Academic literature on the topic 'Primary prevention of risky behaviours'
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Journal articles on the topic "Primary prevention of risky behaviours"
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Revello, Maria Grazia, Valentina Frisina, Giovanna Oggè, Alessia Arossa, and Milena Furione. "An effective and feasible approach to prevention of primary cytomegalovirus infection in pregnancy." Microbiology Australia 36, no. 4 (2015): 179. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ma15063.
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In the absence of a cytomegalovirus (CMV) vaccine, other strategies for prevention of primary infection in pregnancy should be considered. Behavioural interventions have been reported to significantly decrease seroconversion rate among seronegative pregnant women. We report here on a recently completed controlled study in which seronegative women at high risk of infection because of close contacts with children <36 months, were identified and informed about risky and protective behaviours. Informed women seroconverted at a significantly lower rate than non-informed women.
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Jorgensen, Michael P., Fergal T. O'Hagan, and Hugo Lehmann. "Concussion beliefs in varsity athletes: Identifying the good, the bad and the ugly." Journal of Concussion 1 (January 2017): 205970021773025. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2059700217730257.
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Objective Identify and describe attitudes and intentions towards personal concussion risk and protective behaviours among varsity athletes. Determine subgroups of athletes characterized by problematic intentions towards concussion prevention and management behaviours. Design Cross-sectional survey. Main outcome measures Varsity athletes ( N = 175; 60% male; 55.4% contact athletes; 56.6% history of concussion) completed a survey examining attitudes and intentions towards personal risk and concussion-management behaviours. Cluster and discriminant analyses were used to identify athlete risk response subgroups on intention items. The clusters were examined for differences in attitudes towards concussion prevention behaviours, demographics and concussion exposure. Results A substantially problematic subgroup of athletes (28% of the sample) reported low intent to engage in post concussion management practices or primary prevention behaviours. These individuals reported high concussion-risk acceptance and very low belief in the efficacy of concussion-management behaviours. They were also more likely to have sustained a concussion. Two other clusters demonstrated more acceptable behavioural intentions towards concussion prevention and management, with one holding model attitudes and intentions. Conclusions Varsity athletes exhibit one of three different patterns of intentions and attitudes towards concussion prevention and management behaviours. Athletes in one of these groups are at much greater risk of concussion injury and poorly follow recommended treatments. Intervention programmes need to target and aim to change these problematic intentions and attitudes to improve the effectiveness of concussion prevention and injury management.
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Green, Adèle C., Maria Celia B. Hughes, Lena A. von Schuckmann, Kiarash Khosrotehrani, and B. Mark Smithers. "Clustering of prevention behaviours in patients with high-risk primary melanoma." Psycho-Oncology 27, no. 5 (November 7, 2017): 1442–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pon.4565.
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Darun, Pamorn, Nittaya Klongkayun, Rattikan Darun, and Arwut Boontien. "Effect of Health Education on Health Perception and Preventive Health Behaviour of Populations at risk of Cholangiocarcinoma in Si Samran Subdistrict, Porncharoen District, Bueng Kan Province, Thailand." Matters of Behaviour 7, no. 8 (January 3, 2019): 1–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.26455/mob.v7i8.29.
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People in Si Samran subdistrict, Porncharoen district, Bueng Kan province have little awareness and perception of risk and severity of cholangiocarcinoma (CCA). They still eat raw fish or other menu cooked with raw fish. Therefore, CCA prevention campaign should be done to enhance awareness and perception of this disease in order to reduce raw fish consuming behaviours. This study aimed to evaluate the effect of health education to populations at risk of CCA in Si Samran subdistrict by comparing health perception and preventive health behaviours before and after receiving health education. This study recruited 76 participants by purposive sampling technique to attend the health education for stop eating raw fish workshop. The workshop was applied based on the theory of Health Belief Model (HBM) and the activities comprised lecture of 1) signs and symptoms of CCA, 2) risk factors of CCA, 3) benefits of CCA prevention and group discussion about CCA preventive behaviours and barriers of behaviour modification. Data were collected with the questionnaire before and 3 months after the workshop. The questionnaire was adopted from Sangprach’s questionnaire which had been already tested for reliability (overall Cronbach’s alpha coefficient = 0.89). Descriptive statistics were used to describe personal demographic data, level of health perception regarding CCA and level of CCA preventive behaviours. Inferential statistics (paired samples t-test) were used to compare the level of health perception regarding CCA and level of CCA preventive behaviours before and after attending the workshop. The results showed that a majority of 76 participants were female (68.4%), age group 40-50 years old (51.3%), married (89.5%), finished primary school (76.3%), employed in agriculture (61.8%), and had income more than 10,000 bath/month (40.8%). Participants had a higher level of 3 parts of health perception regarding CCA after the workshop, including perceived susceptibility, perceived severity and perceived barriers but demonstrated a lower level of many CCA preventive behaviours except the behaviour “You do not eat mouldy food” level that was higher after attending the workshop. The recommendation for CCA preventive behaviour improvement is that health education should be focused on the elimination of obstacles or barriers in the community which obstructed the behaviour modification.
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BOONTEM, Phagapun, Penprapa SUTHAMMA, and Narunest JURAKARN. "The Effectiveness of Life Skills Program on Life Skills to Prevent Risky Sexual Behaviours in Primary School Students, Thailand." Walailak Journal of Science and Technology (WJST) 16, no. 8 (January 14, 2018): 545–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.48048/wjst.2019.4327.
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Risky sexual behaviors are a very serious problem, especially in youth and adolescence. This study aims to compare the effects of and integrated sex education and life skills program on life skills to prevent risky sexual behaviors in primary school students. Design: The study was conducted using a quasi-experimental, pre-posttest 2-group design. Sample: 34 primary students were in the control group, and 34 primary students were in the experiment group. Intervention: The experimental group participated in the integrated sex education and life skill program to promote life skills and prevent risky sexual behaviors, while the control group participated in the usual educational program regarding sexual and reproductive health that already exists in schools. Measurements: The data on both groups were gathered through questionnaires assessing demographic characteristics and life skills for preventive risky sexual behaviors. Results: The results revealed significant differences between the experimental and control groups (t-test = 2.39, p-value < 0.05) 3 months after the life skills programs, while no significant difference was noted in the experimental group (mean difference = -2.53, p-value > 0.05). Conclusions: The integrated sex education and life skill program posed potential utility for primary students and also capable provision for further study for other groups.
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Williams Merten, Julie, Jessica L. King, Kim Walsh-Childers, Melissa J. Vilaro, and Jamie L. Pomeranz. "Skin Cancer Risk and Other Health Risk Behaviors." American Journal of Lifestyle Medicine 11, no. 2 (June 23, 2016): 182–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1559827615594350.
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Purpose. To present results of a scoping review focused on skin cancer risk behaviors and other related health risk behaviors. Skin cancer is highly preventable, yet it is the most common form of cancer in the United States with melanoma rates increasing. Limited research has been conducted examining the relationship between skin cancer prevention behaviors and other health risks, yet multiple behavioral health risk interventions have shown great promise for health promotion and reduced health care costs. Methods. Online databases were searched for research articles on skin cancer risk behaviors and related health risk behaviors. Results. Thirty-seven articles met inclusion criteria examining skin cancer behaviors including risk, sun protection behaviors, sunburn, and indoor tanning. The majority of existing studies focused on the relationship between skin cancer prevention behaviors and physical activity, body mass index, smoking, and alcohol abuse. Adults were the primary population of interest with some studies of adolescents. Conclusions. Poor skin cancer prevention behaviors were associated with alcohol use, marijuana use, and smoking among adolescents and adults. Studies on body mass index and physical activity had mixed relationships with skin cancer prevention behaviors and warrant further investigation. Indoor tanning was associated with other risky behaviors but other skin cancer prevention behaviors were not studied.
