Relevant bibliographies by topics / Primary and secondary pollutants

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  1. Journal articles
  2. Dissertations / Theses
  3. Books
  4. Book chapters
  5. Conference papers
  6. Reports

Academic literature on the topic 'Primary and secondary pollutants'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 18 May 2024

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Journal articles on the topic "Primary and secondary pollutants"

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Lo, J. C. F., A. K. H. Lau, Z. B. Yuan, J. C. H. Fung, and F. Chen. "A physical modeling approach for identification of source regions of primary and secondary air pollutants." Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics Discussions 6, no. 4 (July 13, 2006): 6467–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acpd-6-6467-2006.

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Abstract. This paper describes a simple but practical methodology to identify the contribution of primary and secondary air pollutants from the local/regional emission sources to Hong Kong, a highly urbanized city with complex terrain and coastlines. The meteorological model MM5 coupled with a three-dimensional, mutli-particle trajectory model is used to identify salient aspects of regional air pollutant transport characteristics during some typical meteorological conditions over the Pearl River Delta (PRD) region. Several weighting factors are determined for calculating the air mass/pollutant trajectory and are used to evaluate the local and regional contribution of primary pollutants over the PRD to Hong Kong pollution. The relationships between emission inventories, physical paths and chemical transformation rates of the pollutants, and observational measurements are formulated. The local and regional contributions of secondary pollutants are obtained by this conceptual module under different weather scenarios. Our results demonstrate that major pollution sources over Hong Kong come from regional transport. In calm-weather situations, 78% of the respirable suspended particulates (RSP) totals in Hong Kong are contributed by regional transport, and 49% are contributed by the power plants within the PRD. In normal-day situations, 71% of the RSP are contributed by regional transport, and 45% are contributed by the power plants.
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Zaytsev, Vadim A. "FEATURES OF SECONDARY AIR POLLUTION DURING CHANGING OF THE TRANSPORT STREAM DENSITY." Bulletin of the Saint Petersburg State Institute of Technology (Technical University) 61 (2022): 85–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.36807/1998-9849-2022-61-87-85-91.

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The pollution of the urban atmosphere in the area of the direct action of the motorway is considered. A certified environmental impact assessment methodology was used as the master. With its help, the masses of substances – that are primary pollutants – emitted per unit of time are calculated depending on the intensity of the traffic flow. Further, to calculate their concentrations, the dispersion is calculated. In order to determine the concentration of the secondary pollutant, ozone, a mathematical model is proposed. It is a stiff system of differential equations that describes the kinetics of the process of chemical transformation of primary pollutants. To solve it, the Rosenbrock method was applied. The influence of the traffic flow density on the ozone content near the highway is being studied
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Piscia, Roberta, Michela Mazzoni, Roberta Bettinetti, Rossana Caroni, Davide Cicala, and Marina Marcella Manca. "Stable Isotope Analysis and Persistent Organic Pollutants in Crustacean Zooplankton: The Role of Size and Seasonality." Water 11, no. 7 (July 18, 2019): 1490. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w11071490.

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Zooplankton is crucial for the transfer of matter, energy, and pollutants through aquatic food webs. Primary and secondary consumers contribute to the abundance and standing stock biomass, which both vary seasonally. By means of taxa- and size-specific carbon and nitrogen stable isotope analysis, the path of pollutants through zooplankton is traced and seasonal changes are addressed, in an effort to understand pollutant dynamics in the pelagic food web. We analyzed zooplankton plurennial changes in concentration of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane and its relatives (DDTs) and in taxa-specific δ15N signatures in two size fractions, ≥450 µm and ≥850 µm, representative of the major part of zooplankton standing stock biomass and of the fraction to which fish predation is mainly directed, respectively. Our work is aimed at verifying: (1) A link between nitrogen isotopic signatures and pollutant concentrations; (2) the predominance of size versus seasonality for concentration of pollutants; and (3) the contribution of secondary versus primary consumers to carbon and nitrogen isotopic signatures. We found a prevalence of seasonality versus size in pollutant concentrations and isotopic signatures. The taxa-specific δ15N results correlated to pollutant concentrations, by means of taxa contribution to standing stock biomass and δ15N isotopic signatures. This is a step forward to understanding the taxa-specific role in pollutant transfer to planktivores and of zooplankton enrichment in PCBs and DDTs.
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Lanfredi, M., M. Macchiato, M. Ragosta, and C. Serio. "Time Correlation Structure in Hourly Concentration Time Series of CO, NOx and O3 in Urban Areas." Fractals 06, no. 02 (June 1998): 151–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0218348x98000195.

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The timescales which govern urban pollution processes are investigated by analyzing variance spectra and structure functions of observational time series. The range of analyzed scales stretches from one hour to several days. It is shown that characteristic fluctuations of CO, NOx (primary pollutants) and O3 (secondary pollutant) follow a scale invariant law up to timescales of about one day. Scaling exponents indicate the presence of stabilizing feedback mechanisms. Such a scale invariance is broken by the appearance of basic periods which, for primary pollutants, are expressions of traffic dynamics, whereas, for ozone, are closely linked to the diurnal and annual solar cycles.
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Pal, Partha. "Biomonitoring with Special Reference to Visible Damages in Different Plant Species due to Air Pollution - A Review." International Letters of Natural Sciences 16 (May 2014): 32–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.18052/www.scipress.com/ilns.16.32.

