Relevant bibliographies by topics / Primary and secondary infections

Academic literature on the topic 'Primary and secondary infections'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 10 December 2022
Last updated: 28 January 2023

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Journal articles on the topic "Primary and secondary infections"

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JACKSON, J. A., and R. C. TINSLEY. "Protopolystoma xenopodis (Monogenea) primary and secondary infections in Xenopus laevis." Parasitology 123, no. 5 (November 2001): 455–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0031182001008745.

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The reproductive kinetics of Protopolystoma xenopodis primary and secondary infections in Xenopus laevis were monitored in a 3-year study. Thirty-five naïve, lab-raised, full-sib X. laevis from 1 spawning were each exposed to 30 P. xenopodis eggs. The course of infections at 20 °C was monitored by screening isolated hosts for parasite egg production. Ninety-four percent of toads supported the development of gravid parasites. Infections became patent 9–19 weeks p.i., lasted 3–30 months and produced estimated totals of 1–7152 eggs/host. Variation in primary infection characters was discontinuous: a subgrouping of hosts (16%) was characterized by extended infection duration and low reproductive rate. In order to test the effect of long-term infection history on a subsequent challenge, each host was re-exposed to P. xenopodis infective stages (30 eggs/host) 6 months after the loss of its original infection. Establishment of patent infection was significantly lower (15%), and pre-patent period (12–28 weeks) longer, than in primary infections of the same hosts, and than in concurrently exposed naïve controls (contemporary full-sibs of the primary/secondary infection group, maintained in parallel; n = 28). There was no relationship between primary infection characteristics and secondary infection outcome. Overall reproductive output per initial infective stage for the primary exposure exceeded that for the secondary exposure by a ratio of 15[ratio ]1. Results suggest that primary infection with P. xenopodis can elicit strong, long-term protective immunity against re-infection in X. laevis.
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Prince, Harry E., and Jose L. Matud. "Estimation of Dengue Virus IgM Persistence Using Regression Analysis." Clinical and Vaccine Immunology 18, no. 12 (October 26, 2011): 2183–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/cvi.05425-11.

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ABSTRACTDengue virus IgM persistence was estimated using follow-up sera from 98 patients (60 with primary infections and 38 with secondary infections) whose first-specimen IgM index was strongly positive, suggesting recent disease onset. Regression analysis of the follow-up IgM index versus days between samples yielded a trend line that reached the cut-point index (1.10) at 179 days for the primary infection group and 139 days for the secondary infection group. This difference reflected significantly higher first-sample IgM indices in primary infections than in secondary infections rather than differences in IgM decay rates.
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Alghali, Sidit O. "Immunity to tapeworms: acquired resistance toHymenolepis citelliin the mouse." Journal of Helminthology 60, no. 3 (September 1986): 219–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022149x00026146.

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AbstractThe dynamics of secondary infections withHymenolepis citelliin mice are described. A primary infection of one and six cysticercoids for 21 days sensitized CFLP male mice against homologous challenge infections. Acquired resistance was manifested mainly as stunting/destrobilation of secondary worms. The severity of stunting depended on the intensity of the primary infection. Secondary worms were not expelled more rapidly than primary worms but the protective response retards growth early in challenge infections. Sensitization of mice for seven days with six or 24 cysticercoids did not confer a measurable protective response, whereas priming by the same regime for 21 days induced a significant Protective response. Acquired resistance to challenge waned with time in the absence of the primary Worms. The growth and survival of a six-cysticercoid primary infection was enhanced by the administration of the immunosuppressant drug cortisone acetate. Worms from cortisone-treated mice Were heavier than those from untreated controls. Acquired resistance to homologous challenge was also Partially ablated in cortisone-treated mice. It is suggested that rejection of primary infections and stunting/destrobilation of secondary worms may be immunologically mediated.
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Drazin, Doniel, Jens R. Chapman, Andrew Dailey, and John Street. "Introduction. Primary and secondary infections of the spine." Neurosurgical Focus 46, no. 1 (January 2019): E1. http://dx.doi.org/10.3171/2018.10.focus18588.