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LUDMAN, E., W. KATON, T. BUSH, C. RUTTER, E. LIN, G. SIMON, M. VON KORFF, and E. WALKER. "Behavioural factors associated with symptom outcomes in a primary care-based depression prevention intervention trial." Psychological Medicine 33, no. 6 (July 31, 2003): 1061–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s003329170300816x.
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Background. A randomized trial of a primary care-based intervention to prevent depression relapse resulted in improved adherence to long-term antidepressant medication and depression outcomes. We evaluated the effects of this intervention on behavioural processes and identified process predictors of improved depressive symptoms.Method. Patients at high risk for depression recurrence or relapse following successful acute phase treatment (N=386) were randomly assigned to receive a low intensity 12-month intervention or continued usual care. The intervention combined education about depression, shared decision-making regarding use of maintenance pharmacotherapy and cognitive-behavioural strategies to promote self-management. Baseline, 3, 6, 9 and 12-month interviews assessed patients' self-care practices, self-efficacy for managing depression and depressive symptoms.Results. Intervention patients had significantly greater self-efficacy for managing depression (P<0·01) and were more likely to keep track of depressive symptoms (P<0·0001), monitor early warning signs (P<0·0001), and plan for coping with high risk situations (P<0·0001) at all time points compared to usual care control patients. Self-efficacy for managing depression (P<0·0001), keeping track of depressive symptoms (P=0·05), monitoring for early warning signs (P=0·01), engaging in pleasant activities (P<0·0001) and engaging in social activities (P<0·0001) positively predicted improvements in depression symptom scores.Conclusions. A brief intervention designed to target cognitive-behavioural factors and promote adherence to pharmacotherapy in order to prevent depression relapse was highly successful in changing several behaviours related to controlling depression. Improvements in self-efficacy and several self-management behaviours that were targets of the intervention were significantly related to improvements in depression outcome.
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Lang, Junjie, Lairun Jin, and Yingshui Yao. "Comparative efficacy of interventions for reducing injection and sexual risk behaviours to prevent HIV in injection drug users: protocol for Bayesian network meta-analysis." BMJ Open 9, no. 1 (January 2019): e022811. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2018-022811.
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IntroductionDrug users are more vulnerable to AIDS than the general population. While several interventions are effective for addressing HIV in injection drug users, no meta-analysis has yet been performed to compare interventions and determine the relative benefits of each. We intend to conduct a Bayesian network meta-analysis to compare all available interventions evaluated by a randomised controlled trial for reducing injection and risky sexual behaviours for the prevention of HIV in injection drug users.Methods and analysisStudies will be retrieved by searching the following databases: MEDLINE, Embase, PsycINFO and Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials. The search will be performed between May and July 2018 for the literature published between 1980 and May 2018. Two authors will extract data independently. Primary outcome measures will be injection risk behaviour and HIV risk behaviour. HIV seroconversion, confirmed using an antibody test, will be the secondary outcome. Bayesian network meta-analyses will be conducted using the Markov Chains Monte Carlo method. The Cochrane revised tool, Risk of Bias, will be used to assess the risk of bias. Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development and Evaluation will be used to assess evidence quality.Ethics and disseminationThe results of this study will be disseminated at professional conferences and via publications in peer-reviewed journals. This study will not include any confidential personal data or data on human trials; therefore, ethical approval is not required.PROSPERO registration numberCRD42018086999.
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Kinsman, Leigh, Rachel Tham, Julie Symons, Mike Jones, Stephen Campbell, and Ann Allenby. "Prevention of cardiovascular disease in rural Australian primary care: an exploratory study of the perspectives of clinicians and high-risk men." Australian Journal of Primary Health 22, no. 6 (2016): 510. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/py15091.
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Rural primary care services have the potential to play a major role in reducing the gap in cardiovascular disease (CVD) outcomes between rural and metropolitan Australians, particularly in men at high risk of CVD. The aim of this study was to explore the self-reported behaviours and satisfaction with their general practice/practitioner of men at high risk of CVD, and attitudes of rural primary care clinicians regarding the role of primary care in CVD prevention. This observational research was addressed through survey questionnaires with rural men at high risk of CVD and semi-structured interviews with rural primary care clinicians. Fourteen rural primary care practices from towns with populations less than 25000 participated. One hundred and fifty-eight high-risk men completed the questionnaire. Their responses demonstrated poorly controlled risk factors despite a willingness to change. Alternatively, rural primary care clinicians (n=20) reported that patients were unlikely to change and that illness-based funding models inhibited cardiovascular preventive activities. Australians living in rural areas have worse CVD outcomes. In addition, there is a disparity in the assumptions of health providers and male patients at high risk of CVD in rural areas. This necessitates innovative rural primary care models that include a blended payment system that incentivises or funds preventive care alongside an emphasis on lifestyle advice, as well as an explicit strategy to influence clinician and patient behaviour to help address the disparity.
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Cooper, Christina, Monique Lhussier, Janet Shucksmith, and Susan Mary Carr. "Protocol for a realist review of complex interventions to prevent adolescents from engaging in multiple risk behaviours." BMJ Open 7, no. 9 (September 2017): e015477. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2016-015477.
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ObjectivesAdolescent risk behaviours are a key health concern. The purpose of this research is to gaina deeper understanding of how, why, for whom, and inwhat circumstances complex adolescent risk behaviourprevention programmes are most successful.Methods and analysisTo understand how adolescent risk behaviour prevention programmes work in a reallife context, a realist synthesis will be undertaken, operationalised in four phases.Phase oneDeveloping a framework to map the theoretical and conceptual landscape of adolescent risk behaviour prevention. Guided by stakeholder consultation.Phase twoFormulating initial programme theories through exploration of the literature, along with primary data from professional stakeholder interviews.Phase threeRefining programme theories through more purposeful, in depth screening of the literature, along with primary qualitative data, from young people and professionals. Data will be collected through semi structured focus groups, to explore specific elements of the emerging programme theories.Phase fourTesting programme theories through interviews with youth workers, following consultation with young people, using vignettes to explore the relationship between specific programme theories. This relatively novel method of primary and secondary data integration within a realist synthesis will provide deeper insight in to young peoples lived experience of risk behaviour prevention programmes, while maintaining transparency in the process of programme theory development.Data analysisA realist logic of analysis will be used to align data from each phase with context mechanism outcome configurations or specific elements thereof. Substantive theory will then be sought to understand and explain the findings.Ethics and disseminationThis study has been approved by the Ethics committee at Northumbria University, UK. Findings will be disseminated through knowledge exchange with stakeholders, publications in peer-reviewed journals, conference presentations, and formal and informal reports.
Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Primary prevention of risky behaviours"
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Mathur, Sweta. "Behavioural risk factors associated with oral cancer : assessment and prevention in primary care dental practices in Scotland." Thesis, University of Glasgow, 2019. http://theses.gla.ac.uk/41093/.