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Air pollution is a matter of great concern in the globe. Generally air pollutant generates from industries, automobiles, etc. and the primary pollutants may easily convert to secondary pollutants. Both of these pose serious threat to the plant community viz. crops, vegetables and avenue plant species are depending on the emission pattern, atmospheric transport and leaf uptake and on the plant’s biochemical defense capacity. An impact caused by air pollutants depends not only upon its concentration, but also on the duration (acute and chronic exposure) and combination of air pollutants. Biomonitoring on plant species is an easy tool to know bioindicator species in which exposure of air pollutants can easily be identified. The present review deals with past and present research works of major gaseous pollutants emissions and their impact on crop, vegetables and tree species performance from available literatures.
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Pal, Partha. "Biomonitoring with Special Reference to Visible Damages in Different Plant Species due to Air Pollution - A Review." International Letters of Natural Sciences 16 (May 30, 2014): 32–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.56431/p-d10565.

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Air pollution is a matter of great concern in the globe. Generally air pollutant generates from industries, automobiles, etc. and the primary pollutants may easily convert to secondary pollutants. Both of these pose serious threat to the plant community viz. crops, vegetables and avenue plant species are depending on the emission pattern, atmospheric transport and leaf uptake and on the plant’s biochemical defense capacity. An impact caused by air pollutants depends not only upon its concentration, but also on the duration (acute and chronic exposure) and combination of air pollutants. Biomonitoring on plant species is an easy tool to know bioindicator species in which exposure of air pollutants can easily be identified. The present review deals with past and present research works of major gaseous pollutants emissions and their impact on crop, vegetables and tree species performance from available literatures.
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Schäfer, K., M. Elsasser, J. M. Arteaga-Salas, J. Gu, M. Pitz, J. Schnelle-Kreis, J. Cyrys, S. Emeis, A. S. H. Prevot, and R. Zimmermann. "Source apportionment and the role of meteorological conditions in the assessment of air pollution exposure due to urban emissions." Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics Discussions 14, no. 2 (January 24, 2014): 2235–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acpd-14-2235-2014.

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Abstract. As particulate matter (PM) impacts human health, knowledge about its composition, exposure and source apportionment is required. A study of the urban atmosphere in the case of Augsburg, Germany, during winter (31 January–12 March 2010) is thus presented here. Investigations were performed on the basis of aerosol mass spectrometry and further air pollutants and meteorological measurements, including mixing layer height. Organic matter was separated by source apportionment of PM1 with positive matrix factorization (PMF) in three factors: OOA – oxygenated organic aerosol (secondary organic factor), HOA – hydrocarbon-like organic aerosol (traffic factor or primary organic factor) and WCOA – wood combustion organic aerosol (wood combustion factor), which extend the information from black carbon (BC) measurements. PMF was also applied to the particle size distribution (PSD) data of PM2.5 to determine different source profiles and we assigned them to the particle sources: nucleation aerosol, fresh traffic aerosol, aged traffic aerosol, stationary combustion aerosol and secondary aerosol. Ten different temporal phases were identified on the basis of weather characteristics and aerosol composition and used for correlations of all air pollutants and meteorological parameters. While source apportionment from both organic PM composition and PSD agree and show that the main emission sources of PM exposure are road traffic as well as stationary and wood combustion, secondary aerosol factor concentrations are very often the highest ones. The hierarchical clustering analysis with the Ward method of cross-correlations of each air pollutant and PM component and of the correlations of each pollutant with all meteorological parameters provided two clusters: "secondary pollutants of PM1 and fine particles" and "primary pollutants (including CO and benzene) and accumulation mode particles". The dominant meteorological influences on pollutant concentrations are wind speed and mixing layer height which are coupled with a certain wind direction. The compounds of the cluster "secondary pollutants and fine particles" show a negative correlation with absolute humidity, i.e., low concentrations during high absolute humidity and vice versa. The PM10 limit value exceedances originated not only from the emissions but also in combination with specific meteorological conditions. NC3-10 (number concentration of nucleation mode particles) and NC10-30 (Aitken mode particles), i.e., ultrafine particles and the fresh traffic aerosol, are only weakly dependent on meteorological parameters and thus are driven by emissions. The results of this case study provide information about chemical composition and causes of PM exposure during winter time in urban air pollution.
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Xue, Wei, Qingming Zhan, Qi Zhang, and Zhonghua Wu. "Spatiotemporal Variations of Particulate and Gaseous Pollutants and Their Relations to Meteorological Parameters: The Case of Xiangyang, China." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 17, no. 1 (December 24, 2019): 136. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17010136.

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High air pollution levels have become a nationwide problem in China, but limited attention has been paid to prefecture-level cities. Furthermore, different time resolutions between air pollutant level data and meteorological parameters used in many previous studies can lead to biased results. Supported by synchronous measurements of air pollutants and meteorological parameters, including PM2.5, PM10, total suspended particles (TSP), CO, NO2, O3, SO2, temperature, relative humidity, wind speed and direction, at 16 urban sites in Xiangyang, China, from 1 March 2018 to 28 February 2019, this paper: (1) analyzes the overall air quality using an air quality index (AQI); (2) captures spatial dynamics of air pollutants with pollution point source data; (3) characterizes pollution variations at seasonal, day-of-week and diurnal timescales; (4) detects weekend effects and holiday (Chinese New Year and National Day holidays) effects from a statistical point of view; (5) establishes relationships between air pollutants and meteorological parameters. The principal results are as follows: (1) PM2.5 and PM10 act as primary pollutants all year round and O3 loses its primary pollutant position after November; (2) automobile manufacture contributes to more particulate pollutants while chemical plants produce more gaseous pollutants. TSP concentration is related to on-going construction and road sprinkler operations help alleviate it; (3) an unclear weekend effect for all air pollutants is confirmed; (4) celebration activities for the Chinese New Year bring distinctly increased concentrations of SO2 and thereby enhance secondary particulate pollutants; (5) relative humidity and wind speed, respectively, have strong negative correlations with coarse particles and fine particles. Temperature positively correlates with O3.
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Singh, Aditya Abha, Rana Eram, Madhoolika Agrawal, Madhoolika Agrawal, Madhoolika Agrawal, and Shashi Bhushan Agrawal. "Air Pollution: Sources and its Effects on Humans and Plants." INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PLANT AND ENVIRONMENT 8, no. 01 (September 6, 2022): 10–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.18811/ijpen.v8i01.02.

