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Books on the topic 'Primary shools'

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Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 1 February 2022

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1

Parry, T. Emrys. Ysgol Gynradd Talsarnau, Talsarnau, Gwynedd: Arolygiad o dan Adran 9 o Ddeddf Addysg (Ysgolion) 1992 : rhif Swyddfa Gymreig yr ysgol: 661/2210 : dyddiad yr archwiliad: 18-20 Chwefror 1997 = Talsarnau Primary School, Talsarnau, Gwynedd : inspection under section 9 of the Education Act (Shools) Act 1992 : Welsh Office school number 661/2210 : date of inspection 18-20 February 1997. Cardiff: Welsh Office, 1997.

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2

Cashin, Paul. How persistent are shocks to world commodity prices? [Washington, D.C.]: International Monetary Fund, Research Department, 1999.

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3

Madeline, Dianne. All kinds of shoes. Boston: Houghton Mifflin Co., 2001.

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4

Cowley, Joy. Mrs. Grindy's shoes. Bothell, WA: Wright Group/McGraw-Hill, 1996.

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5

Madeline, Dianne. Shoes. Boston: Houghton Mifflin Co., 2001.

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6

Nicholas, Evangeline. Too tight shoes. Bothell, WA: Wright Group, 1997.

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7

Woldehanna, Tassew. Shocks and primary school drop-out rates: A study of 20 sentinel sites in Ethiopia. London, UK: Young Lives, Oxford Department of International Development, University of Oxford, 2012.

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8

Hadass, Yael S. Terms of trade shocks and economic performance 1870-1940: Prebisch and Singer revisited. Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research, 2001.

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9

illustrator, Cohen Lynda, ed. Beach feet. Katonah, N.Y: Richard C. Owen Publishers, Inc., 2006.

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10

Winkler, Veronika. Shoe box mysteries: Thematic units for whole language. Tucson, Ariz: Communication Skill Builders, 1993.

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11

McMillan, Dana. Pet store: A complete theme unit including learning centers. Carthage, IL: Teaching & Learning Co., 2000.

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12

McMillan, Dana. Pet store: A complete theme unit including learning centers. Carthage, IL: Teaching & Learning Co., 2000.

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13

ill, Kulka Joe, ed. Talent night. Novato, Calif: Treasure Bay, 2011.

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14

Drama: Learning Connections in Primary Shools. Oxford University Press, USA, 2007.

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15

Groothoff, Jaap W. Primary Hyperoxaluria. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199972135.003.0065.

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Primary hyperoxalurias (PH) are rare autosomal recessive metabolic disorders characterized by an increased endogenous oxalate production which leads to the development of urolithiasis, nephrocalcinosis, and ultimately to renal failure.PH patients with severe renal failure develop life-threatening systemic oxalosis, which affects many organs such as bone, skin, retina, myocardium, vessel walls, and the central nervous system. So far, combined or sequential liver-kidney transplantation is the only therapeutic option for patients with advanced disease. Contrary to the former impression of a relatively mild course of disease in patients diagnosed as adults, recent data have shown that patients diagnosed in adulthood mostly present with established ESRD and systemic oxalosis. The fact that some of these patients respond to pyridoxine therapy underlines the importance of early diagnosis and measures to prevent renal failure and systemic oxalosis. All children with stone disease or nephrocalcinosis and all adults with recurrent stone disease should therefore be screened for PH.

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16

LoPiccalo, Katherine, Jonathan Robinson, and Ethan Yeh. Income, Income Shocks, and Transactional Sex. Edited by Scott Cunningham and Manisha Shah. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199915248.013.21.

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Transactional sex is an important factor in the spread of HIV, particularly in sub-Saharan Africa. This chapter reviews empirical evidence on the economic incentives that influence the decision to supply transactional sex, and it discusses several policies that may affect supply decisions. While the primary motivation for entering the transactional-sex market is the large income premium relative to other jobs, unexpected income shocks also affect sexual behavior. Based largely on a set of studies in western Kenya, the chapter shows that women are more likely to supply unprotected sex when they experience unexpected income shocks. We also show that sex workers receive informal insurance transfers from regular clients when shocks occur. Such support may induce some women into supplying sex. The chapter concludes with a discussion of possible policy options, including providing conditional cash transfers, giving information on health risks, and introducing risk-coping mechanisms such as insurance or bank accounts.

