Journal articles: 'Primary human articular cells'

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Li, Zhong Alan, Jiangyinzi Shang, Shiqi Xiang, Eileen N. Li, Haruyo Yagi, Kanyakorn Riewruja, Hang Lin, and Rocky S. Tuan. "Articular Tissue-Mimicking Organoids Derived from Mesenchymal Stem Cells and Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells." Organoids 1, no. 2 (November 14, 2022): 135–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/organoids1020011.

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Organoids offer a promising strategy for articular tissue regeneration, joint disease modeling, and development of precision medicine. In this study, two types of human stem cells—primary mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) and induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs)—were employed to engineer organoids that mimicked bone, cartilage and adipose tissue, three key tissue components in articular joints. Prior to organoidogenesis, the iPSCs were first induced into mesenchymal progenitor cells (iMPCs). After characterizing the MSCs and iMPCs, they were used to generate cell-embedded extracellular matrix (ECM) constructs, which then underwent self-aggregation and lineage-specific differentiation in different induction media. Hydroxyapatite nanorods, an osteoinductive bioceramic, were leveraged to generate bone and osteochondral organoids, which effectively enhanced mineralization. The phenotypes of the generated organoids were confirmed on the basis of gene expression profiling and histology. Our findings demonstrate the feasibility and potential of generating articular tissue-recapitulating organoids from MSCs and iPSCs.

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Sabatino, Maria Antonietta, Rosaria Santoro, Sinan Gueven, Claude Jaquiery, David James Wendt, Ivan Martin, Matteo Moretti, and Andrea Barbero. "Cartilage graft engineering by co-culturing primary human articular chondrocytes with human bone marrow stromal cells." Journal of Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine 9, no. 12 (December 6, 2012): 1394–403. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/term.1661.

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Piñeiro-Ramil, María, Clara Sanjurjo-Rodríguez, Silvia Rodríguez-Fernández, Tamara Hermida-Gómez, Francisco J. Blanco-García, Isaac Fuentes-Boquete, Carlos Vaamonde-García, and Silvia Díaz-Prado. "Generation of human immortalized chondrocytes from osteoarthritic and healthy cartilage." Bone & Joint Research 12, no. 1 (January 1, 2023): 46–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1302/2046-3758.121.bjr-2022-0207.r1.

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Aims After a few passages of in vitro culture, primary human articular chondrocytes undergo senescence and loss of their phenotype. Most of the available chondrocyte cell lines have been obtained from cartilage tissues different from diarthrodial joints, and their utility for osteoarthritis (OA) research is reduced. Thus, the goal of this research was the development of immortalized chondrocyte cell lines proceeded from the articular cartilage of patients with and without OA. Methods Using telomerase reverse transcriptase (hTERT) and SV40 large T antigen (SV40LT), we transduced primary OA articular chondrocytes. Proliferative capacity, degree of senescence, and chondrocyte surface antigen expression in transduced chondrocytes were evaluated. In addition, the capacity of transduced chondrocytes to synthesize a tissue similar to cartilage and to respond to interleukin (IL)-1β was assessed. Results Coexpression of both transgenes (SV40 and hTERT) were observed in the nuclei of transduced chondrocytes. Generated chondrocyte cell lines showed a high proliferation capacity and less than 2% of senescent cells. These cell lines were able to form 3D aggregates analogous to those generated by primary articular chondrocytes, but were unsuccessful in synthesizing cartilage-like tissue when seeded on type I collagen sponges. However, generated chondrocyte cell lines maintained the potential to respond to IL-1β stimulation. Conclusion Through SV40LT and hTERT transduction, we successfully immortalized chondrocytes. These immortalized chondrocytes were able to overcome senescence in vitro, but were incapable of synthesizing cartilage-like tissue under the experimental conditions. Nonetheless, these chondrocyte cell lines could be advantageous for OA investigation since, similarly to primary articular chondrocytes, they showed capacity to upregulate inflammatory mediators in response to the IL-1β cytokine. Cite this article: Bone Joint Res 2023;12(1):46–57.

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Tallheden, Tommi, Josefine Van Der Lee, Camilla Brantsing, Jan-Eric Månsson, Eva Sjögren-Jansson, and Anders Lindahl. "Human Serum for Culture of Articular Chondrocytes." Cell Transplantation 14, no. 7 (August 2005): 469–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.3727/000000005783982909.

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In the field of cell and tissue engineering, culture expansion of human cells in monolayer plays an important part. Traditionally, cell cultures have been supplemented with serum to support attachment and proliferation, but serum is a potential source of foreign protein contamination and viral protein transmission. In this study, we evaluated the use of human serum for experimental human articular chondrocyte expansion and to develop a method for preparation of large volumes of high-quality human serum from healthy blood donors. Human autologous serum contained high levels of epidermal-derived growth factor and platelet-derived growth factor-AB and supported proliferation up to 7 times higher than FCS in primary chondrocyte cultures. By letting the coagulation take place in a commercially available transfusion bag overnight, up to 250 ml of growth factor-rich human serum could be obtained from one donor. The allogenic human serum supported high proliferation rate without loosing expression of cartilage-specific genes. The expanded chondrocytes were able to redifferentiate and form cartilage matrix in comparable amounts to autologous serums. In conclusion, the transfusion bags allow preparation of large volumes of growth factor-rich human serum with the capacity to support in vitro cell expansion. The data further indicate that by controlling the coagulation process there are possibilities of optimizing the release of growth factors for other emerging cell therapies.

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Bengue, Michèle, Pauline Ferraris, Cécile Baronti, Cheikh Tidiane Diagne, Loïc Talignani, Sineewanlaya Wichit, Florian Liegeois, Catherine Bisbal, Antoine Nougairède, and Dorothée Missé. "Mayaro Virus Infects Human Chondrocytes and Induces the Expression of Arthritis-Related Genes Associated with Joint Degradation." Viruses 11, no. 9 (August 29, 2019): 797. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/v11090797.

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Mayaro virus (MAYV) is an emerging arthritogenic alphavirus belonging to the Togaviridae family. Infection leads to a dengue-like illness accompanied by severe polyarthralgia. However, the molecular and cellular mechanisms of arthritis as a result of MAYV infection remain poorly understood. In the present study, we assess the susceptibility of human chondrocytes (HC), fibroblast-like synoviocytes and osteoblasts that are the major cell types involved in osteoarthritis, to infection with MAYV. We show that these cells are highly permissive to MAYV infection and that viral RNA copy number and viral titers increase over time in infected cells. Knowing that HC are the primary cells in articular cartilage and are essential for maintaining the cartilaginous matrix, gene expression studies were conducted in MAYV-infected primary HC using polymerase chain reaction (PCR) arrays. The infection of the latter cells resulted in an induction in the expression of several matrix metalloproteinases (MMP) including MMP1, MMP7, MMP8, MMP10, MMP13, MMP14 and MMP15 which could be involved in the destruction of articular cartilage. Infected HC were also found to express significantly increased levels of various IFN-stimulated genes and arthritogenic mediators such as TNF-α and IL-6. In conclusion, MAYV-infected primary HC overexpress arthritis-related genes, which may contribute to joint degradation and pathogenesis.

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Zhang, Yu, Shuyun Liu, Weimin Guo, Chunxiang Hao, Mingjie Wang, Xu Li, Xueliang Zhang, et al. "Coculture of hWJMSCs and pACs in Oriented Scaffold Enhances Hyaline Cartilage Regeneration In Vitro." Stem Cells International 2019 (February 7, 2019): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2019/5130152.

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Seed cells of articular cartilage tissue engineering face many obstacles in their application because of the dedifferentiation of chondrocytes or unstable chondrogenic differentiation status of pluripotent stem cells. To overcome mentioned dilemmas, a simulation of the articular cartilage microenvironment was constructed by primary articular cartilage cells (pACs) and acellular cartilage extracellular matrix- (ACECM-) oriented scaffold cocultured with human umbilical cord Wharton’s jelly-derived mesenchymal stem cells (hWJMSCs) in vitro. The coculture groups showed more affluent cartilage special matrix ingredients including collagen II and aggrecan based on the results of histological staining and western blotting and cut down as many pACs as possible. The RT-PCR and cell viability experiments also demonstrated that hWJMSCs were successfully induced to differentiate into chondrocytes when cultured in the simulated cartilage microenvironment, as confirmed by the significant upregulation of collagen II and aggrecan, while the cell proliferation activity of pACs was significantly improved by cell-cell interactions. Therefore, compared with monoculture and chondrogenic induction of inducers, coculture providing a simulated native articular microenvironment was a potential and temperate way to regulate the biological behaviors of pACs and hWJMSCs to regenerate the hyaline articular cartilage.

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Tew, Simon R., Mandy J. Peffers, Tristan R. McKay, Emma T. Lowe, Wasim S. Khan, Timothy E. Hardingham, and Peter D. Clegg. "Hyperosmolarity regulates SOX9 mRNA posttranscriptionally in human articular chondrocytes." American Journal of Physiology-Cell Physiology 297, no. 4 (October 2009): C898—C906. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpcell.00571.2008.