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Pollution of air is among the serious issue that the world is confronting today in developed and developing countries. An escalating numberof automobiles and industries incessantly add toxic gases like SO2, NOx, and particulate matter into the atmosphere. Simultaneously,secondary pollutant tropospheric O3 formed by the reactions of primary pollutant is equally hazardous. Suspension of these contaminantsin air leads to damaging effects on human health and plant productivity and results in the degradation of ecosystems and biodiversity.Human health issues associated with pollutants in air include cardiovascular and respiratory diseases, nervous and reproductive systemdisorders, lowered life expectancy, and mutations. Moreover, air pollutants negatively affect different morphological and physiologicalcharacteristics of the plants. Air pollutants generate reactive oxygen species that negatively affect various physiological pathways inthe plants inducing their anti-oxidative defense system to counteract oxidative stress. Air pollutants are also accountable for injury tovegetation and losses in crop productivity which is an increased cause of concern. Hence considering the air pollution menace, effectiveregulations, policies, and strategies should be developed for good human health, agricultural production, and food security.
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Nazaroff, William W., and Charles J. Weschler. "Cleaning products and air fresheners: exposure to primary and secondary air pollutants." Atmospheric Environment 38, no. 18 (June 2004): 2841–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2004.02.040.

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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Primary and secondary pollutants"

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Todoroki, Christine Louisa. "Primary and secondary log breakdown simulation." Thesis, University of Auckland, 1997. http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/9913695.

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Log breakdown by sawing can be viewed as a multi-phase process that converts logs into boards by a series of cutting operations. In the primary phase, logs are sawn into s labs of wood known as flitches or cants. These are further processed by secondary operations, that resaw, edge (cut lengthwise) and trim (cut widthwise) the raw material, resulting in the manufacture of the board product whose value is influenced by its composite dimensions and quality (as indicated by a grade). Board grade is in turn determined by the number, type, size, and location of defects. Owing to its biological origins, each log, and subsequent board, is unique. Furthermore, as each sawmill, and processing centre within the mill, has a unique configuration, the problem of determining how each log entering a mill should be sawn is very complex. Effective computer simulation of log breakdown processes must therefore entail detailed descriptions of both geometry and quality of individual logs. Appropriate strategies at each breakdown phase are also required. In this thesis models for emulating log breakdown are developed in conjunction with an existing sawing simulation system which requires, as input, detailed three-dimensional descriptions of both internal and external log characteristics. Models based on heuristic and enumerative procedures, and those based upon the principles of dynamic programming (DP) are formulated, encoded, and compared. Log breakdown phases are considered both independently and in a combined integrated approach-working backwards from the board product through to the primary log breakdown phase. This approach permits methodology developed for the later processes to be embedded within the primary phase thus permitting the determination of a global rather than local solution to the log breakdown problem whose objective is to seek the highest possible solution quality within the minimum possible time. Simulation results indicate that solution quality and processing speeds are influenced by both solution methodology and degree of data complexity. When the structure of either factor is simplified, solutions are generated more rapidly-but with an accompanying reduction in solution quality. A promising compromise that combines DP techniques with mathematical functions based on a subset of the original data is presented.
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Meier, Lori T. "Episode 4: Primary & Secondary Sources." Digital Commons @ East Tennessee State University, 2021. https://dc.etsu.edu/social-studies-education-oer/4.

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In this episode, we discuss the use of primary and secondary sources in the elementary social studies classroom. We explore the definitions for both primary and secondary sources, examine how they are connected to K-5 standards and curriculum frameworks, and visit various digital resources where teachers can find engaging primary sources for their students.
https://dc.etsu.edu/social-studies-education-oer/1003/thumbnail.jpg
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James, Peter Michael. "Fracture under primary and secondary stresses." Thesis, University of Manchester, 2013. https://www.research.manchester.ac.uk/portal/en/theses/fracture-under-primary-and-secondary-stresses(fac07e1f-5bb4-447d-8eb7-ccca0205bdd6).html.

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Components found within many industries contain crack like defects. The work detailed here considers such a component under the combined influence of primary and secondary stresses; where primary stresses contribute to plastic collapse and secondary stresses are redistributed under plastic deformation. A number of approaches are available to detail the combined loading on the crack tip parameter J, or KJ, which is used to assess proximity to failure from crack extension. However, these approaches are recognised to be conservative and can lead to the unnecessary replacement of components, stricter surveillance and inspection regulations, and further costs associated with downtime.The aim of the work presented is to investigate these conservatisms and develop a further approach to quantify the interaction of primary and secondary stresses on fracture. A large matrix of cracked body finite element analyses of a circumferentially cracked cylinder has been performed under a range of loadings. This is then used to detail the interaction of primary and secondary stresses on fracture by providing a function to describe a scaling term, g, that multiplies the secondary crack driving force contribution. This term has been shown to be relatively independent on the magnitude of secondary stresses and is also dependent on the material stress strain relation. This relation for g has also been shown to be compatible with the R6 defect assessment procedures V factor approach, through the Vg plasticity interaction term, that provides a scaling term to the secondary contribution in R6. A review of experiments considering combined loading has indicated that the number of tests that cover a range of primary stress induced plasticity levels is limited. Further experiments were therefore considered within this research to provide added experimental fracture toughness data by which to compare the R6 V factor and Vg approaches. These experiments introduced a compressive pre-load to the ends of three-point bend specimens so that a tensile residual stress resulted on unloading. A crack was introduced and the specimens tested at one of three temperatures so that changes in the materials fracture toughness with temperature ensured different levels of plasticity at failure; so that crack growth occurred over three sets of load normalised to the load for plastic collapse. Tests were also conducted that did not include the residual stress so that the effect of residual stress could be shown under different levels of plastic redistribution. The Vg Approach and the existing Complex R6 V Approach have then been applied to all available experimental data for validation. The results show that both approaches conservatively predict the failure of all tests and that the Vg Approach can reduce the level of conservatism.
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Turan, Y. "Pyrimidine primary and secondary metabolism in plants." Thesis, Swansea University, 1995. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.639271.

