Journal articles: 'Primate conservation'

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Davenport, Tim R. B., Katarzyna Nowak, and Andrew Perkin. "Priority Primate Areas in Tanzania." Oryx 48, no. 1 (July 17, 2013): 39–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0030605312001676.

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AbstractPriority Primate Areas are identified in Tanzania, mainland Africa's most important country for conservation of primates, on the basis of occupancy by globally rare, Red-Listed and range-restricted primate species and subspecies. We provide a comprehensive list and regional assessment of Tanzania's primate taxa, using IUCN Red List criteria, as well as the first national inventory of primates for 62 sites. The Priority Primate Areas, encompassing 102,513 km2, include nine national parks, one conservation area, seven game reserves, six nature reserves, 34 forest reserves and five areas with no official protection status. Primate species were evaluated and ranked on the basis of irreplaceability and vulnerability, using a combination of established and original criteria, resulting in a primate Taxon Conservation Score. Sites were ranked on the basis of summed primate scores. The majority (71%) of Priority Primate Areas are also Important Bird Areas (IBAs), or part of an IBA. Critical subsets of sites were derived through complementarity analyses. Adequate protection of just nine sites, including six national parks (Kilimanjaro, Kitulo, Mahale, Saadani, Udzungwa and Jozani-Chwaka Bay), one nature reserve (Kilombero) and two forest reserves (Minziro and Mgambo), totalling 8,679 km2, would protect all 27 of Tanzania's primate species. The addition of three forest reserves (Rondo, Kilulu Hill and Ngezi) and two game reserves (Grumeti and Biharamulo), results in a list of 14 Priority Primate Areas covering 10,561 km2 (1.1% of Tanzania's total land area), whose conservation would ensure the protection of all 43 of Tanzania's species and subspecies of primates.

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Dalimunthe, Nurzaidah Putri, and Sujadi Priyansah. "Perception of Bangka Belitung Citizen About Primate Conservation Effort." JURNAL PEMBELAJARAN DAN BIOLOGI NUKLEUS 8, no. 1 (March 13, 2022): 203–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.36987/jpbn.v8i1.2451.

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The primate species of Bangka Belitung such as Mentilin are categorized as endangered species and are constantly under threat as a result of poaching and habitat destruction. Various conservation efforts have been carried out, one of which is by touching the aspect of public education. However, there has been no specific research on the community's response to primate conservation in Bangka Island. This study aimed to determine the level of public knowledge of primates typical of Bangka Belitung and to determine public perceptions of conservation efforts for primates typical of Bangka Belitung. The research method was carried out by surveying respondents from five different villages in Bangka Island, namely Zed Village, Kemuja, Payabenua, Petaling and Terak Village. The questionnaire consists of three main aspects, namely knowledge, perception and concern for the conservation of primates. In general, the response of the people of Bangka Island to the topic of primate conservation, both in terms of knowledge, perception were relatively low. However, as this was a preliminary study, it is important to explore the reasons behind the responses given in this survey. This will certainly be very useful to be taken into consideration for the primate conservation program that will be carried out by related parties.

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Condro, Aryo Adhi, Lilik Budi Prasetyo, Siti Badriyah Rushayati, I. Putu Santikayasa, and Entang Iskandar. "Predicting Hotspots and Prioritizing Protected Areas for Endangered Primate Species in Indonesia under Changing Climate." Biology 10, no. 2 (February 15, 2021): 154. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/biology10020154.

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Indonesia has a large number of primate diversity where a majority of the species are threatened. In addition, climate change is conservation issues that biodiversity may likely face in the future, particularly among primates. Thus, species-distribution modeling was useful for conservation planning. Herein, we present protected areas (PA) recommendations with high nature-conservation importance based on species-richness changes. We performed maximum entropy (Maxent) to retrieve species distribution of 51 primate species across Indonesia. We calculated species-richness change and range shifts to determine the priority of PA for primates under mitigation and worst-case scenarios by 2050. The results suggest that the models have an excellent performance based on seven different metrics. Current primate distributions occupied 65% of terrestrial landscape. However, our results indicate that 30 species of primates in Indonesia are likely to be extinct by 2050. Future primate species richness would be also expected to decline with the alpha diversity ranging from one to four species per 1 km2. Based on our results, we recommend 54 and 27 PA in Indonesia to be considered as the habitat-restoration priority and refugia, respectively. We conclude that species-distribution modeling approach along with the categorical species richness is effectively applicable for assessing primate biodiversity patterns.

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Pollock, Jon I. "Primates and conservation priorities in Madagascar." Oryx 20, no. 4 (October 1986): 209–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0030605300020226.

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Madagascar's conservation problems are many, but the Malagasy Government is working towards solutions, having recently passed into law a strategy that links development with the conservation of natural resources. The protection of the country's remaining forests is a key concern, both for the human population and for the non-human primates. The author is a primatologist and has a research background in behavioural ecology, reproduction and conservation, especially with prosimians. This article was first presented at the joint Primate Society of Great Britain/FFPS meeting on primate conservation in December 1985.

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Rose, Lisa M. "Primate Conservation Biology:Primate Conservation Biology." American Anthropologist 104, no. 2 (June 2002): 673–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/aa.2002.104.2.673.

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Piel, A. K., A. Crunchant, I. E. Knot, C. Chalmers, P. Fergus, M. Mulero-Pázmány, and S. A. Wich. "Noninvasive Technologies for Primate Conservation in the 21st Century." International Journal of Primatology 43, no. 1 (October 22, 2021): 133–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10764-021-00245-z.

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AbstractObserving and quantifying primate behavior in the wild is challenging. Human presence affects primate behavior and habituation of new, especially terrestrial, individuals is a time-intensive process that carries with it ethical and health concerns, especially during the recent pandemic when primates are at even greater risk than usual. As a result, wildlife researchers, including primatologists, have increasingly turned to new technologies to answer questions and provide important data related to primate conservation. Tools and methods should be chosen carefully to maximize and improve the data that will be used to answer the research questions. We review here the role of four indirect methods—camera traps, acoustic monitoring, drones, and portable field labs—and improvements in machine learning that offer rapid, reliable means of combing through large datasets that these methods generate. We describe key applications and limitations of each tool in primate conservation, and where we anticipate primate conservation technology moving forward in the coming years.