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Lewis, Ariane, Amol Raheja, and Ian E. McCutcheon. "Introduction. Primary and secondary infections of the brain." Neurosurgical Focus 47, no. 2 (August 2019): E1. http://dx.doi.org/10.3171/2019.5.focus19390.

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Prince, Harry E., Cindy Yeh, and Mary Lapé-Nixon. "Utility of IgM/IgG Ratio and IgG Avidity for Distinguishing Primary and Secondary Dengue Virus Infections Using Sera Collected More than 30 Days after Disease Onset." Clinical and Vaccine Immunology 18, no. 11 (August 31, 2011): 1951–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/cvi.05278-11.

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ABSTRACTDengue virus (DV) IgM/IgG ratio and IgG avidity value (AV) can reliably distinguish between primary and secondary DV infections using sera collected within 30 days of disease onset, but little is known about their efficacies using sera collected >30 days after onset. To investigate this issue, we analyzed specimens submitted to our reference laboratory for DV antibody testing. We first classified patients as having primary (n= 55) or secondary (n= 58) infections based on seroconversion patterns in a comparison of two sera collected <30 days apart. We then evaluated IgM/IgG ratios and IgG AVs of the second specimens by using receiver operating characteristic curve analysis. The IgM/IgG ratio that best discriminated primary from secondary infection was 1.32; 95% of 55 primary infections exhibited ratios of >1.32, whereas 93% of 58 secondary infections exhibited ratios of ≤1.32. The discriminatory AV was 0.39; 95% of 41 primary infections exhibited AVs of ≤0.39, whereas 95% of 38 secondary infections exhibited AVs of >0.39. We then evaluated the IgM/IgG ratios and AV for primary-infection patients whose second serum samples were collected ≥30 days after the first serum samples; only 56% of 27 sera exhibited ratios of >1.32, whereas 81% of 21 sera exhibited AVs of ≤0.39. Assuming that the first specimens were collected within a week after symptoms appeared, these findings indicate that IgG AV is superior to the IgM/IgG ratio for distinguishing primary from secondary DV infections when using samples collected more than 5 weeks after disease onset.
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Stout-Delgado, Heather, Anushree Shirali, Richard Jaramillo, and Kevin Harrod. "Impaired NLRP3 inflammasome activity in elderly hosts contributes to the prevalence of primary and secondary Streptococcus pneumoniae infection. (114.4)." Journal of Immunology 188, no. 1_Supplement (May 1, 2012): 114.4. http://dx.doi.org/10.4049/jimmunol.188.supp.114.4.

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Abstract Lethal pneumonia has become a serious problem in elderly populations. Although influenza infection alone may lead to pneumonia, secondary bacterial infections, such as Streptococcus pneumoniae, during and shortly after recovery from influenza infections are more common. Previous work has demonstrated that the NLRP3 inflammasome is activated in the lung during influenza viral infection by the M2 ion channel as well as during S. pneumoniae bacterial infection by pneumolysin; however, the impact of aging on inflammasome function during primary or secondary S. pneumoniae infection has not been examined. Here, we show that elderly mice infected with S. pneumoniae alone or shortly after influenza infection produced lower levels of IL-1β and IL-18 during infection when compared to young mice. Further, elderly mice had increased morbidity, decreased cellular infiltration to the lung, and higher bacterial titers in lung during both primary and secondary bacterial infections. Examination of whole lung tissue collected from elderly mice exhibited decreased expression of ASC, NLRP3, TXNIP, and capase-1, but similar expression of pro-IL-1β and pro-IL-18, when compared to young, similarly infected mice during both primary and secondary bacterial infections. Taken together, our study demonstrates that during primary and secondary S. pneumoniae infections, elderly mice have impaired NLRP3 inflammasome activity which may contribute to increased susceptibility for developing pneumonia.
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Waskito, Langgeng A., Paulus B. Notopuro, and Pepy Dwi Endraswari. "ANTIBODY ANTI-DENGUE PROFILE IN DENGUE HEMORRHAGIC FEVER PATIENTS AT DR. SOETOMO HOSPITAL, SURABAYA." Folia Medica Indonesiana 51, no. 3 (November 2, 2016): 173. http://dx.doi.org/10.20473/fmi.v51i3.2830.