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In this study, the biosynthesis of albizziine has been elucidated, and a direct precursor relationship shown to exist between uracil and albizziine. This was confirmed by the demonstration that [2-14C]uracil specifically labels C-5 of albizziine. It is concluded that the biosynthetic sequence involves the hydroxylation of uracil to isobarbituric acid, then amination to 5-aminouracil, followed by hydrogenation and ring-opening, to yield albizziine. 2,3-Diaminopropanoic acid was shown to be formed from albizziine by the action of β-ureidopropionase. Thus, the formation of albizziine and 2,3-diaminopropanoic acid represents a further aspect of the interfacing of pyrimidine primary and secondary metabolism through uracil. Lathyrine was shown to be catabolyzed in Lathyrus tingitanus to yield the non-protein amino acid 4-hydroxyhomoarginine, and it was thus confirmed that 4-hydroxyhomoarginine is a catabolite rather than a precursor of lathyrine. 2-Amino-4-carboxypyrimidine, the immediate precursor of the lathyrine ring-system, was shown to be synthesized enzymically from uracil. The relative amount of exogenously supplied uracil diverted into production of the isomeric pyrimidinyl amino acids willardiine and isowillardiine in Pisum sativum, and also that diverted into the production of the pyrimidine amino acid lathyrine in Lathyrus tingitanus was determined. Uracil was shown to have a pronounced inhibitory effect on the germination and growth of Phaseolus aureus and Glycine max. As these plants do not produce pyrimidine-derived secondary products, this observation is consistent with the view that production of such compounds is a detoxification mechanism for bioactive pyrimidines.
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Briuglia, Maria Lucia. "Primary and secondary crystal nucleation of pharmaceutics." Thesis, University of Strathclyde, 2017. http://digitool.lib.strath.ac.uk:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=28867.

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Control of the crystallisation process is essential in the consistent and reliable production of many particulate materials in the pharmaceutical and chemical industries. Crystal Nucleation defines the crystal size distribution of the obtained crystal population affecting downstream operations. The literature agrees on crystal nucleation division as primary and secondary nucleation depending on the conditions of the used supersaturated solution. Primary nucleation occurs in a clear supersaturated solution, while secondary nucleation is induced by at least one parent crystal present in the solution. Despite the large amount of research conducted on this field, several challenges for primary and secondary nucleation fundamental understanding are still identifiable. The aim of this thesis is to develop meticulous and accurate methods to measure primary and secondary nucleation in order to systematically study nucleation mechanisms relevant to industrial scales. This thesis is constituted of two main parts: one part studies primary nucleation and develops a method for control and measure primary nucleation rate within the metastable zone width (Chapter 2) using different volumes and hydrodynamics (Chapter 3). The second part concerns studies of secondary nucleation under well-controlled conditions providing a systematic method to measure secondary nucleation rates (Chapter 4), which can be integrated in industrial workflows (Chapter 5) and applied to study the chiral outcomes (Chapter 6). The developed methods decouple primary and secondary nucleation events improving crystallisation processes understanding. The reliability and reproducibility of the novel proposed methods offer an appropriate process control strategy to address existing challenges on crystal nucleation.
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Stubbs, Samuel Christopher. "The virome in primary and secondary immunodeficiency." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 2018. https://www.repository.cam.ac.uk/handle/1810/277043.

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The afflictions suffered by immunocompromised individuals have historically been attributed to overt infections caused by bacterial and fungal pathogens. For this reason, treatment methods have focused on resolving these infections, with great success in terms of reducing short-term morbidity and mortality rates. This initial success only served to reinforce the dogmatic opinion that to ‘cure’ immunodeficiency, one needs only to resolve and prevent recurrence of bacterial and fungal infections. However, reports of long-term health problems in immunocompromised cohorts suggest that treatment of bacterial and fungal infections alone does not resolve all aspects of the disease, and that viruses may play a greater role than previously expected. This thesis investigates whether viral infections do indeed have a significant impact in the immunocompromised patient. The overall prevalence of blood-borne viral infections in immunocompromised cohorts was determined through the combined use of unbiased, metagenomic sequencing and qPCR. The viral species detected were compared with patient records in order to determine whether there were any correlations between viral presence and patient outcome following treatment. Furthermore, by investigating a cross-section of cohorts with both inherited and acquired immunodeficiences, commonalities and differences could be found in terms of the types of viruses that infect these cohorts and their abundance in patients with different types of immunodeficiency. The findings of this work suggest that a large number of clinically undiagnosed viruses infect immunocompromised patients, however the prevalence of these viruses varies according to the form of immunodeficiency and, to a lesser extent, according to differences between individuals in the same cohort. Importantly, some of the more common viruses detected appear to be correlated with poor patient outcomes such as graft rejection and future infectious complications. Overall, these results suggest that viral infections do indeed play a larger role in the health of immunocompromised patients than has previously been thought although whether this is due to a direct cause or as a consequence is yet to be determined.
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Mundy, Lukas. "Cytochrome P4501A Induction by Highly Purified Hexachlorobenzene in Primary Cultures of Avian Hepatocytes." Thèse, Université d'Ottawa / University of Ottawa, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/10393/20292.

