Books: 'Primary and secondary infections'

1

Haq, Yasmeen. Antibiotic usage for lower respiratory tract infections at the primary and secondary interface. Manchester: University of Manchester, 1997.

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2

Medical Foundation for AIDs & Sexual Health, ed. HIV in primary care. London: Medical Foundation for AIDS and Sexual Health, 2004.

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3

Bernstein, Jonathan A., ed. Primary and Secondary Immunodeficiency. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-57157-3.

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4

Mauritius. White paper: Pre primary, primary & secondary education. [Port Louis]: Ministry of Education and Human Resource Development, 1997.

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5

Bruce, Soloway, Cotton Deborah J, and Friedland Gerald H, eds. HIV infection: A primary care approach. 2nd ed. Waltham, MA: Pub. Division of the Massachusetts Medical Society, 1994.

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6

Bendich, Adrianne, and Richard J. Deckelbaum. Primary and secondary preventive nutrition. Totowa, NJ: Humana Press, 2010.

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7

Derricott, R. Curriculum continuity: Primary to secondary. Windsor: NFER-Nelson, 1985.

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8

Rodgers, Colin. Secondary power: A primary function. Warrendale, PA: Society of Automotive Engineers, 1987.

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9

Gasparri, Guido, Nicola Palestini, and Michele Camandona, eds. Primary, Secondary and Tertiary Hyperparathyroidism. Milano: Springer Milan, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-88-470-5758-6.

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10

Bendich, Adrianne, and Richard J. Deckelbaum, eds. Primary and Secondary Preventive Nutrition. Totowa, NJ: Humana Press, 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-59259-039-1.

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11

Baker, Ruth. Primary/secondary transfer: An issue? Birmingham: University of Birmingham, 1991.

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12

Alldis, Emily. Primary concern: Why primary healthcare is key to tackling HIV and AIDS. London: ActionAid, 2009.

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13

Sebastian, Faro, ed. Diagnosis and management of female pelvic infections in primary care medicine. Baltimore: Williams & Wilkins, 1985.

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14

d'Information, France Ambassade (Great Britain) Service de Presse et. Primary and secondary education in France. London: Ambassade de France à Londres, 1995.

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15

Csécsei, György, Oskar Hoffmann, Norfrid Klug, Albrecht Laun, Robert Schönmayr, and Jan Zierski. Primary and Secondary Brain Stem Lesions. Vienna: Springer Vienna, 1987. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-7091-8941-2.

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16

Ofsted. Homework in primary and secondary schools. London: HMSO, 1995.

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17

C, Wragg E. Assessment and learning: Primary and secondary. London: Routledge, 1997.

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18

Ndati, Ndeti. HIV & AIDS, communication, and secondary education in Kenya. Eldoret, Kenya: Zapf Chancery, 2011.

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19

Great Britain. Department for Education and Employment. Standards and Effectiveness Unit. Homework: Guidelines for primary and secondary schools. London: Department for Education and Employment, 1998.

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20

Great Britain. Scottish Education Department. Inspectors of Schools. Religious observance in primary and secondary schools. Edinburgh: H.M.S.O., 1989.

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21

Roberson, William H. Robert Bly: A primary and secondary bibliography. Metuchen, N.J: Scarecrow Press, 1986.

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22

Bernhard, Casper, ed. Franz Rosenzweig: A primary and secondary bibliography. Leuven: Bibliotheek van de Faculteit der Godgeleerdheid van de K.U. Leuven, 1990.

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23

Schlobin, Roger C. Andre Norton, a primary and secondary bibliography. Framingham, Mass: NESFA Press, 1994.

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24

Reimers, Fernando M., ed. Primary and Secondary Education During Covid-19. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-81500-4.

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25

Great Britain. Department for Education and Employment. Standards and Effectiveness Unit. Homework: Guidelines for primary and secondary schools. [Sudbury]: DfEE, 1998.

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26

Colette: An annotated primary and secondary bibliography. New York: Garland Pub., 1993.

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27

Herbert Spencer: A primary and secondary bibliography. New York: Garland Pub., 1993.

