Relevant bibliographies by topics / Primary indicator

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  1. Journal articles
  2. Dissertations / Theses
  3. Books
  4. Book chapters
  5. Conference papers
  6. Reports

Academic literature on the topic 'Primary indicator'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 30 May 2022
Last updated: 31 May 2022

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Journal articles on the topic "Primary indicator"

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Fiorentino, G., F. Annibali, G. Clementini, R. Contreras Ramos, M. Marconi, I. Musella, A. Saha, M. Tosi, A. Aloisi, and R. van der Marel. "Ultralong-period Cepheids: a possible primary distance indicator?" Proceedings of the International Astronomical Union 8, S289 (August 2012): 282–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1743921312021552.

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AbstractWe present a project that aims to provide a complete theoretical and observational framework for an as yet unexplored class of variable stars, the ultralong-period Cepheids (P longer than 80–100 days). Given their very high luminosities (MV up to −7 mag), with the Hubble Space Telescope we will be able to observe them easily in stellar systems located at large distances (~ 100 Mpc). This limit will be further increased, out to the Hubble flow (~ 350 Mpc), using future ground-based facilities such as the European Extremely Large Telescope. The nature of their pulsation is as yet unclear, as is their evolutionary status, which seems different from the central helium-burning phase generally associated with classical Cepheids. These objects have been found to cover a very large metallicity range, from [Fe/H] ~ −2 dex to solar values, and they are located in heterogeneous stellar systems, from dwarf to spiral galaxies. Once completely characterized, they could provide a crucial test, since they have been found in all Type Ia supernova host spiral galaxies that have been monitored for variability over long periods and that currently offer sound constraints on the estimated value of the Hubble constant.
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Khammissa, R. A. G., N. H. Wood, R. Meyerov, J. Lemmer, E. J. Raubenheimer, and Liviu Feller. "Primary Oral Tuberculosis as an Indicator of HIV Infection." Pathology Research International 2011 (December 20, 2011): 1–4. http://dx.doi.org/10.4061/2011/893295.

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We present a case of primary oral tuberculosis that led to the diagnosis of HIV infection. Our patient had clinically nonspecific ulcers on the labial mucosa and on the ventral surface of the tongue which were diagnosed as being tuberculous only on histological examination. This raised the suspicion of HIV infection that was subsequently confirmed by blood tests. The oral lesions resolved after 4 weeks of antituberculosis treatment. Some aspects of the pathogenesis of HIV-tuberculosis coinfection are discussed.
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Nagpal, Shubha, and AdityaKailas Khadamkar. "Corneal endothelial density: An indicator for primary glaucoma progression." Sudanese Journal of Ophthalmology 12, no. 2 (2020): 46. http://dx.doi.org/10.4103/sjopthal.sjopthal_5_20.

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Syamsudin, Amir, Budiyono Budiyono, and Sutrisno Sutrisno. "Model of affective assessment of primary school students." Research and Evaluation in Education 2, no. 1 (June 30, 2016): 25. http://dx.doi.org/10.21831/reid.v2i1.8307.

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This study aims to develop an instrument of affective assessment to measure the social competence of elementary school students in the learning process in schools. This study used the development model of Borg & Gall’s approach which was modified into five phases, including the need analyses, developing draft of the product conducted by experts, developing an affective assessment instrument, trying out the affective assessment instrument conducted by teachers of primary education in Yogyakarta, and the dissemination and implementation of the developed affective assessment instrument. The subjects were elementary school students whose school implemented Curriculum 2013 in the academic year of 2013/2014. The validity and reliability of each construct of the affective instrument were established using the PLS SEM Wrap PLS 3.0 analysis program. The study finds the following results. First, the construct of Honesty, Discipline, Responsibility, Decency, Care, and Self-Confidence in the limited, main, and extended testing has been supported by empirical data. Second, the validity of Honesty, Discipline, Responsibility, Decency, Care, and Self-Confidence in the limited, main, and extended testing meets the criteria above 0.70 for each indicator of the loading factor and the criteria below 0.50 for each indicator score of the cross-loading factor. Third, the reliability of Honesty, Discipline, Responsibility, Decency, Care, and Self-Confidence in limited, main, and extended testing meets the criteria above 0.70 for both composite reliability and Cronbach’s alpha scores. Fourth, the number of indicators at preresearch was 53, and 10 indicators were rejected in the limited testing, and four indicators were rejected in the main testing, and one indicator was rejected in the extended testing.
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Mariz Batista, Almária, Zenewton André da Silva Gama, and Dyego Souza. "Validation of the QualiPresc instrument for assessing the quality of drug prescription writing in primary health care." PLOS ONE 17, no. 5 (May 11, 2022): e0267707. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0267707.

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Introduction Adverse events related to drug prescriptions are the main patient safety issue in primary care; however there is a lack of validated instruments for assessing the quality of prescription writing, which covers the prescriber, the patient and the drug information. Objective To develop and validate the QualiPresc instrument to assess and monitor the quality of drug prescriptions in primary care, accompanied by a self-instruction direction, with the goal of filling the gap in validated instruments to assess the quality of prescription writing. Methodology A validation study conducted in a municipality in Northeastern Brazil, based on prescriptions prepared in January 2021 by physicians assigned to 18 Basic Health Units and filed in 6 distribution/dispensing units. Four steps were covered: 1) Analysis of content validity of each indicator (relevance and adequacy); 2) Analysis of reliability via intra and inter-rater agreement of each indicator; 3) Analysis of the utility of each indicator; 4) Construction and analysis of the reliability of a weighted composite indicator based on effectiveness and safety scores for each indicator. Results Twenty-nine potential indicators were listed, but only 13 were approved for validity, reliability and usefulness. Twelve indicators were excluded because of validity (<90% validity index) and four because they were not useful in the context of the study. Three weighted composite indicators were tested, but only one was approved for reliability and usefulness. The validated instrument therefore contains 13 indicators and 1 weighted composite indicator. Conclusion This study demonstrates the validity, reliability and usefulness of QualiPresc for the evaluation of prescription writing in the context of primary care. Application to contexts such as secondary care and tertiary care requires cross-cultural adaptation and new content validity. Educators, managers and health care professionals can access QualiPresc online, free of charge, to assess performance and provide feedback involving drug prescribers.
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Su, Steven, Siew Cheng Phua, Robert DeRose, Shuhei Chiba, Keishi Narita, Peter N. Kalugin, Toshiaki Katada, Kenji Kontani, Sen Takeda, and Takanari Inoue. "Genetically encoded calcium indicator illuminates calcium dynamics in primary cilia." Nature Methods 10, no. 11 (September 22, 2013): 1105–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nmeth.2647.

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Parker, C., R. S. Rampaul, S. E. Pinder, J. A. Bell, P. M. Wencyk, R. W. Blamey, R. I. Nicholson, J. F. R. Robertson, and I. O. Ellis. "E-cadherin as a prognostic indicator in primary breast cancer." British Journal of Cancer 85, no. 12 (December 2001): 1958–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1054/bjoc.2001.2178.

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Tree, Julia A., Martin R. Adams, and David N. Lees. "Chlorination of Indicator Bacteria and Viruses in Primary Sewage Effluent." Applied and Environmental Microbiology 69, no. 4 (April 2003): 2038–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aem.69.4.2038-2043.2003.

