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Journal articles on the topic 'Primary Explosives'

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Author: Grafiati

Published: 10 December 2022

Last updated: 28 January 2023

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1

Mehta, Neha, Karl Oyler, Gartung Cheng, Akash Shah, John Marin, and Kin Yee. "Primary Explosives." Zeitschrift für anorganische und allgemeine Chemie 640, no. 7 (March 25, 2014): 1309–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/zaac.201400053.

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2

Tang, Jie, Dan Chen, Gen Zhang, Hongwei Yang, and Guangbin Cheng. "A “Green” Primary Explosive: Design, Synthesis, and Testing." Synlett 30, no. 08 (February 5, 2019): 885–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0037-1611696.

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This account presents the synthesis and the characterization of triazine-tetrazine nitrogen heterocyclic compounds. Some compounds were characterized by NMR and IR spectroscopy, mass spectrometry, differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), and single-crystal X-ray diffraction. The physical and chemical properties were obtained by EXPLO5 v6.01, gas pycnometer, BAM Fallhammer, BAM Friction tester, and several detonation tests. The results show that the new metal-free polyazido compound 3,6-bis-[2-(4,6-diazido-1,3,5-triazin-2-yl)-diazenyl]-1,2,4,5-tetrazine (4) with high heat of formation (2820 kJ mol–1/6130.2 kJ kg–1) and excellent detonation velocity and pressure (D = 8602 m s–1, P = 29.4 GPa) could be used as ingredient in secondary explosives. 3,6-Bis-[2-(4,6-diazido-1,3,5-triazin-2-yl)-hydrazinyl]-1,2,4,5-tetrazine (3) can detonate research department explosive (RDX, cyclonite) as a primer (Δf H m = 2114 kJ mol–1/4555.2 kJ kg–1, D = 8365 m s–1, P = 26.8 GPa), whose initiation capacity is comparable to that of the traditional primary explosive Pb(N3)2. Therefore, the metal-free compound 3 can potentially replace lead-based-primary explosives, which would be advantageous for the environment.1 Introduction2 Strategies to Form High-Nitrogen Compounds with High Heat of Formation3 Metal-Free Strategies to Prepare Primary Explosives4 Concluding Remarks

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3

Klapötke, Thomas M., and Neha Mehta. "Lead-free Primary Explosives." Propellants, Explosives, Pyrotechnics 39, no. 1 (February 2014): 7–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/prep.201480132.

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4

MISZCZAK,, Maciej, Cezary Kwiecień, and Sławomir Gryka. "INVESTIGATING EXPLOSIVE SENSITIVITY TO ELECTROSTATIC DISCHARGE ACCORDING TO NATO STANDARDIZATION DOCUMENTS." PROBLEMY TECHNIKI UZBROJENIA, no. 3 (December 6, 2016): 39–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0010.0534.

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Some small scale methods for testing the sensitivity against ESD (Electro Static Discharge) of solid explosives like primary explosives, booster explosives, high explosives, gun and rocket propellants (smokeless powders and solid rocket propellants) and pyrotechnic compositions are overviewed in the paper from the point of NATO standardisation documentation that includes Standard Agreement (STANAG) 4490 [1], Allied Ordnance Publication AOP-7 [2] and STANAG 4170 [3]. The overview is supplemented with analyses and assessments of methods and received results. ESD sensitivity tests of explosives in small scale have not been unified yet in NATO standardization documentation in contradiction to NATO large scale tests. Such unification would be beneficial as it could lead to a greater reliability of results of explosive ESD susceptibility tests performed e.g. in the frame of interlaboratory tests.

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5

Fronabarger, John W., Jason B. Pattison, and Michael D. Williams. "ALTERNATIVES TO EXISTING PRIMARY EXPLOSIVES." International Journal of Energetic Materials and Chemical Propulsion 20, no. 3 (2021): 65–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1615/intjenergeticmaterialschemprop.2021038576.

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6

Kalderis, Dimitrios, Albert L. Juhasz, Raj Boopathy, and Steve Comfort. "Soils contaminated with explosives: Environmental fate and evaluation of state-of-the-art remediation processes (IUPAC Technical Report)." Pure and Applied Chemistry 83, no. 7 (May 7, 2011): 1407–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1351/pac-rep-10-01-05.