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The transcription factor SOX9 regulates cartilage extracellular matrix gene expression and is essential for chondrocyte differentiation. We previously showed that activation of p38 MAPK by cycloheximide in human chondrocytes leads to stabilization of SOX9 mRNA (Tew SR and Hardingham TE. J Biol Chem 281: 39471–39479, 2006). In this study we investigated whether regulation of p38 MAPK caused by changes in osmotic pressure could control SOX9 mRNA levels expression by a similar mechanism. Primary human articular chondrocytes isolated from osteoarthritic cartilage at passage 2- 4 showed significantly raised SOX9 mRNA levels when exposed to hyperosmotic conditions for 5 h. The effect was strongest and most reproducible when actin stress fibers were disrupted by the Rho effector kinase inhibitor Y27632, or by culturing the cells within alginate beads. Freshly isolated chondrocytes, used within 24–48 h of isolation, did not contain actin stress fibers and upregulated SOX9 mRNA in response to hyperosmolarity in the presence and absence of Y27632. In these freshly isolated chondrocytes, hyperosmolarity led to an increase in the half-life of SOX9 mRNA, which was sensitive to the p38 MAPK inhibitor SB202190. SOX9 protein levels were increased by hyperosmotic culture over 24 h, and, in passaged chondrocytes, the activity of a COL2A1 enhancer driven luciferase assay was upregulated. However, in freshly isolated chondrocytes, COL2A1 mRNA levels were reduced by hyperosmotic conditions and the half-life was decreased. The results showed that the osmotic environment regulated both SOX9 and COL2A1 mRNA posttranscriptionally, but in fresh cells resulted in increased SOX9, but decreased COL2A1.

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Snelling, S., A. Kramm, C. Yapp, A. Carr, and U. Oppermann. "Epigenetic modifying compounds alter activity of primary human articular chondrocytes and mesenchymal stem cells undergoing chondrogenesis." Osteoarthritis and Cartilage 22 (April 2014): S141. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.joca.2014.02.260.

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Mata, Manuel, Lara Milian, Maria Oliver, Javier Zurriaga, Maria Sancho-Tello, Jose Javier Martin de Llano, and Carmen Carda. "In Vivo Articular Cartilage Regeneration Using Human Dental Pulp Stem Cells Cultured in an Alginate Scaffold: A Preliminary Study." Stem Cells International 2017 (2017): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2017/8309256.

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Osteoarthritis is an inflammatory disease in which all joint-related elements, articular cartilage in particular, are affected. The poor regeneration capacity of this tissue together with the lack of pharmacological treatment has led to the development of regenerative medicine methodologies including microfracture and autologous chondrocyte implantation (ACI). The effectiveness of ACI has been shown in vitro and in vivo, but the use of other cell types, including bone marrow and adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cells, is necessary because of the poor proliferation rate of isolated articular chondrocytes. In this investigation, we assessed the chondrogenic ability of human dental pulp stem cells (hDPSCs) to regenerate cartilage in vitro and in vivo. hDPSCs and primary isolated rabbit chondrocytes were cultured in chondrogenic culture medium and found to express collagen II and aggrecan. Both cell types were cultured in 3% alginate hydrogels and implanted in a rabbit model of cartilage damage. Three months after surgery, significant cartilage regeneration was observed, particularly in the animals implanted with hDPSCs. Although the results presented here are preliminary, they suggest that hDPSCs may be useful for regeneration of articular cartilage.

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Carluccio, Simonetta, Daniela Martinelli, Maria Elisabetta Federica Palamà, Rui Cruz Pereira, Roberto Benelli, Ana Guijarro, Ranieri Cancedda, and Chiara Gentili. "Progenitor Cells Activated by Platelet Lysate in Human Articular Cartilage as a Tool for Future Cartilage Engineering and Reparative Strategies." Cells 9, no. 4 (April 23, 2020): 1052. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/cells9041052.

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Regenerative strategies for human articular cartilage are still challenging despite the presence of resident progenitor cell population. Today, many efforts in the field of regenerative medicine focus on the use of platelet derivatives due to their ability to reactivate endogenous mechanisms supporting tissue repair. While their use in orthopedics continues, mechanisms of action and efficacy need further characterization. We describe that the platelet lysate (PL) is able to activate chondro-progenitor cells in a terminally differentiated cartilage tissue. Primary cultures of human articular chondrocytes (ACs) and cartilage explants were set up from donor hip joint biopsies and were treated in vitro with PL. PL recruited a chondro-progenitors (CPCs)-enriched population from ex vivo cartilage culture, that showed high proliferation rate, clonogenicity and nestin expression. CPCs were positive for in vitro tri-lineage differentiation and formed hyaline cartilage-like tissue in vivo without hypertrophic fate. Moreover, the secretory profile of CPCs was analyzed, together with their migratory capabilities. Some CPC-features were also induced in PL-treated ACs compared to fetal bovine serum (FBS)-control ACs. PL treatment of human articular cartilage activates a stem cell niche responsive to injury. These facts can improve the PL therapeutic efficacy in cartilage applications.

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Snelling, S., A. Kramm, P. Cain, C. Yapp, A. Carr, A. Price, and U. Oppermann. "Epigenetic modifying compounds affect the activity of primary human articular chondrocytes and mesenchymal stem cells undergoing chondrogenesis." Osteoarthritis and Cartilage 21 (April 2013): S131. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.joca.2013.02.277.

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Lu, Liangjing, Chengxiang Dai, Hui Du, Suke Li, Ping Ye, Li Zhang, Xiaoying Wang, et al. "Intra-articular injections of allogeneic human adipose-derived mesenchymal progenitor cells in patients with symptomatic bilateral knee osteoarthritis: a Phase I pilot study." Regenerative Medicine 15, no. 5 (May 2020): 1625–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.2217/rme-2019-0106.

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Aim: This study investigated the safety and clinical outcomes of expanded allogeneic human adipose-derived mesenchymal progenitor cells injected into patients with symptomatic, bilateral knee osteoarthritis. Design: In this single-site, randomized, double-blind, dose-ranging, Phase I study, patients were randomized to three treatment groups (low dose, 1 × 107 cells; medium dose, 2 × 107 cells; high dose, 5 × 107 cells). All patients received two bilateral intra-articular injections: week 0 (baseline) and week 3. The primary end point was adverse events within 48 weeks. Secondary end points were measured with Western Ontario and McMaster Universities Osteoarthritis index, visual analog scale, short form-36 at weeks 12, 24 and 48. Quantitative MRI measurements of cartilage volume were compared from baseline and week 48. Results: A total of 22 subjects were enrolled of which 19 (86%) completed the study. Adverse events were transient, including mild to moderate pain and swelling of injection site. Improvements from baseline were measured in the secondary end points. MRI assessments showed slight improvements in the low-dose group. Conclusion: Safety and improvements in pain and function after intra-articular injections of allogeneic human adipose-derived mesenchymal progenitor cells into arthritic patients was demonstrated.

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Naranda, Jakob, Lidija Gradišnik, Mario Gorenjak, Matjaž Vogrin, and Uroš Maver. "Isolation and characterization of human articular chondrocytes from surgical waste after total knee arthroplasty (TKA)." PeerJ 5 (March 21, 2017): e3079. http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj.3079.

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BackgroundCartilage tissue engineering is a fast-evolving field of biomedical engineering, in which the chondrocytes represent the most commonly used cell type. Since research in tissue engineering always consumes a lot of cells, simple and cheap isolation methods could form a powerful basis to boost such studies and enable their faster progress to the clinics. Isolated chondrocytes can be used for autologous chondrocyte implantation in cartilage repair, and are the base for valuable models to investigate cartilage phenotype preservation, as well as enable studies of molecular features, nature and scales of cellular responses to alterations in the cartilage tissue.MethodsIsolation and consequent cultivation of primary human adult articular chondrocytes from the surgical waste obtained during total knee arthroplasty (TKA) was performed. To evaluate the chondrogenic potential of the isolated cells, gene expression of collagen type 2 (COL2), collagen 1 (COL1) and aggrecan (ACAN) was evaluated. Immunocytochemical staining of all mentioned proteins was performed to evaluate chondrocyte specific production.ResultsCartilage specific gene expression of COL2 and ACAN has been shown that the proposed protocol leads to isolation of cells with a high chondrogenic potential, possibly even specific phenotype preservation up to the second passage. COL1 expression has confirmed the tendency of the isolated cells dedifferentiation into a fibroblast-like phenotype already in the second passage, which confirms previous findings that higher passages should be used with care in cartilage tissue engineering. To evaluate the effectiveness of our approach, immunocytochemical staining of the evaluated chondrocyte specific products was performed as well.DiscussionIn this study, we developed a protocol for isolation and consequent cultivation of primary human adult articular chondrocytes with the desired phenotype from the surgical waste obtained during TKA. TKA is a common and very frequently performed orthopaedic surgery during which both femoral condyles are removed. The latter present the ideal source for a simple and relatively cheap isolation of chondrocytes as was confirmed in our study.

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Geng, Y., F. J. Blanco, M. Cornelisson, and M. Lotz. "Regulation of cyclooxygenase-2 expression in normal human articular chondrocytes." Journal of Immunology 155, no. 2 (July 15, 1995): 796–801. http://dx.doi.org/10.4049/jimmunol.155.2.796.

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Abstract This study analyzes cyclooxygenase II (COX-2) gene expression, protein synthesis, and PGE2 release in normal human articular chondrocytes. Stimulation of chondrocytes in primary culture resulted in a dose-dependent induction of COX-2 mRNA in response to IL-1 with an ED50 between 0.1 and 1 ng/ml. COX-2 mRNA was detectable after 2 h, reached high levels at 6 h, and showed a remarkably long duration of expression for at least 72 h. Analysis of other extracellular stimuli showed that COX-2 mRNA was inducible by other cytokines including TNF-alpha, IL-6, and LIF and by bacterial LPS. Dexamethasone completely inhibited IL-1-induced COX-2 mRNA expression. Analysis of signaling pathways showed that PMA and calcium ionophore A23187, but not dibutyryl cAMP, induced COX-2 mRNA. The combination of IL-1 and A23187 resulted in synergistic increases. IL-1 effects were not reduced by the protein kinase C inhibitor staurosporine or by the protein kinase A inhibitor H89 but blocked by the protein tyrosine kinase inhibitor herbimycin A. COX-2 protein was detected at 71 kDa by Western blotting in IL-1-stimulated, and to almost similar levels in A23187-treated, cells. Flow cytometric analysis showed that after IL-1 stimulation 78% of the chondrocytes expressed COX-2 protein. The patterns of COX-2 protein expression and the levels of PGE2 release correlated with the effects of the different stimuli and inhibitors on mRNA expression.