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The incidence of oral cancer continues to rise in the UK and in Scotland, with a steady increase in oral cavity cancer rates and a rapid increase in oropharyngeal cancer rates in the last decade. These rates are projected to increase further over the next decade, so there is a pressing need to optimise oral cancer prevention strategies. Tobacco and alcohol use are recognised as the major modifiable risk factors for developing oral cancer (both oral cavity and oropharyngeal). In addition, there is a significant increased risk for oral cancer among lower socioeconomic groups, males, and older age groups. Recently there has been recognition of the role of human papillomavirus in the aetiology of oropharyngeal cancers. The major behavioural risk factors (tobacco and alcohol) implicated in oral cancer risk are also associated with a wide range of diseases affecting oral and general health and are thus termed 'common risk factors', increasing the public health benefit should they be tackled. Given the pivotal role in oral cancer and wider disease prevention of reducing tobacco and alcohol use, there is a clear need to optimise the role of primary care dental professionals in delivering behavioural interventions. However, there are uncertainties about the best evidence for particular strategies and approaches to assess risk factors, advise and/or refer in the dental practice setting, with a particular lack of clarity in terms of the specific form and content of such interventions (for example: duration, tailoring to need, who delivers). In addition, the barriers and facilitators to implementation in primary care dental practice - from both the dental professional and patient perspectives - is relatively under-explored. This thesis describes studies undertaken to address these gaps in the knowledge and evidence-base. First a systematic overview was undertaken of systematic reviews and published (international) clinical guidelines. This aimed to identify the evidence on the best practice for the assessment of the major behavioural risk factors associated with oral cancer and for delivering effective behaviour change preventive interventions (in relation to, for example: advice, counselling, signposting/referral to preventive services) by dental professionals in primary care dental practice setting. This evidence was then explored via a study in primary care dental practices in Scotland utilising qualitative in-depth interviews with dental professionals, to identify barriers and facilitators to implementation, and to gather suggestions to inform the development of interventions to support dental professionals in delivering prevention. Finally, a small qualitative survey of patients attending primary care dental practice was conducted to explore barriers, facilitators, and acceptability of risk factor assessment and preventive interventions from the patients' perspective. The overview shows a lack of direct evidence from the dental practice setting (one high-quality systematic review relating to tobacco prevention and none relating to alcohol). However, relatively strong evidence and recommendations from other primary care (medical/pharmacy) settings were identified and synthesised, which could potentially be adapted and adopted by dental professionals. Overall the findings show that robust risk factor assessment is an important first step in any prevention intervention. There is a clear indication of the effectiveness of a "brief", in-person, motivational intervention for sustained tobacco abstinence and reduced alcohol consumption. The lack of detail particularly in relation to duration made it difficult to make a conclusion regarding precise specification of the duration of element of the "brief" interventions. For tobacco users, though longer (10-20 minutes) and intensive (more than 20 minutes, with follow-up visits) interventions have shown to be effective in increasing quit rates compared to no intervention, very brief (less than 5 minutes) interventions in a single session also showed comparable effectiveness to the longer brief or intensive interventions. While, for alcohol users, 10-15 minutes multi-contact interventions were most effective, compared to no intervention or very brief intervention or intensive intervention; brief interventions of 5 minutes duration were also reported to be equally effective. Thus, very brief or brief advice of up to 5 minutes, should be trialled for tobacco and alcohol respectively in a dental practice setting, tailored to patient motivational status. Exploring use of the dental team is supported, as effectiveness was generally independent of primary care provider (i.e. general practice physician or nurse). The qualitative studies on feasibility showed time and resources to be the major barriers from the dental professional perspective. Dental professionals also reported social barriers for a) using cancer as a term to frame preventive consultations and b) in delivering alcohol advice which may not be welcome by patients. Professionals were willing to receive training to overcome confidence issues in approaching behavioural aspects of both main risk factors. Patients however generally supported explicit conversations on oral cancer, and were amenable to alcohol as well as smoking advice, provided their stage-of-change (motivational readiness) was incorporated. The use of formal risk assessment tools to frame discussions was broadly supported by patients and professionals alike. Recommendations are made for testing a model of preventive consultation that draws from this best available evidence and addresses barriers for professionals and patients alike to help shape practice and support this important area of public health going forward.
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Konicki, Annette Jakubisin. "Women’s Knowledge of Cardiovascular Risk Factors, Level of Self-Nurturance and Participation in Heart-Healthy Behaviors: A Dissertation." eScholarship@UMMS, 2009. https://escholarship.umassmed.edu/gsn_diss/11.
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The number one killer of women in the United States is cardiovascular disease (CVD). Cardiovascular risk factors (CVRFs) include advancing age, cigarette smoking, diabetes, dyslipidemia, family history, hypertension, obesity, sedentary lifestyle and high intake of saturated fats and low dietary fiber. A women’s risk for development of CVD dramatically increases after menopause and with the number of CVRFs. CVD is often preventable. Evidence supports addressing CVRFs reduction early (in the pre-menopausal years) through heart-healthy behaviors such as increasing physical activity, promoting healthy eating, moderate alcohol consumption and not smoking. Therefore, understanding premenopausal women’s CVRFs knowledge is an important area of inquiry. In addition, the Nemcek Wellness Model suggests that self-nurturance, as well as knowledge, may be an important factor for explaining women’s wellness behaviors. Thus, the purpose of this study was to investigate knowledge of CVRFs, level of self-nurturance and the performance of heart-healthy behaviors in women ages 35 to 55 years.
This study used a cross sectional survey design and venue sampling. The survey included demographic questions, the Self Nurturance Survey, the Heart Disease Facts Questionnaire, the Physical Activity Questionnaire, Prime Screen, and questions about financial strain, cigarette smoking, and alcohol use. The sample included 136 women (survey response rate = 57%), the majority of whom were white (94.9%), married (80.1%), did not smoke (80.1%) and rarely drank alcohol (57.4%).
Results indicated that study participants were very knowledgeable about CVRFs. (Mean knowledge score = 19.53, possible range = 0 to 25 with higher scores indicating greater knowledge). Knowledge did not predict physical activity (p = .07), diet (p = .08) or smoking status (p = .11) in this sample. Self-nurturance was moderately correlated (r = .33) with consuming a heart-healthy diet. Hypotheses derived from the Nemcek Wellness Model were not supported in this study. More research is needed to identify factors that will help women translate knowledge into heart-healthy behaviors.
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Brink, Jaco Greeff. "An investigation of risky sexual behaviours, basic HIV knowledge and intention to use condoms among a sample of men who have sex with men in a student community." Thesis, Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/20168.
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Thesis (MA)--Stellenbosch University, 2012.ENGLISH ABSTRACT: The primary objective of the study was to determine the level of self-reported sexual risk behaviour of student men who have sex with men at a South African higher educational institution. The secondary objective was to determine the level of Human Immunodefiency Virus (HIV) knowledge among student men who have sex with men, and lastly to determine the extent to which the theory of planned behaviour is applicable in explaining intentions to use condoms. A sample of fifty student men who have sex with men were recruited to take part in an online baseline and follow-up survey, three months apart. Many of the student men who have sex with men reported sexual behaviour, which may place them at risk of contracting HIV. More than fifty percent (56%) had used alcohol or drugs during sexual intercourse in the past. Six percent (6.1%) reported having been forced to have sexual intercourse against their will. While 8% had experienced abuse and violence on campus, 22% had experienced abuse only and another 6% reported having experienced some form of violence due to their sexual preference. Most participants (70%) reported having used condoms almost always or always when engaging in penetrative sexual behaviours, but 30% had used condoms inconsistently or not at all in the past. The sample of student MSM scored high on a questionnaire of basic HIV knowledge, with a mean score of 14.57 (80.94%). The present study questions the applicability of the theory of planned behaviour in understanding and predicting intention to use condoms among a sample of student men who have sex with men attending a South African higher education institution. Only two of the major theoretical variables, namely attitude and perceived group norms, could significantly predict intention to use condoms. Attitudes regarding condom use were found to have an inverse The primary objective of the study was to determine the level of self-reported sexual risk behaviour of student men who have sex with men at a South African higher educational institution. The secondary objective was to determine the level of Human Immunodefiency Virus (HIV) knowledge among student men who have sex with men, and lastly to determine the extent to which the theory of planned behaviour is applicable in explaining intentions to use condoms. A sample of fifty student men who have sex with men were recruited to take part in an online baseline and