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Hexachlorobenzene (HCB) is a persistent organic pollutant that was primarily produced for use as a fungicide dating back to the 1940s. Worldwide emissions have declined steadily over the past forty years, but HCB is still produced as a by-product of a number of industrial processes and is still detected in remote locations around the globe. Many studies have been conducted to determine the toxic and biochemical effects of HCB, but it has been suggested that reported toxic and biochemical effects initially attributed to HCB exposure may have actually been elicited by contamination of HCB by polychlororinated dibenzo-p-dioxins (PCDDs), polychlorinated dibenzofurans (PCDFs) and dioxin-like polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs). This thesis investigates whether highly purified HCB (HCB-P; defined as HCB containing < 0.2 ppb of any PCDD, PCDF, or co-planar PCB congener [the detection limit of current analytical methods]) can induce cytochrome P4501A (CYP1A) in three avian species in vitro. Primary cultures of chicken (Gallus gallus domesticus), ring-necked pheasant (Phasianus colchicus) and Japanese quail (Corturnix japonica) embryo hepatocytes were used to compare the potencies of reagent-grade (RG-HCB), HCB-P and 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD) as inducers of ethoxyresorufin O-deethylase (EROD) activity, CYP1A4 messenger ribonucleic acid (mRNA) and CYP1A5 mRNA. The potencies of two mono-ortho substituted PCBs, 2,3,3’,4,4’-pentachlorobiphenyl (PCB 105) and 2,3’,4,4’,5-pentachlorobiphenyl (PCB 118) were also assessed in chicken embryo hepatocytes using the same endpoints. All compounds induced EROD activity and up-regulated CYP1A4/5 mRNAs in the hepatocytes of each species. The potency of HCB relative to the potency of TCDD (ReP) was 0.0001, 0.001 and 0.01 in chicken, ring-necked pheasant and Japanese quail embryo hepatocytes, respectively. ECthreshold values were suggested to be more appropriate than EC50 values because ECthreshold values account for differences in maximal EROD and CYP1A4/5 mRNA levels that are observed with HCB exposure in avian embryo hepatocytes more so than EC50 values. Differences in species sensitivity to HCB were also assessed, and did not vary as greatly as the listed ReP values. The results presented herein suggest that HCB is capable of inducing effects downstream of activation of the aryl hydrocarbon receptor, and may warrant its inclusion in the World Health Organization’s toxic equivalency concept.
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Huang, Bin 1965. "Boyle and Locke on primary and secondary qualities." Thesis, McGill University, 1990. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=60073.

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This thesis attempts to describe the similarities and the differences between Boyle's position and Locke's on the primary and secondary quality distinction.
It is in the Corpuscular Hypothesis that Boyle draws the distinction between primary and secondary qualities. Locke not only accepts the Corpuscular Hypothesis but also presents some arguments to support it.
Chapter 1 and Chapter 2 respectively examine the differences in the positions of Boyle and Locke on primary and secondary qualities, in their lists of primary qualities, the terminologies they employ, and the scopes of their discussions. Little attention has previously been paid to these differences.
Chapter 3 discusses the essence of the primary/secondary quality distinction. My point is that the distinction between primary and secondary qualities is really a distinction between two kinds of powers for both Boyle and Locke.
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Deal, Jane Elizabeth. "Aspects of primary and secondary hypertension in childhood." Thesis, Imperial College London, 1995. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.307609.

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Roberts, Joanne P. "The transition from primary school to secondary school." Thesis, Bangor University, 2008. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.491673.

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A feature ofthe education system in the United Kingdom is the transfer of children, at approximately age of 11, from a smaller primary school to a larger secondary school. Evidence suggests this transition is an important time in a child's life and whilst many children make a smooth transition, some find this change very difficult. This thesis reviews the literature regarding parental influence on the transition from primary school to secondary school. Research has identified tha,t parental involvement in a child's education can have a considerable effect on a child's academic and psychological adjustment. However, during transition, when children typically have to manage a number of competing demands, parental involvement generally declines substantially. To contextualise and facilitate an understanding ofthe factors which effect parental involvement during transition, th~ review aisp considered the influence oftransition on adolescent adjustment and parental influence on adolescent adjustment. The experimental paper explored the long term effects oftransition on adolescent adjustment by investigating how pre transition levels of cognitive ability, levels of psychopathology and emotional intelligence have an effect on transition. Pre transition (year 6) pupils comple.ted measures ofcognitive ability, emotional intelligence and psychopathology. Post transition (year 7 and year 8) pupils completed measures ofemotional intelligence, psychopathology and answered questions abouttransition. The results demonstrated low self concept and/or high anxiety scores were significant predictors ofa negative report oftransition. Furthermore, a higher score on one measure ofemotional intelligence proved a significant predictor ofa positivereport oftransition.
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Books on the topic "Primary and secondary pollutants"

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Bernstein, Jonathan A., ed. Primary and Secondary Immunodeficiency. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-57157-3.

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Mauritius. White paper: Pre primary, primary & secondary education. [Port Louis]: Ministry of Education and Human Resource Development, 1997.

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Gasparri, Guido, Nicola Palestini, and Michele Camandona, eds. Primary, Secondary and Tertiary Hyperparathyroidism. Milano: Springer Milan, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-88-470-5758-6.

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Bendich, Adrianne, and Richard J. Deckelbaum, eds. Primary and Secondary Preventive Nutrition. Totowa, NJ: Humana Press, 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-59259-039-1.

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Bendich, Adrianne, and Richard J. Deckelbaum. Primary and secondary preventive nutrition. Totowa, NJ: Humana Press, 2010.

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Rodgers, Colin. Secondary power: A primary function. Warrendale, PA: Society of Automotive Engineers, 1987.

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Baker, Ruth. Primary/secondary transfer: An issue? Birmingham: University of Birmingham, 1991.

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Derricott, R. Curriculum continuity: Primary to secondary. Windsor: NFER-Nelson, 1985.

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Ray, Derricott, ed. Curriculum continuity: Primary to secondary. Windsor: NFER-Nelson, 1985.

