimotor cortex. In four hemispheres of two awake monkeys, microelectrode penetrations were made at ≤1-mm intervals, initially within the face primary motor cortex (face-MI), and subsequently within the cortical regions

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Lee, Daeyeol, Nicholas L. Port, Wolfgang Kruse, and Apostolos P. Georgopoulos. "Neuronal Clusters in the Primate Motor Cortex during Interceptin of Moving Targets." Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience 13, no. 3 (2001): 319–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/08989290151137377.

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Two rhesus monkeys were trained to intercept a moving target at a fixed location with a feedback cursor controlled bya 2-D manipulandum. The direction from which the target appeared, the time from the target onset to its arrival at the interception point, and the target acceleration were randomized for each trial, thus requiring the animal to adjust its movement according to the visual input on a trail-by-trail basis. The two animals adopted different strategies, similar to those identified previously in human subjects. Single-cell activity was recorded from the arm area of the primary motor c

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Tsujimoto, Toru, Hideki Shimazu, and Yoshikazu Isomura. "Direct Recording of Theta Oscillations in Primate Prefrontal and Anterior Cingulate Cortices." Journal of Neurophysiology 95, no. 5 (2006): 2987–3000. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.00730.2005.

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Recent evidence has suggested that theta-frequency (4–7 Hz) oscillations around the human anterior cingulate cortex (ACC) and frontal cortex—that is, frontal midline theta (Fm theta) oscillations—may be involved in attentional processes in the brain. However, little is known about the physiological basis of Fm theta oscillations because invasive study in the human is allowed in only limited cases. In the present study, we developed a monkey model for Fm theta oscillations and located the generators of theta waves using electrodes implanted in various cortical areas. Monkeys were engaged in a s

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Wild, Benedict, and Stefan Treue. "Primate extrastriate cortical area MST: a gateway between sensation and cognition." Journal of Neurophysiology 125, no. 5 (2021): 1851–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.00384.2020.

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Primate visual cortex consists of dozens of distinct brain areas, each providing a highly specialized component to the sophisticated task of encoding the incoming sensory information and creating a representation of our visual environment that underlies our perception and action. One such area is the medial superior temporal cortex (MST), a motion-sensitive, direction-selective part of the primate visual cortex. It receives most of its input from the middle temporal (MT) area, but MST cells have larger receptive fields and respond to more complex motion patterns. The finding that MST cells are

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Chen, Spencer C., John W. Morley, and Samuel G. Solomon. "Spatial precision of population activity in primate area MT." Journal of Neurophysiology 114, no. 2 (2015): 869–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.00152.2015.

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The middle temporal (MT) area is a cortical area integral to the “where” pathway of primate visual processing, signaling the movement and position of objects in the visual world. The receptive field of a single MT neuron is sensitive to the direction of object motion but is too large to signal precise spatial position. Here, we asked if the activity of MT neurons could be combined to support the high spatial precision required in the where pathway. With the use of multielectrode arrays, we recorded simultaneously neural activity at 24–65 sites in area MT of anesthetized marmoset monkeys. We fo

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Flaherty, A. W., and A. M. Graybiel. "Corticostriatal transformations in the primate somatosensory system. Projections from physiologically mapped body-part representations." Journal of Neurophysiology 66, no. 4 (1991): 1249–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.1991.66.4.1249.

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1. The basal ganglia of primates receive somatosensory input carried largely by corticostriatal fibers. To determine whether map-transformations occur in this corticostriatal system, we investigated how electrophysiologically defined regions of the primary somatosensory cortex (SI) project to the striatum in the squirrel monkey (Saimiri sciureus). Receptive fields in the hand, mouth, and foot representations of cortical areas 3a, 3b, and 1 were mapped by multiunit recording; and small volumes of distinguishable anterograde tracers were injected into different body-part representations in singl

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9

Georgopoulos, Apostolos P. "Spatial coding of visually guided arm movements in primate motor cortex." Canadian Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology 66, no. 4 (1988): 518–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/y88-081.

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Previous studies of the motor cortex in behaving animals were focused on the relations between the activity of single cells, usually pyramidal tract neurons, and parameters of isometric contraction (e.g., intensity of force) or parameters of movement along one axis (e.g., flexion–extension) of a single joint (e.g., elbow or wrist). However, the commonly meaningful behavioral parameter is the trajectory of the hand in extrapersonal space, which is realized by simultaneous motions about two or three joints (e.g., elbow, shoulder, wrist) and concurrent engagement of several muscles. The spatial p

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Mundinano, Inaki-Carril, Dylan M. Fox, William C. Kwan, et al. "Transient visual pathway critical for normal development of primate grasping behavior." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 115, no. 6 (2018): 1364–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1717016115.