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Triandhika, Kevin, Maya Salsabila, Anisa Putri Sukmaningrum, and Sri Suci Utami Atmoko. "Population Dynamics Of Java Slow Loris Nycticebus javanicus E. Geoffroy, 1812 in Dayeuh Luhur Village, Ganeas Sub-District, Sumedang District, West Java." Indonesian Journal of Biotechnology and Biodiversity 4, no. 1 (August 1, 2020): 27–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.47007/ijobb.v4i1.52.

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Javan slow loris (Nycticebus javanicus) is the only Strepsirrhine Primate that can be found in Indonesia and one of two nocturnal primates genera that can be found in Indonesia (besides Tarsius spp). Javan slow loris are endemic primate and have high threat of extinction, IUCN (International Union of Nature and natural Resources) determined the conservation status as Critically Endangered, so that more serious conservation efforts are needed. This study aims to determine the distribution and abudance of populations (N.javanicus) in Dayeuhluhur village, Ganeas District, Sumedang, West Java with total study area of 60 hectares. By using Recces method, data collection of direct encounters done at night on three different transect (Nangkod, Balisuk, and Sukarasa) for three different years. The abundance of Javan slow loris in 2015 was 0,216 indv/ha, and decrease in 2017 was 0,133 indv/ha and in 2018 was 0,200 indv/ha. The existence data of primates is important for conservation strategy, especially for endemic and endangered primate management outside conservation areas.

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Estrada, Alejandro, Paul A. Garber, Russell A. Mittermeier, Serge Wich, Sidney Gouveia, Ricardo Dobrovolski, K. A. I. Nekaris, et al. "Primates in peril: the significance of Brazil, Madagascar, Indonesia and the Democratic Republic of the Congo for global primate conservation." PeerJ 6 (June 15, 2018): e4869. http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj.4869.

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Primates occur in 90 countries, but four—Brazil, Madagascar, Indonesia, and the Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC)—harbor 65% of the world’s primate species (439) and 60% of these primates are Threatened, Endangered, or Critically Endangered (IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2017-3). Considering their importance for global primate conservation, we examine the anthropogenic pressures each country is facing that place their primate populations at risk. Habitat loss and fragmentation are main threats to primates in Brazil, Madagascar, and Indonesia. However, in DRC hunting for the commercial bushmeat trade is the primary threat. Encroachment on primate habitats driven by local and global market demands for food and non-food commodities hunting, illegal trade, the proliferation of invasive species, and human and domestic-animal borne infectious diseases cause habitat loss, population declines, and extirpation. Modeling agricultural expansion in the 21st century for the four countries under a worst-case-scenario, showed a primate range contraction of 78% for Brazil, 72% for Indonesia, 62% for Madagascar, and 32% for DRC. These pressures unfold in the context of expanding human populations with low levels of development. Weak governance across these four countries may limit effective primate conservation planning. We examine landscape and local approaches to effective primate conservation policies and assess the distribution of protected areas and primates in each country. Primates in Brazil and Madagascar have 38% of their range inside protected areas, 17% in Indonesia and 14% in DRC, suggesting that the great majority of primate populations remain vulnerable. We list the key challenges faced by the four countries to avert primate extinctions now and in the future. In the short term, effective law enforcement to stop illegal hunting and illegal forest destruction is absolutely key. Long-term success can only be achieved by focusing local and global public awareness, and actively engaging with international organizations, multinational businesses and consumer nations to reduce unsustainable demands on the environment. Finally, the four primate range countries need to ensure that integrated, sustainable land-use planning for economic development includes the maintenance of biodiversity and intact, functional natural ecosystems.

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Mittermeier, Russell A., Warren G. Kinzey, and Roderic B. Mast. "Neotropical primate conservation." Journal of Human Evolution 18, no. 7 (November 1989): 597–610. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0047-2484(89)90096-1.

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Norconk, Marilyn A., Sue Boinski, and Pierre-Michel Forget. "Primates in 21st century ecosystems: does primate conservation promote ecosystem conservation?" American Journal of Primatology 73, no. 1 (December 15, 2010): 3–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ajp.20868.

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Plumptre, Andrew J., and Debby Cox. "Counting primates for conservation: primate surveys in Uganda." Primates 47, no. 1 (August 13, 2005): 65–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10329-005-0146-8.

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Nijman, V., KAI Nekaris, G. Donati, M. Bruford, and J. Fa. "Primate conservation: measuring and mitigating trade in primates." Endangered Species Research 13, no. 2 (February 16, 2011): 159–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.3354/esr00336.

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Junker, Jessica, Silviu O. Petrovan, Victor Arroyo-RodrÍguez, Ramesh Boonratana, Dirck Byler, Colin A. Chapman, Dilip Chetry, et al. "A Severe Lack of Evidence Limits Effective Conservation of the World's Primates." BioScience 70, no. 9 (August 26, 2020): 794–803. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/biosci/biaa082.

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Abstract Threats to biodiversity are well documented. However, to effectively conserve species and their habitats, we need to know which conservation interventions do (or do not) work. Evidence-based conservation evaluates interventions within a scientific framework. The Conservation Evidence project has summarized thousands of studies testing conservation interventions and compiled these as synopses for various habitats and taxa. In the present article, we analyzed the interventions assessed in the primate synopsis and compared these with other taxa. We found that despite intensive efforts to study primates and the extensive threats they face, less than 1% of primate studies evaluated conservation effectiveness. The studies often lacked quantitative data, failed to undertake postimplementation monitoring of populations or individuals, or implemented several interventions at once. Furthermore, the studies were biased toward specific taxa, geographic regions, and interventions. We describe barriers for testing primate conservation interventions and propose actions to improve the conservation evidence base to protect this endangered and globally important taxon.