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ABSTRACT Wastewater disinfection is used in many countries for reducing fecal coliform levels in effluents. Disinfection is therefore frequently used to improve recreational bathing waters which do not comply with microbiological standards. It is unknown whether human enteric viruses (which are responsible for waterborne disease) are simultaneously inactivated alongside fecal coliforms. This laboratory study focused on the chlorination of primary treated effluent with three doses (8, 16, and 30 mg/liter) of free chlorine as sodium hypochlorite. Seeding experiments showed that inactivation (>5 log10 units) of Escherichia coli and Enterococcus faecalis was rapid and complete but that there was poor inactivation (0.2 to 1.0 log10 unit) of F+-specific RNA (FRNA) bacteriophage (MS2) (a potential virus indicator) at all three doses. However, seeded poliovirus was significantly more susceptible (2.8 log10 units) to inactivation by chlorine than was the FRNA bacteriophage. To ensure that these results were not artifacts of the seeding process, comparisons were made between inactivation rates of laboratory-seeded organisms in sterilized sewage and inactivation rates of organisms occurring naturally in sewage. Multifactorial analysis of variance showed that there was no significant difference (P > 0.05) between the inactivation rates for seeded and naturally occurring FRNA bacteriophage. However, laboratory-grown poliovirus was inactivated much more rapidly than were naturally occurring, indigenous enteroviruses (P < 0.001). This may reflect differences in the way indigenous virus is presented to the disinfectant. Inactivation rates for indigenous enteroviruses were quite similar to those seen for FRNA bacteriophage at lower doses of chlorine. These results have significance for the effectiveness of chlorination as a sewage treatment process, particularly where virus contamination is of concern, and suggest that FRNA bacteriophage would be an appropriate indicator of such viral inactivation under field conditions.
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Ghose, Subroto. "Substance-Induced Psychosis: An Indicator of Development of Primary Psychosis?" American Journal of Psychiatry 175, no. 4 (April 2018): 303–4. http://dx.doi.org/10.1176/appi.ajp.2018.17121395.

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Reise, Steve P., and Craig J. Oliver. "Development of a California Q-Set Indicator of Primary Psychopathy." Journal of Personality Assessment 62, no. 1 (February 1994): 130–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1207/s15327752jpa6201_12.

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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Primary indicator"

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Chan, Wing-kwong, and 陳榮光. "A study of the development of quality indicator systems in Hong Kong primary schools: a case study." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 1998. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B31960017.

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Chan, Wing-kwong. "A study of the development of quality indicator systems in Hong Kong primary schools : a case study /." Hong Kong : University of Hong Kong, 1998. http://sunzi.lib.hku.hk/hkuto/record.jsp?B20057957.

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Deininger, Layza de Souza Chaves. "Internações por condições sensíveis à atenção primária como indicador de desempenho da rede de cuidados de saúde." Universidade Federal da Paraíba, 2015. http://tede.biblioteca.ufpb.br:8080/handle/tede/7967.

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Submitted by Maike Costa (maiksebas@gmail.com) on 2016-03-11T11:40:35Z No. of bitstreams: 1 arquivototal.pdf: 1638271 bytes, checksum: e2629241526c1bc07d5eb288f2e080e5 (MD5)
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Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES
Sensitive Conditions Primary health problems are treated by typical actions of the first level of health care, so that in situations of absence of effective service requires the use of specialized services in hospitals. Thus, hospitalizations are used as indicators to assess and monitor the effectiveness of Primary Health Care. The study is justified by the need to advance the discussion on health indicators to support managers in the decision-making process with regard to the proper planning of health actions that are often distorted and generate financial losses due to failure in planning, so that meet the needs of users of health services, primarily in the area of primary care while ordinate of health care. It is an exploratory, descriptive, ecological and inferential with quantitative and qualitative approaches. Quantitative results were analyzed based on the hypothesis tests for equal proportions and trends in proportions. Qualitative analysis was performed based on discourse analysis technique to shed proposed by José Luiz Fiorin. There was a downward trend in hospitalizations caused by primary care-sensitive conditions. in the city of João Pessoa/PB, from 2008 to 2013. However, there was an average of 16% of hospital expenses with preventable diseases. Analysis of the 19 groups of hospitalizations sensitive conditions. revealed that three groups (16%) did not show any trend and seven groups (37%) had growing trend of admissions. It was also observed that there are weaknesses in the planning process managers; failures in the network of health care and professional work process. It is suggested continuous investment in primary care in order to strengthen services so that health actions are carried out in an efficient and timely manner, aiming to avoid Sensitive Conditions Hospitalization for primary care; reduction in financial costs and unnecessary access to the services offered by the municipal health.
Condições Sensíveis à Atenção Primária são problemas de saúde tratados por ações típicas do primeiro nível de atenção à saúde, de modo que, em situações de ausência de atendimento efetivo, requer o uso de serviços especializados em hospitais. Dessa forma, as internações são utilizadas como indicadores para avaliar e monitorar a efetividade da Atenção Primária à Saúde (APS). O estudo se justifica pela necessidade de fazer avançar a discussão sobre os indicadores de saúde para subsidiar os gestores no processo de tomada de decisão no tocante ao planejamento adequado das ações de saúde que muitas vezes são distorcidas e geram prejuízos financeiros por falhas no planejamento, de modo a que atendam as necessidades dos usuários dos serviços de saúde, prioritariamente, na área da atenção primária enquanto ordenadora do cuidado em saúde. Trata-se de um estudo exploratório, descritivo, ecológico e inferencial com abordagens quantitativa e qualitativa. Os resultados quantitativos foram analisados a partir dos testes de hipóteses para igualdade de proporções e tendências de proporções. A análise qualitativa foi realizada com base na técnica de Análise de Discurso na vertente proposta por José Luiz Fiorin. Observou-se uma tendência decrescente das proporções de Internação por Condições Sensíveis à Atenção Primária (ICSAP) no município de João Pessoa/PB, no período de 2008 a 2013. Contudo, houve uma média de gastos hospitalares de 16% com doenças evitáveis. A análise dos 19 grupos de ICSAP revelou que, três grupos (16%) não apresentavam nenhum tipo de tendência e sete grupos (37%) apresentavam tendência crescente de internações. Também foi possível observar que existem fragilidades no processo de planejamento dos gestores; falhas na rede de atenção à saúde e no processo de trabalho dos profissionais. Sugere-se investimentos contínuos na Atenção Primária, no intuito de fortalecer os serviços, para que as ações de saúde sejam realizadas de forma eficiente e oportuna, objetivando evitar as Internações por Condições Sensíveis à Atenção Primária; diminuição de gastos financeiros e acessos desnecessários aos serviços oferecidos pela saúde municipal.
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Zhang, Chao. "The photochemical reflectance index (PRI) as an indicator of changes in photosynthetic dynamics and gross primary productivity in response to climate change." Doctoral thesis, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/457747.