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An evolutionary hallmark of anthropoid primates, including humans, is the use of vision to guide precise manual movements. These behaviors are reliant on a specialized visual input to the posterior parietal cortex. Here, we show that normal primate reaching-and-grasping behavior depends critically on a visual pathway through the thalamic pulvinar, which is thought to relay information to the middle temporal (MT) area during early life and then swiftly withdraws. Small MRI-guided lesions to a subdivision of the inferior pulvinar subnucleus (PIm) in the infant marmoset monkey led to permanent de

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Boussaoud, D. "Primate premotor cortex: modulation of preparatory neuronal activity by gaze angle." Journal of Neurophysiology 73, no. 2 (1995): 886–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.1995.73.2.886.

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1. This study investigated whether the neuronal activity of a cortical area devoted to the control of limb movements is affected by variations in eye position within the orbit. Two rhesus monkeys were trained to perform a conditional visuomotor task with an instructed delay period while maintaining gaze on a fixation point. 2. The experimental design required each monkey to put its hand on a metal touch pad located at arm's length and fixate a small spot of light presented on a computer screen. Then a visual cue came on, at the fixation point or elsewhere, the color of which instructed the mon

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Gallivan, Jason P., Craig S. Chapman, Daniel J. Gale, J. Randall Flanagan, and Jody C. Culham. "Selective Modulation of Early Visual Cortical Activity by Movement Intention." Cerebral Cortex 29, no. 11 (2019): 4662–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/cercor/bhy345.

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Abstract The primate visual system contains myriad feedback projections from higher- to lower-order cortical areas, an architecture that has been implicated in the top-down modulation of early visual areas during working memory and attention. Here we tested the hypothesis that these feedback projections also modulate early visual cortical activity during the planning of visually guided actions. We show, across three separate human functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) studies involving object-directed movements, that information related to the motor effector to be used (i.e., limb, eye)

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van Donkelaar, P., J. F. Stein, R. E. Passingham, and R. C. Miall. "Temporary Inactivation in the Primate Motor Thalamus During Visually Triggered and Internally Generated Limb Movements." Journal of Neurophysiology 83, no. 5 (2000): 2780–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.2000.83.5.2780.

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To better understand the contribution of cerebellar- and basal ganglia-receiving areas of the thalamus [ventral posterolateral nucleus, pars oralis (VPLo), area X, ventral lateral nucleus, pars oralis (VLo), or ventral anterior nucleus, pars parvicellularis (VApc)] to movements based on external versus internal cues, we temporarily inactivated these individual nuclei in two monkeys trained to make visually triggered (VT) and internally generated (IG) limb movements. Infusions of lignocaine centered within VPLo caused hemiplegia during which movements of the contralateral arm rarely were perfor

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Ghahremani, Maryam, Kevin D. Johnston, Liya Ma, Lauren K. Hayrynen, and Stefan Everling. "Electrical microstimulation evokes saccades in posterior parietal cortex of common marmosets." Journal of Neurophysiology 122, no. 4 (2019): 1765–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.00417.2019.

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The common marmoset ( Callithrix jacchus) is a small-bodied New World primate increasing in prominence as a model animal for neuroscience research. The lissencephalic cortex of this primate species provides substantial advantages for the application of electrophysiological techniques such as high-density and laminar recordings, which have the capacity to advance our understanding of local and laminar cortical circuits and their roles in cognitive and motor functions. This is particularly the case with respect to the oculomotor system, as critical cortical areas of this network such as the fron

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Mayer, Andrei, Gabriela Lewenfus, Ruben Ernesto Bittencourt-Navarrete, Francisco Clasca, and João Guedes da Franca. "Thalamic Inputs to Posterior Parietal Cortical Areas Involved in Skilled Forelimb Movement and Tool Use in the Capuchin Monkey." Cerebral Cortex 29, no. 12 (2019): 5098–115. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/cercor/bhz051.

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Abstract The posterior parietal cortex (PPC) is a central hub for the primate forebrain networks that control skilled manual behavior, including tool use. Here, we quantified and compared the sources of thalamic input to electrophysiologically-identified hand/forearm-related regions of several PPC areas, namely areas 5v, AIP, PFG, and PF, of the capuchin monkey (Sapajus sp). We found that these areas receive most of their thalamic connections from the Anterior Pulvinar (PuA), Lateral Posterior (LP) and Medial Pulvinar (PuM) nuclei. Each PPC area receives a specific combination of projections f

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Zhou, Xin, Xue-Lian Qi, Kristy Douglas, et al. "Cholinergic modulation of working memory activity in primate prefrontal cortex." Journal of Neurophysiology 106, no. 5 (2011): 2180–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.00148.2011.