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Hamilton, Stuart E., Andrea Presotto, and Arthur J. Lembo. "Establishing the relationship between non-human primates and mangrove forests at the global, national, and local scales." PLOS ONE 17, no. 11 (November 11, 2022): e0277440. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0277440.

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Global and spatially explicit information about the interaction between habitat and wildlife species is critical to enhancing conservation efforts. Despite the recognized importance of mangrove forests to non-human primates, the relationship between the two lacks understanding. To counter this, we created the MangPrim-21 database to map and measure the locations of interactions between all non-human primates and all mangrove forests globally. We report our findings across the global, national, and local scales for all inventoried non-human primates and all inventoried mangrove forests. Globally, we find that half of all non-primates potentially use mangrove forests, and more than half of the global mangrove forest falls within the delineated range of at least one non-human primate species. Nationally, we find that Indonesia, Madagascar, Brazil, Cameroon, and Malaysia likely have the most non-human primate and mangrove forest interactions. At the subnational level, we find that several discrete locations in Kalimantan are critical to both mangrove forests and non-human primates. The MangPrim-21 database provides a globally consistent and locally applicable database of non-human primate and mangrove forest interactions. The results presented have broader implications for non-human primate and mangrove conservation and global actions to protect both. Additionally, our results raise questions about the idea that non-human primates primarily use mangrove forests as a refuge from human encroachment and habitat degradation.

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Hobson, William. "Safety Assessment Studies in Nonhuman Primates." International Journal of Toxicology 19, no. 2 (March 2000): 141–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/109158100224962.

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Worldwide regulatory guidelines for drug safety evaluations recommend testing in both a rodent and a nonrodent species. Non-human primates, which are phylogenetically close to man, are often thought of as the “ideal” nonrodent species. Historically, because of conservation issues, biosafety concerns, and price and supply issues, use of nonhuman primates in toxicology programs has been restricted to special cases. Recently, however, biopharmaceutical scientists have turned to primates as the only nonhuman species in which the biological activities of some drugs are expressed. Also, as the cost of test article for toxicology studies has increased, there has been a corresponding increase in the use of primates because of their smaller body size compared to dogs. With increasing demand, primatologists have solved the price, supply, and conservation issues by worldwide development of breeding centers that produce adequate numbers of well-characterized rhesus and cynomolgus macaques. New international personnel protective standards, shipping and quarantine requirements have addressed some of the public health concerns. However, tuberculosis, Herpesvirus simiae (B virus) and the “Ebola-like” hemorrhagic primate viruses remain of concern to primate researchers. With new requirements for specialized training, housing, equipment, and procedures for primate research and husbandry, many pharmaceutical companies now outsource their primate toxicology work to contract research organizations. The effort to “harmonize” international regulatory requirements for nonclinical toxicology has led to more uniformity in nonhuman primate study design. Typical study designs and procedures are discussed.

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Agostini, Ilaria, Santiago José Elías Velazco, Juan Ariel Insaurralde, Romina Pavé, Ingrid Holzmann, Eduardo Fernández-Duque, María Paula Tujague, Silvana Peker, Martín M. Kowalewski, and Mario Santiago Di Bitetti. "Prioritizing Areas for Primate Conservation in Argentina." Diversity 14, no. 11 (November 15, 2022): 982. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/d14110982.

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Argentina lies within the southernmost distributional range of five neotropical primates, the brown howler monkey Alouatta guariba, the black-and-gold howler monkey Alouatta caraya, the black-horned capuchin Sapajus nigritus, the Azara’s capuchin Sapajus cay, and the Azara’s owl monkey Aotus azarae; the first three of which are globally threatened. These species occupy different ecoregions: the Alto Paraná Atlantic forest, the Araucaria moist forest, the humid Chaco, the Southern Cone Mesopotamian savanna, the Paraná Ffooded savanna, and the Southern Andean Yungas. The recently approved National Primate Conservation Plan of Argentina calls for identifying priority areas to focus conservation actions for these species. We used species distribution models to estimate species ranges and then used the Zonation software to perform a spatial conservation prioritization analysis based on primate habitat quality and connectivity to identify potential areas of importance at national and ecoregional levels. Only 7.2% (19,500 km2) of the area inhabited by primates in Argentina is under protection. Outside the current protected areas, the top-ranked 1% and 5% priority areas identified in our analysis covered 1894 and 7574 km2, respectively. The top 1% areas were in the Atlantic forest of Misiones province, where S. nigritus, A. guariba, and A. caraya are distributed, and in the humid portion of eastern Chaco and Formosa provinces, where A. azarae and A. caraya are present. The top 5% areas included portions of the Yungas, where S. cay is the only primate present. Priority areas in Chaco and Formosa provinces are particularly relevant because of the paucity of protected areas and the high deforestation rate. The endangered A. guariba population will benefit from the better protection of the priority areas of Misiones. The potential priority areas proposed herein, considered within a context of a broad participatory process involving relevant stakeholders and local people, will help guide new and innovative conservation policies and practices while supporting management objectives.

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Strona, Giovanni, Simon D. Stringer, Ghislain Vieilledent, Zoltan Szantoi, John Garcia-Ulloa, and Serge A. Wich. "Small room for compromise between oil palm cultivation and primate conservation in Africa." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 115, no. 35 (August 13, 2018): 8811–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1804775115.

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Despite growing awareness about its detrimental effects on tropical biodiversity, land conversion to oil palm continues to increase rapidly as a consequence of global demand, profitability, and the income opportunity it offers to producing countries. Although most industrial oil palm plantations are located in Southeast Asia, it is argued that much of their future expansion will occur in Africa. We assessed how this could affect the continent’s primates by combining information on oil palm suitability and current land use with primate distribution, diversity, and vulnerability. We also quantified the potential impact of large-scale oil palm cultivation on primates in terms of range loss under different expansion scenarios taking into account future demand, oil palm suitability, human accessibility, carbon stock, and primate vulnerability. We found a high overlap between areas of high oil palm suitability and areas of high conservation priority for primates. Overall, we found only a few small areas where oil palm could be cultivated in Africa with a low impact on primates (3.3 Mha, including all areas suitable for oil palm). These results warn that, consistent with the dramatic effects of palm oil cultivation on biodiversity in Southeast Asia, reconciling a large-scale development of oil palm in Africa with primate conservation will be a great challenge.