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An explosion occurs when a large amount of energy is suddenly released. This energy may come from an over-pressurized steam boiler, from the products of a chemical reaction involving explosive materials, or from a nuclear reaction that is uncontrolled. In order for an explosion to occur, there must be a local accumulation of energy at the site of the explosion, which is suddenly released. This release of energy can be dissipated as blast waves, propulsion of debris, or by the emission of thermal and ionizing radiation. Modern explosives or energetic materials are nitrogen-containing organic compounds with the potential for self-oxidation to small gaseous molecules (N2, H2O, and CO2). Explosives are classified as primary or secondary based on their susceptibility of initiation. Primary explosives are highly susceptible to initiation and are often used to ignite secondary explosives, such as TNT (2,4,6-trinitrotoluene), RDX (1,3,5-trinitroperhydro-1,3,5-triazine), HMX (1,3,5,7-tetranitro-1,3,5,7-tetrazocane), and tetryl (N-methyl-N-2,4,6-tetranitro-aniline).

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7

Xie, Xing Hua, Xiao Jie Li, Shi Long Yan, Meng Wang, Ming Xu, Zhi Gang Ma, Hui Liu, and Zi Ru Guo. "Low Temperature Explosion for Nanometer Active Materials." Key Engineering Materials 324-325 (November 2006): 193–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.324-325.193.

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This paper describes a new method for prediction of the Chapman–Jouguet detonation parameters of CaHbNcOdLieMnf explosives for mixture of some of low temperature explosion explosives at 0 = 1000 kg/m3. Explosion temperatures of water-gel explosives and explosive formulations are predicted using thermochemistry information. The methodology assumes that the heat of detonation of an explosive compound of products composition H2O–CO2–CO–Li2O–MnO2–Mn2O3 can be approximated as the difference between the heats of formation of the detonation products and that of the explosive, divided by the formula weight of the explosive. For the calculations in which the first set of decomposition products is assumed, predicted temperatures of explosion of water-gel explosives with the product H2O in the gas phase have a deviation of 153.29 K from results with the product H2O in the liquid state. Lithium and manganese oxides have been prepared by the explosion of water-gel explosives of the metal nitrates, M (NO3) x (M = Li, Mn) as oxidizers and glycol as fuels, at relative low temperature. We have also used the Dulong-Petit’s values of the specific heat for liquid phase H2O. Lithium manganese oxide powders with chrysanthemum-like morphology secondary particles, but with smaller primary particles of diameters from 5 to 30 nm and a variety of morphologies were found. The oxides produced by this cheap method affirmed the validity of explosion synthesis of nano-size materials for lithium ion batteries.

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8

Xie, Guanshun, and Bingxin Liu. "Fingerprinting of Nitroaromatic Explosives Realized by Aphen-functionalized Titanium Dioxide." Sensors 19, no. 10 (May 27, 2019): 2407. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s19102407.

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Developing sensing materials for military explosives and improvised explosive precursors is of great significance to maintaining homeland security. 5-Nitro-1,10-phenanthroline (Aphen)-modified TiO2 nanospheres are prepared though coordination interactions, which broaden the absorption band edge of TiO2 and shift it to the visible region. A sensor array based on an individual TiO2/Aphen sensor is constructed by regulating the excitation wavelength (365 nm, 450 nm, 550 nm). TiO2/Aphen shows significant response to nitroaromatic explosives since the Aphen capped on the surface of TiO2 can chemically recognize and absorb nitroaromatic explosives by the formation of the corresponding Meisenheimer complex. The photocatalytic mechanism is proved to be the primary sensing mechanism after anchoring nitroaromatic explosives to TiO2. The fingerprint patterns obtained by combining kinetics and thermodynamics validated that the single TiO2/Aphen sensor can identify at least six nitroaromatic explosives and improvised explosives within 8 s and the biggest response reaches 80%. Furthermore, the TiO2/Aphen may allow the contactless detection of various explosives, which is of great significance to maintaining homeland security.

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9

Comet, Marc, Cédric Martin, Martin Klaumünzer, Fabien Schnell, and Denis Spitzer. "Energetic nanocomposites for detonation initiation in high explosives without primary explosives." Applied Physics Letters 107, no. 24 (December 14, 2015): 243108. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.4938139.

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10

Matyáš, Robert, Jakub Šelešovský, and Tomáš Musil. "Sensitivity to friction for primary explosives." Journal of Hazardous Materials 213-214 (April 2012): 236–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2012.01.085.

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11

Matyáš, Robert, and Jakub Šelešovský. "Decreasing Friction Sensitivity for Primary Explosives." Journal of Energetic Materials 32, no. 2 (September 11, 2013): 88–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/07370652.2013.767287.

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12

Deblitz, Raik, Cristian G. Hrib, Steffen Blaurock, Peter G. Jones, Georg Plenikowski, and Frank T. Edelmann. "Explosive Werner-type cobalt(iii) complexes." Inorg. Chem. Front. 1, no. 8 (2014): 621–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c4qi00094c.

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A series of potentially explosive Werner-type cobalt(iii) complexes comprising the anions azotetrazolate, nitrotetrazolate, picrate and dipicrylamide have been prepared via simple metathetical routes. Representative studies of the energetic properties (impact and friction sensitivity, combustion) revealed that some of the new compounds are primary explosives.