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The prefrontal cortex, a cortical area essential for working memory and higher cognitive functions, is modulated by a number of neurotransmitter systems, including acetylcholine; however, the impact of cholinergic transmission on prefrontal activity is not well understood. We relied on systemic administration of a muscarinic receptor antagonist, scopolamine, to investigate the role of acetylcholine on primate prefrontal neuronal activity during execution of working memory tasks and recorded neuronal activity with chronic electrode arrays and single electrodes. Our results indicated a dose-depe

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Shima, K., K. Aya, H. Mushiake, M. Inase, H. Aizawa, and J. Tanji. "Two movement-related foci in the primate cingulate cortex observed in signal-triggered and self-paced forelimb movements." Journal of Neurophysiology 65, no. 2 (1991): 188–202. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.1991.65.2.188.

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1. Single-unit activity in the cingulate cortex of the monkey was recorded during the performance of sensorially (visual, auditory, or tactile) triggered or self-paced forelimb key press movements. 2. Microelectrodes were inserted into the broad rostrocaudal expanse of the cingulate cortex, including the upper and lower banks of the cingulate sulcus and the hemispheric medial wall of the cingulate gyrus. 3. A total of 1,042 task-related neurons were examined, the majority of which were related to the execution of the key press movements. In greater than 60% of them, the movement-related activi

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Murphy, J. T., Y. C. Wong, and H. C. Kwan. "Sequential activation of neurons in primate motor cortex during unrestrained forelimb movement." Journal of Neurophysiology 53, no. 2 (1985): 435–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.1985.53.2.435.

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We trained monkeys to perform an unrestrained, reaching movement of the arm. Electromyogram (EMG) recordings of forelimb muscles revealed sequential activation, proximal to distal, of muscle groups involved in the task. The delay in onset of EMG activity between proximal (shoulder and elbow) and distal (wrist and finger) muscles was approximately 60 ms. We identified the neurons in the forelimb area of the contralateral motor cortex as controlling particular joints by previously defined criteria involving responses to somatosensory stimulation and effects of intracortical microstimulation. Man

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Gardner, Esther P. "Somatosensory cortical mechanisms of feature detection in tactile and kinesthetic discrimination." Canadian Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology 66, no. 4 (1988): 439–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/y88-074.

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Neurons in somatosensory cortex of primates process sensory information from the hand by integrating information from large populations of receptors to extract specific features. Tactile neurons in areas 1 and 2 are shown to select features such as contact area, edge orientation, motion across the skin, or direction of movement. Features coded by kinesthetic neurons in areas 3a and 2 relate to joint movement, the joint angle around which the movement occurs, or coordinated postures of the hand and arm. An even higher order cortical cell integrates tactile and kinesthetic information; these "ha

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Dum, Richard P., David J. Levinthal, and Peter L. Strick. "Motor, cognitive, and affective areas of the cerebral cortex influence the adrenal medulla." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 113, no. 35 (2016): 9922–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1605044113.

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Modern medicine has generally viewed the concept of “psychosomatic” disease with suspicion. This view arose partly because no neural networks were known for the mind, conceptually associated with the cerebral cortex, to influence autonomic and endocrine systems that control internal organs. Here, we used transneuronal transport of rabies virus to identify the areas of the primate cerebral cortex that communicate through multisynaptic connections with a major sympathetic effector, the adrenal medulla. We demonstrate that two broad networks in the cerebral cortex have access to the adrenal medul

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Johnston, Renée, Guillaume Doucet, Chadwick Boulay, Kai Miller, Julio Martinez-Trujillo, and Adam Sachs. "Decoding Saccade Intention From Primate Prefrontal Cortical Local Field Potentials Using Spectral, Spatial, and Temporal Dimensionality Reduction." International Journal of Neural Systems 31, no. 06 (2021): 2150023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0129065721500234.

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Most invasive Brain Computer Interfaces (iBCIs) use spike and Local Field Potentials (LFPs) from the motor or parietal cortices to decode movement intentions. It has been debated whether harvesting signals from other brain areas that encode global cognitive variables, such as the allocation of attention and eye movement goals in a variety of spatial reference frames, may improve the outcome of iBCIs. Here, we explore the ability of LFP signals, sampled from the lateral prefrontal cortex (LPFC) of macaque monkeys, to encode eye-movement intention during the pre-movement fixation period of a del

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Soteropoulos, Demetris S. "Corticospinal gating during action preparation and movement in the primate motor cortex." Journal of Neurophysiology 119, no. 4 (2018): 1538–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.00639.2017.