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28

Jeffrey, Beal, Orrick Joanne J, and Alfonso Kimberly, eds. HIV/AIDS primary care guide. Norwalk, CT: Crown House, 2006.

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29

Sexually transmissible infections in clinical practice: A problem-based approach. London: Springer, 2009.

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30

Török, M. Estée, Fiona J. Cooke, and Ed Moran. Gastrointestinal infections. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199671328.003.0016.

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This chapter covers oesophagitis (which is inflammation of the oesophagus), peptic ulcer disease, infectious diarrhoea (including dysentery and enteric or typhoid fever), cholera, Clostridium difficile diarrhoea, acute cholecystitis which is an inflammation of the gall bladder, acute cholangitis (characterized by fever, jaundice, and abdominal pain), pancreatitis (which is inflammation of the pancreas), primary and secondary peritonitis (which is infection of the peritoneal cavity), peritoneal dialysis peritonitis, diverticulitis (sac-like protrusions of the colonic wall), intra-abdominal abscess, liver abscess, and acute and chronic hepatitis (which are inflammation of the liver).

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31

Eastwood, John, Cathy Corbishley, and John Grange. Mycobacterial infections. Edited by Vivekanand Jha. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199592548.003.0196.

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The genus Mycobacterium contains over a hundred species including the M. tuberculosis complex and M. leprae, the causative agents of, respectively, tuberculosis and leprosy. The many other species are environmental saprophytes, present particularly in free and piped water sources, and some species are causes of opportunist disease in humans, especially in those who are immune compromised.The genitourinary tract is a common site of both primary and post-primary tuberculosis. In most cases of renal tuberculosis there are gross lesions consisting of caseating granulomas from which tubercle bacilli enter the urinary tract, often with the development of secondary lesions in the ureters, bladder, epididymis, and testis. Tuberculous interstitial nephritis is a less common condition with an insidious course and may result in renal failure. The urine is often negative for tubercle bacilli, emphasizing the need for biopsy in those with renal insufficiency.The risk of developing pulmonary or disseminated tuberculosis after infection is greatly enhanced by any form of immune compromise including renal failure and post-renal transplant immunosuppression.

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32

Cattran, Daniel C., and Heather N. Reich. Secondary membranous glomerulonephritis. Edited by Neil Turner. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199592548.003.0063.

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Primary (autoimmune) disease accounts for at least 70% of membranous glomerulonephritis (MGN). The main causes of secondary MGN are lupus, hepatitis B, drugs, and malignancy. Other autoimmune or inflammatory diseases, and some infections, are associated with it less commonly.

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33

Euster, Caren. Infection in the Intravenous Drug User. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199976805.003.0058.

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Injection drug abuse has spread worldwide and is increasing among young adults and adolescents. This chapter focuses on the management of acute infectious consequences of injection drug use (IDU), including skin and soft tissue infections, endocarditis, and systemic infections. The approach to infection is determined based upon etiology: local (injection site) infections, infections distant to the injection site, systemic infections, complications of primary infections, modifying factors, and infections associated with the patient with IDU’s lifestyle. Infections in patients with a history of injection drug use can affect multiple systems. The most commonly affected systems include the skin (eg, abscess), heart (eg, endocarditis), lung (eg, pneumonia), kidney, and brain (eg, septic emboli secondary to endocarditis).

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34

Paust, Silke, and Marcus Altfeld, eds. The Role of Tissue Resident NK Cells During Homeostasis, Primary and Secondary Infection. Frontiers Media SA, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/978-2-88974-386-5.

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35

Lambert, Heather. Primary vesicoureteric reflux and reflux nephropathy. Edited by Adrian Woolf. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199592548.003.0355_update_001.

