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Relevant bibliographies by topics / Primate conservation

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Academic literature on the topic 'Primate conservation'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 25 January 2023

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Journal articles on the topic "Primate conservation"

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Davenport, Tim R. B., Katarzyna Nowak, and Andrew Perkin. "Priority Primate Areas in Tanzania." Oryx 48, no. 1 (July 17, 2013): 39–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0030605312001676.

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AbstractPriority Primate Areas are identified in Tanzania, mainland Africa's most important country for conservation of primates, on the basis of occupancy by globally rare, Red-Listed and range-restricted primate species and subspecies. We provide a comprehensive list and regional assessment of Tanzania's primate taxa, using IUCN Red List criteria, as well as the first national inventory of primates for 62 sites. The Priority Primate Areas, encompassing 102,513 km2, include nine national parks, one conservation area, seven game reserves, six nature reserves, 34 forest reserves and five areas with no official protection status. Primate species were evaluated and ranked on the basis of irreplaceability and vulnerability, using a combination of established and original criteria, resulting in a primate Taxon Conservation Score. Sites were ranked on the basis of summed primate scores. The majority (71%) of Priority Primate Areas are also Important Bird Areas (IBAs), or part of an IBA. Critical subsets of sites were derived through complementarity analyses. Adequate protection of just nine sites, including six national parks (Kilimanjaro, Kitulo, Mahale, Saadani, Udzungwa and Jozani-Chwaka Bay), one nature reserve (Kilombero) and two forest reserves (Minziro and Mgambo), totalling 8,679 km2, would protect all 27 of Tanzania's primate species. The addition of three forest reserves (Rondo, Kilulu Hill and Ngezi) and two game reserves (Grumeti and Biharamulo), results in a list of 14 Priority Primate Areas covering 10,561 km2 (1.1% of Tanzania's total land area), whose conservation would ensure the protection of all 43 of Tanzania's species and subspecies of primates.

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Dalimunthe, Nurzaidah Putri, and Sujadi Priyansah. "Perception of Bangka Belitung Citizen About Primate Conservation Effort." JURNAL PEMBELAJARAN DAN BIOLOGI NUKLEUS 8, no. 1 (March 13, 2022): 203–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.36987/jpbn.v8i1.2451.

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The primate species of Bangka Belitung such as Mentilin are categorized as endangered species and are constantly under threat as a result of poaching and habitat destruction. Various conservation efforts have been carried out, one of which is by touching the aspect of public education. However, there has been no specific research on the community's response to primate conservation in Bangka Island. This study aimed to determine the level of public knowledge of primates typical of Bangka Belitung and to determine public perceptions of conservation efforts for primates typical of Bangka Belitung. The research method was carried out by surveying respondents from five different villages in Bangka Island, namely Zed Village, Kemuja, Payabenua, Petaling and Terak Village. The questionnaire consists of three main aspects, namely knowledge, perception and concern for the conservation of primates. In general, the response of the people of Bangka Island to the topic of primate conservation, both in terms of knowledge, perception were relatively low. However, as this was a preliminary study, it is important to explore the reasons behind the responses given in this survey. This will certainly be very useful to be taken into consideration for the primate conservation program that will be carried out by related parties.

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Condro, Aryo Adhi, Lilik Budi Prasetyo, Siti Badriyah Rushayati, I. Putu Santikayasa, and Entang Iskandar. "Predicting Hotspots and Prioritizing Protected Areas for Endangered Primate Species in Indonesia under Changing Climate." Biology 10, no. 2 (February 15, 2021): 154. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/biology10020154.

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Indonesia has a large number of primate diversity where a majority of the species are threatened. In addition, climate change is conservation issues that biodiversity may likely face in the future, particularly among primates. Thus, species-distribution modeling was useful for conservation planning. Herein, we present protected areas (PA) recommendations with high nature-conservation importance based on species-richness changes. We performed maximum entropy (Maxent) to retrieve species distribution of 51 primate species across Indonesia. We calculated species-richness change and range shifts to determine the priority of PA for primates under mitigation and worst-case scenarios by 2050. The results suggest that the models have an excellent performance based on seven different metrics. Current primate distributions occupied 65% of terrestrial landscape. However, our results indicate that 30 species of primates in Indonesia are likely to be extinct by 2050. Future primate species richness would be also expected to decline with the alpha diversity ranging from one to four species per 1 km2. Based on our results, we recommend 54 and 27 PA in Indonesia to be considered as the habitat-restoration priority and refugia, respectively. We conclude that species-distribution modeling approach along with the categorical species richness is effectively applicable for assessing primate biodiversity patterns.

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Pollock, Jon I. "Primates and conservation priorities in Madagascar." Oryx 20, no. 4 (October 1986): 209–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0030605300020226.

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Madagascar's conservation problems are many, but the Malagasy Government is working towards solutions, having recently passed into law a strategy that links development with the conservation of natural resources. The protection of the country's remaining forests is a key concern, both for the human population and for the non-human primates. The author is a primatologist and has a research background in behavioural ecology, reproduction and conservation, especially with prosimians. This article was first presented at the joint Primate Society of Great Britain/FFPS meeting on primate conservation in December 1985.

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Rose, Lisa M. "Primate Conservation Biology:Primate Conservation Biology." American Anthropologist 104, no. 2 (June 2002): 673–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/aa.2002.104.2.673.

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Piel, A. K., A. Crunchant, I. E. Knot, C. Chalmers, P. Fergus, M. Mulero-Pázmány, and S. A. Wich. "Noninvasive Technologies for Primate Conservation in the 21st Century." International Journal of Primatology 43, no. 1 (October 22, 2021): 133–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10764-021-00245-z.

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AbstractObserving and quantifying primate behavior in the wild is challenging. Human presence affects primate behavior and habituation of new, especially terrestrial, individuals is a time-intensive process that carries with it ethical and health concerns, especially during the recent pandemic when primates are at even greater risk than usual. As a result, wildlife researchers, including primatologists, have increasingly turned to new technologies to answer questions and provide important data related to primate conservation. Tools and methods should be chosen carefully to maximize and improve the data that will be used to answer the research questions. We review here the role of four indirect methods—camera traps, acoustic monitoring, drones, and portable field labs—and improvements in machine learning that offer rapid, reliable means of combing through large datasets that these methods generate. We describe key applications and limitations of each tool in primate conservation, and where we anticipate primate conservation technology moving forward in the coming years.

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Triandhika, Kevin, Maya Salsabila, Anisa Putri Sukmaningrum, and Sri Suci Utami Atmoko. "Population Dynamics Of Java Slow Loris Nycticebus javanicus E. Geoffroy, 1812 in Dayeuh Luhur Village, Ganeas Sub-District, Sumedang District, West Java." Indonesian Journal of Biotechnology and Biodiversity 4, no. 1 (August 1, 2020): 27–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.47007/ijobb.v4i1.52.