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During everyday actions there is a need to be able to withhold movements until the most appropriate time. This motor inhibition is likely to rely on multiple cortical and subcortical areas, but the primary motor cortex (M1) is a critical component of this process. However, the mechanisms behind this inhibition are unclear, particularly the role of the corticospinal system, which is most often associated with driving muscles and movement. To address this, recordings were made from identified corticospinal (PTN, n = 94) and corticomotoneuronal (CM, n = 16) cells from M1 during an instructed dela

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Berman, Rebecca A., James Cavanaugh, Kerry McAlonan, and Robert H. Wurtz. "A circuit for saccadic suppression in the primate brain." Journal of Neurophysiology 117, no. 4 (2017): 1720–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.00679.2016.

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Saccades should cause us to see a blur as the eyes sweep across a visual scene. Specific brain mechanisms prevent this by producing suppression during saccades. Neuronal correlates of such suppression were first established in the visual superficial layers of the superior colliculus (SC) and subsequently have been observed in cortical visual areas, including the middle temporal visual area (MT). In this study, we investigated suppression in a recently identified circuit linking visual SC (SCs) to MT through the inferior pulvinar (PI). We examined responses to visual stimuli presented just befo

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Scannell, J. W., F. Sengpiel, M. J. Tovee, P. J. Benson, C. Blakemore, and M. P. Young. "Visual motion processing in the anterior ectosylvian sulcus of the cat." Journal of Neurophysiology 76, no. 2 (1996): 895–907. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.1996.76.2.895.

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1. Neurons that are selectively sensitive to the direction of motion of elongated contours have been found in several cortical areas in many species. However, in the striate cortex of the cat and monkey, and the extrastriate posteromedial lateral suprasylvian visual area of the cat, such cells are generally component motion selective, signaling only the direction of movement orthogonal to the preferred orientation; a direction that is not necessarily the same as the motion of the entire pattern or texture of which the cell's preferred contour is part. The primate extrastriate middle temporal a

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Matsumura, M., T. Sawaguchi, and K. Kubota. "GABAergic inhibition of neuronal activity in the primate motor and premotor cortex during voluntary movement." Journal of Neurophysiology 68, no. 3 (1992): 692–702. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.1992.68.3.692.

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1. The functional role of GABAergic inhibition in neuronal activity in the forearm-hand area of the motor cortex and the postarcuate premotor cortex was studied while monkeys pressed and released a lever in response to a visual cue. gamma-Aminobutyric acid (GABA), its agonist muscimol (MUS), and its antagonist bicuculline methiodide (BMI), as well as acetylcholine, noradrenaline, and sodium glutamate, were applied iontophoretically to isolated single neurons whose activity was recorded via glass micropipettes that contained carbon fibers. 2. The activity from single neurons recorded in the mot

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Hendrix, Claudia M., Brett A. Campbell, Benjamin J. Tittle, et al. "Predictive encoding of motor behavior in the supplementary motor area is disrupted in parkinsonism." Journal of Neurophysiology 120, no. 3 (2018): 1247–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.00306.2018.

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Many studies suggest that Parkinson’s disease (PD) is associated with changes in neuronal activity patterns throughout the basal ganglia-thalamocortical motor circuit. There are limited electrophysiological data, however, describing how parkinsonism impacts the presupplementary motor area (pre-SMA) and SMA proper (SMAp), cortical areas known to be involved in movement planning and motor control. In this study, local field potentials (LFPs) were recorded in the pre-SMA/SMAp of a nonhuman primate during a visually cued reaching task. Recordings were made in the same subject in both the naive and

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Cloherty, Shaun L., Jacob L. Yates, Dina Graf, Gregory C. DeAngelis, and Jude F. Mitchell. "Motion Perception in the Common Marmoset." Cerebral Cortex 30, no. 4 (2019): 2659–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/cercor/bhz267.

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Abstract Visual motion processing is a well-established model system for studying neural population codes in primates. The common marmoset, a small new world primate, offers unparalleled opportunities to probe these population codes in key motion processing areas, such as cortical areas MT and MST, because these areas are accessible for imaging and recording at the cortical surface. However, little is currently known about the perceptual abilities of the marmoset. Here, we introduce a paradigm for studying motion perception in the marmoset and compare their psychophysical performance with huma

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Huang, C. S., M. A. Sirisko, H. Hiraba, G. M. Murray, and B. J. Sessle. "Organization of the primate face motor cortex as revealed by intracortical microstimulation and electrophysiological identification of afferent inputs and corticobulbar projections." Journal of Neurophysiology 59, no. 3 (1988): 796–818. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.1988.59.3.796.