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17

Houghton Mifflin Reading Phonics Library Book: Theme 6 (Houghton Mifflin Reading the Nations Choice). Houghton Mifflin School, 2001.

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18

Donaldson, James, and Richard Carrington. The complex primary total hip replacement. Oxford University Press, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199550647.003.007008.

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♦ Hip Dysplasia• Despite screening programs, a large number of patients are affected by dysplastic hips and their sequelae• An understanding of anatomical abnormalities is crucial• Appropriate techniques and implants make arthroplasty feasible• Complications are significantly higher than standard primary hip replacements♦ Protrusio Acetabuli• Technical difficulties include inadequate medial wall and restoring offset, hip centre and leg lengths• Neck may need to be cut in-situ; bone graft is usually necessary and ideally should be taken from the femoral head• Antiprotrusio cages or custom implants may be needed in cases with excessive bone loss♦ Arthrodesed hip to total hip replacement• Careful evaluation of the gluteal muscles is mandatory and predicts final walking ability and patient satisfaction• Long-term effectiveness of total hip replacement in ankylosed hips is satisfactory but there is a higher complication rate

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19

Lambert, Heather. Primary vesicoureteric reflux and reflux nephropathy. Edited by Adrian Woolf. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199592548.003.0355_update_001.

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Vesicoureteric reflux (VUR) describes the flow of urine from the bladder into the upper urinary tract when the ureterovesical junction fails to perform as a one-way valve. Most commonly, VUR is primary, though it can be secondary to bladder outflow obstruction and can occur in several multiorgan congenital disorders. There is good evidence of a genetic basis with a greatly increased risk of VUR in children with a family history of VUR. VUR is a congenital disorder, which largely shows improvement or complete resolution with age. Fetal VUR may be associated with parenchymal developmental defects (dysplasia). Postnatally non-infected, non-obstructed VUR does not appear to have a detrimental effect on the kidneys. However there is an association of VUR with urinary tract infection and acquired renal parenchymal defects (scarring). The parenchymal abnormalities detected on imaging, often termed reflux nephropathy, may be as a result of reflux-associated dysplasia or acquired renal scarring or both. It is difficult to distinguish between the two on routine imaging. Higher grades of VUR are associated with more severe reflux nephropathy. The precise role of VUR in pyelonephritis and scarring is not clear and it may be that VUR simply increases the risk of acute pyelonephritis. Whilst most VUR resolves during childhood, it is associated with an increased risk of urinary tract infection and burden of acute disease. Investigation strategies vary considerably, related to uncertainties about the natural history of the condition and the effectiveness of various interventions. The long-term prognosis is chiefly related to the morbidity of reflux nephropathy leading in some cases to impairment of glomerular filtration rate, hypertension, proteinuria, and pregnancy-related conditions including hypertension, pre-eclampsia, and recurrent urinary tract infection. Management is controversial and ranges from simple observation with or without provision of rapid access to diagnosis and treatment of urinary tract infections; to long-term prophylactic antibiotics or various antireflux surgical procedures.

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20

Baaij, C. J. W. Formalizing the Primacy of English. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190680787.003.0003.

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The first step in evaluating and proposing an alternative to current EU Translation is determining which language version is and should be the original text and thus the “source text” for translation into the other language versions. Notwithstanding the rules and rhetoric of EU’s Institutional Multilingualism, English is in reality the language that participants in the EU legislative process use primarily to draft and debate EU legislation. Analogously, the Court of Justice of the EU appears to give more weight to a small number of widely used languages when interpreting EU legislation, particularly the English language version. Europe’s cultural diversity and EU’s democratic legitimacy demand that EU Institutions acknowledge this reality and accept English as the institutional and pan-European lingua franca. Moreover, they ought to formally recognize the English language version as the original and sole authentic legislative text, and thus as the source text in EU Translation.