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Estrada, Alejandro, Paul A. Garber, and Abhishek Chaudhary. "Current and future trends in socio-economic, demographic and governance factors affecting global primate conservation." PeerJ 8 (August 21, 2020): e9816. http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj.9816.

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Currently, ~65% of extant primate species (ca 512 species) distributed in 91 countries in the Neotropics, mainland Africa, Madagascar, South Asia and Southeast Asia are threatened with extinction and 75% have declining populations as a result of deforestation and habitat loss resulting from increasing global market demands, and land conversion for industrial agriculture, cattle production and natural resource extraction. Other pressures that negatively impact primates are unsustainable bushmeat hunting, the illegal trade of primates as pets and as body parts, expanding road networks in previously isolated areas, zoonotic disease transmission and climate change. Here we examine current and future trends in several socio-economic factors directly or indirectly affecting primates to further our understanding of the interdependent relationship between human well-being, sustainable development, and primate population persistence. We found that between 2001 and 2018 ca 191 Mha of tropical forest (30% canopy cover) were lost as a result of human activities in the five primate range regions. Forty-six percent of this loss was in the Neotropics (Mexico, Central and South America), 30% in Southeast Asia, 21% in mainland Africa, 2% in Madagascar and 1% in South Asia. Countries with the greatest losses (ca 57% of total tree cover loss) were Brazil, Indonesia, DRC, China, and Malaysia. Together these countries harbor almost 50% of all extant primate species. In 2018, the world human population was estimated at ca 8bn people, ca 60% of which were found in primate range countries. Projections to 2050 and to 2100 indicate continued rapid growth of the human populations in these five primate range regions, with Africa surpassing all the other regions and totaling ca 4bn people by the year 2100. Socioeconomic indicators show that, compared to developed nations, most primate range countries are characterized by high levels of poverty and income inequality, low human development, low food security, high levels of corruption and weak governance. Models of Shared Socioeconomic Pathway scenarios (SSPs) projected to 2050 and 2100 showed that whereas practices of increasing inequality (SSP4) or unconstrained growth in economic output and energy use (SSP5) are projected to have dire consequences for human well-being and primate survivorship, practices of sustainability-focused growth and equality (SSP1) are expected to have a positive effect on maintaining biodiversity, protecting environments, and improving the human condition. These results stress that improving the well-being, health, and security of the current and future human populations in primate range countries are of paramount importance if we are to move forward with effective policies to protect the world’s primate species and promote biodiversity conservation.

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Danquah, Emmanuel, and Elvis Hackman Tetteh. "Logging Activity Adversely Impacts Primate Diversity and Density in the Kwabre Rainforest of Ghana." International Journal of Ecology 2016 (2016): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2016/7497326.

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Knowledge on the impacts of logging activity on inhabitant primate species in Kwabre Rainforest, Ghana, is vital for the development of a comprehensive conservation and management plan. With this background, primate density and diversity were recorded along line transects in logged and unlogged areas (strata) to assess the impact of logging activity on these parameters. Six distinct primate species were confirmed including Roloway monkey (Cercopithecus roloway, listed as endangered in the IUCN List of Threatened Species), white-naped mangabey (Cercocebus lunulatus, vulnerable), and Geoffroy’s black-and-white colobus (Colobus vellerosus, vulnerable). There was a significant difference (Mann-WhitneyUtest:U=36.0,p<0.01) in primate encounter rates between the logged and unlogged strata with higher species diversity in unlogged stratum (H=2.91) compared to the logged stratum (H=1.44). Regression analysis indicated a significant effect (r2=0.945,p<0.01) of logging on primate encounter rates. Our results suggest that logging activity can alter composition of primate communities. One option to forestall further forest degradation and its adverse effects on primates would be to grant the Kwabre Rainforest protected area status under Ghanaian law and manage it under an integrated conservation plan that includes neighbouring Ankasa Conservation Area in Ghana and Tanoé Forest in Cote d’Ivoire.

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Moraes, Bárbara, Orly Razgour, João Pedro Souza-Alves, Jean P. Boubli, and Bruna Bezerra. "Habitat suitability for primate conservation in north-east Brazil." Oryx 54, no. 6 (September 28, 2020): 803–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0030605319001388.

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AbstractBrazil has a high diversity of primates, but increasing anthropogenic pressures and climate change could influence forest cover in the country and cause future changes in the distribution of primate populations. Here we aim to assess the long-term suitability of habitats for the conservation of three threatened Brazilian primates (Alouatta belzebul, Sapajus flavius and Sapajus libidinosus) through (1) estimating their current and future distributions using species distribution models, (2) evaluating how much of the areas projected to be suitable is represented within protected areas and priority areas for biodiversity conservation, and (3) assessing the extent of remaining forest cover in areas predicted to be suitable for these species. We found that 88% of the suitable areas are outside protected areas and only 24% are located in areas with forest cover. Although not within protected areas, 27% of the climatically suitable areas are considered priority areas for conservation. Future projections, considering a severe climate change scenario, indicate that A. belzebul, S. flavius and S. libidinosus may lose up to 94, 98 and 54% of their suitable range, respectively. The establishment of primate populations and their long-term survival in these areas are at risk. Mitigation actions such as the implementation of new protected areas, forest restoration and reduction of greenhouse gas emissions will be essential for the conservation of Brazilian primates.

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de la Torre, Stella de la, and Citlalli Morelos-Juárez. "Primate Conservation Efforts and Sustainable Development Goals in Ecuador, Combining Research, Education and Capacity Building." Animals 12, no. 20 (October 13, 2022): 2750. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ani12202750.