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Javan slow loris (Nycticebus javanicus) is the only Strepsirrhine Primate that can be found in Indonesia and one of two nocturnal primates genera that can be found in Indonesia (besides Tarsius spp). Javan slow loris are endemic primate and have high threat of extinction, IUCN (International Union of Nature and natural Resources) determined the conservation status as Critically Endangered, so that more serious conservation efforts are needed. This study aims to determine the distribution and abudance of populations (N.javanicus) in Dayeuhluhur village, Ganeas District, Sumedang, West Java with total study area of 60 hectares. By using Recces method, data collection of direct encounters done at night on three different transect (Nangkod, Balisuk, and Sukarasa) for three different years. The abundance of Javan slow loris in 2015 was 0,216 indv/ha, and decrease in 2017 was 0,133 indv/ha and in 2018 was 0,200 indv/ha. The existence data of primates is important for conservation strategy, especially for endemic and endangered primate management outside conservation areas.

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Estrada, Alejandro, Paul A. Garber, Russell A. Mittermeier, Serge Wich, Sidney Gouveia, Ricardo Dobrovolski, K. A. I. Nekaris, et al. "Primates in peril: the significance of Brazil, Madagascar, Indonesia and the Democratic Republic of the Congo for global primate conservation." PeerJ 6 (June 15, 2018): e4869. http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj.4869.

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Primates occur in 90 countries, but four—Brazil, Madagascar, Indonesia, and the Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC)—harbor 65% of the world’s primate species (439) and 60% of these primates are Threatened, Endangered, or Critically Endangered (IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2017-3). Considering their importance for global primate conservation, we examine the anthropogenic pressures each country is facing that place their primate populations at risk. Habitat loss and fragmentation are main threats to primates in Brazil, Madagascar, and Indonesia. However, in DRC hunting for the commercial bushmeat trade is the primary threat. Encroachment on primate habitats driven by local and global market demands for food and non-food commodities hunting, illegal trade, the proliferation of invasive species, and human and domestic-animal borne infectious diseases cause habitat loss, population declines, and extirpation. Modeling agricultural expansion in the 21st century for the four countries under a worst-case-scenario, showed a primate range contraction of 78% for Brazil, 72% for Indonesia, 62% for Madagascar, and 32% for DRC. These pressures unfold in the context of expanding human populations with low levels of development. Weak governance across these four countries may limit effective primate conservation planning. We examine landscape and local approaches to effective primate conservation policies and assess the distribution of protected areas and primates in each country. Primates in Brazil and Madagascar have 38% of their range inside protected areas, 17% in Indonesia and 14% in DRC, suggesting that the great majority of primate populations remain vulnerable. We list the key challenges faced by the four countries to avert primate extinctions now and in the future. In the short term, effective law enforcement to stop illegal hunting and illegal forest destruction is absolutely key. Long-term success can only be achieved by focusing local and global public awareness, and actively engaging with international organizations, multinational businesses and consumer nations to reduce unsustainable demands on the environment. Finally, the four primate range countries need to ensure that integrated, sustainable land-use planning for economic development includes the maintenance of biodiversity and intact, functional natural ecosystems.

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Mittermeier, Russell A., Warren G. Kinzey, and Roderic B. Mast. "Neotropical primate conservation." Journal of Human Evolution 18, no. 7 (November 1989): 597–610. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0047-2484(89)90096-1.

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Norconk, Marilyn A., Sue Boinski, and Pierre-Michel Forget. "Primates in 21st century ecosystems: does primate conservation promote ecosystem conservation?" American Journal of Primatology 73, no. 1 (December 15, 2010): 3–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ajp.20868.

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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Primate conservation"

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Vella, Adriana. "Primate population biology and conservation." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 1995. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.245184.

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Gachugu, David Mukii, and n/a. "Can monkeys and humans co-exist? Land-use and primate conservation : conflicts and solutions in Tana River National Primate Reserve, Kenya." University of Canberra. Resource & Environmental Science, 1992. http://erl.canberra.edu.au./public/adt-AUC20060711.121336.

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This study is based in Tana River National Primate Reserve (TRNPR), Kenya. The reserve, established in 1976 to protect remnant patches of riverine forests from increasing human pressure is home to two endemic endangered primate subspecies, Tana River Red colobus (Colobus badius rufomitratus) and Tana River Crested mangabey (Cercocebus galeritus galeritus). Habitat encroachment through indigenous farming and forest uses was thought to be one of the causes of drastic colobus and mangabey population decline after 1975. This study aimed at; generating information on the impact of these human land-uses on the habitat, this would facilitate the preparation of management recommendations which would improve the chances of survival of primate habitats without compromising the welfare of indigenous people. Using 3 sets of aerial photographs and a geographic information system, information on land-use changes over time has been generated. A 3 month field work generated information on agriculture, forest uses and other relevant socio-economic information. Results from the study indicate that: (i) human population has increased by more than two-folds between 1969 and 1991; (ii) this has not corresponded to a net increase in forest area decrease or farm area increase; (iii) there has been a net increase in area under forest and decrease in area under agriculture; (iv) spatial and temporal changes in forest area explain colobus population crash observed between 1975 and 1985, (v) indigenous farmers interviewed prefer a compromise, where they are allowed controlled access to land within the reserve. They showed a keen knowledge of conservation costs and benefits and cause-effect processes between humans and the environment. Management recommendations advocate measures that encourage indigenous people to be partners in conservation.

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Carne, Charlotte Veryan. "Modelling approaches to orangutan and chimpanzee conservation." Thesis, University of Roehampton, 2014. https://pure.roehampton.ac.uk/portal/en/studentthesis/modelling-approaches-to-primate-conservation(971be913-3b24-4269-9d06-9da5963d102c).html.

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The future survival of the orangutan is extremely uncertain; as hunting and deforestation continue to exert pressure on surviving populations, new threats such as climate change and potential disease transmission are emerging that may exacerbate an already critical situation. The potential impacts of these threats were investigated in this thesis using modelling approaches, to provide insights that will be valuable for planning effective conservation strategies. Anthropogenic factors were identified as important determinants of the current range of the orangutan, while resting time also appeared to be a key constraint on orangutan distribution patterns. This may be related to a greater reliance on fallback foods in degraded habitats, leading to increased digestion times and hence excessively high resting time demands. In the future, anthropogenic effects were predicted to continue to have an important influence on orangutans, particularly as they were found to be extremely sensitive to habitat degradation across the whole of their current range. In contrast, climate change was not predicted to be a major threat to the orangutan, although large increases in rainfall could lead to considerable range reductions. Abstract ii Modelling disease spread revealed that although potential superspreaders were identified in the orangutan population, the orangutan social system was extremely robust against disease transmission, irrespective of the model or disease parameters used. As such, vaccinations were not predicted to be useful. However, modelling disease transmission within a chimpanzee community suggested that orangutans living in a more gregarious manner, for example, in rehabilitation centres, may be highly susceptible to disease spread. Overall, although climate change and disease transmission were not predicted to be strong pressures, the extreme vulnerability of the orangutan to further habitat degradation across its range suggests that the development of even relatively minor threats could have important ramifications for the survival of the species.

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Liu, Jie. "The co-existence of endangered primate species and ethnic groups in southwest China." Kyoto University, 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/2433/253136.