follow-up survey, three months apart. Many of the student men who have sex with men reported sexual behaviour, which may place them at risk of contracting HIV. More than fifty percent (56%) had used alcohol or drugs during sexual intercourse in the past. Six percent (6.1%) reported having been forced to have sexual intercourse against their will. While 8% had experienced abuse and violence on campus, 22% had experienced abuse only and another 6% reported having experienced some form of violence due to their sexual preference. Most participants (70%) reported having used condoms almost always or always when engaging in penetrative sexual behaviours, but 30% had used condoms inconsistently or not at all in the past. The sample of student MSM scored high on a questionnaire of basic HIV knowledge, with a mean score of 14.57 (80.94%). The present study questions the applicability of the theory of planned behaviour in understanding and predicting intention to use condoms among a sample of student men who have sex with men attending a South African higher education institution. Only two of the major theoretical variables, namely attitude and perceived group norms, could significantly predict intention to use condoms. Attitudes regarding condom use were found to have an inversrelationship with intention to use condoms. The results from the hierarchical multiple regression analyses revealed that the linear combination of the theory of planned behaviour variables could significantly account for 68% of the variance in intention to use condoms when the predictors were considered together. Interventions that seek to lessen HIV risk behaviour among student men who have sex with men should endeavour to incorporate elements which should aim to augment perceived subjective norms regarding condom use. The findings advocate for additional research to be undertaken on the applicability of the theory of planned behaviour in informing health communication and sexual health interventions that aim to reduce HIV transmission risk among student men who have sex with men at higher educational institutions.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Die primêre doel van die studie was om die vlak van self-gerapporteerde seksuele risiko gedrag van studentemans wat seks beoefen met mans (MSM) by 'n Suid-Afrikaanse hoër onderwysinstelling te bepaal. Die sekondêre doel was om die vlak van kennis oor die Menslike Immuniteitsgebreksvirus (MIV) onder studente MSM te bepaal, en laastens om die mate waarin die teorie van beplande gedrag toepaslik is om die voorneme om kondoom gebruik te verduidelik. ʼn Steekproef van vyftig studente MSM was gewerf om aan ʼn aanlyn basislynopname en opvolgopname deel te neem. Talle van die studente MSM het seksuele gedrag gerapporteer wat die mans blootstel aan die risiko om MIV op te doen. Meer as vyftig persent (56%) het in die verlede alkohol of dwelms gebruik tydens seksuele omgang. Ses persent (6,1%) het gerapporteer dat hulle al gedwing is om seksuele omgang teen hul wil te hê. Terwyl agt persent mishandeling en geweld op kampus ervaar het, het 22% slegs misbruik ervaar en nog 6% het een of ander vorm van geweld ervaar as gevolg van hul seksuele voorkeur. Die meeste deelnemers (70%) het gerapporteer dat hulle tydens penetratiewe seks byna altyd kondome gebruik, maar 30% het óf glad nie, óf ongereeld in die verlede kondome gebruik. Die studente MSM wat aan die steekproef deelgeneem het, het hoë tellings behaal in ‘n vraelys oor basiese MIV-feite, met ' ʼn gemiddelde telling van 14.57 (80.94%). Die huidige studie bevraagteken die toepasbaarheid van die teorie van beplande gedrag om die voorneme om kondome te gebruik onder ’n steekproef van studente MSM aan ’n Suid-Afrikaanse hoër onderwysinstelling te verstaan en te voorspel. Slegs twee van die belangrikste teoretiese veranderlikes, naamlik houding en subjektiewe groepnorme, kon beduidend die voorneme voorspel om kondome te gebruik. Houding oor kondoom gebruik het ʼn omgekeerde verwantskap met die voorneme om kondome te gebruik voorspel. Die resultate van die hiërargiese meervoudige regressie-ontleding het aangedui dat, wanneer die voorspellers saam oorweeg word, die lineêre kombinasie van die teorie van beplande gedrag veranderlikes betekenisvol tot 68% van die variansie in die voorneme om kondome te gebruik kan verklaar. Ingrypings wat daarop gemik is om MIV-risiko gedrag onder studente MSM te verminder, behoort elemente in te sluit wat streef daarna om waarneembare subjektiewe norme rakende kondoomgebruik aan te vul. Die bevindinge wys dat addisionele navorsing oor die gebruik van die teorie van beplande gedrag in gesondheidskommunikasie en seksuelegesondheid intervensies wat daarop gemik is om die risiko van MIV-oordrag tussen studente MSM by inrigtings vir hoër onderwys te verminder nodig is.
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Riddle, Alison. "Assessing and changing attitudes and behaviours toward intimate partner violence in southern Africa as a primary prevention method for HIV infection." Thesis, University of Ottawa (Canada), 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/10393/28499.
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Reducing intimate partner violence levels in southern Africa is a necessary component of an effective HIV primary prevention strategy. A prerequisite to behaviour change is a shift in attitudes. This study sought to identify effective ways of assessing and changing attitudes and behaviours towards IPV to prevent HIV infection in a developing country context. Combining a systematic review of current evidence with advanced statistical analyses of data from a southern Africa regional household survey (n = 20,639), Soul City Regional Evaluation Phase 1, findings indicate that: a gold standard to measure IPV attitudes and behaviours is needed; interventions targeting structural change and based in the community are more effective; the effectiveness of mass media interventions may not be robust; the interaction of different prevention interventions may mediate overall effectiveness. Exploratory factor analysis, multiple imputation, and regression techniques were applied to complex, multileveled, and correlated data with missingness.
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Hirsch, Jameson K., and Kelly C. Cukrowicz. "Suicide in Rural Areas: An Updated Review of the Literature." Digital Commons @ East Tennessee State University, 2014. https://dc.etsu.edu/etsu-works/701.
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Suicide is a significant public health concern at a global level and occurs at a greater rate in rural compared with urban areas. A review of the literature on rural suicide indicates that a growing body of empirical, theoretical, and prevention work has been conducted on the topic, with an increasing number of countries represented and articles written. From an ecological perspective, current data and models suggest that our approach to understanding and preventing rural suicide must be multifaceted, addressing the individual level (e.g., traditional risk factors such as psychiatric illness), as well as the microsystem (e.g., family and peer relations), mesosystem (e.g., the interconnectedness between microsystems), exosystem (e.g., the rural community), and macrosystem (e.g., social norms) levels. Geographic and interpersonal isolation, agricultural or otherwise hazardous vocational demands, environmental and governmental policies, availability of means, lack of access to care and rural ideologies appear to contribute to suicide risk. Interventions must be community-driven, culturally acceptable and feasible within the context of available resources to be effective. Prospective research on risk and protective factors for rural suicide is required, as is development, implementation and assessment of interventions that are originated by, implemented in, and sensitive to the needs of rural communities.
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Tonani, Marcela. "Risco de câncer e comportamentos preventivos: a persuasão como uma estratégia de intervenção." Universidade de São Paulo, 2007. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/22/22132/tde-17102007-140804/.
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O câncer configura-se como um problema de saúde pública e seu controle depende essencialmente de ações nas áreas da promoção da saúde, proteção específica e do diagnóstico precoce da doença. A efetividade das intervenções designadas para seu controle pode contar com o auxílio do processo de persuasão empregado. O presente estudo buscou avaliar o grau de risco para apresentação de câncer contemplando os fatores de risco pertinentes, bem como, avaliar a presença e as características da persuasão na comunicação para prevenção e detecção precoce de câncer. Trata-se de um estudo observacional, com caráter transversal, onde foram empregados dois instrumentos para o alcance dos objetivos; a população abordada foi de um bairro da cidade de Ribeirão Preto/SP. Constatou-se que os altos riscos foram para os cânceres de cólon/reto, cérvico e de endométrio; e moderados riscos para estes acrescidos de pulmão e mama. Quanto à persuasão, observou-se que houve o desencadeamento das informações acerca do câncer, no entanto estas não conseguiram manter-se efetivas por longos períodos; também não se identificou o reforço dessas informações. Portanto, diante do risco de câncer e dos comportamentos preventivos levantados, considera-se que a persuasão é uma estratégia útil para diminuição desses riscos e, de incentivo e manutenção de comportamentos preventivos; porém, ela deve conter todas as etapas do processo a fim de que não se perca a oportunidade de gerar comportamentos preventivos ou de detecção precoce.The cancer is configured as a problem of public health and its control depends essentially on action in the areas of the promotion of the health, specific protection and of the precocious diagnosis of the illness. The effectiveness of interventions assigned for its control can count with auxiliare of the process of persuasion employed. This study aims to evaluate the risk level of developing cancer, considering the pertinent risk factors, and the presence of persuasion and characteristics in the communication regarding cancer prevention and early detection. It is an observational study, conducted on 110 inhabitants of a neighborhood in the city of Ribeirao Preto, Sao Paulo, Brazil. It was confirmed there are high risks for colon/rectum, cervical, and endometrial cancer; and moderate risks for these and also lung and breast cancer. In terms of persuasion, it was observed that cancer information was spread but was not sustained for long periods. Moreover, there was no reinforcement. In view of cancer risk and the identified preventive behaviors, persuasion is considered a useful strategy to reduce these risks as well as to encourage and sustain preventive behaviors, however it must contain all the stages of these process for doesn\'t lose the chance to develope preventive behaviors or precocious detection.