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Vesicoureteric reflux (VUR) describes the flow of urine from the bladder into the upper urinary tract when the ureterovesical junction fails to perform as a one-way valve. Most commonly, VUR is primary, though it can be secondary to bladder outflow obstruction and can occur in several multiorgan congenital disorders. There is good evidence of a genetic basis with a greatly increased risk of VUR in children with a family history of VUR. VUR is a congenital disorder, which largely shows improvement or complete resolution with age. Fetal VUR may be associated with parenchymal developmental defects (dysplasia). Postnatally non-infected, non-obstructed VUR does not appear to have a detrimental effect on the kidneys. However there is an association of VUR with urinary tract infection and acquired renal parenchymal defects (scarring). The parenchymal abnormalities detected on imaging, often termed reflux nephropathy, may be as a result of reflux-associated dysplasia or acquired renal scarring or both. It is difficult to distinguish between the two on routine imaging. Higher grades of VUR are associated with more severe reflux nephropathy. The precise role of VUR in pyelonephritis and scarring is not clear and it may be that VUR simply increases the risk of acute pyelonephritis. Whilst most VUR resolves during childhood, it is associated with an increased risk of urinary tract infection and burden of acute disease. Investigation strategies vary considerably, related to uncertainties about the natural history of the condition and the effectiveness of various interventions. The long-term prognosis is chiefly related to the morbidity of reflux nephropathy leading in some cases to impairment of glomerular filtration rate, hypertension, proteinuria, and pregnancy-related conditions including hypertension, pre-eclampsia, and recurrent urinary tract infection. Management is controversial and ranges from simple observation with or without provision of rapid access to diagnosis and treatment of urinary tract infections; to long-term prophylactic antibiotics or various antireflux surgical procedures.

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36

Young, Raymond. Infection in the Patient with Sickle Cell Anemia. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199976805.003.0060.

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This chapter provides a brief overview of the clinical manifestations of and management strategies for infectious complications in the immunocompromised sickle cell disease patient. The chapter discusses infections in various organ systems, including the respiratory tract, central nervous system, bone, hematopoietic cell lineage, and blood-borne infections. Differentiating infections from noninfectious processes that often have similar presentations in the sickle cell patient may at times be difficult, and clinicians managing sickle cell patients should be keenly aware of this fact. This chapter discusses the common bacterial pathogens associated with infection and a notable viral agent known to profoundly worsen anemia in the sickle cell host, parvovirus B19. Additionally, fundamental antimicrobial regimens and primary and secondary prophylactic strategies are included in this concise summary prepared for clinicians involved in the acute care management of the sickle cell patient.

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37

Török, M. Estée, Fiona J. Cooke, and Ed Moran. Immunodeficiency and HIV. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199671328.003.0024.

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This chapter covers primary and secondary immunodeficiency, antibody deficiency syndromes, selective T-cell deficiency, infections in asplenic patients and transplant recipients, neutropenic sepsis, HIV epidemiology, natural history, and classification, initial evaluation of the HIV patient, skin, oral, cardiovascular, neurological, and pulmonary complications, HIV gastrointestinal, liver, and kidney disease, HIV infection and malignancy, as well as HIV prevention.

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38

Davies, Patricia. Wound care. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199642663.003.0012.

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It is imperative that the surgical nurse has a good understanding of wound care, as all surgical patients will have a wound of some description. Prevention of surgical site infection begins with a pre-operative assessment and continues post-operatively with the assessment of the wound dressing and the surgical site. This chapter discusses the physiology of wound healing, wound assessment, and dressings for primary- and secondary-intention wounds. This chapter also outlines the prevention of surgical site infections, and common wound infections and their treatment.

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39

Watts, Richard A., and Eleana Ntatsaki. Miscellaneous vasculitides. Oxford University Press, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199642489.003.0137.