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Quantificar les dinàmiques fotosintètiques des de diferents escales espacio-temporals és molt important en la recerca de l’absorció de carboni, particularment en les condicions actuals de canvi climàtic. L’índex de reflectància fotoquímica (PRI) ha demostrat ser útil per estimar de forma remota el funcionament la vegetació i constitueix un mètode prometedor per estimar la productivitat primària bruta (GPP) a escala global. Als últims anys, diversos treballs han presentat possibles millores en la comprensió i formulació del PRI per tal de millorar la seva aplicabilitat a escales espacials i temporals més grans. El principal objectiu d’aquesta tesi va ser clarificar els mecanismes que causen la variabilitat del PRI i avaluar l’aplicabilitat de PRI per detectar les dinàmiques fotosintètiques i l’absorció de carboni sota diferents condicions d’estrès i a diferents escales espacio-temporals. En aquesta tesi es van plantejar tres objectius al llarg de sis capítols. El primer objectiu va ser resumir els principals factors que afecten la variació del PRI segons les publicacions més recents, també la relació entre PRI i RUE (eficiència en l’ús de la radiació)/GPP i altres variables al llarg de les escales diària i estacional i a nivell foliar de coberta i d’ecosistema, i també les millores en la implementació del PRI. El segon objectiu va ser avaluar la capacitat del PRI per seguir les dinàmiques de l‘activitat fotosintètica estacional d’espècies perennifòlies i sota estressos hídrics i de temperatura. L’objectiu final va ser avaluar si el PRI obtingut amb MODIS (MODerate resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer) pot ser utilitzat per detectar els efectes de les sequeres severes en la GPP i l’emissió d’isoprè a nivell d’ecosistema. La principal conclusió d’aquesta tesi en el primer capítol va ser que el PRI és un bon estimador de la RUE i el GPP a diferents escales espacials i temporals i que a escala temporal curta està controlat principalment pels canvis facultatius en els pigments del cicle de les xantofil·les, mentre que a escala temporal llarga ho està pels canvis constitutius en el contingut de clorofil·les i carotenoides. Una altra conclusió és que es pot millorar la estimació de la RUE i el GPP corregint el PRI per disminuir els efectes dels factors físics i fisiològics que l’afecten, i també combinant PRI amb índexs de fluorescència induïda pel sol (SIF) o índexs convencionals de biomassa verda. El segon capítol mostra com l’espectre de fluorescència a nivell de fulla te un potencial similar a totes les longituds d’ona (de 670 a 800 nm) per seguir les dinàmiques estacional de la fotosíntesi durant el període de recuperació a la primavera en fules de pi roig, i que PRI i WI (índex d’aigua) també van ser bons indicadors de la recuperació de la fotosíntesi. El tercer capítol demostra que ambdós, el PRI i un índex de fluorescència basat en reflectància (R690/R630), no nomes van ser sensibles a un estrès hídric progressiu sinó que també van ser sensibles a la recuperació de la fotosíntesi en fulles d’una espècie perennifòlia mediterrània. El capítol quatre mostra que PRI i ΔPRI (PRI al matí menys PRI al migdia) van poder seguir l’estacionalitat i la depressió del migdia de la fotosíntesi en un matollar mediterrani en resposta a la sequera i escalfament experimentals. Al capítol cinquè la conclusió va ser que el PRI calculat amb MODIS normalitzat per la llum absorbida (APAR) (sPRIn) va detectar els efectes dels esdeveniments de sequera en la GPP de boscos mediterranis, però no en ecosistemes de prats. En el capítol final vaig concloure que el PRI és un índex prometedor per estimar les emissions d’isoprè, especialment quan es complementa amb informació sobre els potencials d’emissió.
Quantifying photosynthetic dynamics from different spatiotemporal scales is highly important for carbon uptake research, particularly under ongoing climate changes. The photochemical reflectance index (PRI) has shown to be useful to remotely asses the physiological functioning of vegetation and it constitutes a promising method to estimate gross primary productivity (GPP) at global scale. In the last years, several works have presented possible improvements on PRI understanding and formulation to improve its applicability at larger temporal and spatial scales. The main objective of this dissertation was to clarify the mechanisms that elicit the variability in PRI and to evaluate the applicability of PRI in detecting photosynthetic dynamics and carbon uptake under various stress conditions at different spatiotemporal scales. Three special objectives were addressed in six chapters in this thesis. The first objective was to summarize the main factors that affect PRI variation according the most recent publications, also the relationships between PRI and RUE/GPP and other ecophysiological variables across diurnal and seasonal scales at foliar, canopy and ecosystemic levels, as well as the improvements in PRI implementation. The second objective was to evaluate the capacity of PRI in monitoring the dynamics of photosynthetic activity of evergreen species seasonally or under water or temperature stresses. The last objective was to assess whether the PRI retrieved from MODerate resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) can be utilized to detect the effects of extreme drought on GPP and isoprenoid emissions at ecosystem scale. The main conclusion of this thesis in the first chapter was that PRI is a good proxy of RUE and GPP at different spatial and temporal scales and was mainly constrained by facultative changes of xanthophyll-cycle pigments at short-term scales and by constitutive changes of chlorophyll and carotenoid pool sizes at long-term scales. Correcting PRI to decrease the effects of physical or physiological factors or combining PRI with solar-induced fluorescence (SIF) and conventional greenness biomass indices could greatly improve remote estimation of RUE and GPP. The second chapter showed that leaf-level fluorescence spectra from all wavelengths (670 to 800 nm) have similar potential to track the dynamics of photosynthetic seasonality during spring recovery period in Scots pine needles and that PRI and WI also acted as good indicators to track the recovery of photosynthesis. The third chapter demonstrated that both PRI and reflectance-ratio based fluorescence (R690/R630) were not only sensitive to progressively enhanced drought stress but also sensitive enough to the recovery of photosynthesis for Mediterranean evergreen leaves. The fourth chapter illustrated that PRI and ΔPRI (morning PRI subtracted from midday PRI) were able to monitor the seasonality and the midday depression of photosynthesis of Mediterranean evergreen shrub in response to experimental warming and drought. In the fifth chapter the conclusion was that the MODIS PRI normalized by absorbed light (APAR) (sPRIn) detected the effects of drought events on GPP for Mediterranean forest but not for grassland ecosystem. In the final chapter we concluded that PRI is a promising index to estimate isoprene emissions, especially when it is complemented by information on potential emission.
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Maggiano, Corey Michael. "Histomorphometry of Humeral Primary Bone: Evaluating the Endosteal Lamellar Pocket as an Indicator of Modeling Drift in Archaeological and Modern Skeletal Samples." The Ohio State University, 2012. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1338414475.

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Goorochurn, Ranesha. "Perte d'homogénéité du teint chez la femme à peau mature : approches biométrologique et cellulaire du lentigo actinique." Thesis, Besançon, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016BESA3002/document.