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13

Luo, Qingping, Xinping Long, Fude Nie, Guixiang Liu, and Mingshui Zhu. "The Safety Properties of a Potential Kind of Novel Green Primary Explosive: Al/Fe2O3/RDX Nanocomposite." Materials 11, no. 10 (October 10, 2018): 1930. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma11101930.

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Green primary explosives have gained wide attention for environmental protection. A potential novel lead-free primary explosive, Al/Fe2O3/RDX hybrid nanocomposite was prepared by ultrasonic mixing, and its safety properties are discussed in detail. Results showed that their sensitivity and safety properties were a function of the specific surface area and proportions of their ingredients. Their impact sensitivity fell and their static discharge, flame, and hot bridge wire sensitivities rose as the specific surface area of nano-Fe2O3 increased. As the amount of Al/Fe2O3 nanothermite was increased, its impact sensitivity fell and its flame sensitivity rose; their static discharge and hot bridge wire sensitivities, however, followed an inverted “U” type change trend and were determined by both the particle size of the ingredients and the resistance of the nanocomposite. Their firing properties in an electric detonator depended on the proportion of the constituents. Thus, green nanoscale primary explosives are appropriate for a range of initiatory applications and can be created by adjusting their specific surface area and the amount of their constituents.

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14

Huynh, M. H. V., M. D. Coburn, T. J. Meyer, and M. Wetzler. "Green primary explosives: 5-Nitrotetrazolato-N2-ferrate hierarchies." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 103, no. 27 (June 27, 2006): 10322–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0604241103.

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15

Talawar, M. B., A. P. Agrawal, M. Anniyappan, D. S. Wani, M. K. Bansode, and G. M. Gore. "Primary explosives: Electrostatic discharge initiation, additive effect and its relation to thermal and explosive characteristics." Journal of Hazardous Materials 137, no. 2 (September 21, 2006): 1074–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2006.03.043.

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16

Chen, Xinfa, Jiejian Liu, Xicheng Huang, Tao Suo, and Yulong Li. "Numerical modeling of crack growth in polymer-bonded explosive with cavity subject to compression." Advances in Mechanical Engineering 11, no. 6 (June 2019): 168781401985695. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1687814019856954.

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Polymer-bonded explosives are solid high-explosive particles that exhibit brittle behavior in uniaxial tension, quasi-brittle in uniaxial compression, and ductile when subjected to high confining pressure. Tension cracking is the primary failure mode of polymer-bonded explosives quasi-brittle solid, which will lead to overall failure of structural integrity. One characteristic of brittle or quasi-brittle solids, such as polymer-bonded explosives, is that when subjected to overall compressive loading, the tensile cracks will initiate inside the material due to existence of imperfection within the materials. In this study, extended finite element method is applied to analyze the cracking failure mechanism in the PBX 9502 plate-like specimen with cavity subjected to overall compression. The nonlinear constitutive behaviors and failure of polymer-bonded explosives under complex stress states were described by means of stress state–dependent strength surface, non-associated flow rule, and cohesive failure model. Analysis indicates that the tensile stress around the cavity arises in the specimen under overall compression, and this local tensile stress will lead to cracking initiation. The comparison between simulation results and the experimental data reported by Liu and Thompson shows that they are in agreement with each other on some aspects of crack behaviors, including overall development of crack history and inflection, crack initiation moment, and crack initial speed.

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17

Palimbu, Soesiadhy, and Yulius G. Pangkung. "GEOMETRI DAN FRAGMENTASI BATUAN MENGGUNAKAN METODE KUZ-RAM DI PT SEMEN BOSOWA MAROS PROVINSI SULAWESI SELATAN." INTAN Jurnal Penelitian Tambang 4, no. 1 (April 1, 2022): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.56139/intan.v4i1.72.

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Fragmentation of blasted rock aims to determine the average size and size distribution of blasted fragmentation. In fragmentation analysis, blasting geometry calculates to acquire the burden, spacing, stemming, and sub drilling values. The primary data needed in rock fragmentation resulting from blasting are rock mass weighting data, explosive data, and actual blasting data obtained from previous researchers. The results of the actual fragmentation analysis obtained are the actual average fragmentation size of 21,83 cm and the average size of fragmentation using the ICI-Explosives design of 27,22 cm. The actual fragmentation size distribution is 1,92 % 100 cm and 99,08 % 100 cm. Meanwhile, the results of the size distribution of the fragmentation resulting from blasting using the Kuz Ram method using the ICI – Explosives blasting geometry design will produce fragmentation sizes of 0,84 % 100 cm and 99,16% 100 cm.