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21

Wyvill, Mavis. Emma's Loose Laces. Shortland Publications, 2001.

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22

Hoskin, Peter. Vulva and vagina. Oxford University Press, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199696567.003.0014.

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Chapter 9b discusses carcinoma of the vulva, which is primarily a surgical disease best treated by wide surgical resection, radical vulvectomy, and inguinal lymph node dissection based on presenting stage. Rarely, locally advanced primary disease may be presented for primary radiotherapy treatment. Postoperative radiotherapy is recommended for tumours invading >7 mm in a vertical direction. The first station regional lymph nodes in the inguinal region are best treated by radical surgical dissection, but fixed inoperable lymph nodes may benefit from primary radiotherapy which may be followed where appropriate by surgery if there is a residual mass. Postoperative radiotherapy should be considered for women having more than one node involved with metastatic tumour at surgery. This must be balanced against the increased risk of lymphoedema where both surgery and radiotherapy are delivered to the groins. Chemoradiation using cisplatin or 5-FU/mitomycin C-based schedules has been reported but no randomized comparison with radiotherapy alone has been undertaken; whilst high response rates are seen there is a considerable increase in acute toxicity.

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23

Greenlee, Heather, Kathleen Sanders, and Zelda Moran. An Integrative Preventive Medicine Approach to Primary Cancer Prevention. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190241254.003.0015.

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Cancer is a major cause of morbidity and mortality, with the number of new global cases estimated to reach 21.4 million in 2030. The increase in cancer incidence is due not only to aging populations and increased life expectancies but also to unhealthy lifestyle practices, environmental exposures, and a lack of effective and accessible prevention programs. Knowledge of evidenced-based cancer prevention strategies is crucial for healthcare providers and patients. This chapter describes both conventional medical and integrative medicine approaches to primary cancer prevention. Integrative medicine is an emerging field within cancer prevention and control. This chapter describes what is and is not known about the effectiveness of integrative medicine approaches to cancer prevention. An optimal preventive healthcare approach should include cancer prevention programs that integrate all evidence-based conventional and integrative medicine treatment approaches and options.

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24

Hoffmann, Sara E., and Katie Strange. Ana and the Pet Show. Lerner Publishing Group, 2013.

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25

Hoffmann, Sara E., Katie Strange, and Intuitive. Ana and the Pet Show. Lerner Publishing Group, 2017.

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26

Hoffmann, Sara E., Katie Strange, and Intuitive. Ana and the Pet Show. Lerner Publishing Group, 2017.

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27

Hoffmann, Sara E., and Katie Strange. Ana and the Pet Show. Lerner Publishing Group, 2017.

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28

Ana and the Pet Show. Lerner Publishing Group, 2013.

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29

Stroud, Barry. Perceptual Knowledge and the Primacy of Judgement. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198809753.003.0009.

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This chapter argues that judgement, or belief, is the key to understanding the possibility of perceptual knowledge. It suggests that any adequate account of human perception should explain, at least in general, how our perceiving what we do can give us the kind of knowledge we all know we have of the world around us. Awareness of things, even repeated awareness of things of the same kind, does not on its own give you the resources for having beliefs about them that are either true or false. To understand how perception can provide us with knowledge we must understand the connection between what we perceive and the possibility of thought and belief about what we perceive. This chapter contends that being capable of judgement is a condition of knowing something about the world by perception.

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30

Robinson, Louise, and Carolyn Chew-Graham. Primary care management of older people with mental health problems. Oxford University Press, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199644957.003.0023.

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This chapter discusses the presentation and primary care management of the commonest mental health problems in older people; these include delirium, delusions, depression and anxiety, and dementia. Primary care is on the front line in dealing with older people who have mental health problems, supporting their families to care for them and managing people with complex co-morbidities in addition to mental health issues. Older people consult their GP almost twice as often as other age groups and up to 40% may have a mental health problem. Cases drawn from the authors’ real-life practice are presented firstly to represent clinical presentations and management within primary care and secondly to demonstrate how primary care links with secondary care and the wider services. The management of patients is discussed largely within reference to UK primary care systems and policy, but the international readership should find parallels within their own healthcare systems.