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付記する学位プログラム名: 霊長類学・ワイルドライフサイエンス・リーディング大学院
Kyoto University (京都大学)
0048
新制・課程博士
博士(理学)
甲第22300号
理博第4614号
新制||理||1662(附属図書館)
京都大学大学院理学研究科生物科学専攻
(主査)教授平田聡, 教授幸島司郎, 教授伊谷原一
学位規則第4条第1項該当

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Waters, Sian Sara. "Including people in primate conservation : a case study of shepherds and Barbary macaques in Bouhachem forest, northern Morocco." Thesis, Durham University, 2014. http://etheses.dur.ac.uk/11112/.

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Strategies for conserving species threatened with extinction are often guided by the collection and analysis of ecological data. However, in anthropogenic landscapes the inclusion of local people’s knowledge and perceptions may be effective in encouraging them to change their behaviour in favour of conservation. I use a conservation project for the Endangered Barbary macaque in Bouhachem forest, northern Morocco, to examine the effectiveness of applying ethnographic data to the development of a conservation strategy. I first present the historical, political and social context of the study site and describe how local people’s interactions with outside agencies result in their marginalisation and how this might influence future conservation activities. I describe how, to avoid further exclusion, I engaged local people in project research activities by integrating our different knowledge systems to co-produce information about Barbary macaque locations in Bouhachem. I examine shepherds’ ontology of Barbary macaques along with a wild canid, the golden jackal and two domestic species - goats and dogs interpreting these data within the framework of boundary theory. I describe and discuss the reactions of shepherds and their dogs when they are in physical proximity to Barbary macaques and I interpret the social and cultural factors which underlie these often negative cross-species encounters. I demonstrate how inclusion of shepherds in research activities and gaining an understanding of the reasons for their negative behaviour toward the macaques enabled me to foster a change in their attitudes towards a culture of Barbary macaque conservation. To improve the successful outcome of conservation projects and avoid alienating local people, I suggest there is a need for a sensitive method of communication when imparting scientific data which are not concordant with local people’s knowledge. I use the example of vaccinating village dogs against rabies both to deliver the message that problem dogs are owned and not feral and to provide a health benefit to villagers. Finally, I appraise the effectiveness of collecting and analysing ethnographic data in relation to conservation and the difficulties I encountered whilst doing so. I discuss the ethical issues surrounding the authorship of publications when co-production of information is the aim of a study. I conclude that the collection and analysis of ethnographic data provide an important dimension to successful conservation practice.

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Semel, Brandon Pierce. "Factors affecting golden-crowned sifaka (Propithecus tattersalli) densities and strategies for their conservation." Diss., Virginia Tech, 2021. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/102781.

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Habitat degradation and hunting pose the most proximate threats to many primate species, while climate change is expected to exacerbate these threats (habitat and climate change combined henceforth as "global change") and present new challenges. Madagascar's lemurs are earth's most endangered primates, placing added urgency to their conservation in the face of global change. My dissertation focused on the critically endangered golden-crowned sifaka (Propithecus tattersalli; hereafter, "sifaka") which is endemic to fragmented forests across a gradient of dry, moderate, and wet forest types in northeastern Madagascar. I surveyed sifakas across their global range and investigated factors affecting their densities. I explored sifaka diets across different forest types and evaluated if nutritional factors influenced sifaka densities. Lastly, I investigated sifaka range-wide genetic diversity and conducted a connectivity analysis to prioritize corridor-restoration and other potential conservation efforts. Sifaka densities varied widely across forest fragments (6.8 (SE = 2.0-22.8) to 78.1 (SE = 53.1-114.8) sifakas/km2) and populations have declined by as much as 30-43% in 10 years, from ~18,000 to 10,222-12,631 individuals (95% CI: 8,230-15,966). Tree cutting, normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) during the wet season, and Simpson's diversity index (1-D) predicted sifaka densities range-wide. Sifakas consumed over 101 plant species and spent 27.1% of their active time feeding on buds, flowers, fruits, seeds, and young and mature leaves. Feeding effort and plant part consumption varied by season, forest type, and sex. Minerals in sifaka food items (Mg (β = 0.62, SE = 0.19) and K (β = 0.58, SE = 0.20)) and wet season NDVI (β = 0.43, SE = 0.20) predicted sifaka densities. Genetic measures across forest fragments indicated that sifaka populations are becoming more isolated (moderate FIS values: mean = 0.27, range = 0.11-0.60; high M-ratios: mean = 0.59, range = 0.49-0.82; low overall effective population size: Ne = 139.8-144 sifakas). FST comparisons between fragments (mean = 0.12, range = 0.01-0.30) supported previous findings that sifakas still moved across the fragmented landscape. Further validation of these genetic results is needed. I identified critical corridors that conservation managers could protect and/or expand via active reforestation to ensure the continued existence of this critically-endangered lemur.
Doctor of Philosophy
Worldwide, many species of primates are threatened with extinction due to habitat degradation, hunting, and climate change (habitat and climate combined threats, henceforth, "global change"). These threats work at different time scales, with hunting being the most immediate and climate change likely to have its fullest impact experienced from the present to a longer time frame. Lemurs are a type of primate found only on Madagascar, an island experiencing rapid global change, which puts lemurs at a heighted risk of extinction. My dissertation research focused on the critically endangered golden-crowned sifaka (Propithecus tattersalli; hereafter, "sifaka"), a species of lemur found only in a few isolated forests across a dry to wet gradient in northeastern Madagascar. To better understand their extinction risk, I conducted surveys to estimate the number of sifakas remaining and investigated several factors that might determine how many sifakas can live in one place. I then explored how sifaka diets varied depending on the forest type that they inhabit and tested whether nutrients in their food might determine sifaka numbers. Lastly, I calculated sifaka genetic diversity to assess their ability to adapt to new environmental conditions and to determine whether sifakas can move across the landscape to find new mates and to potentially colonize new areas of habitat. Sifaka densities varied widely across their range (6.8-78.1 sifakas/km2 ). Only 10,222-12,631 sifakas remain, which is 30-43% less than the range of estimates obtained 10 years ago (~18,000 sifakas). Tree cutting, normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI; a measure of plant health or "greenness" obtained from satellite data), and a tree species diversity index were useful measures to predict sifaka densities. Sifakas ate different plant parts (buds, flowers, fruits, seeds, and leaves) from over 101 plant species. The amount of time they spent eating each day varied by the time of year, forest type, and sex. On average, they spent a quarter of their day eating. Magnesium and potassium concentrations in sifaka food items also were useful nutrition-related measures to predict sifaka densities. Genetic analyses suggested that sifaka populations are becoming more isolated and inbred, meaning sifakas are breeding with other sifakas to which they are closely related. However, it appears that sifakas still can move between forest patches to find new mates and to potentially colonize new areas, if such areas are created. Further validation of these genetic results is needed. I also identified critical areas that will be important to protect and reforest to ensure that movements between populations can continue.

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Génin, Fabien. "Economie et conservation de l'énergie au cours du cycle saisonnier chez un primate, Microcebus murinus : approches physiologique, comportementale et écologique." Paris 13, 2002. http://www.theses.fr/2002PA132007.