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The vasculitides are a group of relatively rare conditions with a broad spectrum of clinical presentations that can cause significant morbidity and mortality. Classification of the vasculitic syndromes is done according to the size of the vessels affected and also the presence of anti-neutrophil cytoplasmic antibodies (ANCA). Vasculitides can be either primary or secondary to an underlying systemic disease, malignancy, or infection. This chapter covers the spectrum of the secondary vasculitides; some of the non-ANCA-associated primary vasculitides and miscellaneous types of vasculitic syndromes. Secondary vasculitis can occur in the background of systemic rheumatic diseases such as rheumatoid arthritis, spondyloarthropathies, or other connective tissue diseases. Vasculitis can also present in relation to precipitants such as drugs (propylthiouracil, hydralazine, leucotriene antagonists) or vaccines. Infection (bacterial, mycobacterial, viral, and fungal) has been associated with vasculitis either as a trigger or as a consequence of iatrogenic immunosuppression. Infection-related vasculitis can affect all types and sizes of vessels. Certain forms of vasculitis such as cryoglobulinaemia are closely associated with viral infections and more specifically with HCV infection. There are forms of vasculitis, which appear to be isolated or localized to a single organ, or site (skin, gastrointestinal, genital, and primary central nervous system vasculitis) that may be histologically similar to systemic syndromes, but have a different prognosis. Other conditions that may mimic vasculitis and miscellaneous conditions such as Cogan's syndrome and relapsing polychondritis are also discussed.

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40

Patel, Sanjay, and Julia Bielicki. Antimicrobial stewardship in paediatrics. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198758792.003.0014.

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The general principles of antimicrobial stewardship can be applied to the paediatric population, but children have unique challenges that must be addressed when considering a paediatric antimicrobial stewardship programme, including the aetiology of paediatric infections, the non-specific nature of these infections, the difficulty in obtaining microbiology specimens, and paucity of data on antimicrobial dose and duration. Different antimicrobial stewardship strategies tailored to neonates and children are required in primary care and secondary/tertiary care settings. While children with complex infections are generally managed in hospital settings where prescribing can be closely monitored by antimicrobial stewardship teams, the majority of paediatric antimicrobial prescribing occurs in primary care. Promoting and monitoring the judicious use of antimicrobials in this setting is especially challenging.

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41

Jolly, Elaine, Andrew Fry, and Afzal Chaudhry, eds. Neurology and neurosurgery. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199230457.003.0014.

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Chapter 14 covers the basic science and clinical topics relating to neurology and neurosurgery which trainees are required to learn as part of their basic training and demonstrate in the MRCP. It covers the approach to the neurological Patient, neurological examination, neurological investigations, coma, acquired brain injury, encephalopathies, alcohol and the nervous system, brainstem disorders, common cranial nerve disorders, migraine, other primary headaches, secondary headache, neuro-ophthalmology, vertigo and hearing loss, seizures and epilepsy, intracranial pressure, stroke, central nervous system infections, neuro-oncology, multiple sclerosis, Parkinson disease, other movement disorders, spinal cord disorders (myelopathy), spinal nerve root disorders (radiculopathies), motor neurone disease, peripheral nerve disorders, mitochondrial disease and channelopathies, neuromuscular junction and muscle Disorders, sleep disorders, neurological disorders in pregnancy, the neurology of HIV infection, and functional neurology.

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42

Pagnoux, Christian, and Richard H. Swartz. Vasculitis of the Central Nervous System. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199937837.003.0099.

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Central nervous system (CNS) vasculitis is an extremely challenging diagnostic and therapeutic disease. Multiple conditions, including reversible cerebral vasoconstrictive syndrome and intracranial atherosclerosis, can mimic it. Infections, systemic diseases, particularly systemic vasculitides, drug abuse, neoplasms, and some other disorders can cause secondary CNS vasculitis. Primary CNS vasculitis is extremely rare. A definite diagnosis requires a brain biopsy, which may show granulomatous inflammation, lymphocytic inflammation, and/or acute necrotizing vasculitis. The pathogeny remains unknown. The treatment of secondary CNS vasculitis relies on that of its cause, whereas treatment for primary CNS vasculitis is not codified but usually relies on high-dose glucocorticoids, combined, at least for the most severe forms, with an immunosuppressant, mainly cyclophosphamide.

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43

Mandell, Gerald L. Infections Diseases for Primary Care. Elsevier Health Sciences, 1998.

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44

Bhole, Malini. Neutrophil abnormalities. Edited by Patrick Davey and David Sprigings. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199568741.003.0295.