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31

Keshav, Satish, and Alexandra Kent. Autoimmune hepatitis. Edited by Patrick Davey and David Sprigings. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199568741.003.0213.

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This chapter discusses autoimmune liver disease, including autoimmune hepatitis (AIH), primary biliary cholangitis, and primary sclerosing cholangitis. It explores definitions of the disease, etiology, typical symptoms, uncommon symptoms, demographics, natural history, complications, diagnostic approach and other diagnoses that should be considered, prognosis, and treatment.

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32

Buzan, Barry, and George Lawson. The English School: History and Primary Institutions as Empirical IR Theory? Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acrefore/9780190228637.013.298.

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How does the English School work as part of Empirical International Relations (IR) theory? The English School depends heavily on historical accounts, and this article makes the case that history and theory should be seen as co-constitutive rather than as separate enterprises. Empirical IR theorists need to think about their own relationship to this question and clarify what “historical sensitivity” means to them. The English School offers both distinctive taxonomies for understanding the structure of international society, and an empirically constructed historical approach to identifying the primary institutions that define international society. If Empirical IR is open to historical-interpretive accounts, then its links to the English School are in part strong, because English School structural accounts would qualify; they are, in other ways, weak because the normative theory part of the English School would not qualify. Lying behind this judgement is a deeper issue: if Empirical IR theory confines itself to regularity-deterministic causal accounts, then there can be no links to English School work. Undertaking English School insights will help open up a wider view of Empirical IR theory.

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33

Rondel, David. Breaking the Impasse. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190680688.003.0005.

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This chapter calls attention to the problematic reductivism and eliminativism endemic among egalitarians of both “vertical” and “horizontal” leanings. Citing many examples, the chapter shows that there is widespread and persistent disagreement about which egalitarian idea—vertical or horizontal, roughly speaking—is the fundamental or overarching one and which idea is merely derivative or epiphenomenal. The argument in this chapter is that we should reject the central premises upon which such disagreement turns: that equality is a single idea, that it has a fundamental locus, and that there is a singular or primary route to the achievement of a genuinely egalitarian society.

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34

Alexander, Kevin. Myocarditis and Pericarditis. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199976805.003.0019.

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Infectious myocarditis is a primary, inflammatory cardiomyopathy that can lead to cardiomyocyte toxicity via direct myocyte invasion, toxin production, and/or stimulation of a chronic inflammatory response through antigenic mimicry. Its incidence is difficult to determine due to significant disease heterogeneity and the lack of a noninvasive gold standard for diagnosis. Often, the causative pathogen is not identified; in cases where it is, appropriate anti-infective agents may be used. Treatment is primarily supportive. Acute infectious pericarditis involves inflammation of the parietal and visceral layers of the pericardial sac that surround the heart. Because infectious pericarditis usually has a viral etiology, antibiotics are only started if blood or pericardial effusion cultures demonstrate a bacterial or fungal cause. Purulent pericarditis and cardiac tamponade should be treated with drainage via either pericardiocentesis or a pericardiotomy. Pericardial resection is the only treatment for constrictive pericarditis.

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35

Atkins, Roger M. Fractures of the calcaneum. Oxford University Press, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199550647.003.012061.

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♦ Surgical management of displaced fractures is becoming the norm♦ Fixation and soft tissue procedures should allow early mobilization♦ Subtalar fusion should not be used at the time of primary surgery♦ In children minimal intervention indicated♦ Abnormal hindfoot biomechanics frequent cause of long term disability.

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36

Renz, Ursula. The Primacy of the Metaphysics over the Theory of the Mind. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199350162.003.0005.