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Chang, Chi-Ching, Kun-Lin Lee, Tze-Sian Chan, Chia-Chen Chung, and Yu-Chih Liang. "Histone Deacetylase Inhibitors Downregulate Calcium Pyrophosphate Crystal Formation in Human Articular Chondrocytes." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 23, no. 5 (February 26, 2022): 2604. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms23052604.

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Calcium pyrophosphate (CPP) deposition disease (CPPD) is a form of CPP crystal-induced arthritis. A high concentration of extracellular pyrophosphate (ePPi) in synovial fluid is positively correlated with the formation of CPP crystals, and ePPi can be upregulated by ankylosis human (ANKH) and ectonucleotide pyrophosphatase 1 (ENPP1) and downregulated by tissue non-specific alkaline phosphatase (TNAP). However, there is currently no drug that eliminates CPP crystals. We explored the effects of the histone deacetylase (HDAC) inhibitors (HDACis) trichostatin A (TSA) and vorinostat (SAHA) on CPP formation. Transforming growth factor (TGF)-β1-treated human primary cultured articular chondrocytes (HC-a cells) were used to increase ePPi and CPP formation, which were determined by pyrophosphate assay and CPP crystal staining assay, respectively. Artificial substrates thymidine 5′-monophosphate p-nitrophenyl ester (p-NpTMP) and p-nitrophenyl phosphate (p-NPP) were used to estimate ENPP1 and TNAP activities, respectively. The HDACis TSA and SAHA significantly reduced mRNA and protein expressions of ANKH and ENPP1 but increased TNAP expression in a dose-dependent manner in HC-a cells. Further results demonstrated that TSA and SAHA decreased ENPP1 activity, increased TNAP activity, and limited levels of ePPi and CPP. As expected, both TSA and SAHA significantly increased the acetylation of histones 3 and 4 but failed to block Smad-2 phosphorylation induced by TGF-β1. These results suggest that HDACis prevented the formation of CPP by regulating ANKH, ENPP1, and TNAP expressions and can possibly be developed as a potential drug to treat or prevent CPPD.

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Karlsen, Tommy A., Aboulghassem Shahdadfar, and Jan E. Brinchmann. "Human Primary Articular Chondrocytes, Chondroblasts-Like Cells, and Dedifferentiated Chondrocytes: Differences in Gene, MicroRNA, and Protein Expression and Phenotype." Tissue Engineering Part C: Methods 17, no. 2 (February 2011): 219–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1089/ten.tec.2010.0200.

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Kiraly, Alex J., Andrea Roberts, Michael Cox, David Mauerhan, Edward Hanley, and Yubo Sun. "Comparison of Meniscal Cell-Mediated and Chondrocyte-Mediated Calcification." Open Orthopaedics Journal 11, no. 1 (March 31, 2017): 225–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1874325001711010225.

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Background: Chondrocytes have been traditionally thought to be responsible for calcium crystal deposits within osteoarthritic knees. Increasing recent experimental evidence suggests that menisci may also play a role. However, the calcifying potential of chondrocytes and meniscal cells derived from same OA patients, and the genes associated with meniscal calcification have never been fully examined. Objective: Examine and compare the calcifying potential of articular chondrocytes and meniscal cells derived from same OA patients and identify the calcium crystal type(s) and selected gene expression in OA menisci. Methods: Chondrocytes and meniscal cells were isolated from articular cartilage and menisci of OA patients undergoing total knee arthroplasty. Chondrocyte- and meniscal cell-mediated calcification was examined using both monolayer and micromass culture-based assays. Crustal types were examined with histological staining. Levels of Type X Collagen, MMP-13, and ANKH in OA menisci were examined using immunohistochemistry. Results: Primary human OA meniscal cells produced calcified deposits at a similar rate compared to OA chondrocytes in-vitro. Histological examinations indicate that both BCP crystals and CPPD crystals are present in the meniscal tissue. Type X collagen, MMP-13, and ANKH were found in human OA menisci and their levels increased with OA severity. In addition, type X collagen was co-localized with calcium crystals. Conclusion: These findings suggest that OA meniscal cells have a similar calcifying potential as OA chondrocytes, supporting a pathogenic role of OA menisci in OA.

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Hwang, Hyun Sook, In Young Park, Hyun Ah Kim, and Soo Young Choi. "PEP-1-GRX-1 Modulates Matrix Metalloproteinase-13 and Nitric Oxide Expression of Human Articular Chondrocytes." Cellular Physiology and Biochemistry 41, no. 1 (January 23, 2016): 252–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1159/000456090.

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Background: The protein transduction domain (PTD) enables therapeutic proteins to directly penetrate the membranes of cells and tissues, and has been increasingly utilized. Glutaredoxin-1 (GRX-1) is an endogenous antioxidant enzyme involved in the cellular redox homeostasis system. In this study, we investigated whether PEP-1-GRX-1, a fusion protein of GRX-1 and PEP-1 peptide, a PTD, could suppress catabolic responses in primary human articular chondrocytes and a mouse carrageenan-induced paw edema model. Methods: Human articular chondrocytes were isolated enzymatically from articular cartilage and cultured in a monolayer. The transduction efficiency of PEP-1-GRX-1 into articular chondrocytes was measured by western blot and immunohistochemistry. The effects of PEP-1-GRX-1 on matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) and catabolic factor expression in interleukin (IL)-1β- and lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-treated chondrocytes were analyzed by real-time quantitative reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction and western blot. The effect of PEP-1-GRX1 on the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) and nuclear factor kappa-light chain-enhancer of activated B cells (NF-κB) signaling pathway were also analyzed by western blot. Finally, the inhibitory effect of PEP-1-GRX-1 on MMP-13 production was measured in vivo in a mouse carrageenan-induced paw edema model. Results: PEP-1-GRX-1 significantly penetrated into human chondrocytes and mouse cartilage, whereas GRX-1 did not. PEP-1-GRX-1 significantly suppressed MMP-13 expression and nitric oxide (NO) production in LPS-stimulated chondrocytes, and NO production in IL-1β-stimulated chondrocytes, compared with GRX-1. In addition, PEP-1-GRX-1 decreased IL-1β- and LPS-induced activation of MAPK and NF-κB. In the mouse model of carrageenan-induced paw edema, PEP-1-GRX-1 significantly suppressed carrageenan-induced MMP-13 production as well as paw edema. Conclusion: These results demonstrate that PEP-1-GRX-1 can be transduced efficiently in vitro and in vivo into human chondrocytes and mouse cartilage tissue and downregulate catabolic responses in chondrocytes by inhibiting the MAPK and NF-κB pathway. PEP-1-GRX-1 thus has the potential to reduce catabolic responses in chondrocytes and cartilage.

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Dong, C., Y. Liu, A. Deng, J. Ji, W. Zheng, and Z. Gu. "AB0071 THERAPEUTIC EFFECTS OF BONE MARROW MESENCHYMAL STEM CELLS-DERIVED EXOSOMES ON OSTEOARTHRITIS." Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases 79, Suppl 1 (June 2020): 1336.3–1336. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/annrheumdis-2020-eular.6040.

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Background:Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) have shown chondroprotective effects in clinical models of osteoarthritis (OA)[1].Objectives:The study aimed to investigate the therapeutic potential of exosomes from human bone marrow MSCs (BM-MSCs) in alleviating OA.Methods:The anterior cruciate ligament transection (ACLT) anddestabilization of the medial meniscus (DMM) surgery were performed on the knee joints of a rat OA model, followed by intra-articular injection of BM-MSCs or their exosomes. The beneficial effects were evaluated by histological staining, OARSI scores and micro-CT. Furthermore, BM-MSCs-derived exosomes were administrated to primary human chondrocytes to observe the functional and molecular alterations. In addition, lncRNA MEG3 were investigated in chondrocytes to explore the biological contents accounting for anti-OA effects of BM-MSCs-derived exosomes.Results:Based on the observation in the rat OA model, both of BM-MSCs and BM-MSCs-derived exosomes alleviated cartilage destruction, reduced joint damage and restored the trabecular bone of OA rats. In addition,in vitroassays showed that BM-MSCs- exosomes could maintain the chondrocyte phenotype by increasing collagen type II synthesis and inhibiting IL-1β- induced senescence and apoptosis. Furthermore, exosomal lncRNA MEG3 also reduced the senescence and apoptosis of chondrocytes induced by IL-1β, indicating that lncRNA MEG3 might partially account for the anti-OA effects of BM-MSC exosomes.Conclusion:The exosomes from BM-MSCs exerted beneficial therapeutic effects on OA by reducing the senescence and apoptosis of chondrocytes, suggesting that MSCs-derived exosomes might provide a candidate therapy for OA treatment.References:[1]Mckinney J M, Doan T N, Wang L, et al. Therapeutic efficacy of intra-articular delivery of encapsulated human mesenchymal stem cells on early stage osteoarthritis[J]. Eur Cell Mater, 2019, 37: 42-59.Disclosure of Interests:None declared

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Guerne, Pierre-Andr�, Arthur Sublet, and Martin Lotz. "Growth factor responsiveness of human articular chondrocytes: Distinct profiles in primary chondrocytes, subcultured chondrocytes, and fibroblasts." Journal of Cellular Physiology 158, no. 3 (March 1994): 476–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jcp.1041580312.

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Bonnet, Cleo S., Anwen S. Williams, Sophie J. Gilbert, Ann K. Harvey, Bronwen A. Evans, and Deborah J. Mason. "AMPA/kainate glutamate receptors contribute to inflammation, degeneration and pain related behaviour in inflammatory stages of arthritis." Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases 74, no. 1 (October 15, 2013): 242–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/annrheumdis-2013-203670.