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De nombreux petits mammifères survivent à l'hiver en économisant (réduction de l'activité, hypothermie) et/ou en conservant de l'énergie (réserves de graisse). Ce type d'adaptation, caractéristique des régions froides est rencontrée chez un des plus petits Primates, le Microcèbe (Microcebus murinus), endémique de l'Ouest et du Sud de Madagascar, région marquée par une longue saison sèche hivernale. L'engraissement automnal a été étudié chez des microcèbes captifs et sauvages. Au laboratoire, il est entraîné par les jours courts et met en jeu deux mécanismes distincts ; l'un impliquant une hyperphagie et l'autre une diminution de la dépense énergétique. Ces deux phénomènes sont reproduits par l'administration de mélatonine chez des animaux maintenus en jours longs. Une hypothyroi͏̈die provoquée par l'administration d'un inhibiteur des hormones thyroi͏̈diennes entraîne une prise de poids mais celle-ci ne met en jeu aucune variation de la prise alimentaire. Le transfert en jours courts est en effet associée à une diminution du taux de thyroxine plasmatique. Une importante économie semble être réalisée par une diminution du métabolisme de base et/ou par un abaissement de la profondeur des torpeurs journalières, en particulier quand la consommation alimentaire diminue spontanément après 2 ou 4 semaines d'hyperphagie. De plus, la restriction alimentaire entraîne des torpeurs plus profondes et plus longues que les torpeurs journalières quelle que soit la photopériode, ce qui permet au Microcébe de supporter des jeûnes prolongés. Ce travail montre également pour la première fois la présence de graisse brune chez cette espèce de Primate. La thermogenèse sans frisson intervient à la fois dans la résistance au froid et dans le réveil des torpeurs. . .

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Kane, Erin Elizabeth. "The Context of Dietary Variation in Cercopithecus diana in the Ivory Coast’s Tai National Park." The Ohio State University, 2012. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1323203162.

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Soto-Calderon, Ivan D. "Evolution of Nuclear Integrations of the Mitochondrial Genome in Great Apes and their Potential as Molecular Markers." ScholarWorks@UNO, 2012. http://scholarworks.uno.edu/td/1510.

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The mitochondrial control region (MCR) has played an important role as a population genetic marker in many taxa but sequencing of complete eukaryotic genomes has revealed that nuclear integrations of mitochondrial DNA (numts) are abundant and widespread across many taxa. If left undetected, numts can inflate mitochondrial diversity and mislead interpretation of phylogenetic relationships. Comparative analyses of complete genomes in humans, orangutans and chimpanzees, and preliminary studies in gorillas have revealed high numt prevalence in great apes, but rigorous comparative analyses across taxa have been lacking. The present study aimed to systematically compare the evolutionary dynamics of MCR numts in great apes. Firstly, an inventory numts derived from the region containing the MCR subdomains was carried out by genomic BLAST searches. Secondly, presence/absence of each candidate numt was determined in great ape taxa to estimate numt insertion rate. Thirdly, alternative mechanisms of numt insertion, either through direct mitochondrial integration or post-insertional duplications, were also assessed. Fourthly, the effect of nuclear and mitochondrial environment on patterns of nucleotide composition and substitution was assessed through sequence comparisons of nuclear and mitochondrial paralogous sequences. Finally, numts in the gorilla genome were identified through two experimental methods and their use as polymorphic genetic markers was then evaluated in a sample of captive gorillas from U.S. zoos. A deficit of MCR numts covering two particular mitochondrial subdomains was detected in all three apes examined, and is largely attributed to rapid loss of mitochondrial and nuclear sequence identity in the mitochondrial genome. Insertion rates have varied during the great ape evolution and exhibit substantial differences even between related taxa. The most likely mechanism of numt insertion is direct mitochondrial integration through Non-Homologous-End-Joining Repair. Transition/transversion ratios differed significantly between both mitochondrial and nuclear sequences and between numts from coding and non-coding mitochondrial regions. A previously documented upward bias in the GC content of the primate mitochondrial genome was confirmed and the extent of this bias relative to the corresponding numt sequences increased with numt age. Five gorilla-specific numts were isolated, including three exhibiting insertional polymorphisms that will be used in future population genetic studies in free-range gorilla.

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Buss, Gerson. "Conservação do bugio-ruivo (Alouatta guariba clamitans) (PRIMATES, ATELIDAE) no entorno do Parque Estadual de Itapuã, Viamão, RS." reponame:Biblioteca Digital de Teses e Dissertações da UFRGS, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10183/69918.

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Para avaliar a conservação das populações de bugio-ruivo no Distrito de Itapuã, Viamão/RS, entorno do Parque Estadual de Itapuã, foram realizados um levantamento de ocorrência da espécie, um levantamento dos conflitos existentes entre a população humana e os bugios, e um estudo de percepção ambiental para investigar o modo como a comunidade se relaciona com a espécie. Essas informações são relevantes para garantir a viabilidade futura das populações existentes no Parque. Constatou-se que o bugio-ruivo ainda está presente em 96,4% das quadrículas amostradas, sendo a cobertura florestal o principal fator responsável pela ocorrência da espécie. Ainda há uma relativa conectividade entre as áreas de mata, que possibilita a dispersão de indivíduos. Aparentemente, há uma metapopulação do tipo “população em manchas” no Distrito de Itapuã. O alto valor de ocorrência encontrado, pode estar indicando que o hábitat está sendo um recurso limitado. Apesar desse cenário positivo, ocorrem conflitos entre os bugios e a população humana que afetam a conservação da espécie, através de um aumento na mortalidade. Os principais tipos de conflito são “eletrocussão”, “ataque de cães” e “atropelamento”. São sugeridas ações visando minimizar esses conflitos e, possibilitar a convivência harmônica entre bugios e humanos. A população humana do Distrito de Itapuã possui uma visão bastante positiva sobre o bugio, sendo bastante tolerante à presença dessa espécie. Isso certamente afeta a conservação da espécie de uma maneira positiva. Também existe uma visão favorável, mas em menor intensidade, com relação ao Parque Estadual de Itapuã. Apesar de um certo desconhecimento, a importância da área é reconhecida pela comunidade.
To evaluate the conservation of the brown howler monkey in buffer zone of the Itapuã State Park were performed in the District of Itapuã, Viamão/RS, a survey of occurrence, a survey of the existing conflicts between humans and howler monkeys, and a study of environmental perception to investigate how the community relates to the species. This information is relevant to ensure the future viability of populations in Itapuã State Park. It was found that the brown howler monkey is still present in 96.4% of the quadrats sampled, and that the forest cover is the main factor for the occurrence of the species. There is still a relative connectivity between forested areas, which allows the dispersion of individuals. Apparently there is a metapopulation type "population patch" in the District of Itapuã. The high value of occurrence found in this study may be indicating that the habitat may be being a limited resource. Despite this positive scenario, conflicts occur between the howlers and the human population, and these conflicts may affect the conservation of the species through an increase in mortality. The main types of conflict are electrocution, attack dogs and road kill. Actions are suggested to minimize these conflicts and allow for peaceful coexistence between humans and apes. The human population of the District of Itapuã has a rather positive view on the monkey, and is quite tolerant to the presence of this species. This certainly affects the conservation of the species in a positive way. There is also a favorable view, but to a lesser degree, with respect to Itapuã State Park. Despite a certain unknown, the area's importance is recognized by the community.