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Rariden, Brandi Scot. "Sedentary Time and the Cumulative Risk of Preserved and Reduced Ejection Fraction Heart Failure: from the Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis." UNF Digital Commons, 2018. https://digitalcommons.unf.edu/etd/792.
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ABSTRACT
Purpose: The purpose of this study was to examine the relationship between self-reported sedentary time (ST) and the cumulative risk of preserved ejection fraction heart failure (HFpEF) and reduced ejection fraction heart failure (HFrEF) using a diverse cohort of U.S. adults 45-84 years of age.
Methods: Using data from the Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis (MESA), we identified 6,814 subjects (52.9% female). All were free of baseline cardiovascular disease. Cox regression was used to calculate the hazard ratios (HR) associated with baseline ST and risk of overall heart failure (HF), HFpEF, and HFrEF. Weekly self-reported ST was dichotomized based on the 75th percentile (1,890 min/wk).
Results: During an average of 11.2 years of follow-up there were 178 first incident HF diagnoses; 74 HFpEF, 69 HFrEF and 35 with unknown EF. Baseline ST >1,890 min/wk was significantly associated with an increased risk of HFpEF (HR [95% CI]; 1.87 [1.13 – 3.09], p= 0.01), but not HFrEF (HR [95% CI]; 1.30 [0.78 – 2.15], p= 0.32). The relationship with HFpEF remained significant in separate fully adjusted models including either waist circumference (HR [95% CI]; 2.16 [1.23 – 3.78], p < 0.01) or body mass index (HR [95% CI]; 2.17 [1.24 – 3.80], p < 0.01). Additionally, every 60 minute increase in weekly ST was associated with a significant 3% increased risk of HFpEF (HR [95% CI]; 1.03 [1.01 – 1.05], p < 0.01).
Conclusions: Sedentary time > 1,890 min/wk (~4.5 h/d) is a significant independent predictor of HFpEF, but not HFrEF.
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Halda, Kryštof. "Vliv programů selektivní primární prevence ve vybraných třídách z pohledu jejich lektorů." Master's thesis, 2021. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-446063.
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The aim of this theses is to establish, with reference to relevant literature, what is the impact of selective primary prevention programs in several chosen classes from the viewpoint of the lecturers of these programs. The author lays out and describes in detail the concepts of risky behaviours, primary prevention of risky behaviours, selective primary prevention, lecturer of primary prevention programs and other concepts relevant to the subject at hand. In the research part of this theses, the author deals with a research problem formulated as follows: What is the impact of selective primary prevention programs in chosen classes from the perspective of the lecturers? The selected method is qualitative research. The specific chosen research tool is a half-structured dialogue, conducted with lecturers of programs of selective primary prevention with at least two years of experience in the field. KEYWORDS Risky behaviours; primary prevention of risky behaviours; lecturer of primary prevention programs; selective primary prevention; selective primary prevention programs.
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Kubovčiaková, Helena. "Pozice školního metodika prevence a změny v jeho činnosti." Master's thesis, 2020. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-434822.
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School prevention methodist plays a key role in the successful elimination of risky behavior in the school environment. His function has undergone changes since its establishment, as has the context of its operation. This thesis is focused on the process of generating the position of a prevention methodist and the changes that have affected his current position. It also outlines current issues related to the performance of the function of school preventionist. The theoretical part presents the current legislative framework in which the school prevention methodist operates, as well as earlier legislation, and draws attention to the possible pitfalls of some legal norms. It also places the person of the ŠMP in the intra-ministerial system of school prevention and more broadly in the inter-ministerial organization of prevention. For a better understanding of the current situation, the theoretical part of the work opens a look into the history of prevention in the Czech Republic, or ČSFR, respectively. It characterizes the basic concepts associated with the person of the school prevention methodist, ie primary prevention, risk behavior, etc. The essential part is devoted to a broader understanding of the role of school prevention methodist through a look at the development of his function and the...
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Nikodymová, Tereza. "Mapování realizace všeobecné školské prevence rizikového chování na základních školách v Městské části Praha 6." Master's thesis, 2020. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-411857.
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Background: School prevention programs of risky behavior should be an important part of the education of children and adolescents. The programs are implemented by each school individually according to the elaborated Minimum Preventive Program (MPP) and their mediation and implementation is supervised by the school prevention methodologist (ŠMP). Within the Prague 6 City District, there is close cooperation between ŠMP, the prevention methodologist from the pedagogical- psychological counseling center and the drug coordinator. The aim of this cooperation is to ensure quality of prevention in local schools and in the wider community of the municipality. Objectives: The aim of the study is to map the process of implementation of programs of general school primary prevention of risky behavior in primary schools in the administrative district of Prague 6 in terms of performance of the function of the ŠMP, elaboration of MPP and implementation of preventive programs. Methods: A mixed-method design was used, combining a questionnaire study with ŠMP from the district of Prague 6 with a group discussion with six respondents who participated in the questionnaire study. The questions in the questionnaire are based on questions in the SEPA preventive activity reporting system and on the questionnaire used in...
Books on the topic "Primary prevention of risky behaviours"
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Health promotion for chiropractic practice. Gaithersburg, Md: Aspen Publishers, 1991.
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C, Bell Carl, and SpringerLink (Online service), eds. Family and HIV/AIDS: Cultural and Contextual Issues in Prevention and Treatment. New York, NY: Springer Science+Business Media, LLC, 2012.
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Deaton, Christi, Margaret Cupples, and Kornelia Kotseva. Settings and stakeholders. Edited by Massimo Piepoli. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198784906.003.0786.
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Cardiovascular disease remains a leading cause of death and disability globally, and cardiovascular prevention should take place everywhere. Reducing the burden of cardiovascular disease requires a concerted effort in multiple settings (primary care, acute care, community, and home), and from multiple stakeholders such as government, public health, non-governmental organizations, healthcare, industry, and individuals. Primary care provides the majority of healthcare to populations, and is in an optimal position to screen and assess patients for cardiovascular risk and deliver cardiovascular prevention. Improving screening, risk assessment, and use of evidence-based guidelines requires collaboration between specialist cardiology services and primary care. Nurse-led and multiprofessional teams are effective in delivering prevention across a variety of settings. Prevention should be a priority prior to patient discharge from hospital following an acute cardiovascular event, and should encompass both medications and advice regarding lifestyle behaviours. Secondary prevention through specialized prevention programmes is needed by patients in order to reduce the risk of subsequent events. Cardiac rehabilitation is one of the most effective methods of delivering prevention and improving patient well-being following an acute event or procedure. There is a need to get more patients participating by using alternative methods of delivery and ensuring that women, older patients, and those with low fitness are encouraged and supported to attend. Stakeholders such as government, non-governmental organizations, and industry have important roles to play in improving public health. Healthcare providers should disseminate their research in lay language, and play a role in advising on and supporting public health measures.
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Gielen, Stephan, Guy De Backer, Massimo Piepoli, and David Wood, eds. The ESC Textbook of Preventive Cardiology. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199656653.001.0001.