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18

Ferreira, Carlos, José Ribeiro, Roland Clift, and Fausto Freire. "A Circular Economy Approach to Military Munitions: Valorization of Energetic Material from Ammunition Disposal through Incorporation in Civil Explosives." Sustainability 11, no. 1 (January 7, 2019): 255. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su11010255.

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Ammunition that has reached its end of life or become obsolete is considered hazardous waste due to the energetic material content that must be decommissioned. One of the technologies to dispose of ammunition involves the use of incinerators with sophisticated gas treatment systems; however, this disposal process has important limitations in terms of incinerator capacity, energy requirements and high costs. This article assesses the potential primary energy avoided and environmental benefits arising from the valorization of energetic material from military ammunition by incorporating it into civil emulsion explosives, as an alternative to destructive disposal. This approach follows the circular economy principle, as articulated inter alia in BS 8001:2007, by giving a new service to a residue through its incorporation into a new product. A prospective life-cycle model is implemented based on primary data from previous studies on the conventional disposal process and on the production of emulsion explosive. The model applies system expansion to calculate the environmental burdens avoided when energetic material from ammunition is incorporated into civil explosives. The results show that re-using ammunition through valorization of energetic material greatly reduces the environmental impacts in all categories compared to the conventional disposal process. The benefits arise mainly from avoiding the incineration and flue gas treatment processes in ammunition disposal, and displacing production of civil explosive components with the energetic material from ammunition.

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19

Miron, G., I. Bar, D. Heflinger, Y. Tzuk, and S. Rosenwaks. "Multiple charge reaction cell for studies of primary explosives." Review of Scientific Instruments 60, no. 1 (January 1989): 132–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1140597.

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20

Fried, Laurence E., and Anthony J. Ruggiero. "Energy Transfer Rates in Primary, Secondary, and Insensitive Explosives." Journal of Physical Chemistry 98, no. 39 (September 1994): 9786–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/j100090a012.

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21

Fischer, Dennis, Thomas M. Klapötke, Davin G. Piercey, and Jörg Stierstorfer. "Copper Salts of Halo Tetrazoles: Laser-Ignitable Primary Explosives." Journal of Energetic Materials 30, no. 1 (October 31, 2011): 40–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/07370652.2010.539998.

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22

Larin, Alexander A., Dmitry M. Bystrov, Leonid L. Fershtat, Alexey A. Konnov, Nina N. Makhova, Konstantin A. Monogarov, Dmitry B. Meerov, et al. "Nitro-, Cyano-, and Methylfuroxans, and Their Bis-Derivatives: From Green Primary to Melt-Cast Explosives." Molecules 25, no. 24 (December 10, 2020): 5836. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules25245836.

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In the present work, we studied in detail the thermochemistry, thermal stability, mechanical sensitivity, and detonation performance for 20 nitro-, cyano-, and methyl derivatives of 1,2,5-oxadiazole-2-oxide (furoxan), along with their bis-derivatives. For all species studied, we also determined the reliable values of the gas-phase formation enthalpies using highly accurate multilevel procedures W2-F12 and/or W1-F12 in conjunction with the atomization energy approach and isodesmic reactions with the domain-based local pair natural orbital (DLPNO) modifications of the coupled-cluster techniques. Apart from this, we proposed reliable benchmark values of the formation enthalpies of furoxan and a number of its (azo)bis-derivatives. Additionally, we reported the previously unknown crystal structure of 3-cyano-4-nitrofuroxan. Among the monocyclic compounds, 3-nitro-4-cyclopropyl and dicyano derivatives of furoxan outperformed trinitrotoluene, a benchmark melt-cast explosive, exhibited decent thermal stability (decomposition temperature >200 °C) and insensitivity to mechanical stimuli while having notable volatility and low melting points. In turn, 4,4′-azobis-dicarbamoyl furoxan is proposed as a substitute of pentaerythritol tetranitrate, a benchmark brisant high explosive. Finally, the application prospects of 3,3′-azobis-dinitro furoxan, one of the most powerful energetic materials synthesized up to date, are limited due to the tremendously high mechanical sensitivity of this compound. Overall, the investigated derivatives of furoxan comprise multipurpose green energetic materials, including primary, secondary, melt-cast, low-sensitive explosives, and an energetic liquid.

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23

Grigoriev, Aleksey U., and Tatyana V. Ukraintseva. "THE FORMATION OF PRIMARY IGNITION SOURCES WITH IMPACTIVE EXPLOSIVES INITIATION." Bulletin of the Saint Petersburg State Institute of Technology (Technical University) 59 (2021): 47–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.36807/1998-9849-2021-59-85-47-50.