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Ecuadorian primates are a diverse and ecologically important group that is facing severe conservation problems. We present the experiences and lessons learned from two primate conservation projects in eastern and western Ecuador to foster an in-depth reflection of what could be improved to enhance their contribution to the delivery of the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). By combining research, education, and capacity building, both projects aim to empower and engage local communities in initiatives to protect primate habitats. These efforts to enhance local environmental sustainability contribute to SDGs 15 (Life on land), 4 (Quality of education), 2 (Zero hunger), 3 (Good health and well-being), 5 (Gender equality), 10 (Reduced inequalities), 12 (Responsible consumption and production), and 13 (Climate actions). One of our findings is that community involvement in conservation activities is not always directly related to an improvement of the conservation status of primate populations. Therefore, continuous monitoring of primate populations and of other relevant indicators is key to assessing the effectiveness of the interventions. We highlight the importance of sharing information between projects with similar scopes and the need to develop local indicators for a more objective assessment of the contribution of small-scale conservation projects to the delivery of the SDGs.

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Suzzi, Amanda. "GIS for primate conservation." Evolutionary Anthropology: Issues, News, and Reviews 30, no. 5 (September 2021): 362–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/evan.21925.

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Anderson, James R., James G. Else, and Phyllis C. Lee. "Primate Ecology and Conservation." Man 25, no. 1 (March 1990): 151. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2804122.

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Duffey, Eric. "Primate ecology and conservation." Biological Conservation 41, no. 3 (1987): 236. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0006-3207(87)90110-8.

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Urbani, Bernardo. "Archaeoprimatology: The Longue Durée Interface Between Humans and Nonhuman Primates." Annual Review of Anthropology 50, no. 1 (October 21, 2021): 379–401. http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev-anthro-101819-110130.

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Archaeoprimatology explores how humans and nonhuman primates coexisted in the past. This discipline has profound roots in texts of early scholars. Archaeoprimatological research examines the liminality between humans, apes, monkeys, and prosimians deep in time before the rise of the Anthropocene. By exploring the beginning of the relationship between modern Homo sapiens and primates, which possibly dates to approximately 100,000 BCE, I survey the evidence, ranging from portable objects and 2D surfaces with primatomorphic depictions to primate remains at archaeological sites worldwide. For example, an overview of ancient frescoes and mosaics with primate representations reveals that the vast majority of them were rendered in locations where primates were not part of the local fauna. An extensive review of primates in the zooarchaeological record shows as a global pattern that traded primates were usually young individuals and frugivorous/omnivorous species. Local primates yielded at sites of regions they naturally inhabited were mostly hunted. Thus, examining past patterns of the human–nonhuman primate interface provides insight into major questions about human niche construction and primate conservation today.

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Wright, Barth W., and Kristin A. Wright. "Is primate conservation essential to ecosystem conservation?" Evolutionary Anthropology: Issues, News, and Reviews 17, no. 5 (October 28, 2008): 203–4. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/evan.20188.

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Reuter, Kim, Seheno Andriantsaralaza, Malene Hansen, Marni LaFleur, Leandro Jerusalinsky, Edward Louis, Jonah Ratzimbazafy, Elizabeth Williamson, and Russell Mittermeier. "Impact of the COVID-19 Pandemic on Primate Research and Conservation." Animals 12, no. 9 (May 8, 2022): 1214. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ani12091214.

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There is evidence to suggest that the Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic may hamper our achievement of the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). Here, we use non-human primates as a case study to examine the impacts of COVID-19 on the ability to achieve biodiversity conservation and management sustainability targets. We collected data through a survey of members of the IUCN SSC Primate Specialist Group from January to March 2022. Of the 93 experts that responded to our survey, we found that 39% had not been able to visit any of their field sites since March 2020, 54% said they had less funding available for their primate-related work, and only one out of ten said they had managed to achieve at least 76–100% of their planned primate-related work since March 2020. Six out of ten respondents (61%) felt that primate conservation efforts in protected areas were worse than before the onset of the COVID-19 pandemic and one-third (33%) felt hunting was happening more frequently than before. This study provides evidence of the impacts of COVID-19 on progress towards achieving the SDGs, and provides practical lessons learned for biodiversity conservation efforts moving forward.

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McLester, Edward, Lilian Pintea, Fiona A. Stewart, and Alex K. Piel. "Cercopithecine and Colobine Abundance Across Protected and Unprotected Land in the Greater Mahale Ecosystem, Western Tanzania." International Journal of Primatology 40, no. 6 (December 2019): 687–705. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10764-019-00118-6.

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AbstractMost primates live in unprotected land where abundances and threats may differ from those in protected areas. We therefore need to establish population densities in both unprotected and protected areas to effectively inform conservation planning. The Greater Mahale Ecosystem in western Tanzania is a region of mixed protected status with seven cercopithecine and colobine species: blue (Cercopithecus mitis doggetti), red-tailed (C. ascanius schmidi), and vervet (Chlorocebus pygerythrus) monkeys; ashy red colobus (Piliocolobus tephrosceles); black-and-white colobus (Colobus angolensis); and olive (Papio anubis) and yellow (P. cynocephalus) baboons. These species may be threatened by increasing human activity; however, except for ashy red colobus, no data on local abundances are available. We walked over 350 km of line transects in legally protected (Village Forest Reserves) and unprotected general land between August 2011 and October 2012 to estimate densities of primates and human activity. Primate densities were consistently low across the Greater Mahale Ecosystem. Blue and red-tailed monkey and ashy red colobus densities were especially low compared to populations in predominantly forested landscapes. Primate and human activity densities did not differ significantly inside and outside of reserves. Low primate densities could be natural responses to the lower proportions and quality of riparian forest habitat in the region. High levels of human activity and the absence of significantly higher primate densities in reserves suggest unprotected land could provide important refuges for primates in the Greater Mahale Ecosystem. This result further reinforces a broad need to include unprotected areas in primate conservation strategies.

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Choudhury, Anwaruddin. "Priority ratings for conservation of Indian primates." Oryx 22, no. 2 (April 1988): 89–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0030605300027551.