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Books on the topic "Primate conservation"

1

Primate people: Saving nonhuman primates. Salt Lake City: University of Utah Press, 2011.

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G, Else James, and Lee Phyllis C, eds. Primate ecology and conservation. Cambridge [Cambridgeshire]: Cambridge University Press, 1986.

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Agustin, Fuentes, and Wolfe Linda D. 1942-, eds. Primates face to face: Conservation implications of human and nonhuman primate interconnections. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 2002.

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L, Ciochon Russell, and Nisbett Richard A, eds. The primate anthology: Essays on primate behavior, ecology, and conservation from Natural history. Upper Saddle River, N.J: Prentice Hall, 1998.

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Eudey, A. A. Action plan for Asian primate conservation, 1987-91. [Gland, Switzerland]: UNEP, IUCN, WWF, 1987.

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Primate ecology and conservation: A handbook of techniques. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2013.

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Nijman, Vincent. In full swing: An assessment of trade in orang-utans and gibbons on Java and Bali, Indonesia. Petaling Jaya, Selangor, Malaysia: Traffic Southeast Asia, 2005.

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Indonesian primates. New York: Springer, 2010.

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1944-, Oates John F., IUCN/SSC Primate Specialist Group, and International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources. Species Survival Commission., eds. African primates: Status survey and conservation action plan. Gland, Switzerland: IUCN, 1996.

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Parra, Manuel Jesús Angulo. Los primates no humanos en Bolivia. Santa Cruz, Bolivia: M.J. Angulo Parra, 1998.

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Book chapters on the topic "Primate conservation"

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Strier, Karen B. "Conservation." In Primate Behavioral Ecology, 377–406. 6th ed. London: Routledge, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9780429274275-12.

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Zinner, Dietmar, and Christian Roos. "Primate Taxonomy and Conservation." In Ethnoprimatology, 193–213. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-30469-4_11.

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Wang, Sung, and Guoqiang Quan. "Primate Status and Conservation in China." In Primates, 213–20. New York, NY: Springer New York, 1986. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4612-4918-4_15.

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Bearder, Simon K. "Primate conservation and wildlife management." In Primate Responses to Environmental Change, 199–211. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1991. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-011-3110-0_11.

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Bersacola, Elena, Kimberley J. Hockings, Mark E. Harrison, Muhammad Ali Imron, Joana Bessa, Marina Ramon, Aissa Regalla de Barros, et al. "Primate Conservation in Shared Landscapes." In Developments in Primatology: Progress and Prospects, 161–81. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-11736-7_10.

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Cheyne, Susan M. "Gibbon Locomotion Research in the Field: Problems, Possibilities, and Benefits for Conservation." In Primate Locomotion, 201–13. New York, NY: Springer New York, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4419-1420-0_11.

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Tomiuk, J., and V. Loeschcke. "A: The genetic monitoring of primate populations for their conservation." In Conservation Genetics, 401–6. Basel: Birkhäuser Basel, 1994. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-0348-8510-2_32.

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Vàsàrhelyi, K., and R. D. Martin. "Evolutionary biology, genetics and the management of endangered primate species." In Creative Conservation, 118–43. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1994. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-011-0721-1_6.

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Mittermeier, Russell A. "Primate Conservation Priorities in the Neotropical Region." In Primates, 221–40. New York, NY: Springer New York, 1986. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4612-4918-4_16.

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Oates, John F. "African Primate Conservation: General Needs and Specific Priorities." In Primates, 21–29. New York, NY: Springer New York, 1986. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4612-4918-4_3.

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Conference papers on the topic "Primate conservation"

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Reese, Sven H., and Dietmar Klucke. "Long Term Fatigue Evaluation in Primary Circuit Components Within Nuclear Power Plants Operated by E.ON." In ASME 2013 Pressure Vessels and Piping Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/pvp2013-97395.

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Temperature-measuring thermocouples have been applied to various positions on primary circuit piping where most significant thermal loads were expected. Measuring positions were monitored and evaluated, leading to comprehensive information of existing thermal loadings like stratification and thermo shock events. During design of NPP (nuclear power plant) predicted cumulative fatigue usage factors (CUF) were defined based on specified transients. Conservative assumptions are part of this predicted end of life CUF. In comparison to detailed analysis based on real measured values, these predictions based on specified loads are leading to more conservative results in general. Evaluations underline the conservatism of design predictions in general and result in substantial progress in component integrity assessment knowledge. The range of methods to calculate component specific fatigue usage factors goes from conservative approaches based on the evaluation of the stress range of the specific events up to numerical Finite Element simulations. Based on the level of detail the conservatism decreases while the complexity of the model increases. An overview of monitoring measures of passive piping components in terms of thermal fatigue assessment is being applied in NPPs operated by E.ON Kernkraft GmbH. Evaluation methods will be discussed in detail and differences between these methods will be presented.

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Heilmann-Clausen, Jacob, Hans Henrik Bruun, Rasmus Ejrnæs, Tobias Guldberg Frøslev, Thomas Læssøe, Jens Henrik Petersen, and Carsten Rahbek. "Citizens may boost primary biodiversity knowledge - insights from the Danish fungal Atlas." In 5th European Congress of Conservation Biology. Jyväskylä: Jyvaskyla University Open Science Centre, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.17011/conference/eccb2018/107549.

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Mikoláš, Martin, Karol Ujházy, Marián Jasík, Michal Wiezik, Igor Gallay, Pavol Polák, Juraj Vysoký, Marek Čiliak, William Keeton, and Miroslav Svoboda. "Inaccessibility determines primary forests distribution in the Western Carpathians, but their future is not guaranteed." In 5th European Congress of Conservation Biology. Jyväskylä: Jyvaskyla University Open Science Centre, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.17011/conference/eccb2018/107683.

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Ditto, Thomas D. "Conservation of étendue in a primary objective grating telescope." In SPIE Astronomical Telescopes + Instrumentation, edited by Ramón Navarro, Colin R. Cunningham, and Allison A. Barto. SPIE, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.2055510.

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Wei, Liwu. "The Effects of Classification of Misalignment-Induced Stresses in Engineering Critical Assessments of Welded Joints With Some Misalignment." In ASME 2010 Pressure Vessels and Piping Division/K-PVP Conference. ASMEDC, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/pvp2010-25335.