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Covering both principles and practice, The ESC Textbook of Preventive Cardiology is a state of the art resource for both the primary and secondary prevention of atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease. Comprehensive, practical and extensively linked to practice guidelines and recommendations from the European Association of Cardiac Prevention and Rehabilitation (EACPR), it clearly connects the latest evidence base to strategies and proposals for the implementation of prevention in clinical practice. With a strong clinical focus the topics covered range from epidemiology and risk stratification through psychological factors, behaviour and motivation to secondary prevention, integrating hospital-based and community care for cardiovascular disease prevention and information on cardio-protective drugs. Case studies, clinical decision-making trees and drug tables with recommended doses and potential side-effects make it easier than ever to implement treatments in practice.
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Bafadhel, Mona. Prevention of respiratory disease. Edited by Patrick Davey and David Sprigings. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199568741.003.0344.
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The prevention of disease at a population health level rather than an individual health level is aimed at reducing causes of ‘preventable’ death and, under the auspices of public health and epidemiology, is an integral part of primary, secondary, and tertiary care. Classification of death is usually according to the type of primary disease or injury. However, there are a number of recognized risk factors for death, and modifications in behaviour or risk factors can substantially reduce preventable causes of death and the associated healthcare and economic burden of chronic disease management. According to the WHO, hundreds of millions of people from infancy to old age suffer from preventable chronic respiratory diseases, there are over four million deaths annually from preventable respiratory diseases, and common respiratory disorders (e.g. lower respiratory tract infections, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, lung cancer, and tuberculosis) account for approximately 20% of all deaths worldwide. This chapter discusses the prevention of respiratory disease, covering diseases associated with smoking (one of the biggest risk factors associated with preventable deaths), air pollution, and other lifestyle factors associated with respiratory disease; changes in legislation concerning smoking and work-related respiratory disease; and, finally, the prevention of respiratory diseases through the use of immunization and screening tools.
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Lancaster, Diane Renee Novotny. COPING WITH APPRAISED THREAT OF BREAST CANCER: PRIMARY PREVENTION COPING BEHAVIORS UTILIZED BY WOMEN AT INCREASED RISK. 1991.
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School Based Prevention for Children at Risk: The Primary Mental Health Project. American Psychological Association (APA), 1996.
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Bradley, John C. The Psychopharmacological Treatment of Individuals at Risk of Recurrent Suicidal Behavior. Edited by Phillip M. Kleespies. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199352722.013.40.
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Mental illness is the primary risk factor for suicidal ideation, attempts, and completion. Effective treatment of the psychiatric condition is the foundational strategy to reduce the risk of suicide associated with these conditions, but few medications can be demonstrated to independently reduce the risk of suicide. This chapter will describe how psychopharmacological treatment can be included as a component of bio-psycho-social treatments within the context of a recovery model for suicide prevention. The evidence for medication therapies will be reviewed both for specific behavioral health conditions and for any reduced suicide risk independent of general therapeutic effects to treat underlying conditions. A framework strategy will be described for the integration of evidence-based clinical decision making to provide the most effective treatment that also specifically targets suicide risk for patients.
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Health Promotion for Pharmacists (Oxford Medical Publications). Oxford University Press, USA, 2000.
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Pequegnat, Willo, and Carl Bell. Family and HIV/AIDS: Cultural and Contextual Issues in Prevention and Treatment. Springer, 2014.
Find full textBook chapters on the topic "Primary prevention of risky behaviours"
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Moss, Antony C., and Kyle R. Dyer. "Primary prevention options for addictive behaviours." In Psychology of Addictive Behaviour, 124–34. London: Macmillan Education UK, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-0-230-36480-6_7.
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Hartmann-Boyce, Jamie, Nerys M. Astbury, and Susan A. Jebb. "Aetiology and management of obesity." In New Oxford Textbook of Psychiatry, edited by John R. Geddes, Nancy C. Andreasen, and Guy M. Goodwin, 1096–104. Oxford University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198713005.003.0107.
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In 2014, almost 2 billion adults had overweight or obesity, and prevalence continues to increase. The fundamental cause of obesity is an imbalance between energy expenditure and intake, but determinants of these behaviours are complex. Obesity is one of the most important preventable causes of morbidity and mortality, and its control is one of the most pressing issues facing modern health care systems. Primary prevention is vital, but many of the health risks can be mitigated by weight loss. There has been considerable progress in weight management interventions for adults, including behavioural programmes, pharmacotherapy, and surgeries, but management in children and adolescents remains more challenging. Weight regain post-intervention is common, and obesity needs to be managed as a chronic, relapsing condition with individual-level interventions offered on repeated occasions. Population-level interventions to curb the environmental drivers of obesity are important for primary prevention and to reinforce individual-level actions for weight control.
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Deaton, Christi, Margaret Cupples, and Kornelia Kotseva. "Settings and stakeholders." In ESC CardioMed, edited by Massimo Piepoli, 898–909. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198784906.003.0786_update_001.
Full textAbstract:
Cardiovascular disease remains a leading cause of death and disability globally, and cardiovascular prevention should take place everywhere. Reducing the burden of cardiovascular disease requires a concerted effort in multiple settings (primary care, acute care, community, and home), and from multiple stakeholders such as government, public health, non-governmental organizations, healthcare, industry, and individuals. Primary care provides the majority of healthcare to populations, and is in an optimal position to screen and assess patients for cardiovascular risk and deliver cardiovascular prevention. Improving screening, risk assessment, and use of evidence-based guidelines requires collaboration between specialist cardiology services and primary care. Nurse-led and multiprofessional teams are effective in delivering prevention across a variety of settings. Prevention should be a priority prior to patient discharge from hospital following an acute cardiovascular event, and should encompass both medications and advice regarding lifestyle behaviours. Secondary prevention through specialized prevention programmes is needed by patients in order to reduce the risk of subsequent events. Cardiac rehabilitation is one of the most effective methods of delivering prevention and improving patient well-being following an acute event or procedure. There is a need to get more patients participating by using alternative methods of delivery and ensuring that women, older patients, and those with low fitness are encouraged and supported to attend. Stakeholders such as government, non-governmental organizations, and industry have important roles to play in improving public health. Healthcare providers should disseminate their research in lay language, and play a role in advising on and supporting public health measures.
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Dryfoos, Joy G. "Prevention of Delinquency." In Adolescents at Risk. Oxford University Press, 1992. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780195072686.003.0013.
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As we have seen in Chapter 3 (Prevalence of Delinquency), the phrase “juvenile delinquency” may refer to the “continuum of behavior that transgresses social norms,” ranging from socially unacceptable behavior (acting out in school) to status offenses (running away) to criminal acts (burglary). This broad definition sets wide boundaries on a discussion of prevention. Preventing disruptive behavior in the early elementary grades is quite a different task from preventing major criminal acts among high-school-age gangs. The former focuses more on altering individual and family functioning, while the latter involves alterations in the peer culture, the school experience, and the broader social environment. In any case, a review of the literature on prevention of delinquency produces few programs that can be cited as models of primary prevention at early or late stages. A very small number of programs could generate evidence that they stopped the onset of delinquent behavior. Interventions were cited, however, that have an indirect effect on later delinquency by modifying “acting out” and conduct disorders at very early ages. Many of the programs discussed in the literature focus on secondary prevention, working with adjudicated juvenile delinquents to lower the rates of recidivism (repeat offenses), and almost none of those appear to meet with great success. The dearth of successful prevention programs in the area of delinquency is not surprising in light of the complexity of the problem and its deep-seated causes. The usual difficulties with evaluation design are compounded in this field by murky definitions. Repeated reviews of literally thousands of studies have produced almost none with adequate evaluations. Leitenberg’s commentary on the “state-of-the-art” is not very encouraging: . . . My thoughts about primary prevention programs in delinquency tend to be pessimistic. Unless the larger political, organizational, economic and social issues are addressed . . . we will make small headway. . . . I think the most productive area is not within the realm of psychology, sociology, psychiatry, social work, or criminology—it is within the area of politics. . .