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d'Information, France Ambassade (Great Britain) Service de Presse et. Primary and secondary education in France. London: Ambassade de France à Londres, 1995.

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Book chapters on the topic "Primary and secondary pollutants"

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Nogueira, Marina Lima, Rodrigo Miranda Moraes, Giovana Esteves, Renan Gomes Bastos, Eric Goolsby, Chase Mason, Ricardo Antunes Azevedo, and Deyvid Novaes Marques. "Current Research on the Role of Plant Primary and Secondary Metabolites in Response to Cadmium Stress." In Approaches to the Remediation of Inorganic Pollutants, 125–53. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-15-6221-1_7.

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Chernogorova, Tatiana, Ivan Dimov, and Lubin Vulkov. "A Splitting Numerical Method for Primary and Secondary Pollutant Models." In Large-Scale Scientific Computing, 319–26. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-26520-9_35.

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Harrison, R. M. "Secondary pollutants." In Handbook of Air Pollution Analysis, 343–86. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1986. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-009-4083-3_7.

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Desai, Mihir M., and Inderbir S. Gill. "Primary Aldosteronism." In Secondary Hypertension, 149–76. Totowa, NJ: Humana Press, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-59259-757-4_10.

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Young, William F. "Primary Aldosteronism." In Secondary Hypertension, 119–37. Totowa, NJ: Humana Press, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-59259-757-4_8.

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Rossi, Gian Paolo. "Primary Aldosteronism." In Secondary Hypertension, 59–78. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-45562-0_4.

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Kaiser, Hans E. "Secondary Primary Cancers." In Etiology of Cancer in Man, 212–13. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1989. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-009-2532-8_22.

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Jankowski, Roger. "Primary and Secondary Palates: Primary and Secondary Nasal Fossae." In The Evo-Devo Origin of the Nose, Anterior Skull Base and Midface, 75–78. Paris: Springer Paris, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-2-8178-0422-4_8.

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Bravo, Emmanuel L. "Medical Management of Primary Aldosteronism." In Secondary Hypertension, 139–48. Totowa, NJ: Humana Press, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-59259-757-4_9.

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Attia-Ismail, Salah A. "Plant Secondary metabolites: Deleterious Effects, Remediation." In Plants, Pollutants and Remediation, 157–78. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-017-7194-8_8.

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Conference papers on the topic "Primary and secondary pollutants"

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Rob, Mohammad A., and Larry H. Mack. "Absorption Spectra of Propylene at Carbon Dioxide (CO2) Laser Wavelengths." In Laser Applications to Chemical Analysis. Washington, D.C.: Optica Publishing Group, 1994. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/laca.1994.tub.7.

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Laser remote sensing techniques for detecting trace level atmospheric pollutants have made rapid advances in the past several years.1,2 Molecular CO2 lasers play an important role in atmospheric pollution monitoring, because its emission spectrum in the 9-11 μn range falls within the largest atmospheric window and which overlap with the absorption spectra of a large number of molecules of environmental concern.2 The primary pollutants that are emitted to the atmosphere by natural and anthropogenic processes are, hydrocarbons (HC), carbon oxides (CO, CO2), nitric oxides (NO, NO2), ammonia (NH3), sulfur dioxide (SO2), and etc.3 The primary pollutants also go through complex chemical reactions among themselves or with the natural atmospheric constituents, to form a variety of secondary pollutants.2,3 An understanding of the atmospheric chemical processes requires fast detection of primary and secondary pollutants while they reside in the atmosphere. Laser remote sensing techniques are suitable for the detection of these pollutants.
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Al-Salem, M. S., A. Al-Haddad, and A. Rehman Khan. "Chemical processes effect on ambient air quality: modelling and primary/secondary pollutants monitoring study." In AIR POLLUTION 2007. Southampton, UK: WIT Press, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.2495/air070281.

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Barczus, Christian, Bjo¨rn Henning, and Viktor Scherer. "Combustion of Refinery Residues in a CFB-Combustor: Measurement of Intermediate Species Using FTIR." In 17th International Conference on Fluidized Bed Combustion. ASMEDC, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/fbc2003-159.

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Investigations have been performed to show the feasibility of burning refinery residues (calcined petroleum coke and liquid residues) in a circulating fluidized bed combustor. These experiments were done in a CFBC system with a thermal capacity of 100 kW. The unit has been equipped with an additional dosing system for liquid fuels including a newly developed fuel lance. The pollutant formation characteristics are determined using axial profile measurements at 19 different ports along the combustion chamber. To optimize the combustion process and to minimize gaseous pollutants, several operating parameters of the system are varied independently. These parameters are the primary to secondary air ratio, the global air to fuel ratio, the residence time in the primary zone, the overall temperature of the combustion chamber and the Ca/S ratio. Measurements of the flue gas components O2, CxHy, CO, CO2, H2, NOx, N2O, NH3 and SO2 are performed by standard gas analysing techniques. It is important to note that the system is equipped with a Fourier Transform Infrared Spectrometer (FTIR) to qualitatively and quantitatively determine selected gaseous species which are essential for the formation and consumption of N2O and other pollutants. The gas species measured by FTIR-Spectroscopy are CH4, C2H2, C2H4, C2H6, C3H6 and C3H8. Also the important precursors for the NOx-formation HCN and NH3 are examined with the FTIR-Spectrometer. The investigations demonstrate that (liquid) refinery residues can be burned successfully as a monofuel within the circulating fluidized bed combustor. The emissions of all pollutants detected are at a low level.
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Starkova, K. G., and O. V. Dolgikh. "Some Aspects of Immune Status of Primary and Secondary Schoolchildren Living in Conditions of Technogenic Pollution of Urban Environment by Industrial Pollutants." In Conference on Health and Wellbeing in Modern Society (CHW 2021). Paris, France: Atlantis Press, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.2991/ahsr.k.220103.043.