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In the ECA of a structure or component such as a pipeline girth weld, the bending stress component arising from misalignment across the weld is often classified as primary, partly because standards such as BS 7910 and API 579-1/ASME FFS-1 do not give definitive guidance on this subject. This approach may be over-conservative as the σmis is localised. In order to obtain a more realistic assessment of the structural integrity of structures containing misalignment, it is necessary to understand the conservatism or non-conservatism in an ECA associated with the classification of σmis. To address the above concerns, systematic investigations were carried out of surface cracks in a plate butt-weld including some misalignment, external circumferential surface cracks and external fully circumferential cracks in a misaligned pipe connection. FEA of these cracked welded joints with some misalignment (typically from 1mm to 2mm) was performed to calculate crack driving force and plastic limit load. The results from FEA were compared with the existing solutions of KI and σref in BS 7910 generated by assuming three options of treating the σmis. The three options were: (1) classification of σmis wholly as primary stress; (2) 15% of σmis as primary and 85% of σmis as secondary stress; and (3) classification of σmis wholly as secondary stress. Variations in parameters (eg misalignment, crack size, loading, weld overmatch and base material properties) were taken into account in order to determine the effects of these parameters on plastic limit load and crack driving force. The implication of different classifications of σmis in terms of ECAs of misaligned welded joints was revealed by conducting BS 7910 Level 2B assessments with the use of a FAD. It was found in this work that for the cases examined, use of the σmis as entirely primary bending in an ECA was over-conservative, and even treatment of σmis as entirely secondary bending was generally shown to be still conservative, when compared with the assessments based on FEA solutions. Furthermore, caution should be exercised in using the solutions of KI and σref given in the existing BS 7910 for crack-containing structures subjected to a bi-axial or tri-axial stress state. A non-conservative estimate may result from the use of these solutions which have been derived based on a uniaxial stress condition.

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Hayashi, T., S. F. Hankinson, T. Saito, C. K. Ng, and W. H. Bamford. "Flaw Evaluation for PWR and BWR Component Weld Joints Using Advanced FEA Modeling Techniques." In ASME 2009 Pressure Vessels and Piping Conference. ASMEDC, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/pvp2009-77855.

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Primary Water Stress Corrosion Cracking (PWSCC) of Pressurized Water Reactor (PWR) primary loop piping/nozzle Dissimilar Metal Weld (DMW) joints and Inter Granular Stress Corrosion Cracking (IGSCC) of Boiling Water Reactor (BWR) weld joints is an ongoing issue in the nuclear power industry. Recent field experiences with PWSCC of various DMW joints in US plants led to the development and application of an Advanced Finite Element Analyses (AFEA) methodology that permits crack propagation with a natural flaw shape. Crack growth and fracture evaluations for both PWR and BWR components are generally performed based on a conservative, idealized crack shape model, e.g. semi-ellipse, rectangle, etc., depending on the geometry of the crack and the component. Conventional evaluation methodologies and/or assumptions of this kind, in some cases may provide excessive conservatisms. The use of natural flaw shape development with crack propagation might provide a more realistic assessment of crack growth and structural integrity. The prime purpose of this study is to demonstrate the conservatism/margins in the conventional “idealized crack shape” methodology. A comparison study of crack growth behavior between the applications of the idealized and natural crack shape methodologies has been performed in order to assess the level of conservatism/margins in the conventional crack growth evaluation methodology and the possible impacts on the structural integrity evaluation for both PWR and BWR components. Comparison studies on the impacts of the differences in crack growth law and loading condition used for crack growth evaluations have been performed as well.

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Rai, U., Y. Bharath, V. Shetty, J. H. Patil, and M. A. Raj. "Kinetics of anaerobic digestion of water hyacinth using primary sludge as inoculum." In 2011 International Conference on Green Technology and Environmental Conservation (GTEC 2011). IEEE, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/gtec.2011.6167658.

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Setijawati, Umi. "Lesson Study Based Learning Can Develop Conservation Characters, Activities, And Learning Outcomes." In Proceedings of the International Conference Primary Education Research Pivotal Literature and Research UNNES 2018 (IC PEOPLE UNNES 2018). Paris, France: Atlantis Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.2991/icpeopleunnes-18.2019.26.

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Choo, Kyosung, Renan Manozzo Galante, and Michael Ohadi. "Energy Conservation Measures of a Primary Data Center on an Academic Campus." In ASME 2013 Heat Transfer Summer Conference collocated with the ASME 2013 7th International Conference on Energy Sustainability and the ASME 2013 11th International Conference on Fuel Cell Science, Engineering and Technology. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/ht2013-17061.

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Energy Conservation Measures (ECMs) of the primary data center at the University of Maryland are developed. Measurement and simulation are performed to validate the developed ECMs. Three ECMs — 1) Increase in the return temperature at Computer Room Air Conditionings (CRACs) 2) Cold aisle containment 3) Elimination of unnecessary CRACs — are suggested to reduce energy consumption by optimizing the thermo-fluid flow in the data center. Power savings of 12.7 kW – 17.4 kW and 14.1 kW are obtained by increasing the return air temperatures at the CRACs and performing the cold aisle containment, respectively. In addition, a power saving of 11.2 kW is obtained by turning off CRACs 3 and 8 which have an adverse effect on the data center cooling.

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Istirtowatul Istiraroh, Binti, Zainur Ridho Wahyu Ismail, and Fitrah Izul Falaq. "The Victory of Culture Games (VOC-Games): Math-Based Learning Media 3D and Augmented Reality as A Conservation Culture." In 1st International Conference on Early Childhood and Primary Education (ECPE 2018). Paris, France: Atlantis Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.2991/ecpe-18.2018.5.

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Reports on the topic "Primate conservation"

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Nicky Kim-McCormack, Nicky Kim-McCormack. A game changer for primate welfare & conservation attitudes: Free-choice digital enrichment & Human-Animal Interaction. Experiment, October 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.18258/8086.

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Keating, Louise, Ailish Malone Name, Maire-Brid Casey, Ciaran Bolger, Dara Meldrum, and Catherine Doody. Conservative Primary Care Management for Recent Onset Cervical Radiculopathy – a Systematic Review & Meta-analysis Protocol. INPLASY - International Platform of Registered Systematic Review and Meta-analysis Protocols, February 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.37766/inplasy2022.2.0047.

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Review question / Objective: To investigate the effectiveness of conservative management available in primary care for adults with recent onset (less than 12 weeks) cervical radiculopathy. Conservative management will be compared to any available comparator i.e. no treatment, placebo or any treatment. Eligibility criteria: Inclusion criteria – trials (as defined in item 15) investigating any conservative management (e.g. exercise, advice, manual therapy, traction, acupuncture, pharmacology etc), involving adults with single level CR (as defined in item 10) of any aetiology, with symptom duration of 12 weeks or less, and including 1 or more of the following outcomes i.e. pain, disability, overall improvement or satisfaction with intervention, quality of life or participation restriction. Exclusion criteria – full text not available, not a randomised controlled trial, trials not involving CR (e.g. cervicobrachial pain, neck pain only), trials involving chronic CR, multilevel or bilateral CR (polyradiculopathy) or radiculomyelopathy, major or systemic pathology, post-surgery interventions, trials of surgery or spinal injection only, or involving a paediatric population or not in English language.

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Hattrup, M. P., R. T. Nordi, and D. L. Ivey. 1985 primary heating fuel use and switching: Assessment of the market for conservation in the Northwest: Phase 2. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), May 1987. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/6185723.