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Isometsä, Erkki. "Suicide and suicidal behaviour." In Mental Disorders in Primary Care. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198746638.003.0012.
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Over 800 000 people are estimated to die worldwide by suicide. Based on psychological autopsy studies, nine out of ten subjects who die by suicide have likely suffered from a diagnosable mental disorder preceding death. Because primary health care in most countries provides services for the majority of patients with depressive or substance use disorders, this setting should be the first point of call for suicide prevention. However, despite this central importance, research on incidence and prevalence of suicide deaths, attempts, ideation, or risk factors for suicidal behaviour in primary care settings is quite limited. Information on risk factors is mostly extrapolated from psychiatric or general population epidemiological studies. For purposes of prevention, improving quality and continuity of care of depression and substance use disorders, as well as integrating brief psychosocial interventions into primary care to target suicidal behaviour, are factors of central importance.
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Wilson, Dawn K., and Sarah F. Griffin. "Health Promotion and Primary Prevention of Cancer." In Comprehensive Handbook of Childhood Cancer and Sickle Cell Disease. Oxford University Press, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780195169850.003.0030.
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There are a number of important preventable risk factors that have been associated with the prevalence and incidence of various types of cancers. These risk factors include sedentary lifestyle, poor diet, obesity, sun exposure, and tobacco use (Friedenreich & Orenstein, 2002; Healthy People 2010, 1998; Pappo, 2003; Slattery, Schumacher, West, Robison, & French, 1990). These risk factors are modifiable, and early prevention in childhood may reduce the likelihood of developing cancers such as melanoma and lung, colon, breast, prostate, and endometrial cancers (IARC Working Group, 2002). For example, according to the International Agency for Research on Cancer, between one fourth and one third of cancer cases may be attributed to the combined effects of obesity and physical inactivity (IARC Working Group, 2002), thus promoting both weight control and physical activity in youths may be beneficial for preventing cancer. Therefore, the identification of multiple risk factors that may be linked to cancer prevention that could be incorporated into prevention programs may be an effective approach for cancer prevention in youth. A social ecological model is presented in this chapter as a framework for understanding multilevel strategies for promoting healthy lifestyles to prevent cancer in youths (Bronfenbrenner, 1979, 1992; Wilson & Evans, 2003). According to the ecological model, health behavior is affected by intrapersonal, social, cultural, and physical environmental variables. A social ecological framework (McLeroy, Bibeau, Steckler, & Glanz, 1988) conceptualizes health behavior (e.g., physical activity) as affected by multiple levels of influence. Based on this social ecological model, five levels of influence are specified: (a) individual influences (e.g., biological and psychosocial); (b) interpersonal influences (e.g., family, peers); (c) institutional factors (e.g., school, work sites); (d) community factors (e.g., relationship among organizations, institutions, and social networks); and (e) public policy (e.g., laws and policies at the local, state, national, and international levels). In this model, health behaviors such as physical activity, nutrition, sun exposure, and tobacco use are conceptualized as a function of the interaction of individual, family, and peer influences and school, community, mass media, and public policy influences.
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Rihmer, Zoltán, and Wolfgang Rutz. "Early detection and management of suicidal patients in primary care." In Oxford Textbook of Suicidology and Suicide Prevention, edited by Danuta Wasserman and Camilla Wasserman, 437–46. Oxford University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198834441.003.0052.
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Although suicidal behaviour is a relatively rare event in society in general, it is very common among psychiatric patients who contact their general practitioners (GP) before the suicide event. The most common current psychiatric diagnosis among suicide victims and attempters is major depressive episodes. The current prevalence of major depressive episodes in GP practice is around 10%, but around half of these cases are not recognized and treated adequately by GPs. Successful acute and long-term treatment of depression significantly reduces the risk of suicidal behaviour. Given that more than half of all suicide victims contact their GPs within four weeks before their death, GPs play an important role in early detection and management of suicide risk. Several large-scale community studies and multilevel intervention programmes show that these activities improve the identification and treatment of depression and reduce the frequency of suicidal behaviour.
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Coid, Jeremy W. "Formulating strategies for the primary prevention of adult antisocial behaviour: “High risk” or ‘population’ strategies?" In Early Prevention of Adult Antisocial Behaviour, 32–78. Cambridge University Press, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/cbo9780511489259.003.
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Varela, Aimilia, Constantinos H. Davos, and Wolfram Doehner. "Diet and nutritional aspects of cardiac rehabilitation." In ESC Handbook of Cardiovascular Rehabilitation, 87–96. Oxford University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198849308.003.0010.
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Cardiac rehabilitation (CR) and prevention programmes aim to reduce total mortality and rehospitalization and increase health-related quality of life (HRQoL) by supporting behavioural changes such as healthier food habits. Nutritional studies have shown that an approach paying equal attention to what is consumed and what is excluded is more effective in preventing cardiovascular disease (CVD). Mediterranean and dietary approaches to stop hypertension (DASH) diets are the best studied dietary patterns. Both improve a variety of risk features and are associated with lower risk of clinical events in secondary prevention. Patients with acute coronary syndrome (ACS) may respond positively to simple dietary advices, whereas critically ill patients should be appropriately supported in order to reduce the risk of malnutrition and early death. Body weight management in patients with established CVD should be adjusted to individual conditions, risk factors (RFs), and comorbidities, and should be clearly distinguished from simple primary prevention strategies. Unintentional weight loss should be avoided, as an association with increased disease burden, frailty, and adverse outcome has been confirmed. Future studies should focus on the development of specific nutritional guidelines for these patients.
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Price, Alyson, and David Price. "Prevention and management of violence and aggression." In Oxford Textbook of Inpatient Psychiatry, edited by Alvaro Barrera, Caroline Attard, and Rob Chaplin, 131–40. Oxford University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198794257.003.0015.
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The prevention and management of violence and aggression (PMVA) in mental health inpatient settings raises a number of issues for staff involved in this type of intervention. The aim of this chapter is to outline some of the issues pertinent to staff and review historical and current influences for physical restraint. It discusses the physical risks that may be posed by a restraint, including prone restraint concerns, and reviews the public health model in relation to care planning around the management of disturbed behaviour—looking at the use of primary, secondary, and tertiary level interventions. In addition, the chapter discusses risk assessment and the decision-making process involved in a restraint. Finally, before considering the future directions of PMVA, legislation relevant to restraint is reviewed within the UK setting.
Conference papers on the topic "Primary prevention of risky behaviours"
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Šmejkalova, Kateřina, and Petr Sládek. "PREVENTION OF THE RISKY BEHAVIOR IN THE TRAFFIC AT PRIMARY AND SECONDARY SCHOOLS IN THE CZECH REPUBLIC." In International Technology, Education and Development Conference. IATED, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.21125/inted.2017.0777.
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Elosta, Hany, Thierry Gavouyere, and Pierrick Garnier. "Flexible Risers Lifetime Extension: Riser In-Service Monitoring and Advanced Analysis Techniques." In ASME 2017 36th International Conference on Ocean, Offshore and Arctic Engineering. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/omae2017-62700.