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ObjectivesSynovial fluid glutamate concentrations increase in arthritis. Activation of kainate (KA) and α-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic acid (AMPA) glutamate receptors (GluRs) increase interleukin-6 (IL-6) release and cause arthritic pain, respectively. We hypothesised that AMPA and KA GluRs are expressed in human arthritis, and that intra-articular NBQX (AMPA/KA GluR antagonist) prevents pain and pathology in antigen-induced arthritis (AIA).MethodsGluR immunohistochemistry was related to synovial inflammation and degradation in osteoarthritis (OA) and rheumatoid arthritis (RA). A single intra-articular NBQX injection was given at induction, and knee swelling and gait of AIA and AIA+NBQX rats compared over 21 days, before imaging, RT-qPCR, histology and immunohistochemistry of joints. Effects of NBQX on human primary osteoblast (HOB) activity were determined.ResultsAMPAR2 and KA1 immunolocalised to remodelling bone, cartilage and synovial cells in human OA and RA, and rat AIA. All arthritic tissues showed degradation and synovial inflammation. NBQX reduced GluR abundance, knee swelling (p<0.001, days 1–21), gait abnormalities (days 1–2), end-stage joint destruction (p<0.001), synovial inflammation (p<0.001), and messenger RNA expression of meniscal IL-6 (p<0.05) and whole joint cathepsin K (p<0.01). X-ray and MRI revealed fewer cartilage and bone erosions, and less inflammation after NBQX treatment. NBQX reduced HOB number and prevented mineralisation.ConclusionsAMPA/KA GluRs are expressed in human OA and RA, and in AIA, where a single intra-articular injection of NBQX reduced swelling by 33%, and inflammation and degeneration scores by 34% and 27%, respectively, exceeding the efficacy of approved drugs in the same model. AMPA/KA GluR antagonists represent a potential treatment for arthritis.

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Relić, Biserka, Mohamed Bentires-Alj, Clio Ribbens, Nathalie Franchimont, Pierre-André Guerne, Valerie Benoît, Marie-Paule Merville, Vincent Bours, and Michel G. Malaise. "TNF-α Protects Human Primary Articular Chondrocytes from Nitric Oxide-Induced Apoptosis Via Nuclear Factor-κB." Laboratory Investigation 82, no. 12 (December 2002): 1661–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/01.lab.0000041714.05322.c0.

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Han, Dong-Wook, Mi Hee Lee, Bongju Kim, Jun Jae Lee, Suong-Hyu Hyon, and Jong-Chul Park. "Preventive Effects of Epigallocatechin-3-O-Gallate against Replicative Senescence Associated with p53 Acetylation in Human Dermal Fibroblasts." Oxidative Medicine and Cellular Longevity 2012 (2012): 1–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2012/850684.

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Considering the various pharmacological activities of epigallocatechin-3-O-gallate (EGCG) including anticancer, and anti-inflammatory, antidiabetic, and so forth, relatively less attention has been paid to the antiaging effect of EGCG on primary cells. In this study, the preventive effects of EGCG against serial passage-induced senescence were investigated in primary cells including rat vascular smooth muscle cells (RVSMCs), human dermal fibroblasts (HDFs), and human articular chondrocytes (HACs). The involvement of Sirt1 and acetylated p53 was examined as an underlying mechanism for the senescence preventive activity of EGCG in HDFs. All cells were employed with the initial passage number (PN) between 3 and 7. For inducing senescence, the cells were serially passaged at the predetermined times and intervals in the absence or presence of EGCG (50 or 100 μM). Serial passage-induced senescence in RVSMCs and HACs was able to be significantly prevented at 50 μM EGCG, while in HDFs, 100 μM EGCG could significantly prevent senescence and recover their cell cycle progression close to the normal level. Furthermore, EGCG was found to prevent serial passage- and H2O2-induced senescence in HDFs by suppressing p53 acetylation, but the Sirt1 activity was unaffected. In addition, proliferating HDFs showed similar cellular uptake of FITC-conjugated EGCG into the cytoplasm with their senescent counterparts but different nuclear translocation of it from them, which would partly account for the differential responses to EGCG in proliferating versus senescent cells. Taking these results into consideration, it is suggested that EGCG may be exploited to craft strategies for the development of an antiaging or age-delaying agent.

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Pothacharoen, Peraphan, Sumet Najarus, Jongkolnee Settakorn, Shuji Mizumoto, Kazuyuki Sugahara, and Prachya Kongtawelert. "Effects of sesamin on the biosynthesis of chondroitin sulfate proteoglycans in human articular chondrocytes in primary culture." Glycoconjugate Journal 31, no. 3 (December 12, 2013): 221–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10719-013-9514-6.

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Bettany, J. T., and R. G. Wolowacz. "Tetracycline Derivatives Induce Apoptosis Selectively in Cultured Monocytes and Macrophages but not in Mesenchymal Cells." Advances in Dental Research 12, no. 1 (November 1998): 136–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/08959374980120010901.

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Evidence for a non-antibiotic activity displayed by certain tetracycline derivatives is presented. This activity is a selective cytotoxicity toward cells of the monocytic lineage (the human histiocytic lymphoma U937 cell line and the mouse macrophage line RAW264) but not toward various cells of a mesenchymal lineage (including primary ovine articular chondrocytes and meniscal cells, murine calvarial osteoblasts and MG-63 osteosarcoma cells, and primary human neonatal foreskin fibroblasts). Cells were incubated with various chemically modified tetracycline derivatives (CMTs) or doxycycline for 24 hrs at a range of concentrations between zero and 50 μg/mL in both serum-containing and serum-free culture conditions. Assessment of cell viability by means of the MTT assay demonstrated a potent dose-dependent cytotoxic effect induced by compound CMT-3 and a less potent effect induced by doxycycline, but no apparent cytotoxic effect in the presence of either CMT-2 or CMT-5. Cytospin preparations analyzed by the labeling of DNA fragments indicated the same trends and suggested that cell death was via an apoptotic mechanism. The cytotoxic potency of these tetracyclines toward cells of the monocytic lineage could be diminished but not abolished by either the presence of 10% fetal calf serum within the culture medium, or pre-treatment with phorbol esters to promote a more macrophage-like phenotype. These data provide evidence that, in addition to well-characterized antibiotic and MMPinhibitory characteristics, tetracyclines may function by a novel mechanism to induce selective apoptosis.

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Niada, Stefania, Chiara Giannasi, Marta Gomarasca, Deborah Stanco, Sara Casati, and Anna Teresa Brini. "Adipose-derived stromal cell secretome reduces TNFα-induced hypertrophy and catabolic markers in primary human articular chondrocytes." Stem Cell Research 38 (July 2019): 101463. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.scr.2019.101463.

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Amrichová, Judita, Tímea Špaková, Ján Rosocha, Denisa Harvanová, Darina Bačenková, Marek Lacko, and Slavomír Horňák. "Effect of PRP and PPP on proliferation and migration of human chondrocytes and synoviocytes in vitro." Open Life Sciences 9, no. 2 (February 1, 2014): 139–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/s11535-013-0255-0.

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AbstractCartilage tissue engineering can provide substantial relief to people suffering from degenerative cartilage disease, such as osteoarthritis. The autologous platelet-rich plasma (PRP) application appears to improve cartilage healing due to its ability to positively influence cellular mechanisms, mainly in cells from synovium and cartilage. Primary cultures of human synovial fluid stem cells (synoviocytes, SCs) and chondrocytes (CCs) were exposed to various concentrations of non-activated PRP and plateletpoor plasma (PPP) prepared by apheresis. Cell proliferation and migration were evaluated in real-time with the non-invasive xCELLigence System. It was found that PRP had a similar effect on the growth of cells as fetal bovine serum (FBS). Surprisingly, our proliferation assay results indicated that 50% PPP had the largest effect on both cell types, with a statistically significant increase in cell number (P<0.001) compared to the (0% FBS) in vitro control. The migratory ability of SCs was significantly enhanced with 10% PRP and 0.8% hyaluronic acid (HA). HA also augmented migration of CCs. In summary, these results demonstrate that directed cell proliferation and migration are inducible in human articular CCs and SCs, and that both platelet-derived fractions may exert a positive effect and modulate several cell responses that are potentially involved in tissue integration during cartilage repair.

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Yang, Hongwei, Meng Cong, Weixiao Huang, Jin Chen, Min Zhang, Xiaosong Gu, Cheng Sun, and Huilin Yang. "The Effect of Human Bone Marrow Mesenchymal Stem Cell-Derived Exosomes on Cartilage Repair in Rabbits." Stem Cells International 2022 (September 8, 2022): 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2022/5760107.

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Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) have shown chondroprotective effects in cartilage repair. However, side effects caused by MSC treatment limit their application in clinic. As a cell-free therapy, MSC-derived exosomes (EXOs) have attracted much more attention in recent years. In the present study, we prepared EXOs from human bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (hBMSCs) and examined their therapeutic potentials in cartilage repair. Our results showed that the prepared extracellular vesicles exhibit classical features of EXOs, such as cup-like shape, around 100 nm diameter, positive protein markers (CD81, TSG101, and Flotillin 1), and ability of internalization. In primary chondrocytes, the treatment of hBMSC-EXOs markedly increases cell viability and proliferation in a dose-dependent manner. Moreover, wound healing assay showed that hBMSC-EXOs accelerate cell migration in primary chondrocytes. JC-1 staining revealed that the mitochondrial membrane potential was enhanced by hBMSC-EXOs, indicating cell apoptosis was decreased in the presence of hBMSC-EXOs. In rabbits with articular cartilage defects, local administration with hBMSC-EXOs facilitates cartilage regeneration as evidenced by gross view and hematoxylin-eosin (H&E) and Saf-O/Fast Green staining. In addition, the International Cartilage Repair Society (ICRS) score was increased by the application of hBMSC-EXOs. Overall, our data indicate that the treatment with hBMSC-EXOs is a suitable cell-free therapy for treating cartilage defects, and these benefits are likely due to improved cell proliferation and migration in chondrocytes.