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Liu, Cunxi, Fuqiang Liu, Yanhui Mao, Yong Mu, and Gang Xu. "Experimental Investigation of Performance of an Air Blast Atomizer by Planar Laser Sheet Imaging Technique." In ASME Turbo Expo 2013: Turbine Technical Conference and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/gt2013-94129.

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It is widely recognized that the fuel/air mixing process is a critical factor in improving combustion efficiency and in minimizing pollutants such as NOx. Enhancement of fuel/air mixing can lead to lower pollutant emissions and greater efficiency. However, swirling flows in lean combustors play the role of fuel/air mixing and flame stability. The complex fluid dynamic phenomena encountered in swirling two-phase flow contribute to the difficulty in complete understanding the different processes occurring in combustors. Fortunately, Optical and laser-based visualization techniques available in our lab are important non-intrusive tools for visualizing flow process, especially for fuel injection and fuel/air mixing. To provide for a better understanding of effects of counter-rotating flow on droplets in atomization process, this study is a detailed characterization of the spray generated by an airblast atomizer by planar laser sheet imaging method. Optical facility for spray diagnostics with fuel Planar Laser Induced Fluorescence (fuel-PLIF) method for fuel distribution, and Particle Image Velocity (PIV) method for velocity of droplets, is used to evaluate the performance of an air-blast atomizer. The results show that the performance of secondary atomization is influenced by swirling flow and primary atomization simultaneously, the swirling flow exhibits significant influence on the droplet size and space distribution relative to that of primary atomization. The primary swirling air reopens the spray cone generated by pressure-swirl atomizer, and the secondary swirling air affects the fuel distribution by forming the recirculation zone. The results provide critical information for design and development of combustion chamber.
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Krass, Brady J., and Ishwar K. Puri. "Air Staging and Swirl-Assisted Mixing and Combustion of Methane and Air." In ASME 1996 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 1996. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece1996-0184.

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Abstract Two-stage combustors offer an effective method for the suppression of combustion-generated pollutants. The imposition of swirl on the fuel and/or oxidizer flows causes recirculation which enhances mixing that in turn reduces NOx (i.e., total nitrogen oxide) formation. We investigate the characteristics of a burner that allows for both good mixing through swirl, and staging. Temperature measurements establish the presence of separate rich and lean zones during staging. Relative uniformity of the temperature profiles, and small magnitudes of temperature fluctuations are characteristic of the burner exit. In the burner product can be either dispersed (with no radial swirl-type structure) or concentrated into separate lean and rich regions. High speed video images confirm the swirling of the inner rich flame. The swirl allows interaction of the primary region with the secondary zone, and shears the secondary fuel jets causing further turbulence and vorticity that enhances mixing and prevents hot spots. Under conditions favoring unmixedness, product distribution occurs on relatively thin flamelet sheets that curve and wrinkle due to vorticity. In general, lower fractions of secondary air are beneficial from the perspective of mixing and homogeneity. The emission index of NOx, i.e., EINOx values correlate with the relative fractions of primary air. Fluid dynamical effects supersede those related to stoichiometry in the burner. The maximum EINOx value is lower than typical EINOx values for jet-type nonpremixed flames. Therefore, we conclude that we have successfully designed and characterized a low-NOx burner.
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Cowell, L. H., and R. T. LeCren. "Experimental Evaluation of a Two-Stage Slagging Combustor Design for a Coal-Fueled Industrial Gas Turbine." In ASME 1992 International Gas Turbine and Aeroengine Congress and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 1992. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/92-gt-259.

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A full-size combustor for a coal-fueled industrial gas turbine engine has been tested to evaluate combustion performance prior to integration with an industrial gas turbine. The design is based on extensive work completed through one-tenth scale combustion tests. Testing of the combustion hardware is completed with a high pressure air supply in a combustion test facility at the Caterpillar Technical Center. The combustor is a two-staged, rich-lean design. Fuel and air are introduced in the primary combustion zone where the combustion process is initiated. The primary zone operates in a slagging mode inertially removing coal ash from the gas stream. Four injectors designed for coal-water mixture (CWM) atomization are used to introduce the fuel and primary air. In the secondary combustion zone additional air is injected to complete the combustion process at fuel-lean conditions. The secondary zone also serves to reduce the gas temperatures exiting the combustor. The combustor has operated at test pressures of 7 bars with 600K inlet temperature. Tests have been completed to set the air flow split and to map the performance of the combustor as characterized by pollutant emissions, coal ash separation, and temperature profile. Test results with a comparison to subscale test results are discussed. The test results have indicated that the combustor operates at combustion efficiencies above 98% and with pollutant emissions below design goals.
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Cassidy, Liam, and Nordica MacCarty. "A Computational Study of a Biomass Cookstove With Forced Secondary Air Injection." In ASME 2020 Fluids Engineering Division Summer Meeting collocated with the ASME 2020 Heat Transfer Summer Conference and the ASME 2020 18th International Conference on Nanochannels, Microchannels, and Minichannels. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/fedsm2020-20166.