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Dengue hemorrhagic fever is one infectious diseases that have high case fatality rate in Indonesia. The aim of this study was to descibe the antibody anti-dengue profile in dengue hemorrhagic fever patients at Dr. Soetomo Hospital Surabaya. This study was epidemiological descriptive study to aims prevalence primary and secondary infection of dengue hemorrhagic fever and its clinical appearances. This study used 85 samples by taking medical record data of IgM and IgG anti-dengue serologic test from Internal Medicine Department, Dr. Soetomo Hospital, Surabaya, between January to December 2010. The data were collected and analyzed in diagrams and tables. Result of this study showed 25 (29,4%) patients had positive IgM serologic test, 14 (16,4%) patients had positive IgG serologic test and 46 (54,2%) patients had positive IgM and IgG serologic test. In primary infections, the history of fever was 3.8±1.2 days; platelet counts 58,6±21,4/ml and bleeding sign 37% of 25 patients. In secondary infections, the history of fever was 4.28±1.15 days; platelet count was 44,17±24,2/ml and bleeding sign 52% of 60 patients. In conclusion, patients with secondary infection have higher prevalence than primary infection. Then in secondary infection had more severe clinical appearance than primary infection.
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Büyüktuna, Seyit Ali, Rabin Saba, Mustafa Gökhan Gözel, Özge Turhan, Dilara İnan, Zahide Aşık, and Adem Köse. "Secondary infections after cytotoxic chemotherapy in patient with hematological malignancies." Journal of Infection in Developing Countries 11, no. 07 (July 31, 2017): 521–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.3855/jidc.8530.

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Introduction: This study was initiated to investigate the risk factors of secondary infections in febrile neutropenic patients following chemotherapy, and to evaluate the clinical, microbiological, and mortality outcomes of these infections. Methodology: An evaluation was done on all patients with hematological malignancy who developed a febrile neutropenic episode (FNE) after cytotoxic chemotherapy in the Department of Hematology, Akdeniz University Faculty of Medicine, between January 2007 and December 2008. Results: A total of 294 primary FNEs that responded to the initial empirical or targeted treatment were included in the study, and secondary infections developed after 72 (24.5%) of 294 primary FNEs. Risk factors for secondary infections were determined as acute leukemia as the underlying disease, salvage chemotherapy for refractory/relapse diseases, prolonged neutropenia (10 days and over), Multinational Association of Supportive Care in Cancer (MASSC) score < 21, and fungal infection during the primary episode. The mortality rate of patients who developed secondary infections was significantly higher compared to patients without secondary infections (27.8% and 5.4%, respectively; p = 0.001). Conclusions: The development of secondary infections in patients with hematological malignancy was not very rare. Greater concern should be shown for these infections to increase patient survival rates.
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Gilligan, Christopher A., and Adam Kleczkowski. "Population dynamics of botanical epidemics involving primary and secondary infection." Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B: Biological Sciences 352, no. 1353 (May 29, 1997): 591–608. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rstb.1997.0040.