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Villiger, P. M., A. B. Kusari, P. ten Dijke, and M. Lotz. "IL-1 beta and IL-6 selectively induce transforming growth factor-beta isoforms in human articular chondrocytes." Journal of Immunology 151, no. 6 (September 15, 1993): 3337–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.4049/jimmunol.151.6.3337.

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Abstract Transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-beta) plays an important role in homeostasis of connective tissues, but regulation of its expression in mesenchymal cells is not well characterized. This study examines the effects of the cytokines IL-1 beta and IL-6 on expression of TGF-beta isoforms in human articular chondrocytes. IL-6 caused a fivefold increase, in the secretion of TGF-beta bioactivity by primary chondrocytes, whereas IL-1 beta showed only marginal stimulatory effects. Analysis by Northern blotting showed that IL-6 induced TGF-beta 1 gene expression but had no detectable effect on TGF-beta 2 mRNA levels and marginally increased TGF-beta 3 mRNA. However, IL-1 inhibited TGF-beta 1 mRNA expression induced by serum. In contrast, IL-1 beta strongly and selectively upregulated the TGF-beta 3 isoform. To determine whether this differential effect of IL-1 beta resulted in a corresponding change in protein synthesis, chondrocytes were metabolically labeled and analyzed by immunoprecipitation. IL-1 beta selectively induced TGF-beta 3 protein synthesis but reduced synthesis of the TGF-beta 1 and TGF-beta 2 isoforms. Consistent with the effects on TGF-beta 1 mRNA, IL-6 increased the synthesis of TGF-beta 1. These differential effects of the cytokines IL-1 beta and IL-6 provide new insight into the regulation of TGF-beta expression and may represent a protective mechanism against cytokine-induced connective tissue catabolism.

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Lotz, M., I. Clark-Lewis, and V. Ganu. "HIV-1 transactivator protein Tat induces proliferation and TGF beta expression in human articular chondrocytes." Journal of Cell Biology 124, no. 3 (February 1, 1994): 365–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1083/jcb.124.3.365.

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The human immunodeficiency virus-1 (HIV-1) protein Tat binds to cell surface antigens and can regulate cellular responses. Tat has similar immunosuppressive effects as transforming growth factor-beta (TGF beta) and both inhibit lymphocyte proliferation. TGF beta is expressed by primary human articular chondrocytes and is their most potent growth factor. The present study analyzed the interactions of TGF beta and HIV Tat in the regulation of human articular chondrocytes. Synthetic or recombinant full-length Tat (1-86) induced chondrocyte proliferation and this was of similar magnitude as the response to TGF beta. Tat peptides that did not contain the RGD motif had similar chondrocyte stimulatory activity as full-length Tat. Among a series of Tat peptides, peptide 38-62 which contains the basic domain was the only one active, suggesting that this region is responsible for the effects on chondrocyte proliferation. Full-length Tat and peptide 38-62 synergized with TGF beta and induced proliferative responses that were greater than those obtained with any combination of the known chondrocyte growth factors. Further characterization of the interactions between Tat and TGF beta showed that Tat increased synthesis and TGF beta activity and TGF beta 1 mRNA levels. The stimulatory effects of Tat and peptide 38-62 on chondrocyte proliferation were reduced by neutralizing antibodies to TGF beta and by TGF beta antisense oligonucleotides. These results identify a virally encoded protein and a synthetic peptide derived from it as novel and potent chondrocyte growth stimuli which act at least in part through the induction of TGF beta.

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Stellavato, Antonietta, Valentina Vassallo, Annalisa La Gatta, Anna Virginia Adriana Pirozzi, Mario De Rosa, Giovanni Balato, Alessio D’Addona, Virginia Tirino, Carlo Ruosi, and Chiara Schiraldi. "Novel Hybrid Gels Made of High and Low Molecular Weight Hyaluronic Acid Induce Proliferation and Reduce Inflammation in an Osteoarthritis In Vitro Model Based on Human Synoviocytes and Chondrocytes." BioMed Research International 2019 (April 23, 2019): 1–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2019/4328219.

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High molecular weight hyaluronan (H-HA) has a pivotal role in the maintenance of normal functions of synovial fluid and structure of the articular joint, but it has been shown that its concentration is reduced in patients affected by degenerative cartilage diseases, such as osteoarthritis (OA). The aim of this study was to investigate the anti-inflammatory effects and properties of hybrid cooperative complexes based on high and low molecular weight hyaluronan (HCC) compared to H-HA on human primary cells derived by pathological joints. In addition, the rheological behavior of HCC was evaluated in order to define their potential as viscosupplement gel in degenerated joints. The experiments were performed using an in vitro model of OA based on human chondrocytes and synoviocytes isolated from degenerated joints of patients hospitalized for surgical replacement. In order to assess the anti-inflammatory effects of HCC, we evaluated NF-kB, COMP-2, IL-6, and IL-8 as specific markers at the transcriptional and/or protein level. Moreover, the proliferative properties of HCC were assessed using time lapse video microscopy. We showed that chondrocytes and synoviocytes clearly presented an altered cytokine profile compatible with a severe ongoing inflammation status. H-HA and, above all, HCC significantly reduced levels of the specific biomarkers evaluated and improved cartilage healing. The rheological profile indicated HCC suitability for intra-articular injection in joint diseases. HCC viscoelastic properties and the protective/anti-inflammatory effect on human chondrocytes and synoviocytes suggest the novel HCC-based gels as a valid support for OA management.

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Kochukov, Mikhail Y., Terry A. McNearney, Yibing Fu, and Karin N. Westlund. "Thermosensitive TRP ion channels mediate cytosolic calcium response in human synoviocytes." American Journal of Physiology-Cell Physiology 291, no. 3 (September 2006): C424—C432. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpcell.00553.2005.

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The transient receptor potential (TRP) channels are important membrane sensors, responding to thermal, chemical, osmotic, or mechanical stimuli by activation of calcium and sodium fluxes. In this study, three distinct TRP channels were detected and their role established in mediating cytosolic free calcium concentration ([Ca2+]cyt) response in tumor-derived SW982 synoviocytes and primary cultures of human synovial cells from patients with inflammatory arthropathies. As shown by fura-2 ratio measurements while cells were incubated in a temperature-regulated chamber, significant [Ca2+]cyt elevation was elicited by rapid changes in bath temperature, application of TRPV1 receptor agonists capsaicin and resiniferatoxin, or a cold receptor stimulator, icilin. Temperature thresholds for calcium response were determined to be 12 ± 1°C for cold and 28 ± 2°C for heat activation. Temperature increases or decreases beyond these thresholds resulted in a significant rise in the magnitude of [Ca2+]cyt spikes. Observed changes in [Ca2+]cyt were completely abolished in calcium-free medium and thus resulted from direct calcium entry through TRP channels rather then by activation of voltage-dependent calcium channels. Two heat sensitive channels, TRPV1 and TRPV4, and a cold-sensitive channel, TRPA1, were detected by RT-PCR. Minimal mRNA for TRPV3 or TRPM8 was amplified. The RT-PCR results support the data obtained with the [Ca2+]cyt measurements. We propose that the TRP channels are functionally expressed in human synoviocytes and may play a critical role in adaptive or pathological changes in articular surfaces during arthritic inflammation.

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Cordaro, Annalaura, Roberto Zagami, Milo Malanga, Jagadeesh Kumar Venkatesan, Carmen Alvarez-Lorenzo, Magali Cucchiarini, Anna Piperno, and Antonino Mazzaglia. "Cyclodextrin Cationic Polymer-Based Nanoassemblies to Manage Inflammation by Intra-Articular Delivery Strategies." Nanomaterials 10, no. 9 (August 29, 2020): 1712. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nano10091712.

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Injectable nanobioplatforms capable of locally fighting the inflammation in osteoarticular diseases, by reducing the number of administrations and prolonging the therapeutic effect is highly challenging. β-Cyclodextrin cationic polymers are promising cartilage-penetrating candidates by intra-articular injection due to the high biocompatibility and ability to entrap multiple therapeutic and diagnostic agents, thus monitoring and mitigating inflammation. In this study, nanoassemblies based on poly-β-amino-cyclodextrin (PolyCD) loaded with the non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug diclofenac (DCF) and linked by supramolecular interactions with a fluorescent probe (adamantanyl-Rhodamine conjugate, Ada-Rhod) were developed to manage inflammation in osteoarticular diseases. PolyCD@Ada-Rhod/DCF supramolecular nanoassemblies were characterized by complementary spectroscopic techniques including UV-Vis, steady-state and time-resolved fluorescence, DLS and ζ-potential measurement. Stability and DCF release kinetics were investigated in medium mimicking the physiological conditions to ensure control over time and efficacy. Biological experiments evidenced the efficient cellular internalization of PolyCD@Ada-Rhod/DCF (within two hours) without significant cytotoxicity in primary human bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stromal cells (hMSCs). Finally, polyCD@Ada-Rhod/DCF significantly suppressed IL-1β production in hMSCs, revealing the anti-inflammatory properties of these nanoassemblies. With these premises, this study might open novel routes to exploit original CD-based nanobiomaterials for the treatment of osteoarticular diseases.

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Park, Cheol, Jin-Woo Jeong, Dae-Sung Lee, Mi-Jin Yim, Jeong Lee, Min Han, Suhkmann Kim, et al. "Sargassum serratifolium Extract Attenuates Interleukin-1β-Induced Oxidative Stress and Inflammatory Response in Chondrocytes by Suppressing the Activation of NF-κB, p38 MAPK, and PI3K/Akt." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 19, no. 8 (August 7, 2018): 2308. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms19082308.