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La couleur de la peau chez un individu, appelée teint ou complexion, évolue au cours du temps et dépend de facteurs extrinsèques et intrinsèques. Une perte de son homogénéité est liée à l'apparition de lésions cutanées hyperpigmentées. Elles sont notamment provoquées par une exposition chronique au soleil et apparaissent avec l'âge, comme dans le cas du lentigo actinique. Si cette lésion hyperpigmentée bénigne est bien caractérisée à l'échelle macroscopique, peu d'études explorent ses fonctions cutanées grâce à des outils non invasifs. À l'échelle cellulaire et moléculaire, cette lésion hyperpigmentée bénigne résulte d'une altération du processus de pigmentation lors de la régulation du phénomène de photo-protection cutané. Si le modèle actuel d'une perte de cette régulation prend en compte l'altération du dialogue fonctionnel entre les couches épidermique et dermique, aucune étude ne décrit les caractéristiques fonctionnelles des cellules primaires extraites du lentigo actinique. Le premier objectif de mon projet a consisté en une exploration fonctionnelle du lentigo actinique par l'utilisation de divers paramètres biométrologiques. L'étude a été réalisée sur une cohorte de 80 femmes dont certaines présentent peu (grade 1) et, d'autres plusieurs, lentigosactiniques (grade 2) sur le visage. Après illustration du grade par une mesure photographique, différentes approches biométrologiques ont quantifié les taux de sébum, de mélanine, d'hémoglobine, d'hydratation, de réflexion de la lumière et de couleur (L *, a*, b* et lT A). Les résultats des analyses statistiques montrent que 1) la quantité de sébum discrimine les territoires cutanés de la joue et du front, 2) les taux de mélanine, d'hémoglobine, de réflexion de la lumière et de couleur sont différentiels entre les zones lésées (lentigo actinique) et non lésées, adjacentes au sein du territoire de la joue chez un volontaire, 3)que la diminution des taux de réflexion de la lumière et d'hémoglobine, ainsi que l'augmentation du taux d'hydratation, est observée au sein de la zone lésée entre les grades I et 2. L'ensemble de ces données ont mis en évidence certains paramètres biométrologiques comme indicateurs du territoire cutané, de la zone lésée vs non lésée et de l'évolution (grade 2 vs I) du lentigo actinique.Le second objectif a porté sur une analyse morphologique et fonctionnelle des fibroblastes primaires du lentigo actinique. L'étude a été réalisée sur une cohorte de 10 volontaires sur lesquels deux biopsies contenant les zones lésées et non lésées, adjacentes ont été prélevées. À partir de ces biopsies, les fibroblastes primaires humains ont été mis en culture. Une approche d'immunotluorescence révèle que les fibroblastes de lentigo actinique (FL) et ceux de la zone saine adjacente (FS) n'ont pas les mêmes caractéristiques morphologiques avec une organisation différentielle de leur cytosquelette d'actine. Une approche fonctionnelle montre que les FL ont une diminution de leur activité métabolique, de leur taux de prolifération et de leur capacité migratoire. À l'inverse, les FL sont dotés d'une augmentation de leur capacité sécrétoire en terme de facteurs solubles. Notre modèle in vitro de fibroblastes primaires (couples FL/FS), qui présentent des similitudes avec les caractéristiques décrites in vivo, représenterait un modèle cellulaire adéquat pour tester des principes actifs dont l'efficacité permettrait de réduire l'hétérogénéité du teint chez les femmes à peaux matures. Ces deux objectifs, qui ont été réalisés par des approches en recherche clinique et translationnelle, ont permis de mettre en évidence des indicateurs et des biomarqueurs du lentigoactinique qui permettront de mieux comprendre l'impact des facteurs intrinsèques et extrinsèques dans la perte d'homogénéité du teint liée au lentigo actinique
Based on extrinsic and intrinsic factors, skin complexion of an individual evolves in time. The Joss of its homogeneity is linked to the appearance of hyperpigmented les ions. The latters are induced by chronic sun exposure and appear with the age, as in the solar lentigo disorder. Despite its well-known characterization at the macroscopic levels, only few studies explore the skin fonctions of the solar lentigo with non-invasive tools. At the cellular and molecular levels, this lesion results from an altered process of pigmentation that is involved in the regulation of the cutaneous photo-protection. Despite the changes of the functional dialogue between the epiderrnic and derrnic layers, no study describes the functional characteristics of primary ce lis isolated from the solar lentigo. The first aim of my project consisted on a functional exploration of the solar lentigo by the use of diverse biometrological parameters. The study was carried out on a cohort of 80 women, some of them had few (grade l) and others many solar lentiges (grade 2) on their faces. Thanks to photographie measurements to determine the grade, various biometrological approaches had quantified the rates of sebum, melanin, hemoglobin, moisturizing, light reflection and the colour (L *, a*, b* and 1T A). Results of the statistical analyses revealed that the quantity of sebumdiscriminates the skin territories of the cheek and forehead, 2) the rates of melanin, hemoglobin, light reflection and the colour were differential between affected (solar lentigo) and not affected zones, within the volunteers' cheek territory, and 3) decreased rates of light reflection and hemoglobin, as well as, increased rate moisturizing, were observed within the lesional zone between both grades. Altogether, our data highlighted some of the biometrological parameters, as indicators of the skin territory, the lesional vs non lesional areas and the progression (grade 2 vs 1) of solar lentigo The second aim covered morphological and functional analyses of the solar lentigo's primary fibroblasts. This study was carried out on a cohort of 10 volunteers and two biopsies, containing the peri-lesional and lesional areas, were taken from each person. From these biopsies, human primary fibroblasts were isolated and grown. An immunofluorescence approach revealed that the fibroblasts of solar lentigo (FL) and those from adjacent healthy areas (FS) did not depict similar morphological characteristics with a differential organization of their actin cytoskeleton. Functional approaches demonstrated that FL displayed decrease of their metabolic activity, theirproliferation rates and their migration capacity, compared to FS. On the contrary, FL showed increased secretion capacity in terms of soluble factors. Our in vitro mode! of primary fibroblasts(FL/FS), which showed similarities with in vivo fibroblast's characteristics, might be considered as an appropriate cellular mode! to test active principles targeting skin complexion heterogeneity in women with mature skin. Using clinicat and translational research approaches, both objectives highlighted indicators and biomarkers of the solar lentigo. This work contributed to better understand the impact of the intrinsic and extrinsic factors in the Joss of complexion homogeneitv
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Gill, Peter John. "Developing paediatric quality indicators for UK general practice." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2013. http://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:1837f24f-e501-4e56-906d-6080191f09cb.

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The overall aim of this thesis is to define a candidate set of quality indicators that are evidence-based, feasible to implement, and have the potential to improve the quality of care provided for children in UK general practice. The indicators were developed using a three-stage process. First, the areas and aspects of care of highest priority for quality indicator development were identified. This was achieved by seeking the views of primary care clinicians and by undertaking a formal analysis of unplanned hospital admissions for ambulatory care sensitive conditions. Then, the evidence-base to underpin indicator development was identified through an overview of Cochrane systematic reviews of interventions relevant to the primary care of children. A search of SIGN and NICE national guidelines was also conducted to inform the evidence-base. Lastly, an expert panel determined the formulation and selection of indicators by applying the RAND appropriateness methodology. This process created a final set of 26 quality indicators in six priority areas: early recognition of potentially serious illness (n=7); child protection and safeguarding (n=4); mental health (n=4); health promotion (n=1); routinely managed conditions (n=6); and general practice management (n=4). The main strength of these indicators is that they reflect a strong professional consensus on their validity and feasibility. The main weakness is that the indicators are underpinned by evidence mainly derived from expert opinion rather than formal research; the requirement for professional consensus means that they do not challenge existing models of care delivery.
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Thacker, Lauren E. "Relationship-Based Care: Primary Nursing as a Practice and Outcomes to Evaluate Effectiveness." The Ohio State University, 2014. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1397642758.

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Saltarelli, Wesley Aparecido. "Metabolismo em riachos subtropicais: variação espaço-temporal e influência de gradiente de condições ambientais." Universidade de São Paulo, 2017. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/18/18138/tde-09082017-162223/.