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Many of India's primates are threatened, especially by forest destruction, and in some areas they are also hunted for food. The 15 species involved are not threatened equally—some are widespread and common, even in the hearts of cities, while others survive only in small populations over a limited area. In order to make best use of the limited resources available for primate conservation it is necessary to identify those species needing urgent attention. The author, who is at present carrying out research on the primates of Assam, has rated the species according to their conservation needs using a method based on one developed for identifying conservation priorities for African primates. He compares his results with those of the Asian Action Plan for Primates and makes recommendations for conservation action in India.

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Chapman, Colin A., Julio Cesar Bicca-Marques, Amy E. Dunham, Pengfei Fan, Peter J. Fashing, Jan F. Gogarten, Songtao Guo, et al. "Primates Can Be a Rallying Symbol to Promote Tropical Forest Restoration." Folia Primatologica 91, no. 6 (2020): 669–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1159/000505951.

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With 60% of all primate species now threatened with extinction and many species only persisting in small populations in forest fragments, conservation action is urgently needed. But what type of action? Here we argue that restoration of primate habitat will be an essential component of strategies aimed at conserving primates and preventing the extinctions that may occur before the end of the century and propose that primates can act as flagship species for restoration efforts. To do this we gathered a team of academics from around the world with experience in restoration so that we could provide examples of why primate restoration ecology is needed, outline how primates can act as flagship species for restoration efforts of tropical forest, review what little is known about how primate populations respond to restoration efforts, and make specific recommendations of the next steps needed to make restoration of primate populations successful. We set four priorities: (1) academics must effectively communicate both the value of primates and the need for restoration; (2) more research is needed on how primates contribute to forest restoration; (3) more effort must be put into Masters and PhD level training for tropical country nationals; and finally (4) more emphasis is needed to monitor the responses of regenerating forest and primate populations where restoration efforts are initiated. We are optimistic that populations of many threatened species can recover, and extinctions can be prevented, but only if concerted large-scale efforts are made soon and if these efforts include primate habitat restoration.

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Harrison, Terry. "Primate evolution primate ecology and conservation primate ontogeny, cognition and social behaviour." Journal of Human Evolution 17, no. 4 (June 1988): 453–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0047-2484(88)90034-6.

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Deag, J. M. "Primate evolution. Primate ontogeny, cognition and social behaviour. Primate ecology and conservation." Endeavour 11, no. 3 (January 1987): 163. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0160-9327(87)90223-7.

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Reuter, Kim E., Russell A. Mittermeier, Elizabeth A. Williamson, Leandro Jerusalinsky, Johannes Refisch, Jacqui Sunderland-Groves, Dirck Byler, et al. "Impact and Lessons Learned from a Half-Century of Primate Conservation Action Planning." Diversity 14, no. 9 (September 11, 2022): 751. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/d14090751.

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Over the last half-century, the world’s human population has doubled, impacting almost all ocean and land areas. The threats facing primates in the wild have never been greater or more complex. Primatologists have long been aware of these threats and, since the 1970s, have coordinated efforts to safeguard these threatened species, through the International Union for Conservation of Nature Species Survival Commission (IUCN SSC) Primate Specialist Group (PSG). In an effort to stem the threat of extinction to primates, this group of now 700 experts+ has published 17 conservation action plans since 1977. As we look toward the next half-century, we take stock of the history of primate action planning to better understand the costs and benefits of these plans as a conservation tool. Here, we reviewed all plans published by the IUCN SSC PSG. In total, they described USD 246 million in planned primate conservation programming and were cited 1,657 times by others. We found that half of the plans had been assessed in regard to their implementation, although these assessments were not standardized. Those that had been assessed, showed evidence of positive impacts on awareness raising, collaboration, fundraising, project implementation and policy, although the impact varied by plan. For example, three of the plans directly resulted in USD 15.92 million in funds raised; four plans quantified implementation rates, which ranged from 38% to 74% of actions partially or completely achieved 5 years after plan publication; and four plans attributed the gazettement of 19 protected areas across 11 countries as indirect successes following the publication of plans. Considered together, we reflect on the ‘return-on-investment’ for developing these plans and consider a range of ‘lessons learned’ for future primate action planning efforts.

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Mitani, John C. "Primate Ecology, Behavior, and Conservation." Journal of Mammalian Evolution 14, no. 3 (January 30, 2007): 195–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10914-007-9036-8.

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Bankoff, Richard J., Heritiana D. D. Randrianatoandro, and George H. Perry. "Primate Conservation Genomics and Paleogenomics." American Anthropologist 117, no. 4 (November 10, 2015): 742–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/aman.12368.

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Rylands, Anthony B., and Russell A. Mittermeier. "Primate taxonomy: Species and conservation." Evolutionary Anthropology: Issues, News, and Reviews 23, no. 1 (January 2, 2014): 8–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/evan.21387.

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Bercovitch, Fred B., and Toni E. Ziegler. "Reproductive strategies and primate conservation." Zoo Biology 8, S1 (1989): 163–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/zoo.1430080516.

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Calle-Rendón, Bayron R., Renato R. Hilário, and José Julio de Toledo. "Effect of Site Attributes and Matrix Composition on Neotropical Primate Species Richness and Functional Traits: A Comparison Among Regions." Diversity 11, no. 5 (May 25, 2019): 83. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/d11050083.

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Fragmentation threatens biodiversity and forest-dwelling animals can be especially vulnerable. Neotropical primates inhabit forests and play ecological roles in maintaining forest biodiversity. Currently, many primate communities are restricted to forest fragments. We (1) evaluated the influence of environmental, matrix, and site attributes on species richness and functional traits of primates in the Neotropics; and (2) evaluated the effect of the sub-region on the relationships between primates and environmental, matrix, and site attributes. We conducted literature searches to find published data on primate communities in forest fragments throughout the Neotropics. Each fragment was assigned to 1 of 11 sub-regions: Mesoamerica, Tumbes-Chocó-Magdalena, Caribbean, Orinoco, Amazon, Atlantic Forest, Cerrado, Chaco, Andes, Caatinga, and Pampa. Based on actual and expected species occurrences, we calculated the proportion of primate species retained in the fragments, the mass retained, and dietary items retained considering reproductive and vegetative plant parts and prey. We used linear mixed models to correlate primate variables with environmental, matrix, and site attributes. Fragment area was more important for primate retention than environmental, matrix, and site attributes, with primate retention being higher in larger fragments. Fragment size was positively correlated with all primate variables, except for retention of prey consumption, whose retention decreased as water bodies and density of buildings in the matrix increased. Fragments within protected areas retained larger species than unprotected fragments. The proportion of extant mass retained and vegetative plant parts in the diet were highest in Mesoamerica and lowest in the Atlantic Forest. Conservation planning of Neotropical primates should consider both the differences among sub-regions, forest restoration to increase fragment size, and the creation of new protected areas, even in fragmented landscapes.