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Osteoarthritis (OA) is a degenerative joint disease that is characterized by irreversible articular cartilage destruction by inflammatory reaction. Among inflammatory stimuli, interleukin-1β (IL-1β) is known to play a crucial role in OA pathogenesis by stimulating several mediators that contribute to cartilage degradation. Recently, the marine brown alga Sargassum serratifolium has been reported to exhibit antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects in microglial and human umbilical vein endothelial cell models using lipopolysaccharide and tumor necrosis factor-α, but its beneficial effects on OA have not been investigated. This study aimed to evaluate the anti-osteoarthritic effects of ethanol extract of S. serratifolium (EESS) in SW1353 human chondrocytes and, in parallel, primary rat articular chondrocytes. Our results showed that EESS effectively blocked the generation of reactive oxygen species in IL-1β-treated SW1353 and rat primary chondrocytes, indicating that EESS has a potent antioxidant activity. EESS also attenuated IL-1β-induced production of nitric oxide (NO) and prostaglandin E2, major inflammatory mediators in these cells, which was associated with the inhibition of inducible NO synthase and cyclooxygenase-2 expression. Moreover, EESS downregulated the level of gene expression of matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-1, -3 and -13 in SW1353 chondrocytes treated with IL-1β, resulting in their extracellular secretion reduction. In addition, the IL-1β-induced activation of nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB) was restored by EESS. Furthermore, EESS reduced the activation of p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) and phosphatidylinositol-3-kinase (PI3K)/Akt signaling pathways upon IL-1β stimulation. These results indicate that EESS has the potential to exhibit antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects through inactivation of the NF-κB, p38 MAPK, and PI3K/Akt signaling pathways. Collectively, these findings demonstrate that EESS may have the potential for chondroprotection, and extracts of S. serratifolium could potentially be used in the prevention and treatment of OA.

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Gögele, Clemens, Silvana Müller, Svetlana Belov, Andreas Pradel, Sven Wiltzsch, Armin Lenhart, Markus Hornfeck, et al. "Biodegradable Poly(D-L-lactide-co-glycolide) (PLGA)-Infiltrated Bioactive Glass (CAR12N) Scaffolds Maintain Mesenchymal Stem Cell Chondrogenesis for Cartilage Tissue Engineering." Cells 11, no. 9 (May 7, 2022): 1577. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/cells11091577.

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Regeneration of articular cartilage remains challenging. The aim of this study was to increase the stability of pure bioactive glass (BG) scaffolds by means of solvent phase polymer infiltration and to maintain cell adherence on the glass struts. Therefore, BG scaffolds either pure or enhanced with three different amounts of poly(D-L-lactide-co-glycolide) (PLGA) were characterized in detail. Scaffolds were seeded with primary porcine articular chondrocytes (pACs) and human mesenchymal stem cells (hMSCs) in a dynamic long-term culture (35 days). Light microscopy evaluations showed that PLGA was detectable in every region of the scaffold. Porosity was greater than 70%. The biomechanical stability was increased by polymer infiltration. PLGA infiltration did not result in a decrease in viability of both cell types, but increased DNA and sulfated glycosaminoglycan (sGAG) contents of hMSCs-colonized scaffolds. Successful chondrogenesis of hMSC-colonized scaffolds was demonstrated by immunocytochemical staining of collagen type II, cartilage proteoglycans and the transcription factor SOX9. PLGA-infiltrated scaffolds showed a higher relative expression of cartilage related genes not only of pAC-, but also of hMSC-colonized scaffolds in comparison to the pure BG. Based on the novel data, our recommendation is BG scaffolds with single infiltrated PLGA for cartilage tissue engineering.

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Hutchison, Michele R., and Perrin C. White. "Prostacyclin Regulates Bone Growth via the Epac/Rap1 Pathway." Endocrinology 156, no. 2 (November 18, 2014): 499–510. http://dx.doi.org/10.1210/en.2014-1348.

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Prostaglandins, particularly PGE2, are important to adult bone and joint health, but how prostaglandins act on growth plate cartilage to affect bone growth is unclear. We show that growth plate cartilage is distinct from articular cartilage with respect to cyclooxygenase (COX)-2 mRNA expression; although articular chondrocytes express very little COX-2, COX-2 expression is high in growth plate chondrocytes and is increased by IGF-I. In bovine primary growth plate chondrocytes, ATDC5 cells, and human metatarsal explants, inhibition of COX activity with nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) inhibits chondrocyte proliferation and ERK activation by IGF-I. This inhibition is reversed by prostaglandin E2 and prostacyclin (PGI2) but not by prostaglandin D2 or thromboxane B2. Inhibition of COX activity in young mice by ip injections of NSAIDs causes dwarfism. In growth plate chondrocytes, inhibition of proliferation and ERK activation by NSAIDs is reversed by forskolin, 8-bromoadenosine, 3′,5′-cAMP and a prostacyclin analog, iloprost. The inhibition of proliferation and ERK activation by celecoxib is also reversed by 8CPT-2Me-cAMP, an activator of Epac, implicating the small G protein Rap1 in the pathway activated by iloprost. These results imply that prostacyclin is required for proper growth plate development and bone growth.

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Sancho-Tello, Maria, Sara Martorell, Manuel Mata Roig, Lara Milián, MA Gámiz-González, Jose Luis Gómez Ribelles, and Carmen Carda. "Human platelet-rich plasma improves the nesting and differentiation of human chondrocytes cultured in stabilized porous chitosan scaffolds." Journal of Tissue Engineering 8 (January 1, 2017): 204173141769754. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2041731417697545.

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The clinical management of large-size cartilage lesions is difficult due to the limited regenerative ability of the cartilage. Different biomaterials have been used to develop tissue engineering substitutes for cartilage repair, including chitosan alone or in combination with growth factors to improve its chondrogenic properties. The main objective of this investigation was to evaluate the benefits of combining activated platelet-rich plasma with a stabilized porous chitosan scaffold for cartilage regeneration. To achieve this purpose, stabilized porous chitosan scaffolds were prepared using freeze gelation and combined with activated platelet-rich plasma. Human primary articular chondrocytes were isolated and cultured in stabilized porous chitosan scaffolds with and without combination to activated platelet-rich plasma. Scanning electron microscopy was used for the morphological characterization of the resulting scaffolds. Cell counts were performed in hematoxylin and eosin–stained sections, and type I and II collagen expression was evaluated using immunohistochemistry. Significant increase in cell number in activated platelet-rich plasma/stabilized porous chitosan was found compared with stabilized porous chitosan scaffolds. Chondrocytes grown on stabilized porous chitosan expressed high levels of type I collagen but type II was not detectable, whereas cells grown on activated platelet rich plasma/stabilized porous chitosan scaffolds expressed high levels of type II collagen and type I was almost undetectable. In summary, activated platelet-rich plasma increases nesting and induces the differentiation of chondrocytes cultured on stabilized porous chitosan scaffolds.

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Sakata, Shuzo, Ryo Kunimatsu, Yuji Tsuka, Ayaka Nakatani, Tomoka Hiraki, Hidemi Gunji, Naoto Hirose, Makoto Yanoshita, Nurul Aisyah Rizky Putranti, and Kotaro Tanimoto. "High-Frequency Near-Infrared Diode Laser Irradiation Attenuates IL-1β-Induced Expression of Inflammatory Cytokines and Matrix Metalloproteinases in Human Primary Chondrocytes." Journal of Clinical Medicine 9, no. 3 (March 24, 2020): 881. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jcm9030881.

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High-frequency near-infrared diode laser provides a high-peak output, low-heat accumulation, and efficient biostimulation. Although these characteristics are considered suitable for osteoarthritis (OA) treatment, the effect of high-frequency near-infrared diode laser irradiation in in vitro or in vivo OA models has not yet been reported. Therefore, we aimed to assess the biological effects of high-frequency near-infrared diode laser irradiation on IL-1β-induced chondrocyte inflammation in an in vitro OA model. Normal Human Articular Chondrocyte-Knee (NHAC-Kn) cells were stimulated with human recombinant IL-1β and irradiated with a high-frequency near-infrared diode laser (910 nm, 4 or 8 J/cm2). The mRNA and protein expression of relevant inflammation- and cartilage destruction-related proteins was analyzed. Interleukin (IL) -1β treatment significantly increased the mRNA levels of IL-1β, IL-6, tumor necrosis factor (TNF) -α, matrix metalloproteinases (MMP) -1, MMP-3, and MMP-13. High-frequency near-infrared diode laser irradiation significantly reduced the IL-1β-induced expression of IL-1β, IL-6, TNF-α, MMP-1, and MMP-3. Similarly, high-frequency near-infrared diode laser irradiation decreased the IL-1β-induced increase in protein expression and secreted levels of MMP-1 and MMP-3. These results highlight the therapeutic potential of high-frequency near-infrared diode laser irradiation in OA.

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van den Akker, Guus G. H., Lars M. T. Eijssen, Stephen M. Richardson, Lodewijk W. van Rhijn, Judith A. Hoyland, Tim J. M. Welting, and Jan Willem Voncken. "A Membranome-Centered Approach Defines Novel Biomarkers for Cellular Subtypes in the Intervertebral Disc." CARTILAGE 11, no. 2 (April 9, 2018): 203–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1947603518764260.