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This chapter addresses the question of how to make sense of Spinoza’s remark in the beginning of Part Two of the Ethics, where he says that he now passes to those things that follow from the essence of God. It shows that, rather than actually deducing the human mind from the essence of God, Spinoza is simply announcing a switch to a new theme here. At the same time, he affirms that metaphysics is granted primacy over the theory of the human mind. In this way, Spinoza opts for a realist view of human experience, according to which our mental life reflects rather than constitutes the basic structures of reality.

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37

Martin, Graham R. What Drives Bird Senses? Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199694532.003.0008.

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Many tasks could drive the evolution of bird sensory systems. Key candidates are flight, foraging, predator detection, and reproduction. Comparative analysis of visual fields and retinal structures shows functionally significant differences in the vision of even closely related species. These are best explained by foraging being the primary driver of vision in birds, and this is traded-off against the demands of predator detection. The key task is the control of bill position and timing its arrival at a target. This is achieved by the extraction of information from the optic flow-field which expands symmetrically about the bill when it is travelling towards a target. The provision of such flow-fields is the prime function of binocular vision. Informational demands for flight control are met within constraints determined by those for precise bill control. Other sensory capacities also appear to be driven primarily by the informational demands of foraging.

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38

Miskowiak, Kamilla W., and Lars V. Kessing. Cognitive enhancement in bipolar disorder: current evidence and methodological considerations. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198748625.003.0026.

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Cognitive dysfunction is an emerging treatment target in bipolar disorder (BD). Numerous trials have assessed the efficacy of novel pharmacological and psychological treatments on cognition. Overall, the results are disappointing, possibly due to methodological challenges. A key issue is the lack of consensus on whether and how to screen for cognitive impairment and on how to assess efficacy. We suggest that screening for cognitive impairment is critical and should involve objective neuropsychological tests. We also recommend that the primary outcome is a composite of neuropsychological tests with socio-occupational function as co-primary or secondary outcome. Trials should include fully or partially remitted patients, ensure that concomitant medication is kept stable and that statistical methods include mixed models or similar ways to take account of missing values. Future treatment development should implement a ‘circuit-based’ neuroimaging biomarker model to examine neural target engagement. Interventions targeting multiple treatment modalities may also be beneficial.

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39

Weinstock, Daniel. Remarks on Elizabeth Ashford’s “The Nature of Violations of the Human Right to Subsistence”. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198713258.003.0022.

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Elizabeth Ashford argues that there exists a primary duty for citizens of affluent nations to alleviate the plight of those whose subsistence needs are currently not met. It is argued that her position underestimates the institutional requirements that must be in place in order for these needs to be met. Individual action aimed at alleviating need must be coordinated through appropriate institutions. The obligation of citizens of affluent states should be thought of as the obligation to contribute to the establishment of such institutions. But this obligation cannot be assimilated to the “primary duty” framework in the way Ashford thinks it can. We need moral concepts other than that of primary duty to express the moral urgency of the duty to contribute to the establishment of just institutions.

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40

Deaton, Christi, Margaret Cupples, and Kornelia Kotseva. Settings and stakeholders. Edited by Massimo Piepoli. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198784906.003.0786.

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Cardiovascular disease remains a leading cause of death and disability globally, and cardiovascular prevention should take place everywhere. Reducing the burden of cardiovascular disease requires a concerted effort in multiple settings (primary care, acute care, community, and home), and from multiple stakeholders such as government, public health, non-governmental organizations, healthcare, industry, and individuals. Primary care provides the majority of healthcare to populations, and is in an optimal position to screen and assess patients for cardiovascular risk and deliver cardiovascular prevention. Improving screening, risk assessment, and use of evidence-based guidelines requires collaboration between specialist cardiology services and primary care. Nurse-led and multiprofessional teams are effective in delivering prevention across a variety of settings. Prevention should be a priority prior to patient discharge from hospital following an acute cardiovascular event, and should encompass both medications and advice regarding lifestyle behaviours. Secondary prevention through specialized prevention programmes is needed by patients in order to reduce the risk of subsequent events. Cardiac rehabilitation is one of the most effective methods of delivering prevention and improving patient well-being following an acute event or procedure. There is a need to get more patients participating by using alternative methods of delivery and ensuring that women, older patients, and those with low fitness are encouraged and supported to attend. Stakeholders such as government, non-governmental organizations, and industry have important roles to play in improving public health. Healthcare providers should disseminate their research in lay language, and play a role in advising on and supporting public health measures.