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In this paper we study the dynamical properties of models for botanical epidemics, especially for soil–borne fungal infection. The models develop several new concepts, involving dual sources of infection, host and inoculum dynamics. Epidemics are modelled with respect to the infection status of whole plants and plant organs (the G model) or to lesion density and size (the SW model). The infection can originate in two sources, either from the initial inoculum (primary infection) or by a direct transmission between plant tissue (secondary infection). The first term corresponds to the transmission through the free–living stages of macroparasites or an external source of infection in certain medical models, whereas the second term is equivalent to direct transmission between the hosts in microparasitic infections. The models allow for dynamics of host growth and inoculum decay. We show that the two models for root and lesion dynamics can be derived as special cases of a single generic model. Analytical and numerical methods are used to analyse the behaviour of the models for static, unlimited (exponential) and asymptotically limited host growth with and without secondary infection, and with and without decay of initial inoculum. The models are shown to exhibit a range of epidemic behaviour within single seasons that extends from simple monotonic increase with saturation of the host population, through temporary plateaux as the system switches from primary to secondary infection, to effective elimination of the pathogen by the host outgrowing the fungal infection. For certain conditions, the equilibrium values are shown to depend on initial conditions. These results have important consequences for the control of plant disease. They can be applied beyond soil–borne plant pathogens to mycorrhizal fungi and aerial pathogens while the principles of primary and secondary infection with host and inoculum dynamics may be used to link classical models for both microparasitic and macroparasitic infections.
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Primary and secondary infections"

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Trobaugh, Derek W. "Primary and Secondary Immune Responses During Sequential West Nile Virus and Japanese Encephalitis Virus Infections: A Dissertation." eScholarship@UMMS, 2012. https://escholarship.umassmed.edu/gsbs_diss/581.

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Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV) and West Nile virus (WNV) are closely related Flaviviruses that are important arthropod-borne human pathogens. Both of these viruses can cause encephalitis with significant morbidity and mortality after infection. Flaviviruses co-circulate in many areas of the world, which raises the risk for sequential infection between heterologous viruses. Sequential infection between dengue virus serotypes can lead to cross-protection, but in some cases, it leads to a severe outcome, dengue hemorrhagic fever. Previous work in hamsters and non-human primates demonstrated that prior JEV immunity protects against a lethal WNV infection. However, the ability of prior WNV immunity to protect against a lethal JEV infection has been inconclusive. WNV-immune hamsters were fully protected from JEV viremia, but in non-human primates, prior WNV-immunity only reduced disease severity, with symptoms of encephalitis still observed. These differences in cross-protection led to further investigation on the directionality as well as the underlying mechanisms for this phenomenon. Previous work in our lab found that JEV-immune C57BL/6J (B6) mice were fully protected against a lethal WNV infection, and JEV-immune CD4+ and CD8+ T cells were required for this cross-protection. In other mouse models, memory cross-reactive CD4+ and CD8+ T cell responses may induce protection or immunopathology upon secondary heterologous viral challenge. We hypothesize that JEV/WNV cross-reactive CD4+and CD8+ T cells preferentially expand upon 2o infection and contribute to cross-protection. To elucidate the potential role of T cells in sequential flavivirus infection, we identified and characterized cross-reactive CD4+ and CD8+ T cell responses between JEV and WNV. A previously reported WNV NS4b CD8+ T cell epitope and its JEV variant elicited CD8+ T cell responses in both JEV- and WNV-infected mice. Despite similarities in viral burden for pathogenic JEV and WNV viruses, CD8+ T cells from pathogenic JEV-infected mice exhibited functional and phenotypic profiles similar to those seen for the attenuated JEV strain. We believe the differences in the CD8+ T cell responses during primary JEV and WNV infection are due at least in part to the low levels of peripheral replication seen in JEV-infected mice compared to WNV-infected mice. We also found that WNV-immune B6 mice were protected against a lethal JEV infection. Cross-reactive CD8+ T cells in JEV-immune mice rapidly expanded after WNV infection. Even though WNV-immune mice had higher frequencies of memory CD8+ T cells, cross-reactive CD8+ T cells did not expand after secondary JEV infection. Neutralizing antibodies to JEV were detected in WNV-immune mice; however, cross-reactive CD8+ T cells did not expand even in the absence of these cross-reactive neutralizing antibodies. We did not detect any differences in the CD8+ T cell repertoires between JEV- and WNV-infected mice nor were WNV-immune CD8+ T cells functionally exhausted. In fact, proliferation of memory CD8+ T cells did not correlate with the ability of WNV-immune CD8+ T cells to restrict recombinant vaccinia viruses expressing the cross-reactive epitope or lyse peptide-coated targets. These data suggest that the higher frequency of memory CD8+ T cells and cross-reactive antibodies in WNV-immune mice are better able to prevent neuroinvasion following 2o JEV infection.
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McNamee, Lynnelle Ann. "Effects of a primary influenza infection on susceptibility to a secondary Streptococcus pneumoniae infection." Diss., Montana State University, 2006. http://etd.lib.montana.edu/etd/2006/mcnamee/McNameeL1206.pdf.