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O equilíbrio ecológico dos ecossistemas aquáticos é fundamental para a conservação da biodiversidade e para que tais ambientes possam desempenhar seus serviços ambientais. O metabolismo dos riachos pode ser utilizado como um indicador funcional do nível de perturbação do ambiente, devido à influência das condições da bacia hidrográfica sobre as características e estrutura dos ecossistemas aquáticos. A presente pesquisa avaliou a variação espaço-temporal das taxas de produção primária bruta (PPB) e respiração (R) em riachos localizados no Cerrado, como subsídio para o entendimento da influência de algumas características da água, do substrato e da vegetação ripária sobre o seu metabolismo. Para isso, foram estudados seis riachos em ambientes subtropicais (São Carlos e Brotas, SP, Brasil) com diferentes condições ambientais. O metabolismo foi modelado pelas mudanças de curto prazo nas concentrações de oxigênio dissolvido (OD) e da radiação solar fotossinteticamente ativa, a cada 10 min em períodos de 24h. Além disso, a modelagem considerou o coeficiente de reaeração em cada riacho, que foi estimado por meio de traçador gasoso (SF6). Foram determinadas variáveis de qualidade da água, hidrológicas, do substrato e porcentagem de cobertura vegetal. Modelos de regressão foram utilizados, entre outras análises estatísticas, para avaliar as principais variáveis preditoras das taxas metabólicas. Os riachos apresentaram vazões sempre inferiores a 100 L.s-1, e a porcentagem de cobertura vegetal variou entre 39 e 86%. As concentrações médias de nitrogênio e fósforo totais variaram entre 0,8-1,3 mg.L-1 e 9,4-42,4 μg.L-1, respectivamente, sendo os riachos classificados entre oligo e mesotróficos. A amplitude média das variações diárias de OD foi de 0,2 a 1,2 mg.L-1. As taxas de PPB apresentaram variação de 0,01 a 0,68 gO2 m-2.dia-1. Já as taxas de R variaram entre 0,61-42,08 gO2 m-2.dia-1. A partir do balanço entre a PPB e a R, os seis riachos apresentaram condições heterotróficas (respiração excedeu a produção primária bruta, com a produção primária líquida negativa), o que torna esses ambientes mais vulneráveis ao eventual aporte de cargas orgânicas que gerem demanda por oxigênio. Embora as concentrações de fósforo tenham sido correlacionadas com as taxas metabólicas, as principais variáveis preditoras, pelos modelos de regressão, foram vazão e a porcentagem de cobertura vegetal. A cobertura vegetal provavelmente foi responsável pela redução da incidência de radiação solar e, consequentemente, o principal limitante da disponibilidade de luz subaquática para algas bentônicas. A vazão apresentou possível efeito na redução da biomassa de algas pela abrasão decorrente da velocidade da água. Espera-se que, além de gerarem um conjunto de dados sobre ambientes aquáticos de um bioma ainda relativamente pouco estudado, o Cerrado, as informações apresentadas sobre os principais fatores intervenientes nos processos metabólicos dos riachos possam oferecer direcionamentos a projetos para sua conservação e para a manutenção de seus serviços ambientais.
The ecological balance of aquatic ecosystems is fundamental for biodiversity conservation and for to perform the environmental services. Stream metabolism can be used as a functional indicator of the level of disturbance of the environment due to the influence of watershed conditions on the characteristics and structure of aquatic ecosystems. The present study evaluated the spatial-temporal variation of gross primary production (GPP) and ecosystem respiration (R) rates, in streams located in the Cerrado, as to understanding the influence of water and the substrate characteristics and vegetation in metabolism. For this, six subtropical streams (São Carlos and Brotas, SP, Brazil) were studied with different environmental conditions. The metabolism was modeled by the short-term changes in the concentrations of dissolved oxygen (DO) and the photosynthetically active solar radiation, every 10 min in periods of 24h. In addition, the modeling considers the reaeration rates in each stream, which was estimated by gas tracer (SF6). Variables of water quality, substrate, hydrological characteristics, and percentage of canopy cover were determined. Regression models were used, among other statistical analyzes, to evaluate the main predictors of metabolic rates. The streams had discharge rates lower than 100 L.s-1, and the percentage of canopy cover varied between 39 and 86%. The mean concentrations of nitrogen and phosphorus varied between 0.8-1.3 mg.L-1 and 9.4-42.4 μg.L-1, respectively, and the streams were classified as oligo and mesotrophic. The mean amplitude of daily DO variations was 0.2 to 1.2 mg.L-1. Rates of GPP ranged from 0.01 to 0.68 gO2 m-2.day-1. R rates varied from 0.61 to 42.08 gO2 m-2.day-1. From the balance between PPB and R, the six streams presented heterotrophic conditions (respiration exceeded gross primary production, with negative net primary production), which makes these streams more vulnerable to the eventual contribution of organic loads that generate demand for oxygen. Although phosphorus concentrations were correlated with metabolic rates, the main predictors of metabolic rates, by regression models, were discharge and canopy cover percentage. The canopy cover was probably responsible for reducing the incidence of solar radiation and, consequently, the main limitation of the availability of underwater light for benthic algae. The discharge indicated a possible effect on the algae biomass reduction due to the abrasion caused by the water velocity. It is expected that, in addition to the generation of data set on aquatic environments of the relatively little studied biome, the Cerrado, the information presented about the main drivers in the metabolic processes of the streams can offer directions to projects for its conservation and for the support of their environmental services.
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Лютенко, Ірина Вікторівна. "Моделі та інформаційні технології комплексного оцінювання багатоознакових об'єктів в задачах підтримки прийняття рішень." Thesis, НТУ "ХПІ", 2017. http://repository.kpi.kharkov.ua/handle/KhPI-Press/34232.

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Дисертація на здобуття наукового ступеня кандидата технічних наук (доктора філософії) за спеціальністю 05.13.06 "Інформаційні технології" (122 – Комп'ютерні науки). – Національний технічний університет "Харківський політехнічний інститут", Харків, 2017. Об'єкт дослідження – процес комплексного оцінювання багатоознакових об'єктів в задачах підтримки прийняття рішень. Предмет дослідження – моделі, методи та інформаційні технології комплексного оцінювання багатоознакових об'єктів в задачах підтримки прийняття рішень. Дисертацію присвячено вирішенню науково-практичної задачі – розробці моделей та інформаційної технології комплексного оцінювання складних об'єктів багатоознакової природи для підвищення обґрунтованості процесу прийняття рішень. У дисертаційній роботі вирішена актуальна науково-практична задача розробки моделей та інформаційної технології комплексного оцінювання складних об'єктів багатоознакової природи для підвищення обґрунтованості процесу прийняття рішень. Проаналізовано існуючі інформаційні технології, моделі та методи оцінювання складних об'єктів та процесів і сформульовано основні вимоги до розробки інформаційної технології комплексного оцінювання багатоознакових об'єктів. Розроблено моделі побудови множини первинних показників, агрегування показників та інтерпретації комплексної оцінки. Розроблено метод комплексного оцінювання багатоознакових об'єктів з використанням кваліметричної методики та методу послідовного агрегування показників. Удосконалено інформаційну технологію комплексного оцінювання багатоознакових об'єктів. Результати дослідження впроваджено в практику побудови підсистем оцінювання в системах підтримки прийняття рішень підприємств Харкова, Києва, а також у навчальний процес кафедри програмної інженерії та інформаційних технологій управління НТУ "ХПІ".
The dissertation for a candidate degree in technical sciences (PhD), specialty 05.13.06 "Information Technologies" (122 – Computer science). – National Technical University "Kharkiv Polytechnic Institute", Kharkiv, 2017. The object of the study is the process of multiattribute object comprehensive assessment in the tasks of decision-making support. The subject of research – models, methods and information technologies of of multiattribute object comprehensive assessment in the tasks of decision-making support. The dissertation is devoted to the solution of the scientific and practical problem - the development of models and information technology for complex objects of multisign nature comprehensive assessment to increase the validity of the decision-making process. Relevant scientific and practical task is solved in the thesis. The models and information technology of multiattribute object comprehensive assessment was developed in order to enhance the validity of the decision-making process. The existing information technologies, models and methods of multiattribute object comprehensive assessment were analyzed. Main requirements for the information technology of multiattribute object comprehensive assessment were designed. Models for the set of primary indicators, aggregation and interpretation of comprehensive assessment were developed. The method of multiattribute object comprehensive assessment was designed using qualimetric methods and method of indicators step-by-step aggregation. Information technology of multiattribute object comprehensive assessment was improved. Research results were implemented into the practice of assessment subsystems constructing in decision-making systems of Kharkiv and Kiev enterprises, as well as in the educational process of the Software engineering and information technology management department of NTU "KhPI".
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Books on the topic "Primary indicator"

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Manandhar, Raju. Longitudinal study on system indicators. Kathmandu: Tribhuvan University, Research Centre for Educational Innovation and Development (CERID), 2009.

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Giuffrida, Antonio. Performance indicators for primary care management in the NHS. York: Centre for Health Economics, University of York, 1998.

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Shibeshi, Ayalew. A situation analysis on investing on boys and girls: Past present and future : education. Addis Ababa]: Ministry of Finance and Economic Development and the United Nations in Ethiopia, 2010.

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A, Kaminski Ruth, and Smith Silvia, eds. Dynamic indicators of basic early literacy skills. 6th ed. Longmont, CO: Sopris West Educational Services, 2003.

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Good, Roland H. Dynamic indicators of basic early literacy skills. 6th ed. Longmont, CO: Sopris West Educational Services, 2003.

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Bourdier, Frédéric. Sickness and health in the village: An assessment of health-conditions in South India, Coimbatore District. Pondichéry: Institut français de Pondichéry, 1995.

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Denny, Peter J. Indicators of quality performance in primary schools: Strategy and blueprint for management. [Winchester]: Hampshire County Council, 1992.

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Tymms, Peter. Baseline assessment and monitoring in primary schools: Achievements, attitudes, and value-added indicators. London: D. Fulton Publishers, 1999.

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Verwey, C. T. Primary and secondary education in South Africa: Data, policy issues, indicators, and scenarios. Halfway House, South Africa: Development Bank of Southern Africa, 1993.

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World Bank. World Development Indicators 2010. Washington, D.C: The World Bank, 2010.

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Book chapters on the topic "Primary indicator"

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Lin, Weibin, and Yingzi Li. "Energy Indicator: Primary Energy Intensity." In Current Chinese Economic Report Series, 95–115. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-43591-5_13.

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Huo, Liyan, Qiangqiang Sun, and Hengbo Hu. "Theory and Practice of a Chinese Pre-primary Education Indicator System." In Educational Research in China, 131–62. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-16-1520-7_8.