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In the article, an attempt was made to develop a theory of formation of primary decomposition sources in energy-saturated materials. Meanwhile, probabilistic values are used: relative speed of primary decomposition "sources" occurrence and the quantity of those sources. A special role in the initiation is given to the occurrence of so-called clusters of primary sources, which sizes exceed the critical one, which is determined by the charge size and the conditions of initiation. The proposed model defines the optimal initiation speed leading to guaranteed detonation excitation and becomes a prerequisite for blasting explosives probabilistic initiation theory development.

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24

Ryabykh, S. M., V. P. Zhulanova, N. V. Kholodkovskaya, and V. G. Shakhovalov. "Initiation of primary explosives by electron pulses of microsecond duration." Combustion, Explosion, and Shock Waves 32, no. 3 (May 1996): 336–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf01998466.

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25

Khasainov, Boris, Marc Comet, Bernard Veyssiere, and Denis Spitzer. "Comparison of Performance of Fast-Reacting Nanothermites and Primary Explosives." Propellants, Explosives, Pyrotechnics 42, no. 7 (February 28, 2017): 754–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/prep.201600181.

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26

Wang, Ningning, Yucong Jiang, Tianxiang Xia, Feng Xu, Chengjun Zhang, Dan Zhang, and Zhiyuan Wu. "Antimony Immobilization in Primary-Explosives-Contaminated Soils by Fe–Al-Based Amendments." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19, no. 4 (February 10, 2022): 1979. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19041979.

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Soils at primary explosives sites have been contaminated by high concentrations of antimony (Sb) and co-occurring heavy metals (Cu and Zn), and are largely overlooked and neglected. In this study, we investigated Sb concentrations and species and studied the effect of combined Fe- and Fe–Al-based sorbent application on the mobility of Sb and co-occurring metals. The content of Sb in soil samples varied from 26.7 to 4255.0 mg/kg. In batch experiments, FeSO4 showed ideal Sb sorption (up to 97% sorption with 10% FeSO4·7H2O), whereas the sorptions of 10% Fe0 and 10% goethite were 72% and 41%, respectively. However, Fe-based sorbents enhanced the mobility of co-occurring Cu and Zn to varying levels, especially FeSO4·7H2O. Al(OH)3 was required to prevent Cu and Zn mobilization. In this study, 5% FeSO4·7H2O and 4% Al(OH)3 mixed with soil was the optimal combination to solve this problem, with Sb, Zn, and Cu stabilizations of 94.6%, 74.2%, and 82.2%, respectively. Column tests spiked with 5% FeSO4·7H2O, and 4% Al(OH)3 showed significant Sb (85.85%), Zn (83.9%), and Cu (94.8%) retention. The pH-regulated results indicated that acid conditioning improved Sb retention under alkaline conditions. However, no significant difference was found between the acidification sets and those without pH regulation. The experimental results showed that 5% FeSO4·7H2O + 4% Al(OH)3 without pH regulation was effective for the stabilization of Sb and co-occurring metals in primary explosive soils.

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27

Du, Yao, Jichuan Zhang, Panpan Peng, Hui Su, Shenghua Li, and Siping Pang. "Synthesis and characterization of three pyrazolate inner diazonium salts: green, powerful and stable primary explosives." New Journal of Chemistry 41, no. 17 (2017): 9244–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c7nj00876g.

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28

Yu, Qiong, Gregory H. Imler, Damon A. Parrish, and Jean'ne M. Shreeve. "N,N′-Methylenebis(N-(1,2,5-oxadiazol-3-yl)nitramide) derivatives as metal-free green primary explosives." Dalton Transactions 47, no. 36 (2018): 12661–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c8dt03042a.

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29

Zhang, Jichuan, Ping Yin, Guangxing Pan, Zhenyuan Wang, Jiaheng Zhang, Lauren A. Mitchell, Damon A. Parrish, and Jean’ne M. Shreeve. "5-(4-Azidofurazan-3-yl)-1-hydroxytetrazole and its derivatives: from green primary to secondary explosives." New Journal of Chemistry 43, no. 32 (2019): 12684–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c9nj03306h.

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30

Du, Yao, Jichuan Zhang, Panpan Peng, Hui Su, Shenghua Li, and Siping Pang. "Correction: Synthesis and characterization of three pyrazolate inner diazonium salts: green, powerful and stable primary explosives." New Journal of Chemistry 41, no. 19 (2017): 11422. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c7nj90067h.

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31

Zhang, Qi, Dong Chen, Dong Jing, Guijuan Fan, Liu He, Hongzhen Li, Wentao Wang, and Fude Nie. "Access to green primary explosives via constructing coordination polymers based on bis-tetrazole oxide and non-lead metals." Green Chemistry 21, no. 8 (2019): 1947–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c8gc03973a.