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41

Burlew, Clay Cothren, and Ernest E. Moore. A systematic approach to the injured patient. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199600830.003.0332.

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Trauma remains the most common cause of death for all individuals between the ages of 1 and 44 years, and is the third most common cause of death regardless of age. It is also the leading cause of years of productive life lost. However, death rate underestimates the magnitude of the societal toll. Organized trauma systems have improved mortality by providing timely and expert care to severely-injured patients. Patient management consists of rapid primary survey, which should focus on the identification and simultaneous treatment of immediately life-threatening injuries. A classical ABC (airway, breathing, circulation) approach is recommended and is best carried out by a trained and practiced trauma team. The primary survey is followed by a more detailed examination, the secondary survey, which consists of a head-to-toe examination to identify all specific injuries. The secondary survey should be followed by investigation and definitive care.

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42

Kearney, Christopher A., and Anne Marie Albano. When Children Refuse School. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med-psych/9780190604080.001.0001.

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When Children Refuse School: A Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy Approach, Parent Workbook is designed to help parents work with a therapist to help their children who currently have difficulties attending school. This workbook defines school refusal behavior, describes how situations might be evaluated, and shows what parents and therapists can do to get children back into school with less distress. Parents should use this workbook with a qualified therapist who is concurrently using the therapist guide to treat the child’s school refusal behavior. Problematic school absenteeism is the primary focus of the treatment program covered in the workbook. Youths who complete high school are more likely to be successful at social, academic, occupational, and economic aspects of functioning than youths who do not. Youths with problematic school absenteeism are at risk for lower academic performance and achievement, lower reading and mathematics test scores, fewer literacy skills, internalizing and externalizing behavior problems, grade retention, involvement with the juvenile justice system, and dropout. The treatment program presented in this guide is designed for youths with primary and acute school refusal behavior. The program is based on a functional model of school refusal behavior that classifies youths on the basis of what reinforces their absenteeism.

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43

Beattie, R. Mark, Anil Dhawan, and John W.L. Puntis. Nutritional management of coeliac disease. Oxford University Press, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198569862.003.0034.

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Gluten Challenge 244Advice from the dietitan 245Monitoring 247A gluten-free diet is the primary treatment for coeliac disease. This involves the complete exclusion of wheat, rye, oats, and barley, although the toxicity of oats is still in question. If properly treated, patients should be able to lead a normal, active life....

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44

Jensenius, Francesca R. From Representation to Integration. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190646608.003.0002.

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Chapter 2 provides an introduction to SCs as a group. It presents a historical overview of how quotas became an important policy tool for addressing social injustice in India, and notes primary sources on the initial debates about the design of electoral institutions in the early twentieth century. Tracing the debate on electoral quotas between 1905 and 1950, the chapter shows the gradual shift in focus from group representation to group integration. This was reflected in disagreements about the optimal institutional design for combating the caste system: should SC politicians be elected by SC voters only, or by voters from all caste groups? The latter view prevailed, with quotas explicitly designed to integrate SC politicians into mainstream politics by making it necessary for them to appeal to voters from all caste groups.

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45

Renz, Ursula. Emotions, or How to Explain Qualities of Experience. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199350162.003.0015.

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This chapter provides a reconstruction of the overall approach of Spinoza’s theory of the emotions. It shows that, by distinguishing between primary and secondary affects, Spinoza reconciles two seemingly opposed explanatory strategies, namely naturalism and culturalism or semanticism with respect to the emotions. It does so by discerning two layers of explanation in Spinoza’s approach. His treatment of the so-called primary affects, it is argued, is meant to account for the general nature of human affects as well as for the causes of our being subject to emotions. His derivation of various secondary affects, on the other hand, is meant to explain in detail why we have the particular emotions we, in fact, do. Thus, as with his theory of the imagination, Spinoza’s theory of affects shows that the explanation of human experiences is a realistic aim.