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Beaton, Rachael L., Giuseppe Bono, Vittorio Francesco Braga, Massimo Dall’Ora, Giuliana Fiorentino, In Sung Jang, Clara E. Martínez-Vázquez, et al. "Old-Aged Primary Distance Indicators." In Space Sciences Series of ISSI, 89–181. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-024-1631-2_4.

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Gouvêa, Carina Barbosa, and Pedro H. Villas Bôas Castelo Branco. "Primary Indicators in the Bolsonarist Movement." In Societies and Political Orders in Transition, 51–75. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-85022-7_4.

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Pasqualotto, Stefano, Marco Valoroso, Giuseppe La Barbera, and David Dejour. "The Optimal Indication for Patellofemoral Arthroplasty." In Basics in Primary Knee Arthroplasty, 85–98. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-58178-7_6.

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Clarius, Michael. "The Optimal Indication for Unicompartmental Knee Arthroplasty." In Basics in Primary Knee Arthroplasty, 77–84. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-58178-7_5.

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Kayaalp, Mahmut Enes, and Roland Becker. "The Optimal Indication for Total Knee Arthroplasty." In Basics in Primary Knee Arthroplasty, 107–13. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-58178-7_8.

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van Reek, J. "Air Pollution and Health Indicators: Regional Findings for the Netherlands." In Primary Health Care in the Making, 209–14. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1985. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-69977-1_44.

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Ylimaki, Rose M., and Lynnette A. Brunderman. "Using Data as a Source of Reflection in a Feedback Loop." In Evidence-Based School Development in Changing Demographic Contexts, 63–72. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-76837-9_5.

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AbstractThis chapter considers recent policy trends toward evidence-based practices in Arizona, the U.S., and across the globe. The rise in the use of “scientific” evidence for educational policymaking rests on two common beliefs about knowledge: (1) the belief that school knowledge is universal, and (2) the belief that empirical evidence or data is the primary indicator of knowledge and learning. Recent U.S. policies have reflected the importance of data or numeric evidence from externalized evaluations to guide school decisions. Internationally, multinational organizations, such as the World Bank, have also made evidence-based policymaking a priority both in their own work as influential research and policy organizations as well as their members. Yet there are cautions against this particular use of evidence to replace professional judgement and the wider democratic deliberation about the aims, ends and content of education. Our school development project considers evidence-based values and humanistic, democratic values at tension. School development participants applied a balanced perspective on data with numerical evidence subordinated to educational values, using all as a source of reflection and growth. The chapter, thus, defines data as information that educators, school teams, and other agency members use to inform professional judgement and influence.
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Mizumoto, Ryuji, and Takashi Noguchi. "Hepatic functional reserve and surgical indication in primary liver cancer." In Primary Liver Cancer in Japan, 185–97. Tokyo: Springer Japan, 1992. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-4-431-68177-9_18.

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Conference papers on the topic "Primary indicator"

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Matzner, Matthias, Claudia Hildebrandt, Kerstin Höner, and Kristiena Matis. "Scholastic Talent Indicator Matrix." In WiPSCE'19: 14th Workshop in Primary and Secondary Computing Education. New York, NY, USA: ACM, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/3361721.3361737.

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Caldwell, Rebecca, and Thad Joseph Scott. "Plug Indicator System Prevents Calculated Volume Errors during Subsea Casing Primary Cementing Operations." In IADC/SPE Asia Pacific Drilling Technology Conference and Exhibition. Society of Petroleum Engineers, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/133687-ms.

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Babiuk, Tetiana. "Methods of Ensuring Continuity in the Healthy Lifestyle Development of Senior Preschoolers and Primary School Children." In ATEE 2020 - Winter Conference. Teacher Education for Promoting Well-Being in School. LUMEN Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.18662/lumproc/atee2020/02.

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The paper studies the criteria, indicators and levels of value-conscious attitude to health as an integral indicator of developing healthy lifestyle of preschool and primary school children. It describes the current state of continuity in the healthy lifestyle education of senior pre-schoolers and primary school children. The author defined pedagogical conditions of continuity in the development of healthy lifestyle of senior pre-schoolers and primary school children, developed and implemented into practice methods to ensure continuity in the healthy lifestyle education in kindergartens and elementary schools, and experimentally tested their efficiency.
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Sciubba, Enrico. "Extended Exergy as a Locally Significant Environmental Indicator." In ASME 2013 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2013-63649.

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The concept of “environmental impact” has evolved to encompass a multi-disciplinary and quite detailed examination of the local and global implications of the interactions of anthropic processes with the biosphere. Sets of quantitative measures of the interaction, called Environmental Indicators (EI), have been proposed with the intent of providing a synthetic, accurate and reliable decision support basis for planners and decision makers. This approach is not devoid of drawbacks: generality conflicts with specificity and it is often difficult to connect a local EI with a more global measure of environmental impact. Furthermore, several of the proposed EIs lack a sound physical basis (in particular, they are not always rigorously rooted on thermodynamics). This paper proposes a method to bridge both gaps by introducing an EI derived strictly from prime thermodynamic concepts (the extended exergy cost, EEC or cee) and by defining a procedure to apply it to local and global scales alike. It is argued that such an EI successfully solves the “externalities” problem for industrial energy conversion systems and that it can also be employed to assess the evolutionary patterns of natural systems. All applications to date demonstrate that cee is indeed a useful tool for the quantification of the primary equivalent resource costs and for their proper internalization in energy systems analyses.
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Saleh, Haissam Abou, Asha Elmi, Yasmeen Salameh, Basirudeen Kabeer, Awad Al-Qahtani, Jassim Al Suwaidi, Abdurrazzak Gehani, and Magdi Yacoub. "Time Course of Platelet Activation Markers as a Potential Prognostic Indicator after Primary Percutaneous Coronary Angioplasty in Qatar." In Qatar Foundation Annual Research Conference Proceedings. Hamad bin Khalifa University Press (HBKU Press), 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.5339/qfarc.2016.hbpp3346.

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Markova, Nadezhda Grigoryevna. "Teacher’s personality – an indicator of successful educational route of a child’s development." In II Сollection of articles. Publishing house Sreda, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.31483/r-21745.

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Due to the progress in science and technology and the changing character of social relationships contemporary polycultural society makes increasingly high demands on the personality of a primary school teacher, his professionalism, competences and personal qualities. The author points out that the aim of education is personal, cognitive, polycultural development of students providing such key competence as the ability to learn. Universal learning activities formed by the teacher at each stage of the class, their properties and quality determine the effectiveness of the educational process, in particular knowledge assimilation, skills formation, image of the world and main types of students’ competences.
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Xie, X. Y., R. B. Bhat, and P. E. Boileau. "Absorbed Power As an Indicator of Health Risk Associated With Whole-Body Vibration Exposure." In ASME 2001 International Design Engineering Technical Conferences and Computers and Information in Engineering Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/detc2001/vib-21348.

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Abstract The human body behaves like a vibrating physical system having mass, elastic and damping properties. In order to study the biodynamic behavior of the body, it is common practice to model the body as a lumped single or a multiple-degree-of-freedom (MDOF) system. Standards have been developed using the frequency-weighted root-mean-square (rms) acceleration input to the body as the primary measure of whole-body vibration exposure. In this paper, absorbed power during exposure to vertical whole-body vibration is considered as a potential indicator of the physical stress affecting comfort and health. A four-degree-of-freedom biodynamic model is chosen to represent the body and the absorbed power for the different body segments and the total body is computed. On the basis of the model and of the guidance provided in ISO 2631-1:1997 relating vibration exposure with health risk, computations are carried out to define a health guidance caution zone based on absorbed power.
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RĂDULESCU, Carmen Valentina, Sorin Petrică ANGHELUȚĂ, Sorin BURLACU, and Victor Adrian TROACĂ. "BASIC SKILLS OF STUDENTS: READING, MATHEMATICS AND SCIENCE." In International Management Conference. Editura ASE, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.24818/imc/2021/02.14.