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32

Andika, I. Wayan Agus, I. Made Minggu Widyantara, and I. Nyoman Sutama. "Pemidanaan Terhadap Pelaku Penangkapan Ikan dengan Penggunaan Bahan Peledak." Jurnal Interpretasi Hukum 2, no. 3 (November 30, 2021): 683–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.22225/juinhum.2.3.4197.683-687.

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The fishing that is carried out will have a bad effect on the marine ecosystem, but great benefits can be obtained for the fishermen. Catching fish using explosives is a criminal act in the field of fisheries and such actions may be subject to sanctions as regulated in Law Number 45 of 2009 concerning Fisheries and the Emergency Law on firearms. This study examines legal arrangements regarding the use of explosives in fishing and reveals criminal sanctions against perpetrators of catching fish with the use of explosives. The method used is normative legal research with a statutory approach. The data sources used are primary and secondary data obtained through recording and documentation techniques, then the data is processed by legal interpretation. The results of the study revealed that the legal rules regarding fishing carried out using a hazardous material or explosives have been regulated in Law Number 45 of 2009 concerning Fisheries and the Emergency Law concerning explosives and firearms. Criminal sanctions that can be applied to perpetrators are regulated in Article 84 paragraph (1) to paragraph (4) of Law Number 45 of 2009 concerning Fisheries.

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33

Wurzenberger, Maximilian H. H., Michael S. Gruhne, Marcus Lommel, Norbert Szimhardt, and Jörg Stierstorfer. "Advancement and stabilization of copper(ii) azide by the use of triazole- and tetrazole ligands – enhanced primary explosives." Materials Advances 3, no. 1 (2022): 579–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/d1ma00588j.

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Stabilization of copper(ii) azide by application of various nitrogen-rich azole ligands resulted in a series of powerful energetic coordination compounds with desired properties for primary explosives.

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34

Kent, Rosalyn V., Thomas P. Vaid, Jake A. Boissonnault, and Adam J. Matzger. "Adsorption of tetranitromethane in zeolitic imidazolate frameworks yields energetic materials." Dalton Transactions 48, no. 22 (2019): 7509–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c9dt01254k.

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35

Tikhonov, V. A., G. A. Dudnik, S. Yu Panfilov, and V. V. Zhulikov. "Specific Features of Blasting Operations in Mining Minerals in Northern and Arctic Regions of Russia." Mining Industry Journal (Gornay Promishlennost), no. 2/2021 (May 10, 2021): 102–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.30686/1609-9192-2021-2-102-106.

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A priority task for facilitating the development of the Arctic zone of the Russian Federation is to design new blasting technologies to be efficiently used in extremely difficult climatic, mining and geological conditions at remote operations. This is further motivated by the fact that up to 40% of Russia's gold reserves, 60–90% of its natural gas resources and 100% of its primary diamond deposits are located in the Arctic zone. The article analyses the problems of blasting operations while developing deposits in the Arctic zone. The main formulations of ordinary explosives are reviewed that allow to solve a number of challenges associated with blasting operations in remote and hard-to-reach Arctic regions. Based on the performed analysis of existing methods, further areas of research are identified that can improve the quality and safety of blasting operations: 1) determination of optimum weight and dimensions of boosters based on ordinary explosives depending on the initiating borehole size; 2) determination of the relation between the particle size / composition of the booster and the detonation velocity; 3) determination of physical parameters of transition from deflagration to detonation and gaining sensitivity to the initiating pulse from the detonator cap by the ordinary explosive compositions.

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Rafliansyah1, Muhammad, Irvani Irvani, and Haslen Oktarianty. "Analisis Penggunaan Powder Factor Terhadap Fragmentasi pada Lubang Ledak Vertikal dan Inclined di PT Aditya Buana Inter." MINERAL 4, no. 2 (October 31, 2019): 65–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.33019/mineral.v4i2.1597.

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Based on the observations in PT Aditya Buana Inter it is known that the vertical blast hole blasting geometry is an average of burden of 2.5 m, spacing 2.413 m, height 6 m, stemming 2.3 m, primary charge 4 m and diameter of 3 inch or 0.076 m blast hole, the amount of explosives used is in average 667 kg each blasts and the result of the volume rocks in average 2090,25 m3 or 5225,63 tons and has average powder factor value is 0.318kg/m3 with the average of fragmentation is 72.05 cm. Forthe inclined blast hole blasting geometry is an average of burden of 2.5 m, spacing 2.413 m, height 6.21 m, stemming 2.3 m, primary charge 4.21 m and diameter of 3 inch or 0.076 m blast hole, the amount of explosives used is in average 231 kg each blasts and the result of the volume rocks in average 718.44 m3 or 1796,1 tons and has average powder factor value is 0.321 kg/m3 with the average of fragmentation is 26,82 cm. The right of proposal design the blasting geometry in the field by calculating the inclined blast holes with 15° slope, using the evaluation blasting geometry actualobtained has modification blasting geometry with the good calculating which is burden 2.5 m, spacing 2.5 m, stemming 2.56 m, height level9.21 m, subdrilling 0.6 m, and primary charge length7.25 m.The result for a Powder Factor was more efficient which is 0.260 kg/m3 compared with the blasting geometry actual the vertical blast hole is 0.318 kg/m3 and the blasting geometry actual the inclined blast hole is 0.321 kg/m3, and the distribution of rock fragmentation resulting from blasting which corresponds to the target where rocks measuring> 100 cm to 0% compared to the actual geometry of vertical explosive holes of 29.6%.