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1. The technique of intracortical microstimulation (ICMS), supplemented by single-neuron recording, was used to carry out an extensive mapping of the face primary motor cortex. The ICMS study involved a total of 969 microelectrode penetrations carried out in 10 unanesthetized monkeys (Macaca fascicularis). 2. Monitoring of ICMS-evoked movements and associated electromyographic (EMG) activity revealed a general pattern of motor cortical organization. This was characterized by a representation of the facial musculature, which partially enclosed and overlapped the rostral, medial, and caudal bord

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Mitchell, Jude F., Nicholas J. Priebe, and Cory T. Miller. "Motion dependence of smooth pursuit eye movements in the marmoset." Journal of Neurophysiology 113, no. 10 (2015): 3954–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.00197.2015.

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Smooth pursuit eye movements stabilize slow-moving objects on the retina by matching eye velocity with target velocity. Two critical components are required to generate smooth pursuit: first, because it is a voluntary eye movement, the subject must select a target to pursue to engage the tracking system; and second, generating smooth pursuit requires a moving stimulus. We examined whether this behavior also exists in the common marmoset, a New World primate that is increasingly attracting attention as a genetic model for mental disease and systems neuroscience. We measured smooth pursuit in tw

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Bruce, C. J., M. E. Goldberg, M. C. Bushnell, and G. B. Stanton. "Primate frontal eye fields. II. Physiological and anatomical correlates of electrically evoked eye movements." Journal of Neurophysiology 54, no. 3 (1985): 714–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.1985.54.3.714.

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We studied single neurons in the frontal eye fields of awake macaque monkeys and compared their activity with the saccadic eye movements elicited by microstimulation at the sites of these neurons. Saccades could be elicited from electrical stimulation in the cortical gray matter of the frontal eye fields with currents as small as 10 microA. Low thresholds for eliciting saccades were found at the sites of cells with presaccadic activity. Presaccadic neurons classified as visuomovement or movement were most associated with low (less than 50 microA) thresholds. High thresholds (greater than 100 m

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Nudo, R. J., and G. W. Milliken. "Reorganization of movement representations in primary motor cortex following focal ischemic infarcts in adult squirrel monkeys." Journal of Neurophysiology 75, no. 5 (1996): 2144–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.1996.75.5.2144.

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1. Intracortical microstimulation (ICMS) techniques were used to derive detailed maps of distal forelimb movement representations in primary motor cortex (area 4) of adult squirrel monkeys before and a few months after a focal ischemic infarct. 2. Infarcts caused a marked but transient deficit in use of the contralateral hand, as evidenced by increased use of the ipsilateral hand, and reduced performance on a task requiring skilled digit use. 3. Infarcts resulted in a widespread reduction in the areal extent of digit representations adjacent to the lesion, and apparent increases in adjacent pr

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Vitek, J. L., J. Ashe, M. R. DeLong, and Y. Kaneoke. "Microstimulation of primate motor thalamus: somatotopic organization and differential distribution of evoked motor responses among subnuclei." Journal of Neurophysiology 75, no. 6 (1996): 2486–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.1996.75.6.2486.

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1. The functional organization of motor responses to microstimulation throughout the primate “motor” thalamus including nucleus ventralis lateralis, pars oralis (VLo); nucleus ventralis posterior lateralis, pars oralis (VPLo); nucleus ventralis lateralis, pars caudalis (VLc); and portions of ventralis anterior (VA) and area X, was systematically studied in awake monkeys. A total of 2,021 sites were examined for their response to microstimulation. Of these, 1,123 were histologically verified as to their location within the motor thalamus. At or near each site, isolated neurons were examined for

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Dum, Richard P., David J. Levinthal, and Peter L. Strick. "The mind–body problem: Circuits that link the cerebral cortex to the adrenal medulla." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 116, no. 52 (2019): 26321–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1902297116.

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Which regions of the cerebral cortex are the origin of descending commands that influence internal organs? We used transneuronal transport of rabies virus in monkeys and rats to identify regions of cerebral cortex that have multisynaptic connections with a major sympathetic effector, the adrenal medulla. In rats, we also examined multisynaptic connections with the kidney. In monkeys, the cortical influence over the adrenal medulla originates from 3 distinct networks that are involved in movement, cognition, and affect. Each of these networks has a human equivalent. The largest influence origin

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Feingold, Joseph, Theresa M. Desrochers, Naotaka Fujii, et al. "A system for recording neural activity chronically and simultaneously from multiple cortical and subcortical regions in nonhuman primates." Journal of Neurophysiology 107, no. 7 (2012): 1979–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.00625.2011.