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Reading, math and science are basic skills that students acquire in school. The level of these basic skills is an important indicator of the quality of initial education and training systems. The basic competences acquired in primary and lower secondary education are assessed. The authors propose the analysis of the evolution of underachievement indicators in reading, mathematics and science in the member countries of the European Union, for the period 2006-2018. The level of education can be influenced by the existence in a community of students with poor results, associated with the existence of students with special educational needs.
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Rovers, Ronald, Wendy Broers, Katleen de Flander, and Vera Rovers. "Space-Time of Solar Radiation as Guiding Principle for Energy and Materials Choices: Embodied Land Instead of Primary Energy as Universal Performance indicator." In World Renewable Energy Congress – Sweden, 8–13 May, 2011, Linköping, Sweden. Linköping University Electronic Press, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.3384/ecp110573285.

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Wong, Jun-Chun, and Lea-Der Chen. "Correlating Thermal Characteristics From Flow-Reactor Experiments With Primary Reference Fuel." In ASME 2018 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2018-88042.

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An experimental investigation was conducted to correlate thermal characteristics with primary reference fuel (PRF) using an “isothermal” flow reactor. Objective of the investigation was to assess whether or not thermal characteristics measured in a radiant-heated flow reactor could serve as an indicator of fuel octane number. The experimental set-up consisted of a radiant furnace and a pyrex-tube test section inside. The pyrex tube was fitted with thermocouples alongside the tube wall. Four PRF compositions of iso-octane and n-heptane were considered: 0, 65, 85 and 100% of iso-octane by volume; noted as PRF0, 65, 85 and 100, respectively. The test conditions reported in the paper set the fuel-air mixture temperature to 180 °C at the inlet of the test section and the radian furnace temperature to 345 °C. The equivalence ratio was set in the range 0.93 to 2.0. For a pre-set PRF and equivalence-ratio condition, the experiments were run with fixed mixture velocities over the range 0.019 m/s to 0.400 m/s. Over the conditions tested, the thermocouples recorded two temperature oscillations along the flow reactor for each of PRF0, 65 and 85 mixtures. Both oscillation locations moved downstream when PRF number was increased and the two oscillation locations merged when PRF was set to 85. No temperature oscillations were recorded for experiments with PRF100 mixture. The results suggest that the temperature oscillation locations from the experiments using isothermal flow-reactors can be used to correlate fuel octane number.
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Reports on the topic "Primary indicator"

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Howard, James L., Rebecca Westby, and Kenneth E. Skog. Criterion 6, indicator 25 : value and volume of wood and wood products production, including primary and secondary processing. Madison, WI: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Forest Products Laboratory, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.2737/fpl-rn-316.

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Howard, James L., David B. McKeever, and Ted Bilek. Criterion 6, indicator 25: Value and volume of wood and wood products production, including primary and secondary processing. Madison, WI: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Forest Products Laboratory, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.2737/fpl-rn-341.

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Benn, D., R. Linnen, and T. Martins. Evaluating white mica as an indicator mineral for lithium bearing pegmatites, Wekusko Lake pegmatite field, Manitoba, Canada. Natural Resources Canada/CMSS/Information Management, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.4095/328982.

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This project investigates the potential use of white micas as an indicator mineral within Li-bearing pegmatites and the potential of field portable techniques, such as Raman spectroscopy and Laser Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy (LIBS) as real-time techniques in exploration. The pegmatites in the Wekusko Lake field, Manitoba, Canada, display five zones of varying mineralization. White micas display two textures in the field (primary igneous and secondary) and four textures were identified by backscattered electron imaging (poor zonation, rimmed, patchy and exsolution). The white micas were analysed by Electron Probe Micro-Analysis (EPMA) and Laser Ablation Induction-Coupled Plasma Mass Spectroscopy (LA-ICP-MS) and the results show a strong correlation in the Li content of the white mica and the whole rock Li2O obtained from the assays of drill core. The K/Rb vs. Cs contents of the white mica indicate that the most prospective dikes contain moderate to highly evolved grains. The use of portable Raman Spectrometer, while useful for mineral identification, was not able to detect a significant Li signature at the concentrations tested (1500-6000 ppm).
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Acevedo, Ivonne, Francesca Castellani, María José Cota, Giulia Lotti, and Miguel Székely. Open configuration options Higher Inequality in Latin America: A Collateral Effect of the Pandemic. Inter-American Development Bank, January 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0003967.

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This study explores the evolution of inequality in Latin America during the COVID-19 pandemic using primary data available from household and employment surveys collected in 2020. Inequality increased on average by 2 percent between 2019 and 2020, twice the average annual growth in the inequality indicator that marked the decade of growing inequality in the 1990s. We obtained heterogeneous results when disaggregating by gender, urban/rural location, and sector of economic activity. Surprisingly, we found that the differences in income by education level declined in most cases. Remittances had a modest effect, while government transfers played a central role in preventing greater disparities in half the countries studied. Our estimations show that the decline in employment levels due to the economic contraction caused by COVID-19 is associated with increases in income inequality that we project will gradually diminish with the recovery. However, the lost schooling and losses in education attainment due to the pandemic may generate future pressures on inequality once school-age youth enter the labor market.
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Guppy, Lisa, Paula Uyttendaele, Karen Villholth, and Vladimir Smakhtin. Groundwater and Sustainable Development Goals: Analysis of Interlinkages. United Nations University Institute for Water, Environment and Health, December 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.53328/jrlh1810.

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Groundwater represents 97% of the world’s available freshwater resources and is extensively abstracted throughout the world. While abundant in a global context, it can only de developed to a certain extent without causing environmental impacts. Also, it is highly variable across the globe, and where it is heavily relied on, it is less renewable. Hence, it is critically important that this resource is managed sustainably. However, the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) of the 2030 Development Agenda do not, as a rule, account explicitly for the significant role that groundwater plays and will continue to play in sustainable development. This report aims to unpack and highlight this role through consistent analysis of the interlinkages between groundwater and the targets of the SDGs. The key features of groundwater relevant to the SDGs are its use, management and sustainability. The methodology used to analyse groundwater interlinkages with SDG targets includes, first, identification of ‘evidence-based’ and ‘logical’ interlinkages. The first type of interlinkages is supported by existing data, while the second is by information and logic that needs to be drawn from existing bodies of relevant research. While only a few interlinkages may be seen at present as “evidence-based”, more data are continuously emerging to make more interlinkages supported by hard-core evidence. Subsequently, the interlinkages are classified into either ‘reinforcing’, ‘conflicting’ or ‘mixed’ – depending on whether achievement of a target will have predominantly positive, negative, or mixed impact on groundwater. The interlinkages are also classified into ‘primary’ and ‘secondary’, depending on how strong and direct the impacts on groundwater from achieving the targets may be. The report presents a summary of key interlinkages, and subsequently provides the narrative of all ‘primary’ ones. The analysis suggests that more than half of interlinkages are ‘reinforcing’, while only a few are ‘conflicting’. From a policy perspective i) conflicting interlinkages are the most critical and difficult ones to manage, and ii) it is important to draw synergies between SDG initiatives and groundwater to allow reinforcing interlinkages to materialise. Nearly a third of all identified interlinkages were classified as ‘mixed’. This means that when target activities are planned, careful consideration must be given to possible impacts on groundwater to avoid unintended negative outcomes that may not be evident at first. Primary interlinkages that constitute 43% of all may be the easiest to understand and the most important to plan for. However, there are even more secondary interlinkages. This means that groundwater experts need to be able to share knowledge to a range of actors involved in addressing the targets with secondary interlinkages to groundwater, and vice versa. It is also shown that i) the importance of groundwater to sustainable development is poorly recognised and captured at the SDG target level; ii) there is a lack of globally useful, up-to-date and SDG-relevant groundwater data available, which makes it difficult to make globally, and even locally, relevant recommendations for groundwater use, management and sustainability in the SDG era, and iii) there are often poor links between targets and their indicators. This may signal that all groundwater-related and groundwater-relevant aspirations may not be translated into real, let alone, measurable action. This report is not a comprehensive analysis and involves an element of subjectivity, associated primarily with the data and information paucity on one hand, and with the imperfection of the SDG target and indicator system itself – on another. However, even with these limitations, the report shows how significant groundwater is in sustainable development, even if the current SDG framework is implicit about this. Furthermore, it suggests a structured way to improve the visibility of groundwater in the SDG framework as it continues to develop.
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Noga, Edward J., Ramy R. Avtalion, and Michael Levy. Comparison of the Immune Response of Striped Bass and Hybrid Bass. United States Department of Agriculture, August 1993. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/1993.7568749.bard.