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46

McCumber, William R., and Jyotsaana Parajuli. Style Analysis and Consistency. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190607371.003.0028.

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This chapter explores the degree to which hedge funds’ performance is attributable to a self-declared style that broadly describes managers’ primary investment focus. Hedge funds’ self-declared styles and strategies are meant to be descriptive and to attract investor capital seeking exposure to that strategy and opportunity. Hedge fund strategies have evolved as managers uncover and exploit new opportunities. In practice, even when a majority of investor capital is dedicated to a primary strategy, managers complement a primary strategy with other positions in an attempt to earn positive returns. The freedom with which managers can operate regarding regulation and the breadth of financial instruments available make long-term and clear categorization of hedge fund styles difficult. Although research shows that many funds consistently deliver superior returns in a given style, many also deliver alpha, a positive return that is not attributable to any style or risk factor.

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47

Edun, Babatunde, Michelle K. Haas, Christopher Brendemuhl, Jason V. Baker, and Anthony C. Speights. Health Maintenance. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190493097.003.0012.

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The introduction of highly potent antiretroviral agents has transformed HIV from a disease with a once dismal prognosis to a manageable chronic medical condition. The primary care provider as well as the HIV care provider must focus on aspects of preventive medicine that improve the quality of life and life expectancy of the HIV-infected person. Accurate record-keeping is essential, and examples of HIV primary care flow sheets are presented in this chapter. In addition, tuberculosis screening indications and methods are reviewed. Regular preventative dental and gynecological care should be given. Reviewing the treatment of traditional cardiovascular risk factors with patients will be helpful in educating them and reducing the risk of cardiovascular disease.

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48

Hain, Richard D. W., and Satbir Singh Jassal. Communication amongst professionals. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198745457.003.0023.

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Communication skills amongst professionals all centre on the basic ideology of teamworking. The World Health Organization affirms that primary health should involve all related sectors working together, including education and social services, in addition to health care, and that efforts should be made to coordinate these sectors. This chapter explores how best to ensure effective communication in the care of a terminally ill child through team theory and by examining the challenges of teamwork. General guidance for establishing successful teamwork is also given.

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Sullivan MD, PhD, Mark. From Patient to Agent. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780195386585.001.0001.

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In the 21st century, the primary challenge for health care is chronic illness. To meet this challenge, we need to think anew about the role of the patient in health and health care. There have been widespread calls for patient-centered care, but this model of care does not question deeply enough the goals of health care, the nature of the clinical problem, and the definition of health itself. We must instead pursue patient-centered health, which is a health perceived and produced by patients. We should not only respect, but promote patient autonomy as an essential component of this health. Objective health measures cannot capture the burden of chronic illness, so we need to draw on the patient's perspective to help define the clinical problem. We require a new definition of health as the capacity for meaningful action. It is recognized that patients play a central role in chronic illness care, but the concept of health behavior retards innovation. We seek not just an activated patient, but an autonomous patient who sets and pursues her own vital goals. To fully enlist patients, we must bridge the gap between impersonal disease processes and personal processes. This requires understanding how the roots of patient autonomy lie in the biological autonomy that allows organisms to carve their biological niche. It is time for us to recognize the patient as the primary customer for health care and the primary producer of health. Patient agency is both the primary means and primary end of health care.

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Cowan, Richard. Education. Edited by Roi Cohen Kadosh and Ann Dowker. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199642342.013.67.

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Why should young children learn mathematics? What mathematics should be in the curriculum and how should it be taught? Why do children differ so much in their mastery of primary school mathematics? What are the factors responsible for the production and maintenance of number difficulties? These questions continue to elicit strongly held and divergent views. Although discussion and empirical research can contribute much they are unlikely to settle them. Discussions of these questions provide a context for appreciating the chapters in this section. Improving how we understand mathematical development and how we can provide better support to young mathematics learners are worthwhile aspirations. These chapters outline very promising approaches.

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