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A major goal of neuroscience is to understand the functions of networks of neurons in cognition and behavior. Recent work has focused on implanting arrays of ∼100 immovable electrodes or smaller numbers of individually adjustable electrodes, designed to target a few cortical areas. We have developed a recording system that allows the independent movement of hundreds of electrodes chronically implanted in several cortical and subcortical structures. We have tested this system in macaque monkeys, recording simultaneously from up to 127 electrodes in 14 brain regions for up to one year at a time.

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Ackermann, Hermann, Steffen R. Hage, and Wolfram Ziegler. "Phylogenetic reorganization of the basal ganglia: A necessary, but not the only, bridge over a primate Rubicon of acoustic communication." Behavioral and Brain Sciences 37, no. 6 (2014): 577–604. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0140525x1400003x.

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AbstractIn this response to commentaries, we revisit the two main arguments of our target article. Based on data drawn from a variety of research areas – vocal behavior in nonhuman primates, speech physiology and pathology, neurobiology of basal ganglia functions, motor skill learning, paleoanthropological concepts – the target article, first, suggests a two-stage model of the evolution of the crucial motor prerequisites of spoken language within the hominin lineage: (1) monosynaptic refinement of the projections of motor cortex to brainstem nuclei steering laryngeal muscles, and (2) subsequen

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Hinkley, Leighton B., Leah A. Krubitzer, Srikantan S. Nagarajan, and Elizabeth A. Disbrow. "Sensorimotor Integration in S2, PV, and Parietal Rostroventral Areas of the Human Sylvian Fissure." Journal of Neurophysiology 97, no. 2 (2007): 1288–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.00733.2006.

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We explored cortical fields on the upper bank of the Sylvian fissure using functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) and magnetoencephalography (MEG) to measure responses to two stimulus conditions: a tactile stimulus applied to the right hand and a tactile stimulus with an additional movement component. fMRI data revealed bilateral activation in S2/PV in response to tactile stimulation alone and source localization of MEG data identified a peak latency of 122 ms in a similar location. During the tactile and movement condition, fMRI revealed bilateral activation of S2/PV and an anterior fie

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Srihasam, Krishna, Daniel Bullock, and Stephen Grossberg. "Target Selection by the Frontal Cortex during Coordinated Saccadic and Smooth Pursuit Eye Movements." Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience 21, no. 8 (2009): 1611–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/jocn.2009.21139.

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Oculomotor tracking of moving objects is an important component of visually based cognition and planning. Such tracking is achieved by a combination of saccades and smooth-pursuit eye movements. In particular, the saccadic and smooth-pursuit systems interact to often choose the same target, and to maximize its visibility through time. How do multiple brain regions interact, including frontal cortical areas, to decide the choice of a target among several competing moving stimuli? How is target selection information that is created by a bias (e.g., electrical stimulation) transferred from one mo

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Tankus, Ariel, and Itzhak Fried. "Visuomotor Coordination and Motor Representation by Human Temporal Lobe Neurons." Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience 24, no. 3 (2012): 600–610. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/jocn_a_00160.

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The division of cortical visual processing into distinct dorsal and ventral streams is a key concept in primate neuroscience [Goodale, M. A., & Milner, A. D. Separate visual pathways for perception and action. Trends in Neurosciences, 15, 20–25, 1992; Steele, G., Weller, R., & Cusick, C. Cortical connections of the caudal subdivision of the dorsolateral area (V4) in monkeys. Journal of Comparative Neurology, 306, 495–520, 1991]. The ventral stream is usually characterized as a “What” pathway, whereas the dorsal stream is implied in mediating spatial perception (“Where”) and visually gu

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Paninski, Liam, Matthew R. Fellows, Nicholas G. Hatsopoulos, and John P. Donoghue. "Spatiotemporal Tuning of Motor Cortical Neurons for Hand Position and Velocity." Journal of Neurophysiology 91, no. 1 (2004): 515–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.00587.2002.