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We developed methods for examining the pathophysical response of striped bass and hybrid bass to various forms of stress. This involved development of techniques for the measurement of lysozyme, mitogen blastogenesis, mixed lymphocyte reaction, and oxidative burst, which are important general indicators of systemic immune function. We also examined local immune defenses (epithelial integrity), as well as homeostatic indicators in blood, including osmotic balance and glucose. Acute stress resulted in significant perturbations in a number of parameters, including glucose, electrolytes, osmolarity, lysozyme, and mixed lymphocyte reaction. Most significantly, acute confinement stress resulted in severe damage to the epidermal epithelium, as indicated by the rapid (within 2 hr) development of erosions and ulcerations on various fins. There were significant differences in the resting levels of some immune functions between striped bass and hybrid bass, including response to mitogens in the leukocyte blastogenesis test. Our studies also revealed that there were significant differences in how striped bass and hybrid bass respond to stress, with striped bass being much more severely affected by stress than the hybrid. This was reflected in more severe changes in glucose, cortisol dynamics, and plasma lysozyme. Most significantly, striped bass developed more severe idiopathic skin ulceration after stress, which may be a major reason why this fish is so prone to develop opportunistic bacterial and fungal infections after stress. Hybrid bass injected with equine serum albumin developed a typical humoral immune response, with peak antibody production 28 days after primary immunization. Fish that were exposed to a chronic stress after a primary immunization showed almost complete inhibition of antibody production.
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Gadd, M. G., J. M. Peter, T A Fraser, and D. Layton-Matthews. Paleoredox and lithogeochemical indicators of the environment of formation and genesis of the Monster River hyper-enriched black shale showing, Yukon. Natural Resources Canada/CMSS/Information Management, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.4095/328004.

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Northern Yukon hosts occurrences of Middle Devonian hyper-enriched black shale (HEBS) Ni-Mo-Zn-platinum-group element-Au-Re mineralization, including the Monster River showing in the Ogilvie Mountains. This mineralization has been documented predominantly in the Paleozoic Richardson trough; however, the Monster River showing is atypical, occurring within the Blackstone trough, more than 200 km to the west on the southern margin of the Yukon block. The ambient paleoredox conditions of the marine water column and sediments may be primary controlling factors in HEBS formation. We use major and trace element lithogeochemistry to better understand ambient paleoenvironmental redox conditions through the application of robust redox proxies to HEBS mineralization and host rocks. Uniformly negative Ce anomalies (0.6-0.9) indicate that the water column was predominantly suboxic throughout the deposition interval, even during HEBS mineralization. Although there is a strong terrigenous influence on the rare earth element-yttrium (REE-Y) abundances of the sedimentary rocks, superchondritic Y/Ho ratios (&amp;gt;27) indicate that seawater contributed REE-Y to the host rocks and HEBS. High (&amp;gt;10) authigenic Mo/U ratios indicate that a Fe-Mn particulate shuttle operated in the water column; this is corroborated by negative Ce anomalies and high Y/Ho ratios. The data indicate that metalliferous sedimentary rocks formed by hydrogenous metal enrichment (e.g. Ni, Mo, Pt) caused by ferromanganese oxyhydroxide particulate shuttling as chemical sediments; moreover, the REE- and Mo-based paleoenvironmental indicators suggest a complexly redox-stratified depositional environment with an abundant supply of metals, metalloids, and sulfur.
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Abufhele, Alejandra, David Bravo, Florencia Lopez-Boo, and Pamela Soto-Ramirez. Developmental losses in young children from pre-primary program closures during the COVID-19 pandemic. Inter-American Development Bank, January 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0003920.

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The learning and developmental losses from pre-primary program closures due to COVID-19 may be unprecedented. These disruptions early in life, when the brain is more sensitive to environmental changes, can be long-lasting. Although there is evidence about the effects of school closures on older children, there is currently no evidence on such losses for children in their early years. This paper is among the first to quantify the actual impact of pandemic-related closures on child development, in this case for a sample of young children in Chile, where school and childcare closures lasted for about a year. We use a unique dataset collected face-to-face in December 2020, which includes child development indicators for general development, language development, social-emotional development, and executive function. We are able to use a first difference strategy because Chile has a history of collecting longitudinal data on children as part of their national social policies monitoring strategy. This allows us to construct a valid comparison group from the 2017 longitudinal data. We find adverse impacts on children in 2020 compared to children interviewed in 2017 in most development areas. In particular, nine months after the start of the pandemic, we find a loss in language development of 0.25 SDs. This is equivalent to the impact on a childs language development of having a mother with approximately five years less education. Timely policies are needed to mitigate these enormous losses.
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Hefetz, Abraham, and Gene Robinson. Hormonal and Pheromonal Regulation of Reproduction in the Bumble Bee Bombus terrestris. United States Department of Agriculture, July 1994. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/1994.7568775.bard.

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Bombus terrestris constitute important pollinators of greenhouse crops. In Israel the species utilized is, whose colonies are reared commercially. This is a primitively social species with a particular colony development. It encompasses two social phases: a eusocial phase in which the queen dominates reproduction, and a competition phase in which workers compete with the queen for the parentage of males. These workers are distinguished by accelerated ovarian development, high production of JH, and elevated levels of dopamine in the brain. Queen-worker conflict is also manifested in overt aggression among all members of the nest. High aggression is correlated with dominance status of the bees and is also correlated with octopamine levels in the brain. After verifying that JH III is the only JH produced by the bees and validating the assay for its measurements (RCA & RIA), we used JH as an indicator of worker reproduction. Queens taken from colonies both before and after the competition phase were equally effective in inhibiting worker reproduction. Moreover, there is only a narrow window, around the competition point, in which workers may have the opportunity to initiate reproduction. Before that point they are inhibited by the dominant queen, while after that point both the queen and those workers with accelerated ovarian development exert strong inhibition on worker nest mates. Thus, "queen dominance deterioration" is not the primary cause in eliciting the queen-worker conflict. Queens convey their presence by means of a chemical signal that is extractable in organic solvent and that is normally spread on the cuticle. Total body extract and body washes, applied on dead virgin queens, were able to inhibit the release of JHin vitro in queenless workers. However, none of the prominent exocrine gland investigated mimicked this function. It is possible that the source of the putative pheromone is an unknown gland, or that it emanates from an assembly of glands. Chemical analyses of the prominent glands revealed a plethora of compounds the function of which should be further investigated. Understanding the social behavior of B. terrestris paves the way to facilitate colony manipulation and to adjust the colonies for specific pollination requirements.
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Rosero-Bixby, Luis, and Tim Miller. The mathematics of the reproduction number R for Covid-19: A primer for demographers. Verlag der Österreichischen Akademie der Wissenschaften, December 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1553/populationyearbook2022.res1.3.

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The reproduction number R is a key indicator used to monitor the dynamics of Covid-19 and to assess the effects of infection control strategies that frequently have high social and economic costs. Despite having an analog in demography’s “net reproduction rate” that has been routinely computed for a century, demographers may not be familiar with the concept and measurement of R in the context of Covid-19. This article is intended to be a primer for understanding and estimating R in demography. We show that R can be estimated as a ratio between the numbers of new cases today divided by the weighted average of cases in previous days. We present two alternative derivations for these weights based on how risks have changed over time: constant vs. exponential decay. We then provide estimates of these weights, and demonstrate their use in calculating R to trace the course of the first pandemic year in 53 countries.
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