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Szimhardt, Norbert, Maximilian H. H. Wurzenberger, Lukas Zeisel, Michael S. Gruhne, Marcus Lommel, and Jörg Stierstorfer. "Maximization of the energy capability level in transition metal complexes through application of 1-amino- and 2-amino-5H-tetrazole ligands." Journal of Materials Chemistry A 6, no. 33 (2018): 16257–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c8ta06326e.

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This comprehensive study features the synthesis, characterization and evaluation of new energetic coordination compounds (ECC) based on two of the most powerful neutral tetrazoles, which have great potential as lead-free primary explosives.

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38

Wurzenberger, Maximilian H. H., Norbert Szimhardt, and Jörg Stierstorfer. "Nitrogen-Rich Copper(II) Bromate Complexes: an Exotic Class of Primary Explosives." Inorganic Chemistry 57, no. 13 (June 21, 2018): 7940–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/acs.inorgchem.8b01045.

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Spear, Robert J., and Michael Maksacheff. "The relationship between ignition temperature and thermal stability for selected primary explosives." Thermochimica Acta 105 (September 1986): 287–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0040-6031(86)85245-5.

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de Yong, L. V., and G. Campanella. "A study of blast characteristics of several primary explosives and pyrotechnic compositions." Journal of Hazardous Materials 21, no. 2 (January 1989): 125–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0304-3894(89)85004-6.

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Le Roux, Jurie J. J. P. A. "The Dependence of Friction Sensitivity of Primary Explosives upon rubbing surface roughness." Propellants, Explosives, Pyrotechnics 15, no. 6 (December 1990): 243–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/prep.19900150603.

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42

Szimhardt, Norbert, Maximilian H. H. Wurzenberger, Philipp Spieß, Thomas M. Klapötke, and Jörg Stierstorfer. "PotassiumN‐Nitramino‐5H‐Tetrazolates – Powerful Green Primary Explosives with High Initiation Capabilities." Propellants, Explosives, Pyrotechnics 43, no. 12 (October 22, 2018): 1203–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/prep.201800221.

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43

Nwashilli, NJ, and AI Arekhandia. "Paediatric perineal injury following explosive blast: A Case Report." Annals of Health Research 6, no. 3 (August 22, 2020): 344–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.30442/ahr.0603-12-98.

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Perineal injury in children is uncommon. Injuries range from minor perineal skin laceration to severe injury to the genitourinary tract, anorectal region and the pelvic bone. The mechanisms of injury are usually attributed to blunt trauma, penetrating injuries like impalement injury, or sexual abuse. Perineal injury resulting from explosive blast in children is rare. The management depends on the time and mode of presentation and examination findings. Early presentation (a few hours after injury) with 1st or 2nd-degree perineal injury may benefit from debridement with primary repair of soft tissues and/or sphincters. Late presentation (days after injury) with 3rd or 4th-degree injury will require diverting colostomy or urinary diversion and wound drainage. This is a report of an unusual case of severe perineal injury in a child following explosive blast sustained while squatting close to packed explosives that got detonated. The perineal injury was initially managed with colostomy and wound drainage. The colostomy was closed after the wound had healed with good faecal continence achieved and without perineal soft tissue or anal sphincteric repair. It is concluded that severe isolated paediatric explosive blast perineal injury is rare but is amenable to surgical care.

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Toderas, Mihaela. "Optimization study of blasting operations in Roşia Poieni open pit mine, Romania." Mining of Mineral Deposits 15, no. 4 (December 2021): 43–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.33271/mining15.04.043.