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Pavlyuk, Ihor. MEDIACULTURE AS A NECESSARY FACTOR OF THE CONSERVATION, DEVELOPMENT AND TRANSFORMATION OF ETHNIC AND NATIONAL IDENTITY. Ivan Franko National University of Lviv, February 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.30970/vjo.2021.49.11071.

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The article deals with the mental-existential relationship between ethnoculture, national identity and media culture as a necessary factor for their preservation, transformation, on the example of national original algorithms, matrix models, taking into account global tendencies and Ukrainian archetypal-specific features in Ukraine. the media actively serve the domestic oligarchs in their information-virtual and real wars among themselves and the same expansive alien humanitarian acts by curtailing ethno-cultural programs-projects on national radio, on television, in the press, or offering the recipient instead of a pop pointer, without even communicating to the audience the information stipulated in the media laws − information support-protection-development of ethno-culture national product in the domestic and foreign/diaspora mass media, the support of ethnoculture by NGOs and the state institutions themselves. In the context of the study of the cultural national socio-humanitarian space, the article diagnoses and predicts the model of creating and preserving in it the dynamic equilibrium of the ethno-cultural space, in which the nation must remember the struggle for access to information and its primary sources both as an individual and the state as a whole, culture the transfer of information, which in the process of globalization is becoming a paramount commodity, an egregore, and in the post-traumatic, interrupted-compensatory cultural-information space close rehabilitation mechanisms for national identity to become a real factor in strengthening the state − and vice versa in the context of adequate laws («Law about press and other mass media», Law «About printed media (press) in Ukraine», Law «About Information», «Law about Languages», etc.) and their actual effect in creating motivational mechanisms for preserving/protecting the Ukrainian language, as one of the main identifiers of national identity, information support for its expansion as labels cultural and geostrategic areas.

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Tetzlaff, Sasha, Jinelle Sperry, Bruce Kingsburg, and Brett DeGregorio. Captive-rearing duration may be more important than environmental enrichment for enhancing turtle head-starting success. Engineer Research and Development Center (U.S.), September 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.21079/11681/41800.

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Raising captive animals past critical mortality stages for eventual release (head-starting) is a common conservation tactic. Counterintuitively, post-release survival can be low. Post-release behavior affecting survival could be influenced by captive-rearing duration and housing conditions. Practitioners have adopted environmental enrichment to promote natural behaviors during head-starting such as raising animals in naturalistic enclosures. Using 32 captive-born turtles (Terrapene carolina), half of which were raised in enriched enclosures, we employed a factorial design to explore how enrichment and rearing duration affected post-release growth, behavior, and survival. Six turtles in each treatment (enriched or unenriched) were head-started for nine months (cohort one). Ten turtles in each treatment were head-started for 21 months (cohort two). At the conclusion of captive-rearing, turtles in cohort two were overall larger than cohort one, but unenriched turtles were generally larger than enriched turtles within each cohort. Once released, enriched turtles grew faster than unenriched turtles in cohort two, but we otherwise found minimal evidence suggesting enrichment affected post-release survival or behavior. Our findings suggest attaining larger body sizes from longer captive-rearing periods to enable greater movement and alleviate susceptibility to predation (the primary cause of death) could be more effective than environmental enrichment alone in chelonian head-starting programs where substantial predation could hinder success.

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Boyle, Maxwell, and Elizabeth Rico. Terrestrial vegetation monitoring at Cape Hatteras National Seashore: 2019 data summary. National Park Service, January 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.36967/nrr-2290019.

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The Southeast Coast Network (SECN) conducts long-term terrestrial vegetation monitoring as part of the nationwide Inventory and Monitoring Program of the National Park Service (NPS). The vegetation community vital sign is one of the primary-tier resources identified by SECN park managers, and monitoring is currently conducted at 15 network parks (DeVivo et al. 2008). Monitoring plants and their associated communities over time allows for targeted understanding of ecosystems within the SECN geography, which provides managers information about the degree of change within their parks’ natural vegetation. The first year of conducting this monitoring effort at four SECN parks, including 52 plots on Cape Hatteras National Seashore (CAHA), was 2019. Twelve vegetation plots were established at Cape Hatteras NS in July and August. Data collected in each plot included species richness across multiple spatial scales, species-specific cover and constancy, species-specific woody stem seedling/sapling counts and adult tree (greater than 10 centimeters [3.9 inches {in}]) diameter at breast height (DBH), overall tree health, landform, soil, observed disturbance, and woody biomass (i.e., fuel load) estimates. This report summarizes the baseline (year 1) terrestrial vegetation data collected at Cape Hatteras National Seashore in 2019. Data were stratified across four dominant broadly defined habitats within the park (Maritime Tidal Wetlands, Maritime Nontidal Wetlands, Maritime Open Uplands, and Maritime Upland Forests and Shrublands) and four land parcels (Bodie Island, Buxton, Hatteras Island, and Ocracoke Island). Noteworthy findings include: A total of 265 vascular plant taxa (species or lower) were observed across 52 vegetation plots, including 13 species not previously documented within the park. The most frequently encountered species in each broadly defined habitat included: Maritime Tidal Wetlands: saltmeadow cordgrass Spartina patens), swallow-wort (Pattalias palustre), and marsh fimbry (Fimbristylis castanea) Maritime Nontidal Wetlands: common wax-myrtle (Morella cerifera), saltmeadow cordgrass, eastern poison ivy (Toxicodendron radicans var. radicans), and saw greenbriar (Smilax bona-nox) Maritime Open Uplands: sea oats (Uniola paniculata), dune camphorweed (Heterotheca subaxillaris), and seabeach evening-primrose (Oenothera humifusa) Maritime Upland Forests and Shrublands: : loblolly pine (Pinus taeda), southern/eastern red cedar (Juniperus silicicola + virginiana), common wax-myrtle, and live oak (Quercus virginiana). Five invasive species identified as either a Severe Threat (Rank 1) or Significant Threat (Rank 2) to native plants by the North Carolina Native Plant Society (Buchanan 2010) were found during this monitoring effort. These species (and their overall frequency of occurrence within all plots) included: alligatorweed (Alternanthera philoxeroides; 2%), Japanese honeysuckle (Lonicera japonica; 10%), Japanese stilt-grass (Microstegium vimineum; 2%), European common reed (Phragmites australis; 8%), and common chickweed (Stellaria media; 2%). Eighteen rare species tracked by the North Carolina Natural Heritage Program (Robinson 2018) were found during this monitoring effort, including two species—cypress panicgrass (Dichanthelium caerulescens) and Gulf Coast spikerush (Eleocharis cellulosa)—listed as State Endangered by the Plant Conservation Program of the North Carolina Department of Agriculture and Consumer Services (NCPCP 2010). Southern/eastern red cedar was a dominant species within the tree stratum of both Maritime Nontidal Wetland and Maritime Upland Forest and Shrubland habitat types. Other dominant tree species within CAHA forests included loblolly pine, live oak, and Darlington oak (Quercus hemisphaerica). One hundred percent of the live swamp bay (Persea palustris) trees measured in these plots were experiencing declining vigor and observed with symptoms like those caused by laurel wilt......less

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Gurevitz, Michael, William A. Catterall, and Dalia Gordon. face of interaction of anti-insect selective toxins with receptor site-3 on voltage-gated sodium channels as a platform for design of novel selective insecticides. United States Department of Agriculture, December 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2013.7699857.bard.