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Objective Lack of specific marker-sets prohibits definition and functional distinction of cellular subtypes in the intervertebral disc (IVD), such as those from the annulus fibrosus (AF) and the nucleus pulposus (NP). Design We recently generated immortalized cell lines from human NP and AF tissues; these comprise a set of functionally distinct clonal subtypes. Whole transcriptome analyses were performed of 12 phenotypically distinct clonal cell lines (4× NP-Responder, 4× NP-nonResponder, 2× AF-Sheet forming, and 2× AF-nonSheet forming). Data sets were filtered for membrane-associated marker genes and compared to literature. Results Comparison of our immortal cell lines to published primary NP, AF, and articular chondrocytes (AC) transcriptome datasets revealed preservation of AF and NP phenotypes. NP-specific membrane-associated genes were defined by comparison to AF cells in both the primary dataset (46 genes) and immortal cell-lines (161 genes). Definition of AF-specific membrane-associated genes yielded 125 primary AF cell and 92 immortal cell-line markers. Overlap between primary and immortal NP cells yielded high-confidence NP-specific marker genes for NP-R ( CLDN11, TMEFF2, CA12, ANXA2, CD44) and NP-nR (EFNA1, NETO2, SLC2A1). Overlap between AF and immortal AF subtypes yielded specific markers for AF-S ( COLEC12, LPAR1) and AF-nS ( CHIC1). Conclusions The current study provides a reference platform for preclinical evaluation of novel membrane-associated cell type–specific markers in the IVD. Future research will focus on their biological relevance for IVD function in development, homeostasis, and degenerate conditions.

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Blanco, F. J., Y. Geng, and M. Lotz. "Differentiation-dependent effects of IL-1 and TGF-beta on human articular chondrocyte proliferation are related to inducible nitric oxide synthase expression." Journal of Immunology 154, no. 8 (April 15, 1995): 4018–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.4049/jimmunol.154.8.4018.

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Abstract This study analyzed the effect of chondrocyte differentiation on iNOS expression and responses to IL-1 and TGF-beta. During subculturing of chondrocytes, the growth-stimulatory effects of TGF-beta decreased, and cells in later passages even were growth inhibited by TGF-beta. IL-1 beta responses showed an inverse pattern. The antiproliferative effects of IL-1 beta decreased, and, after passage 6, IL-1 beta became a growth stimulator for chondrocytes. This change in growth factor response pattern was associated with a decrease in type II collagen expression. To determine whether these changes in the growth regulatory effects of IL-1 beta and TGF-beta were related to nitric oxide (NO), inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) expression and NO release were analyzed. In primary chondrocytes, TGF-beta did not stimulate iNOS mRNA expression or NO release, and, during co-incubation, it did not detectably alter the IL-1 beta effect. Preincubation with TGF-beta resulted in a time-dependent increase in IL-1-induced NO. With increasing passage number, the IL-1 beta effects decreased, and, after passage 6, IL-1 beta no longer detectably stimulated iNOS expression or NO release. However, TGF-beta increased NO production synergistically with IL-1 beta during the same culture period when it lost its growth-stimulatory effects. The antiproliferative effects of TGF-beta in late passage chondrocytes were reversed by the NO synthase inhibitor NG-monomethylarginine. These results suggest a novel pattern of iNOS regulation by IL-1 and TGF-beta and show that the factors that modulate iNOS expression and proliferation are dependent on the differentiation status of the cells.

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Otsuka, H., T. Satomi, Koji Ueno, and Tetsuya Tateishi. "Nano-Fabricated Aligned Spheroid for Cartilage Tissue Engineering." Advances in Science and Technology 53 (October 2006): 67–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/ast.53.67.

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Micropatterned PEGylated substrates with two-dimensional arrays of plasma-etched circular domains (diameter:100 micro-m) were prepared by coating of mercapto-functionalized poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) on Au surface, followed by plasma-etching through a metal mask pattern with circular holes. The PEGylated region on the patterned substrate works to repel proteins, consequently, inhibits cell adhesion. Then the micro-patterning of bovine articular chondrocytes or rat primary hepatocytes hetero-spheroids underlaid with human umbilical endothelial cells (HUVEC) was achieved on the plasma-etched circular domains, exposing the base gold surface. Obtained results suggested that the efficiency of inhibiting non-specific protein adsorption significantly affects on construction of micro-patterned cell adhesion and hetero-spheroids. The formation of hetero-spheroid thus suggested is significantly modulated by suface properties, particularly non-fouling character of PEG region. These arrayed spheroids is promising materials for tissue and cell-based biosensors (TBB/CBB) as well as tissue engineering technologies.

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Behera, Aruna K., Ethan Hildebrand, Joanna Scagliotti, Allen C. Steere, and Linden T. Hu. "Induction of Host Matrix Metalloproteinases by Borrelia burgdorferi Differs in Human and Murine Lyme Arthritis." Infection and Immunity 73, no. 1 (January 2005): 126–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/iai.73.1.126-134.2005.

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ABSTRACT Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) are induced from host tissues in response to Borrelia burgdorferi. Upregulation of MMPs may play a role in the dissemination of the organism through extracellular matrix tissues, but it can also result in destructive pathology. Although mice are a well-accepted model for Lyme arthritis, there are significant differences compared to human disease. We sought to determine whether MMP expression could account for some of these differences. MMP expression patterns following B. burgdorferi infection were analyzed in primary human chondrocytes, synovial fluid samples from patients with Lyme arthritis, and cartilage tissue from Lyme arthritis-susceptible and -resistant mice by using a gene array, real-time PCR, an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, and immunohistochemistry. B. burgdorferi infection significantly induced transcription of MMP-1, -3, -13, and -19 from primary human chondrocyte cells. Transcription of MMP-10 and tissue inhibitor of metalloprotease 1 was increased with B. burgdorferi infection, but protein expression was only minimally increased. The synovial fluid levels of MMPs from patients with high and low spirochete burdens were consistent with results seen in the in vitro studies. B. burgdorferi-susceptible C3H/HeN mice infected with B. burgdorferi showed induction of MMP-3 and MMP-19 but no other MMP or tissue inhibitor of metalloprotease. As determined by immunohistochemistry, MMP-3 expression was increased only in chondrocytes near the articular surface. The levels of MMPs were significantly lower in the more Lyme arthritis-resistant BALB/c and C57BL/6 mice. Differences between human and murine Lyme arthritis may be related to the lack of induction of collagenases, such MMP-1 and MMP-13, in mouse joints.

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Mao, Guping, Peihui Wu, Ziji Zhang, Zhiqi Zhang, Weiming Liao, Yukang Li, and Yan Kang. "MicroRNA-92a-3p Regulates Aggrecanase-1 and Aggrecanase-2 Expression in Chondrogenesis and IL-1β-Induced Catabolism in Human Articular Chondrocytes." Cellular Physiology and Biochemistry 44, no. 1 (2017): 38–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1159/000484579.

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Background/Aims: Aggrecanase-1 (ADAMTS-4) and aggrecanase-2 (ADAMTS-5) are secreted enzymes belonging to the ADAMTS (a disintegrin and metalloproteinase with thrombospondin motifs) family that play significant roles in the progression of osteoarthritis (OA). Here, we aimed to determine whether the expression of ADAMTS-4/5 in chondrogenesis and inflammation is regulated by microRNA-92a-3p (miR-92a-3p). Methods: MiR-92a-3p and ADAMTS-4/5 expressions were determined by quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR). To investigate the repressive effect of miR-92a-3p on ADAMTS-4/5 expression, chondrogenic human mesenchymal stem cells (hMSCs) and human chondrocytes were transfected with mature miR-92a-3p or an antisense inhibitor (anti-miR-92a-3p), respectively. ADAMTS-4/5 protein production was quantified by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), and miR-92a-3p involvement in IL-1β-mediated catabolic effects was examined by immunoblotting. The roles of activated MAP kinases (MAPK) and nuclear factor (NF)-κB were evaluated by using specific inhibitors. Interaction between miR-92a-3p and its putative binding site in the 3′-untranslated region (3′-UTR) of ADAMTS-4/5 mRNA was confirmed by luciferase reporter assay. Results: miR-92a-3p expression was elevated in chondrogenic hMSCs, with significantly lower expression in OA cartilage than in normal cartilage. Stimulation with IL-1β significantly reduced miR-92a-3p expression in primary human chondrocytes (PHCs). Transfection of chondrocytes with miR-92a-3p downregulated IL-1β-induced ADAMTS-4/5 expression, and the activity of a reporter construct containing the 3′-UTR of human ADAMTS-4/5 mRNA. MiR-92a-3p expression was suppressed upon IL-1β-induced activation of MAPK and NF-κB in chondrocytes. Conclusion: MiR-92a-3p is an important regulator of ADAMTS-4/5 in human chondrocytes and may contribute to the development of OA.

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Lu, Hsien-Tsung, Jeng-Wei Lu, Chian-Her Lee, Yi-Jen Peng, Herng-Sheng Lee, You-Hsiang Chu, Yi-Jung Ho, Feng-Cheng Liu, Pei-Hung Shen, and Chih-Chien Wang. "Attenuative Effects of Platelet-Rich Plasma on 30 kDa Fibronectin Fragment-Induced MMP-13 Expression Associated with TLR2 Signaling in Osteoarthritic Chondrocytes and Synovial Fibroblasts." Journal of Clinical Medicine 10, no. 19 (September 29, 2021): 4496. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jcm10194496.

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Proteolytic fragments of fibronectin can have catabolic effects on cartilage, menisci, and synovium. Previous studies have reported that Toll-like receptor (TLR) signaling pathways might be associated with joint inflammation and joint destruction. Platelet-rich plasma (PRP) is increasingly being used to treat a range of joint conditions; however, it has yet to be determined whether PRP influences fibronectin fragment (FN-f) procatabolic activity and TLRs. In this study, human primary culture cells were treated with 30 kDa FN-f with/without PRP co-incubation, and then analyzed using real-time PCR to determine gene expression levels in articular chondrocytes, meniscal fibrochondrocytes, and synovial fibroblasts. Protein levels were evaluated by Western immunoblotting. This study observed an increase in the protein expression of matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs), Toll-like receptor 2 (TLR2), nitric oxide synthase 2 (NOS2), prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase (PTGS2), and cyclooxygenase 2 (COX2) in articular chondrocytes, meniscal fibrochondrocytes, and synovial fibroblasts following insult with 30 kDa FN-f. Upregulation of these genes was significantly attenuated by PRP treatment. TLR2 and matrix metalloproteinase 13 (MMP-13) were also significantly attenuated by cotreatment with 30 kDa FN-f + PRP + TLR2 inhibitor. PRP treatment was shown to attenuate the 30 kDa FN-f-induced MMP-13 expression associated with the decreased expression of TLR2 in osteoarthritic chondrocytes and synovial fibroblasts. PRP treatment was also shown to attenuate procatabolic activity associated with MMP-13 expression via the TLR2 signaling pathway.