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A pursuit-tracking task (PTT) and multielectrode recordings were used to investigate the spatiotemporal encoding of hand position and velocity in primate primary motor cortex (MI). Continuous tracking of a randomly moving visual stimulus provided a broad sample of velocity and position space, reduced statistical dependencies between kinematic variables, and minimized the nonstationarities that are found in typical “step-tracking” tasks. These statistical features permitted the application of signal-processing and information-theoretic tools for the analysis of neural encoding. The multielectro

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Vaidya, Mukta, Karthikeyan Balasubramanian, Joshua Southerland, et al. "Emergent coordination underlying learning to reach to grasp with a brain-machine interface." Journal of Neurophysiology 119, no. 4 (2018): 1291–304. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.00982.2016.

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The development of coordinated reach-to-grasp movement has been well studied in infants and children. However, the role of motor cortex during this development is unclear because it is difficult to study in humans. We took the approach of using a brain-machine interface (BMI) paradigm in rhesus macaques with prior therapeutic amputations to examine the emergence of novel, coordinated reach to grasp. Previous research has shown that after amputation, the cortical area previously involved in the control of the lost limb undergoes reorganization, but prior BMI work has largely relied on finding n

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Naito, Eiichi, Per E. Roland, Christian Grefkes, et al. "Dominance of the Right Hemisphere and Role of Area 2 in Human Kinesthesia." Journal of Neurophysiology 93, no. 2 (2005): 1020–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.00637.2004.

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We have previously shown that motor areas are engaged when subjects experience illusory limb movements elicited by tendon vibration. However, traditionally cytoarchitectonic area 2 is held responsible for kinesthesia. Here we use functional magnetic resonance imaging and cytoarchitectural mapping to examine whether area 2 is engaged in kinesthesia, whether it is engaged bilaterally because area 2 in non-human primates has strong callosal connections, which other areas are active members of the network for kinesthesia, and if there is a dominance for the right hemisphere in kinesthesia as has b

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Grannan, Benjamin L., Wenhua Zhang, Songjun William Li, and Ziv Williams. "144 Prefrontal Neurons Modulate Motor Behavior by Targeting Distinct Mediolateral Cortical Sites." Neurosurgery 64, CN_suppl_1 (2017): 234. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/neuros/nyx417.144.

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Abstract INTRODUCTION Injury to the prefrontal cortex (PFC) can result in maladaptive and disinhibited behavior. However, the neural basis for behavioral control of the prefrontal cortex remains largely unknown. Here, we explored the role of the dorsolateral PFC (dlPFC) in orchestrating motor behavior by conducting simultaneous, invasive recordings of the DLPFC, supplementary motor area (SMA), and dorsal premotor (PMd) in primates. METHODS Cortical surface microarrays were implanted into the dlPFC, SMA, and PMd of two monkeys who then participated in a reward-based motor task. For each trial,

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Johnston, Kevin D., Kevin Barker, Lauren Schaeffer, David Schaeffer, and Stefan Everling. "Methods for chair restraint and training of the common marmoset on oculomotor tasks." Journal of Neurophysiology 119, no. 5 (2018): 1636–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.00866.2017.

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The oculomotor system is the most thoroughly understood sensorimotor system in the brain, due in large part to electrophysiological studies carried out in macaque monkeys trained to perform oculomotor tasks. A disadvantage of the macaque model is that many cortical oculomotor areas of interest lie within sulci, making high-density array and laminar recordings impractical. Many techniques of molecular biology developed in rodents, such as optogenetic manipulation of neuronal subtypes, are also limited in this species. The common marmoset ( Callithrix jacchus) possesses a smooth cortex, allowing

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Wyder, Melanie T., Dino P. Massoglia, and Terrence R. Stanford. "Quantitative Assessment of the Timing and Tuning of Visual-Related, Saccade-Related, and Delay Period Activity in Primate Central Thalamus." Journal of Neurophysiology 90, no. 3 (2003): 2029–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.00064.2003.

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This study investigates the visuomotor properties of several nuclei within primate central thalamus. These nuclei, which might be considered components of an oculomotor thalamus (OcTh), are found within and at the borders of the internal medullary lamina. These nuclei have extensive anatomical links to numerous cortical and subcortical visuomotor areas including the frontal eye fields, supplementary eye fields, prefrontal cortex, posterior parietal cortex, caudate, and substantia nigra pars reticulata. Previous single-unit recordings have shown that neurons in OcTh respond during self-paced sp

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Lobel, Elie, Justus F. Kleine, Denis Le Bihan, Anne Leroy-Willig, and Alain Berthoz. "Functional MRI of Galvanic Vestibular Stimulation." Journal of Neurophysiology 80, no. 5 (1998): 2699–709. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.1998.80.5.2699.