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Abstract The use of solid biomass as a primary energy source for cooking is common to nearly half of the world’s population. Household air pollution as a byproduct of biomass combustion creates powerful negative health impacts related to air quality and a strong influence on our global radiative balance. Despite efforts to improve biomass-fueled cooking technology, many current designs still fail to meet WHO guidelines for air quality and consume excessive fuel. One promising method to improve in both of these areas is through introduction of forced primary or secondary air to the combustion process to increase turbulence, mixing, and velocity. Incorporating computational fluid dynamics to the design process for this forced draft air flow can provide insights into the complex and interconnected thermophysical relationships which, otherwise, would require extensive experimentation. The objective of this work is to provide a preliminary computational fluid dynamics study of a secondary air forced draft biomass cookstove. Thermal efficiency and emissions concentrations are investigated relative to various combinations of secondary air flow rates and injection angles. The results from the case study suggest that thermal efficiency of the cookstove is a function of secondary air injection angle, with optimal angle being a function of the specific air-fuel ratio. Additionally, a design trade-off is evident when comparing the pollutant concentration data and thermal efficiency data. Lastly, analysis of the computational results suggests that large pressure gradients about secondary air vortices in the combustion chamber lead to improved thermal efficiency and more complete combustion. The continued development of this work into an open-source computational fluid dynamics tool is underway.
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Zubrilin, Ivan A., Nikita I. Gurakov, Alexander S. Semenikhin, Oleg V. Kolomzarov, Sergey G. Matveev, and Vladislav M. Anisimov. "Simulation of CO Emission in Primary and Secondary Zone of a Small Gas Turbine Combustion Chamber Using CFD and Reactors Network." In ASME 2019 Gas Turbine India Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/gtindia2019-2594.

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Abstract In this paper the influence of various parameters of the primary and secondary zones of a small-sized combustion chamber on its environmental characteristics was studied. The study of the environmental characteristics of the combustion chamber was carried out in two ways. The first method consisted of two steps. The first step was a 3D simulation of combustion processes using FGM combustion model. The second step was based on results of the first step using reactors network implemented in the ANSYS Fluent 18.2 software. The construction of the reactors network in this approach occurred automatically according to a temperature and mixture fraction. The number of reactors in the result was about 500. The second method was a simple model of a reactors network in which the primary zone was simulated by a perfectly stirred reactor, and the secondary zone was a plug flow reactor. Methane was used as a fuel. The influence of the residence time of the mixture and fuel-air equivalence ratio in each zone on the emission of CO and NOx at the combustion chamber exit was studied. The residence time and fuel-air equivalence ratio for the first method were changed using the design parameters of the combustion chamber. For a simple reactors network, these parameters are set as input data, so this method can be used at the preliminary design stage. As a result of the work, a method was obtained that allows to find the parameters of the primary and secondary zones of the combustion chamber in order to minimize pollutant emissions at the preliminary design stage.
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Kretschmann, M., Chr Barczus, and V. Scherer. "Combustion Tests on a Blend of Liquid Refinery Residues and Coal: CFBC Operation Behaviour and Emissions Characteristics With Special Emphasis on the Intermediate Species CxHy, HCN and NH3." In 18th International Conference on Fluidized Bed Combustion. ASMEDC, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/fbc2005-78103.

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Investigations on the combustion of a blend of liquid refinery residues and a hard coal are presented in the current paper. The experiments were done in an atmospheric circulating fluidized bed combustor (CFBC) with a thermal capacity of 100 kW. The operation behaviour and pollutant formation characteristics are determined using axial profile measurements at 19 different ports along the combustion chamber. The measurement campaign included the variation of the primary to secondary air ratio, the global air to fuel ratio, the residence time in the primary zone, the overall temperature of the combustion chamber and the Ca/S ratio. The current paper concentrates on results obtained at primary air ratio of 0.65, an overall air ratio of 1.1, a mean combustion temperature of 850°C and a Ca/S-ratio of 0. Measurement of the flue gas components O2, CxHy, CO, CO2, H2, NOx, N2O, NH3 and SO2 are made by standard gas analysing techniques. In order to detect the specific hydrocarbon species produced and oxidized during the combustion process a Fourier Transformation Infrared Spectrometer (FTIR) extends the existing gas analysis system. The gas species measured by FTIR-Spectroscopy are CH4, C2H2, C2H4, C2H6, C3H6 and C3H8. Also the important precursors for the NOx-Formation HCN and NH3 are examined with the FTIR-Spectrometer in the primary and secondary zone. The current experiments are compared with results obtained by burning liquid refinery residues only, with special regard to the consumption of the nitrogenous intermediates HCN and NH3.
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Reports on the topic "Primary and secondary pollutants"

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Rennie, John Alan. Poland Peer-Peer Engagement: Primary and Secondary Inspection. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), September 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1469517.

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Maly, Joseph R., Paul S. Wilke, Emily C. Fowler, S. A. Haskett, Dino Sciulli, and T. E. Meink. ESPA: EELV Secondary Payload Adapter With Whole-Spacecraft Isolation for Primary and Secondary Payloads. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, March 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada451658.

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Author, Not Given. Projected Benefits of Individual EERE Programs (primary and secondary). Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), November 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1219265.

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McAfee, John M. Safety Calculations for the Flight of Primary and Secondary Fragments. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), October 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1054252.

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Sittler, María José Abud, Bronwyn Hall, and Christian Helmers. An Empirical Analysis of Primary and Secondary Pharmaceutical Patents in Chile. Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research, February 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.3386/w20995.

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Petrosino, Anthony, Claire Morgan, Trevor A Fronius, Emily E Tanner-Smith, and Robert F Boruch. Interventions in developing nations for improving primary and secondary school enrolments. International Initiative for Impact Evaluation (3ie), July 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.23846/sr1009.

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Nguyen, Thao. Computational Model of the Eye for Primary and Secondary Blast Trauma. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, October 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada559639.

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Maguire, D. M. Environmental standards for primary and secondary containment systems and transfer stations. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), April 1995. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/431177.

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Sefa-Nyarko, Clement Sefa-Nyarko, David Mwambari Mwambari, and Pearl Kyei Kyei. Transitions from Primary to Lower Secondary School: A Focus on Equity. Toronto, Ontario Canada: Mastercard Foundation, October 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.15868/socialsector.36867.

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Nguyen, Thao D., Kaliat T. Ramesh, and Oliver Schein. A Computational Model of the Eye for Primary and Secondary Blast Injury. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, October 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada602497.

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