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Tendulkar, Gauri, Sabrina Ehnert, Vrinda Sreekumar, Tao Chen, Hans-Peter Kaps, Sonia Golombek, Hans-Peter Wendel, Andreas Nüssler, and Meltem Avci-Adali. "Exogenous Delivery of Link N mRNA into Chondrocytes and MSCs—The Potential Role in Increasing Anabolic Response." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 20, no. 7 (April 6, 2019): 1716. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms20071716.

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Musculoskeletal disorders, such as osteoarthritis and intervertebral disc degeneration are causes of morbidity, which concomitantly burdens the health and social care systems worldwide, with massive costs. Link N peptide has recently been described as a novel anabolic stimulator for intervertebral disc repair. In this study, we analyzed the influence on anabolic response, by delivering synthetic Link N encoding mRNA into primary human chondrocytes and mesenchymal stromal cells (SCP1 cells), Furthermore, both cell types were seeded on knitted titanium scaffolds, and the influence of Link N peptide mRNA for possible tissue engineering applications was investigated. Synthetic modified Link N mRNA was efficiently delivered into both cell types and cell transfection resulted in an enhanced expression of aggrecan, Sox 9, and type II collagen with a decreased expression of type X collagen. Interestingly, despite increased expression of BMP2 and BMP7, BMP signaling was repressed and TGFβ signaling was boosted by Link N transfection in mesenchymal stromal cells, suggesting possible regulatory mechanisms. Thus, the exogenous delivery of Link N peptide mRNA into cells augmented an anabolic response and thereby increased extracellular matrix synthesis. Considering these findings, we suppose that the cultivation of cells on knitted titanium scaffolds and the exogenous delivery of Link N peptide mRNA into cells could mechanically support the stability of tissue-engineered constructs and improve the synthesis of extracellular matrix by seeded cells. This method can provide a potent strategy for articular cartilage and intervertebral disc regeneration.

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Claassen, Horst, Martin Schicht, Jörg Brandt, Katharina Reuse, Ricarda Schädlich, Mary B. Goldring, Saskia Sabrina Guddat, Annett Thate, and Friedrich Paulsen. "C-28/I2 and T/C-28a2 chondrocytes as well as human primary articular chondrocytes express sex hormone and insulin receptors—Useful cells in study of cartilage metabolism." Annals of Anatomy - Anatomischer Anzeiger 193, no. 1 (February 2011): 23–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.aanat.2010.09.005.

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Franco-Trepat, Eloi, Ana Alonso-Pérez, María Guillán-Fresco, Miriam López-Fagúndez, Andrés Pazos-Pérez, Antía Crespo-Golmar, Susana Belén Bravo, et al. "β Boswellic Acid Blocks Articular Innate Immune Responses: An In Silico and In Vitro Approach to Traditional Medicine." Antioxidants 12, no. 2 (February 3, 2023): 371. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/antiox12020371.

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Osteoarthritis (OA) is hallmarked as a silent progressive rheumatic disease of the whole joint. The accumulation of inflammatory and catabolic factors such as IL6, TNFα, and COX2 drives the OA pathophysiology into cartilage degradation, synovia inflammation, and bone destruction. There is no clinical available OA treatment. Although traditional ayurvedic medicine has been using Boswellia serrata extracts (BSE) as an antirheumatic treatment for a millennium, none of the BSE components have been clinically approved. Recently, β boswellic acid (BBA) has been shown to reduce in vivo OA-cartilage loss through an unknown mechanism. We used computational pharmacology, proteomics, transcriptomics, and metabolomics to present solid evidence of BBA therapeutic properties in mouse and primary human OA joint cells. Specifically, BBA binds to the innate immune receptor Toll-like Receptor 4 (TLR4) complex and inhibits both TLR4 and Interleukin 1 Receptor (IL1R) signaling in OA chondrocytes, osteoblasts, and synoviocytes. Moreover, BBA inhibition of TLR4/IL1R downregulated reactive oxygen species (ROS) synthesis and MAPK p38/NFκB, NLRP3, IFNαβ, TNF, and ECM-related pathways. Altogether, we present a solid bulk of evidence that BBA blocks OA innate immune responses and could be transferred into the clinic as an alimentary supplement or as a therapeutic tool after clinical trial evaluations.

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Gurgul, Sebastian J., Anabela Moreira, Yi Xiao, Swastina Nath Varma, Chaozong Liu, Pedro F. Costa, and Gareth R. Williams. "Electrosprayed Particles Loaded with Kartogenin as a Potential Osteochondral Repair Implant." Polymers 15, no. 5 (March 2, 2023): 1275. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym15051275.

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The restoration of cartilage damage is a slow and not always successful process. Kartogenin (KGN) has significant potential in this space—it is able to induce the chondrogenic differentiation of stem cells and protect articular chondrocytes. In this work, a series of poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA)-based particles loaded with KGN were successfully electrosprayed. In this family of materials, PLGA was blended with a hydrophilic polymer (either polyethyleneglycol (PEG) or polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP)) to control the release rate. Spherical particles with sizes in the range of 2.4–4.1 µm were fabricated. They were found to comprise amorphous solid dispersions, with high entrapment efficiencies of >93%. The various blends of polymers had a range of release profiles. The PLGA-KGN particles displayed the slowest release rate, and blending with PVP or PEG led to faster release profiles, with most systems giving a high burst release in the first 24 h. The range of release profiles observed offers the potential to provide a precisely tailored profile via preparing physical mixtures of the materials. The formulations are highly cytocompatible with primary human osteoblasts.

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Huang, Hsuan-Ti, Tsung-Lin Cheng, Chung-Da Yang, Chi-Fen Chang, Cheng-Jung Ho, Shu-Chun Chuang, Jhong-You Li, et al. "Intra-Articular Injection of (−)-Epigallocatechin 3-Gallate (EGCG) Ameliorates Cartilage Degeneration in Guinea Pigs with Spontaneous Osteoarthritis." Antioxidants 10, no. 2 (January 26, 2021): 178. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/antiox10020178.

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Osteoarthritis (OA) is the most prevalent joint disease that causes an enormous burden of disease worldwide. (−)-Epigallocatechin 3-gallate (EGCG) has been reported to reduce post-traumatic OA progression through its anti-inflammatory property. Aging is the most crucial risk factor of OA, and the majority of OA incidences are related to age and not trauma. In this study, we assess whether EGCG can ameliorate cartilage degradation in primary OA. In an in-vitro study, real-time PCR was performed to assess the expression of genes associated with human articular chondrocyte homeostasis. A spontaneously occurring OA model in guinea pigs was used to investigate the effect of EGCG in vivo. OA severity was evaluated using Safranin O staining and Osteoarthritis Research Society International (OARSI) scores, as well as by immunohistochemical (IHC) analysis to determine the protein level of type II collagen (Col II), matrix metalloproteinase 13 (MMP-13), and p16 ink4a in articular cartilage. In the in-vitro study, EGCG increased the gene expression of aggrecan and Col II and decreased the expression of interleukin-1, cyclooxygenase 2, MMP-13, alkaline phosphatase, Col X, and p16 Ink4a; EGCG treatment also attenuated the degraded cartilage with a lower OARSI score. Meanwhile, IHC results showed that EGCG exerted an anti-OA effect by reducing ECM degradation, cartilage inflammation, and cell senescence with a less-immunostained Col II, MMP-13, and p16 Ink4a. In conclusion, these findings suggest that EGCG may be a potential disease-modifying OA drug for the treatment of primary OA.

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Huang, Chun-Yin, Hsiu-Jung Lin, Hsin-Shui Chen, Shi-Yann Cheng, Horng-Chaung Hsu, and Chih-Hsin Tang. "Thrombin Promotes Matrix Metalloproteinase-13 Expression through the PKCδ/c-Src/EGFR/PI3K/Akt/AP-1 Signaling Pathway in Human Chondrocytes." Mediators of Inflammation 2013 (2013): 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2013/326041.

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Thrombin is a key mediator of fibrin deposition, angiogenesis, and proinflammatory processes. Abnormalities in these processes are primary features of rheumatoid arthritis and osteoarthritis. Matrix metalloproteinase-13 (MMP-13) may contribute to the breakdown of articular cartilage during arthritis. However, the role of thrombin in MMP-13 production in chondrocytes is unknown. In this study, we investigated the intracellular signaling pathways involved in thrombin-induced MMP-13 expression in human chondrocytes. We found that stimulation with thrombin led to increased secretion of MMP-13 in cultured human chondrocytes. Further, this thrombin-induced MMP-13 production was reduced after transfection with siRNAs against protease activated receptors 1 and 3 (PAR1 and PAR3), but not with PAR4 siRNA. Treatment with specific inhibitors for PKCδ, c-Src, EGFR, PI3K, Akt, or AP-1 or with the corresponding siRNAs against these signaling proteins also abolished the thrombin-mediated increase in MMP-13 production in chondrocytes. Our results provide evidence that thrombin acts through the PAR1/PAR3 receptors and activates PKCδand c-Src, resulting in EGFR transactivation and activation of PI3K, Akt, and finally AP-1 on the MMP-13 promoter, thereby contributing to cartilage destruction during arthritis.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Primary human articular cells'

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