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Voltage-gated sodium channels (Navs) play a pivotal role in excitability and are a prime target of insecticides like pyrethroids. Yet, these insecticides are non-specific due to conservation of Navs in animals, raising risks to the environment and humans. Moreover, insecticide overuse leads to resistance buildup among insect pests, which increases misuse and risks. This sad reality demands novel, more selective, insect killers whose alternative use would avoid or reduce this pressure. As highly selective insect toxins exist in venomous animals, why not exploit this gift of nature and harness them in insect pest control? Many of these peptide toxins target Navs, and since their direct use via transformed crop plants or mediator microorganisms is problematic in public opinion, we focus on the elucidation of their receptor binding sites with the incentive of raising knowledge for design of toxin peptide mimetics. This approach is preferred nowadays by agro-industries in terms of future production expenses and public concern. However, characterization of a non-continuous epitope, that is the channel receptor binding site for such toxins, requires a suitable experimental system. We have established such a system within more than a decade and reached the stage where we employ a number of different insect-selective toxins for the identification of their receptor sites on Navs. Among these toxins we wish to focus on those that bind at receptor site-3 and inhibit Nav inactivation because: (1) We established efficient experimental systems for production and manipulation of site-3 toxins from scorpions and sea anemones. These peptides vary in size and structure but compete for site-3 on insect Navs. Moreover, these toxins exhibit synergism with pyrethroids and with other channel ligands; (2) We determined their bioactive surfaces towards insect and mammalian receptors (see list of publications); (3) We found that despite the similar mode of action on channel inactivation, the preference of the toxins for insect and mammalian channel subtypes varies greatly, which can direct us to structural features in the basis of selectivity; (4) We have identified by channel loop swapping and point mutagenesis extracellular segments of the Navinvolved with receptor site-3. On this basis and using channel scanning mutagenesis, neurotoxin binding, electrophysiological analyses, and structural data we offer: (i) To identify the residues that form receptor site-3 at insect and mammalian Navs; (ii) To identify by comparative analysis differences at site-3 that dictate selectivity toward various Navs; (iii) To exploit the known toxin structures and bioactive surfaces for modeling their docking at the insect and mammalian channel receptors. The results of this study will enable rational design of novel anti-insect peptide mimetics with minimized risks to human health and to the environment. We anticipate that the release of receptor site-3 molecular details would initiate a worldwide effort to design peptide mimetics for that site. This will establish new strategies in insect pest control using alternative insecticides and the combined use of compounds that interact allosterically leading to increased efficiency and reduced risks to humans or resistance buildup among insect pests.

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Sela, Hanan, Eduard Akhunov, and Brian J. Steffenson. Population genomics, linkage disequilibrium and association mapping of stripe rust resistance genes in wild emmer wheat, Triticum turgidum ssp. dicoccoides. United States Department of Agriculture, January 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2014.7598170.bard.

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Abstract:

The primary goals of this project were: (1) development of a genetically characterized association panel of wild emmer for high resolution analysis of the genetic basis of complex traits; (2) characterization and mapping of genes and QTL for seedling and adult plant resistance to stripe rust in wild emmer populations; (3) characterization of LD patterns along wild emmer chromosomes; (4) elucidation of the multi-locus genetic structure of wild emmer populations and its correlation with geo-climatic variables at the collection sites. Introduction In recent years, Stripe (yellow) rust (Yr) caused by Pucciniastriiformis f. sp. tritici(PST) has become a major threat to wheat crops in many parts of the world. New races have overcome most of the known resistances. It is essential, therefore, that the search for new genes will continue, followed by their mapping by molecular markers and introgression into the elite varieties by marker-assisted selection (MAS). The reservoir of genes for disease and pest resistance in wild emmer wheat (Triticumdicoccoides) is an important resource that must be made available to wheat breeders. The majority of resistance genes that were introgressed so far in cultivated wheat are resistance (R) genes. These genes, though confering near-immunity from the seedling stage, are often overcome by the pathogen in a short period after being deployed over vast production areas. On the other hand, adult-plant resistance (APR) is usually more durable since it is, in many cases, polygenic and confers partial resistance that may put less selective pressure on the pathogen. In this project, we have screened a collection of 480 wild emmer accessions originating from Israel for APR and seedling resistance to PST. Seedling resistance was tested against one Israeli and 3 North American PST isolates. APR was tested on accessions that did not have seedling resistance. The APR screen was conducted in two fields in Israel and in one field in the USA over 3 years for a total of 11 replicates. We have found about 20 accessions that have moderate stripe rust APR with infection type (IT<5), and about 20 additional accessions that have novel seedling resistance (IT<3). We have genotyped the collection using genotyping by sequencing (GBS) and the 90K SNP chip array. GBS yielded a total 341K SNP that were filtered to 150K informative SNP. The 90K assay resulted in 11K informative SNP. We have conducted a genome-wide association scan (GWAS) and found one significant locus on 6BL ( -log p >5). Two novel loci were found for seedling resistance. Further investigation of the 6BL locus and the effect of Yr36 showed that the 6BL locus and the Yr36 have additive effect and that the presence of favorable alleles of both loci results in reduction of 2 grades in the IT score. To identify alleles conferring adaption to extreme climatic conditions, we have associated the patterns of genomic variation in wild emmer with historic climate data from the accessions’ collection sites. The analysis of population stratification revealed four genetically distinct groups of wild emmer accessions coinciding with their geographic distribution. Partitioning of genomic variance showed that geographic location and climate together explain 43% of SNPs among emmer accessions with 19% of SNPs affected by climatic factors. The top three bioclimatic factors driving SNP distribution were temperature seasonality, precipitation seasonality, and isothermality. Association mapping approaches revealed 57 SNPs associated with these bio-climatic variables. Out of 21 unique genomic regions controlling heading date variation, 10 (~50%) overlapped with SNPs showing significant association with at least one of the three bioclimatic variables. This result suggests that a substantial part of the genomic variation associated with local adaptation in wild emmer is driven by selection acting on loci regulating flowering. Conclusions: Wild emmer can serve as a good source for novel APR and seedling R genes for stripe rust resistance. APR for stripe rust is a complex trait conferred by several loci that may have an additive effect. GWAS is feasible in the wild emmer population, however, its detection power is limited. A panel of wild emmer tagged with more than 150K SNP is available for further GWAS of important traits. The insights gained by the bioclimatic-gentic associations should be taken into consideration when planning conservation strategies.

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Proceedings of the technical session on regional cooperation for conservation of primates in transboundary landscapes, particularly in the Far Eastern Himalayan Landscape, 5-14 February 2020, Guwahati, India. Kathmandu, Nepal: International Centre for Integrated Mountain Development (ICIMOD), 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.53055/icimod.961.

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