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Meek, K., T. Eversole, and J. D. Capra. "Conservation of the most JH proximal Ig VH gene segment (VHVI) throughout primate evolution." Journal of Immunology 146, no. 7 (April 1, 1991): 2434–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.4049/jimmunol.146.7.2434.

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Abstract The human VHVI gene segment, the sole member of the VHVI gene family, is remarkable in that it is the most D-proximal VH gene segment and is apparently nonpolymorphic. Here we report that the VHVI gene segment has been remarkably preserved in primate evolution. We were unable to detect RFLP among several primates, and nucleotide sequences of several VHVI gene segments showed remarkable conservation. No differences were detected in the nucleotide sequences of the VHVI gene segment from three unrelated chimpanzees. These findings suggest that the VHVI gene segment has been strongly selected for during primate evolution, suggesting an important immunologic role.

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Wiafe, Edward Debrah. "Population studies of Lowe’s Monkey (Mammalia: Primates: Cercopithecidae: Cercopithecus lowei Thomas, 1923) in Kakum Conservation Area, Ghana." Journal of Threatened Taxa 8, no. 2 (February 26, 2016): 8434. http://dx.doi.org/10.11609/jott.2193.8.2.8434-8442.

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<p>The status of Lowe’s Monkey <em>Cercopithecus lowei</em> was assessed during a survey in Kakum Conservation Area, Ghana. Within the reserve logging and hunting was banned 20 years ago, and the forest underwent two decades of natural regeneration. The main objectives of the study were to evaluate the impact of conservation measures on the local population of Lowe’s Monkey<em> </em>and assess its relationships with other primates and non-primate mammals. Data on population status were collected during line transect surveys. Comparing the present mean encounter rate of 1.03 (±0.03) groups/km to that recorded in 1993 (0.31±0.16 groups/km) suggests an average population growth rate of 13.6% per annum. Conservation measures such as banning illegal logging and hunting have likely contributed to the population increase. Lowe’s monkeys were often observed in close proximity to other primates (e.g., Black and White Colobus) and non-primate mammals (e.g., Maxwell’s Duiker), but neither socio-positive nor antagonistic interactions were observed. Recommendations are made for further improvement and studies of the species elsewhere.</p><div> </div>

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Binczik, Anna, Paula Roig-Boixeda, Eckhard W. Heymann, and Matthias Waltert. "Conservation of chimpanzees Pan troglodytes verus and other primates depends on forest patches in a West African savannah landscape." Oryx 53, no. 4 (September 20, 2017): 774–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0030605317001090.

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AbstractHabitat loss and fragmentation, hunting pressure, and human–wildlife conflict threaten the survival of primates across Africa. Particularly dramatic forest losses have occurred outside protected areas in the Guinean forest–savannah transition zone. Using the Boé region, Guinea-Bissau, as a case study, we investigated whether and how this rapidly humanized mosaic of wooded savannah, gallery forests and cropland could sustain viable primate populations. We conducted line transect surveys and reconnaissance (recce) walks to assess populations of one Critically Endangered (chimpanzee Pan troglodytes verus), one Endangered (Temminck's red colobus Piliocolobus badius temminckii), one Vulnerable (king colobus Colobus polykomos), and one Near Threatened (sooty mangabey Cercocebus atys) arboreal primates across a 104 km2 section of Boé in the dry season of 2016. Using the standing crop nest count method we estimated a relatively high chimpanzee density (0.77 individuals per km2, 95% CI 0.45–1.34). An assessment of habitat selection showed that chimpanzees prefer semi-dense forest and fallow fields with remnant old trees for nesting, and locations close to rivers. The other primates studied occurred in extremely low densities and were largely restricted to gallery forests. Our results indicate a need for immediate action to ensure the long-term survival of the primate community in the human-dominated landscape of Boé. Our recommendations include action to maintain hunting pressure at a low level, restoring and protecting gallery forests, introducing incentives for farmers for forest protection and primate-friendly practices, and extending the conservation programme to all arboreal primates in the region.

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Vasey, Natalie. "The Primate Anthology: Essays on Primate Behavior, Ecology, and Conservation from Natural History:The Primate Anthology: Essays on Primate Behavior, Ecology, and Conservation from Natural History." American Anthropologist 102, no. 2 (June 2000): 371–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/aa.2000.102.2.371.

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Peres, Carlos A. "Primate Conservation Biology Cometh of Age." Ecology 82, no. 6 (June 2001): 1793–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1890/0012-9658(2001)082[1793:pcbcoa]2.0.co;2.

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Yeager, Carey, Lynne Isbell, and Truman Young. "Primate behavior and conservation: Missing links?" Evolutionary Anthropology: Issues, News, and Reviews 3, no. 6 (June 2, 2005): 191. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/evan.1360030604.

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Cohen, Alan A., Tina W. Wey, Gabriel Dansereau, Emy Roberge, Véronique Legault, Marie Brunet, Joseph W. Kemnitz, and Luigi Ferrucci. "CONSERVATION OF INTEGRATIVE PHYSIOLOGICAL AGING MECHANISMS ACROSS PRIMATES." Innovation in Aging 3, Supplement_1 (November 2019): S8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/geroni/igz038.025.