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Purpose. Drilling-blasting technology is one of the simplest and most often used techniques in open pit mining. This allows the excavation of a large volume of rock and useful mineral substance. The operation of blasting using the energy of explosives plays an important role in open pit exploitation, being also the key element of the blasting process through which a corresponding granulometry is obtained. This operation is a part of a series of interdependent operations, in the sense that each operation determines a certain result that will be an important element for the next operation that takes place in the working face. Consequently, the blasting operation with explosives should not be considered as an independent act. A global approach to the entire production technological process including blasting is required. Methods. In the optimization study, the basic method consisted in the analysis of the blasting operations performed at the drilling diameter of 250 mm (blasting technology used in Roşia Poieni open pit mining) and simulation of the excavation of the same rock volume, with the optimization of the explosive charge distribution at two other drilling diameters: 200 and 150 mm. Findings. The main problems when shooting 250 mm dia holes are caused by the length of the tamping in the mineralized rock that leads to the appearance of blocks with dimensions which are maximum allowed in the crusher tank (1.2-1.3 m). That is why discontinuous loads with intermediate tamping are used – the method that successfully limits their number. In order to obtain a granulometry corresponding to the primary crushing operation, which will allow to decrease the crushing costs, it is necessary to use smaller drilling diameters, but with productivity high enough to ensure the optimal development of the extraction process. Originality. Based on the performed study, it is recommended to use the discontinuous load, preserving the total length of the explosive charge. In the zones where the rocks have a Protodiakonov coefficient f > 6.5, it is recommended to apply an appropriate drilling diameter (150-200 mm) and use the intermediate tamping at 2-3 m length to limit the upper stemming area to a maximum of 7 m (to limit or eliminate the occurrence of oversized blocks). Practical implications. The research results will enhance the geometric and safety factors of the operation, limiting the explosion effect on the massif and the environment and reducing the total costs of the cutting operation. The cost of explosives and initiating materials can be reduced by using a smaller quantity of explosive gels in a dry environment (12-18 kg/hole), the difference in the explosive charge length being completed with AM 1.

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Li, Haibo, Yanna Wang, Zhenghe Wei, Xiaoming Yang, Linna Liang, Lianghong Xia, Maohao Long, Zhimin Li, and Tonglai Zhang. "Tunable copper complexes with functional ligands: A promising strategy for green primary explosives." Chemical Engineering Journal 430 (February 2022): 132739. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cej.2021.132739.

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Szimhardt, Norbert, Maximilian H. H. Wurzenberger, Lukas Zeisel, Michael S. Gruhne, Marcus Lommel, Thomas M. Klapötke, and Jörg Stierstorfer. "1‐AminoTriazole Transition‐Metal Complexes as Laser‐Ignitable and Lead‐Free Primary Explosives." Chemistry – A European Journal 25, no. 8 (October 22, 2018): 1963–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/chem.201803372.

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47

Jafari, Mohammad, Mohammad Hossein Keshavarz, Ahmad Zamani, Sajjad Zakinejad, and Iman Alekaram. "A Novel Method for Assessment of the Velocity of Detonation for Primary Explosives." Propellants, Explosives, Pyrotechnics 43, no. 4 (February 20, 2018): 342–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/prep.201700276.

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Rossi, Carole, and Ruiqi Shen. "Miniaturized Pyrotechnic Systems Meet the Performance Needs While Limiting the Environmental Impact." Micromachines 13, no. 3 (February 26, 2022): 376. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/mi13030376.

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Pyrotechnic systems, also termed pyrotechnics, refer to a broad family of sophisticated single-use devices that are able to produce heat, light, smoke, sound, motion, and/or a combination of these thanks to the reaction of an energetic material (primary and secondary explosives, powders/propellants, and other pyrotechnic substances) [...]

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Ye, Zi, Jun Xie, and Xing Hua Xie. "Measuring of Nanometer Oxide Powders." Advanced Materials Research 503-504 (April 2012): 1416–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.503-504.1416.

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Lithium manganese oxides with a fine spherical morphology different from that of the normal composite oxides are formed after detonation wave treatment due to the very high quenching rate. Free metal atoms are first released with the decomposition of explosives, and then theses metal and oxygen atoms are rearranged, coagulated and finally crystallized into lithium manganate during the expansion of detonation process. The growth of lithium manganate via detonation reaction was investigated with respect to the presence of an energetic precursor, such as the metallic nitrate and the degree of confinement of the explosive charge. The detonation products were characterized by scanning electron microscopy. Powder X-ray diffraction and transmission electron microscopy were used to characterize the products. Lithium manganate with spherical morphology and more uniform secondary particles, with smaller primary particles of diameters from 10 to 20 nm and a variety of morphologies were found.

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Sun, Qi, Xin Li, Qiuhan Lin, and Ming Lu. "Dancing with 5-substituted monotetrazoles, oxygen-rich ions, and silver: towards primary explosives with positive oxygen balance and excellent energetic performance." Journal of Materials Chemistry A 7, no. 9 (2019): 4611–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c8ta12506f.

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The first two examples of ECP-based primary explosives exhibiting a positive oxygen balance (based on CO₂), [Ag₅NT₄NO₃]_n and [Ag₅NT₄ClO₄]_n, are presented.

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