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The demand for the lifetime extension of flexible pipes is increasing due to the need to extend the lifetime of the existing production fields. There have been many challenges with the lifetime extension of flexible pipes after the end of the initial design service life due to the inherent conservatism with the common analysis approach, safety factors and operation beyond the design limits. A lifetime assessment should be performed on flexible risers for re-qualification during the original design life if the design envelope is exceeded or there is a need for lifetime extension. Hence, a systematic approach for lifetime assessment execution is established to determine the integrity level of the flexible risers and define the recommended actions required, such as mitigations, repairs or monitoring to maintain an acceptable risk for the required extended service life based on consistent methodology. The primary objective of this paper is to present a riser integrity management field-proven technology to monitor the riser’s behaviour in-service in addition to the advanced analyses guidelines to form a basis for the lifetime extension of flexible risers. The primary objective for the integrity management is to manage and control the risk of failure by detecting failure at an earlier stage when preventive action can be taken to avoid failure propagation. In addition, it is demonstrated that the primary hot-spots for the dynamic behaviour and fatigue life assessments of the flexible risers are primarily in bend stiffener regions and the touchdown zone (TDZ) due to large tension fluctuations caused by vessel motions and cyclic movement in the TDZ. Therefore, analysis techniques have been developed in two primary areas: advanced bend stiffener modelling using pipe-in-pipe (PIP) to model the sliding friction and the bend stiffener/flexible pipe’s annular space and flexible pipe–seabed interaction modelling using a non-linear seabed model. Therefore, the flexible riser’s lifetime extension assessment will be based on more reliable models that reflect the realistic and dynamic behaviour of the flexible risers. Consequently, these advanced analysis techniques can be used for new designs or lifetime extension of flexible pipes.
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Midou, Mickael, Julien Ninet, Alexandre Girard, and Jean-Me´laine Favennec. "Estimation of SG TSP Blockage: Innovative Monitoring Through Dynamic Behavior Analysis." In 18th International Conference on Nuclear Engineering. ASMEDC, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/icone18-29458.
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EDF operates a fleet of 58 Pressurized Water Reactors (PWR). The “health” of the Steam Generators (SGs) is an essential element contributing to the overall thermal efficiency of a PWR, and finally to the availability of the unit. Among the health issues that may affect SGs, secondary-side corrosion products transport in PWRs may lead to many problems: various contaminants, both particulates and dissolved species, will unavoidably accumulate and concentrate in the Steam Generator. One consequence is the fouling of the heat transfer and support structure interfaces within the SG on the secondary side, especially the U-tubes (fouling deposits on the outer walls of the U-tubes), and the tube support plates (TSPs) that support the U-tubes. The accumulation of the corrosion products may lead to 3 main safety risks that must be monitored: fluid-elastic instability of tubes in flow-accelerated areas, a reduction in SG water mass inventory and an increase in the risk of water level oscillation. It has also significant performance issues because of the decision to power derate of some EDF PWRs. Thus, a global strategy to monitor the fouling and TSP blockage issues and to schedule preventive and curative actions has been designed and is under deployment by EDF nuclear operator. This dedicated periodic test relies on the recording of the following measurements in stabilized configuration: steam pressure, feedwater flowrate and temperature, primary circuit temperatures, SG blowdown flowrate and SG water level (wide and narrow range). A more precise monitoring of potential TSP blockage situations would be an interesting help to operation and maintenance strategies: deposit build-up in TSP foils could be minimized, preventive chemical cleaning operations could be scheduled and a more efficient fleet wide SG Management Program (SGMP) could be designed in accordance with secondary side deposit issues. Consequently, EDF R&D is experimenting a new method based on modeling dynamics behavior of SGs to assess a spatially distributed estimator of the TSP blockage ratio. This method, based on a 1D physical model of the SG that simulates the complex dynamics of the two-phase flow phenomena inside the SG, consists in computing the wide range water level responses according to various configurations during a particular transient which is particularly sensitive to this phenomenon. The TSP blockage ratio estimator is then obtained by comparing the computed response curves to those measured on-site. This new method has the potential advantages of being fully non-invasive, of providing a quarterly update of the TSPs blockage estimator, and of requiring no additional measurements by processing available plant data. It is also capable of estimating the efficiency of a chemical cleaning after restarting the plant and checking the evolution and kinetics of eventual TSP re-blockage.
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Reveth, V., R. Giron Rojas, N. Gupta, and E. Gonzaga. "Achieving Long Term Well Integrity: An Engineered Solution for Production Casing in a Deepwater Environment." In SPE Energy Resources Conference. SPE, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/spe-169910-ms.
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Abstract In a deepwater environment, any remedial operation has a high impact on the overall costs during the life of the wells. The zonal isolation can be compromised due to the exposure of the well's main components (casing and cement) to the changes in the stress conditions. The changes in wellbore conditions can occur during the drilling, production, intervention, and decommissioning stages. Typically, conditions such as fluid pathway and high formation pressure are sufficient to lose zonal isolation. The fluid pathway can be a fissure, an induced crack in the cement sheath, a mud channel, a micro-microannulus, or changes in the cement matrix permeability. As a result of the oil industry technology developments, progresses, the advanced stress-modelling software and the availability of cement and rock properties property data have enabled to an improved understanding of the cement behavior under stress. Prevention of the loss of the hydraulic isolation provided by the primary cementing in the annulus can be assessed by predicting the mechanical failure of the cement sheath. Formation geo-mechanics is one of the main factors that help in designing a robust cement system for changing stresses. Furthermore, the consequence result of the cement sheath failure can be mitigated by the placement of placing a self-healing cement (SHC) system to maintain long-term zonal isolation. An interdisciplinary approach can be used to determine the following: Understand the impact of the well plan, and fluid densities on well integrity, in addition to cementing best practices.Characterize typical deepwater field formations, and establish limits for geo-mechanical values of each layer.Identify critical factors and focus on the pay zones.Understand potential issues and communication between the pay zones and the aquifers that are already previously confirmed.Determine risk of zonal communication assessment, mitigation, and prevention measurement implementations Once the formation data is validated by the operator, the life cycle of the well is simulated and the risk of zonal isolation can be evaluated. The results of this assessment can help the operator choose between to take the approach of mitigation, prevention, or a combination of both. The objective is to place a robust cement sheath with advanced mechanical performance in the pay zones that can resist the failures due to changing stresses during the well testing and production. This paper uses presents examples from a deepwater development field to show how cement systems with advanced mechanical properties counter the critical stresses during the lifecycle of a well and maintain zonal isolation.
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Birch, Jack, Rebecca Jones, Julia Mueller, Matthew McDonald, Rebecca Richards, Michael Kelly, Simon Griffin, and Amy Ahern. "A systematic review of inequalities in the uptake of, adherence to and effectiveness of behavioural weight management interventions." In Building Bridges in Medical Science 2021. Cambridge Medicine Journal, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.7244/cmj.2021.03.001.1.
Full textAbstract:
Background: It has been suggested that interventions focusing on individual behaviour change, such as behavioural weight management interventions, may exacerbate health inequalities. These intervention-generated inequalities may occur at different stages, including intervention uptake, adherence and effectiveness. We conducted a systematic review to synthesise evidence on how different measures of inequality moderate the uptake of, adherence to and effectiveness of behavioural weight management interventions in adults. Methods: We updated a previous systematic literature review from the US Preventive Services Taskforce to identify trials of behavioural weight management interventions in adults that could be conducted in or recruited from primary care. Medline, Cochrane database (CENTRAL) and PsycINFO were searched. Only randomised controlled trials and cluster-randomised controlled trials were included. Two investigators independently screened articles for eligibility and conducted risk of bias assessment. We curated publication families for eligible trials. The PROGRESS-Plus acronym (place of residence, race/ethnicity, occupation, gender, religion, education, socioeconomic status, social capital, plus other discriminating factors) was used to consider a comprehensive range of health inequalities. Data on trial uptake, intervention adherence, weight change, and PROGRESS-Plus related-data were extracted. Results: Data extraction in currently underway. A total of 108 studies are included in the review. Data will be synthesised narratively and through the use of Harvest Plots. A Harvest plot for each PROGRESS-Plus criterion will be presented, showing whether each trial found a negative, positive or no health inequality gradient. We will also identify potential sources of unpublished original research data on these factors which can be synthesised through a future individual participant data meta- analysis. Conclusions and implications: The review findings will contribute towards the consideration of intervention-generated inequalities by researchers, policy makers and healthcare and public health practitioners. Authors of trials included in the completed systematic review may be invited to collaborate on a future IPD meta-analysis. PROSPERO registration number: CRD42020173242