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Abstract Physiological dysregulation (PD) and integrated albunemia (IA) are organism-level aging mechanisms that can be measured using standard biomarkers, and in humans they have been shown to increase with age and predict health outcomes. Here, we use 10 species from the Internet Primate Aging Database (iPAD), a longitudinal database of biomarkers and mortality in captive primates, to analyze the generalizability of the role of PD and IA in aging, as well as the conservation of the underlying physiology. Human patterns are broadly but not universally replicated in primates. For example, PD increases with age in nine of eleven species, and predicts mortality in three of four. Both IA and PD can to some extent be cross-calibrated across species, indicating surprising conservation of underlying homeostatic norms; in the case of PD, the calibration weakens with phylogenetic distance.

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PINTO, MÍRIAM PLAZA, and CARLOS EDUARDO VIVEIROS GRELLE. "Minimizing conservation conflict for endemic primate species in Atlantic forest and uncovering knowledge bias." Environmental Conservation 39, no. 1 (September 9, 2011): 30–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0376892911000440.

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SUMMARYHuman population is a predictor of mammal extinction risk, an indicator of conservation conflict and habitat conversion, and is thus associated with the threats to primate species. Priority areas that represent endemic primates in Atlantic Forest were identified where all counties had the same cost or where the costs of counties varied according to human population size (HPS); networks for both approaches consisted of nine counties. In the networks without human constraint, the average HPS was not higher than expected by chance alone. In the approach with human population constraint, HPS was not lower than the average of the null distribution. Although it is possible to minimize human conservation conflict, available occurrence data of endemic primates seems to be related to highly populated areas. The sum of HPS is greater in counties with some occurrence data than expected by chance. Conservation conflicts in the Atlantic Forest will continue to exist once this is the Brazilian most populous region, and data availability is directly related to counties' HPS. Field surveys are necessary to minimize Wallacean shortfall and efforts must be made to maintain the few natural areas remaining in this biome to promote the conservation of endemic primates and other biodiversity elements.

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Grassi, Christina. "Primates Face to Face: The Conservation Implications of Human-Nonhuman Primate Interactions." American Journal of Physical Anthropology 121, no. 2 (May 5, 2003): 189–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ajpa.10195.

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Wallis, Janette. "Primates face to face: The conservation implications of human-nonhuman primate interconnections." American Journal of Human Biology 15, no. 1 (January 2003): 121–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ajhb.10108.

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Calle-Rendón, Bayron R., Mika Peck, Sara E. Bennett, Citlalli Morelos-Juarez, and Felipe Alfonso. "Comparison of forest regeneration in two sites with different primate abundances in Northwestern Ecuador." Revista de Biología Tropical 64, no. 2 (May 13, 2016): 493. http://dx.doi.org/10.15517/rbt.v64i2.18415.

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There is increasing evidence that large-bodied primates play important roles as seed dispersers and in the maintenance of tree diversity in forest ecosystems. In this study we compared forest regeneration at two sites with differing primate abundances in the Ecuadorian Chocoan rainforest. We predicted: (1) significant differences in primate abundance between the two sites; (2) higher understory tree species richness and density at the site with greater primate abundance; (3) the site with lower primate abundance characterized by tree species dispersed by non-primate biotic agents and/or abiotic factors. We compared two sites, Tesoro Escondido (TE) a campesino cooperative, and the El Pambilar (EP) wildlife refuge that both maintain populations of mantled howler monkey (Alouatta palliata), the brown-headed spider monkey (Ateles fusciceps fusciceps) and the capuchin monkey (Cebus capucinus). We characterized canopy structure by point-quadrant sampling, determined primate abundance and sampled seedlings/saplings in 1 m2 plots, classifying tree species based on three dispersal syndromes: adapted for primate dispersal, dispersed by other biological agents, and abiotic dispersal. We compared sites in terms of primate abundance (groups and individuals observed per day) and regeneration characteristics (overall density, species richness, and dispersal syndrome). We carried out within site comparisons and constructed understory tree species accumulation curves. Overall the forests were structurally similar - with significantly higher densities of A. f. fusciceps at TE. Encounter rates for the other two primate species were similar at both sites. Understory tree density and species richness was significantly higher in TE with no stabilization of tree species accumulation curves. The species accumulation curve for understory trees at EP stabilized. Higher densities and species richness of primate dispersed tree species were observed at TE, with non-primate biotically dispersed tree species the dominant dispersal syndrome at both sites. Our observations are consistent with those from other studies investigating the role of large-bodied frugivorous primates in forest regeneration, and point to a general pattern: future lowland tropical forest tree diversity depends on maintaining robust populations of large primate species in these systems. It is highly probable that the maintenance of high levels of tree diversity in Chocoan rainforests is dependent on the conservation of its largest resident primate, the critically endangered brown-headed spider monkey (A. f. fusciceps).

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Jaleta, Mulu, and Wondimagegnehu Tekalign. "Crop Loss and Damage by Primate Species in Southwest Ethiopia." International Journal of Ecology 2023 (January 6, 2023): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2023/8332493.

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Crop damage is a major form of human-primate conflict that not only affects the livelihoods of farmers living close to forest areas but also threatens nonhuman primate conservation. This study aimed to investigate the causes of crop loss and foraging by nonhuman primates in southwest Ethiopia. For the purpose of gathering data, we used a questionnaire and direct observation. We employed simple random sampling techniques to select villages and respondents. From the nine selected villages, a total of 130 household samples were identified for the questionnaire. The primates responsible for crop damage were olive baboons and grivet monkeys. Maize, barley, teff, potatoes, sorghum, and other crops were among those foraged by the nonhuman primate species. Farmland close to the woodland boundary suffered more damage than farmland further away. The total amount of maize damaged by the olive baboons and grivet monkeys in the selected kebeles varied significantly. The majority of the respondents used guarding, and a few of them used scarecrows to protect crops from damage by primates. The highest crop damage occurred in the Atiro Tigre and Arigno Gefere villages, while the lowest occurred in the Sedecha villages. The flowering stage of the maize suffered the most, and the seedling stage suffered the least, from grivet monkeys foraging. The growth of crops that are less edible to nonhuman primates, especially on the forest edges, would lessen crop damage.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Primate conservation'

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