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Lobel, Elie, Justus F. Kleine, Denis Le Bihan, Anne Leroy-Willig A, and Alain Berthoz. Functional MRI of galvanic vestibular stimulation. J. Neurophysiol. 80: 2699–2709, 1998. The cortical processing of vestibular information is not hierarchically organized as the processing of signals in the visual and auditory modalities. Anatomic and electrophysiological studies in the monkey revealed the existence of multiple interconnected areas in which vestibular signals converge with visual and/or somatosensory inputs. Although recent functional imaging studies using caloric vestibular stimulation (CVS

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Jerbi, Karim, Jean-Philippe Lachaux, Karim N′Diaye, et al. "Coherent neural representation of hand speed in humans revealed by MEG imaging." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 104, no. 18 (2007): 7676–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0609632104.

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The spiking activity of single neurons in the primate motor cortex is correlated with various limb movement parameters, including velocity. Recent findings obtained using local field potentials suggest that hand speed may also be encoded in the summed activity of neuronal populations. At this macroscopic level, the motor cortex has also been shown to display synchronized rhythmic activity modulated by motor behavior. Yet whether and how neural oscillations might be related to limb speed control is still poorly understood. Here, we applied magnetoencephalography (MEG) source imaging to the ongo

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Scott, T. R., C. R. Plata-Salaman, V. L. Smith, and B. K. Giza. "Gustatory neural coding in the monkey cortex: stimulus intensity." Journal of Neurophysiology 65, no. 1 (1991): 76–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.1991.65.1.76.

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1. We analyzed the activity of single neurons in gustatory cortex of alert cynomolgus monkeys in response to a range of stimulus intensities. Chemicals were deionized water, fruit juice, and several concentrations of the four prototypical taste stimuli: 10(-3)-1.0 M glucose, 10(-3)-1.0 M NaCl, 10(-4)-3 x 10(-2) M HCl, and 10(-5)-3 x 10(-3) M quinine HCl. 2. Taste-evoked responses could be recorded from a cortical gustatory area that measured 2.5 mm in its anteroposterior extent, 6.0 mm dorsoventrally, and 3.0 mm mediolaterally. Taste-responsive cells constituted 62 (3.7%) of the 1,661 neurons

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Ma, Liya, Janahan Selvanayagam, Maryam Ghahremani, Lauren K. Hayrynen, Kevin D. Johnston, and Stefan Everling. "Single-unit activity in marmoset posterior parietal cortex in a gap saccade task." Journal of Neurophysiology 123, no. 3 (2020): 896–911. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.00614.2019.

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Abnormal saccadic eye movements can serve as biomarkers for patients with several neuropsychiatric disorders. The common marmoset ( Callithrix jacchus) is becoming increasingly popular as a nonhuman primate model to investigate the cortical mechanisms of saccadic control. Recently, our group demonstrated that microstimulation in the posterior parietal cortex (PPC) of marmosets elicits contralateral saccades. Here we recorded single-unit activity in the PPC of the same two marmosets using chronic microelectrode arrays while the monkeys performed a saccadic task with gap trials (target onset lag

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Stepniewska, Iwona, Robert M. Friedman, Daniel J. Miller, and Jon H. Kaas. "Interactions within and between parallel parietal-frontal networks involved in complex motor behaviors in prosimian galagos and a squirrel monkey." Journal of Neurophysiology 123, no. 1 (2020): 34–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.00576.2019.

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Long-train intracortical microstimulation (ICMS) of motor (M1) and posterior parietal cortices (PPC) in primates reveals cortical domains for different ethologically relevant behaviors. How functional domains interact with each other in producing motor behaviors is not known. In this study, we tested our hypothesis that matching domains interact to produce a specific complex movement, whereas connections between nonmatching domains are involved in suppression of conflicting motor outputs to prevent competing movements. In anesthetized galagos, we used 500-ms trains of ICMS to evoke complex mov

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Hinkley, Leighton B. N., Leah A. Krubitzer, Jeff Padberg, and Elizabeth A. Disbrow. "Visual-Manual Exploration and Posterior Parietal Cortex in Humans." Journal of Neurophysiology 102, no. 6 (2009): 3433–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.90785.2008.

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Areas of human posterior parietal cortex (PPC) specialized for processing sensorimotor information associated with visually locating an object, reaching to grasp, and manually exploring that object were examined using functional MRI. Cortical activation was observed in response to three tasks: 1) saccadic eye movements, 2) visually guided reaching to grasp, and 3) manual shape discrimination. During saccadic eye movements, cortical fields within the lateral and rostral superior parietal lobe (SPL) and the caudal SPL and parieto-occipital boundary were active. During visually guided reaching to

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