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Neutrophils are an important component of the innate immune system, forming the first line of defence against bacterial invasion. Abnormalities in either neutrophil numbers or function lead to immunodeficiency disorders affecting the innate immune system, with a predisposition towards developing serious and often life-threatening infections. Alterations in neutrophil numbers and function may also be noted secondary to systemic diseases, where they may act as markers for ongoing disease processes. Most of the primary neutrophil disorders discussed in this chapter will present in childhood. In adults, acquired neutropenia is the commonest neutrophil abnormality encountered in clinical practice, although, rarely, some primary neutrophil defects may present.

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45

Barber, Brenda. Building primary- secondary links. Heinemann/ SCDC, 1987.

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46

Mammoser, Aaron. Primary and Secondary Glioblastoma. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199937837.003.0127.

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Glioblastoma, formerly glioblastoma multiforme, is synonymous with WHO grade IV astrocytoma and is the most commonly diagnosed astrocytoma; it carries with it significant clinical, histologic, and molecular heterogeneity, with subtypes of the tumor and important new mutations associated with it characterized over the previous decade. Gene expression profiling has identified four tumor subgroups associated with specific mutational patterns, age of onset, and prognosis. The discovery of isocitrate dehydrogenase (IDH) mutations has led to further delineation between primary and secondary glioblastoma. Despite promising new investigational treatments, glioblastoma remains an incurable and fatal tumor.

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47

Ross, Peter. Primary and Secondary Qualities. Oxford University Press, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199600472.013.001.

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48

Rosenblatt, Elizabeth. Peritonitis. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199976805.003.0032.

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Peritonitis, or inflammation of the serosal membranes lining the abdominal cavity, is used predominately to describe primary peritonitis (spontaneous bacterial peritonitis [SBP]) and secondary peritonitis—two conditions with distinct pathophysiologies that require different diagnostic and therapeutic approaches. Tertiary peritonitis is characterized by persistent symptoms or signs of infection despite appropriate treatment of primary or secondary peritonitis. Patients undergoing peritoneal dialysis are at risk for catheter-associated peritonitis, which is sometimes considered an additional category of peritonitis. The most common manifestation of SBP is fever. In addition, patients often endure abdominal pain, general malaise, fatigue, and hepatic encephalopathy. One-third of patients with SBP develop renal dysfunction, which is an independent predictor of mortality. In patients with ascites and high clinical suspicion for infection, empiric antibiotic therapy should be started immediately following blood cultures and diagnostic paracentesis.

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49

Cattran, Daniel C., and Heather N. Reich. Membranous glomerulonephritis. Edited by Neil Turner. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199592548.003.0061_update_001.

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Membranous glomerulonephritis (MGN) usually presents as nephrotic syndrome, which may be severe. It is primarily a disease of adults, men more than women, with a peak incidence in the fourth and fifth decades. It is hoped that proven tests for the characteristic anti-PLA2R antibodies of primary MGN may become established, but the diagnosis currently rests on renal biopsy showing characteristic subepithelial granular immune deposits. These usually contain immunoglobulin G4 and complement. Other patterns may suggest secondary causes of MGN. Secondary membranous nephropathy occurs in lupus and some other immune or autoimmune disorders, in hepatitis B infection, after exposure to some drugs or toxins, and in some cancers. Secondary causes are more common at extremes of age, and are often made obvious by the history or clinical picture. How hard to look for malignancy is controversial, but malignancy is much more likely in patients over 60 years, and may be apparent at presentation.

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50

Dryden, Matthew. Near-patient testing, infection biomarkers, and rapid diagnostics. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198758792.003.0017.

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Treating patients with targeted antimicrobial therapy is the gold standard of care. However, empiric antimicrobial guidelines are in operation for many patients in primary or secondary care with infection. These guidelines are based on previous surveillance data and/or national recommendations, but the decision to start treatment and the choice of antimicrobial is a best-guess approach, based on clinical judgement. Microbiology laboratory results help guide and target therapies, but in general they take about 1 to 2 days to be available due to the processes involved in culturing organisms. Improvement in speed of diagnosis is the focus of research, particularly around molecular diagnostics. Near-patient testing and the use of biomarkers has been discussed as a way to tackle this issue. This chapter also considers the alternatives and future strategies that could be deployed to improve the targeted therapy of antimicrobials.

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Books on the topic 'Primary and secondary infections'

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