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Bailey, Douglas John. "The role of inoculum in the primary and secondary infection of certain plant pathogens." Thesis, Open University, 1997. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.388433.

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Klekamp, Benjamin Glenn. "Assessing the Relationship of Monocytes with Primary and Secondary Dengue Infection among Hospitalized Dengue Patients in Malaysia, 2010: A Cross-Sectional Study." Scholar Commons, 2011. http://scholarcommons.usf.edu/etd/3185.

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Dengue, a group of four similar viruses transmitted through the bite of a mosquito, is estimated to infect upwards of 100 million annually in over 100 nations throughout the global equatorial belt. Distribution of global dengue is highly skewed as Southeast Asian and Western Pacific regions endure 75% of the global dengue burden. Similar to other regional countries, Malaysia has been rapidly urbanizing, which has supported a hyperendemic dengue state. The biological pathway by which dengue infection causes a wide range of clinical manifestations, spanning asymptomatic to life-threatening severe complications, is not comprehensively understood. Historically, severe dengue complications have primarily occurred in children. Consequentially, the majority of the dengue biological pathway research has been conducted on children; however, extrapolation of research findings to adults may be inappropriate as dengue manifestations have differed between age groups. As developing countries undergo epidemiologic transitions and dengue continues to spread geographically to non-endemic regions, youth and adult populations have been subjected to more of the severe dengue burden. Epidemiology and laboratory-based evidence has supported both memory T-cell and antibody independent enhancement hypotheses to explain the biological pathway of severe dengue. Both hypotheses employ the central idea that a primary infection alters immune components so that during a secondary heterotypic dengue infection, an individual is more at risk for severe complications. Monocytes, immune cells that are pivotal in both hypotheses, have been highly examined through in vivo and in vitro experimentation; however, epidemiological evidence for monocyte involvement is incomplete. The primary objective of the study was to examine if a difference in absolute monocyte count, considering independent risk factors, is present in individuals with primary and secondary dengue infections. A secondary dengue infection was found to raise absolute monocyte count during the defervescence phase of dengue illness in individuals aged 15 years and older 0.71 ± 0.15 (x10^9) compared to those experiencing primary dengue infection. Gender and distance of study participants' residences from Hospital Ampang were found to be risk factors for the relationship of interest; whereas, age and race were not found to be significant risk factors. The study helps expand current knowledge of the severe dengue biological pathway with respect to immunological differences between primary and secondary dengue infections. Further research is needed to confirm and expand the findings of this initial study, specifically to include infecting dengue serotype, education, and socioeconomic status which are known dengue risk factors.
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Kalina, Warren Vincent. "The influence of Alternaria alternata aerosol on the development of immune responses in calves during a primary and secondary bovine respiratory syncytial virus infection /." For electronic version search Digital dissertations database. Restricted to UC campuses. Access is free to UC campus dissertations, 2004. http://uclibs.org/PID/11984.

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Todoroki, Christine Louisa. "Primary and secondary log breakdown simulation." Thesis, University of Auckland, 1997. http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/9913695.

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Log breakdown by sawing can be viewed as a multi-phase process that converts logs into boards by a series of cutting operations. In the primary phase, logs are sawn into s labs of wood known as flitches or cants. These are further processed by secondary operations, that resaw, edge (cut lengthwise) and trim (cut widthwise) the raw material, resulting in the manufacture of the board product whose value is influenced by its composite dimensions and quality (as indicated by a grade). Board grade is in turn determined by the number, type, size, and location of defects. Owing to its biological origins, each log, and subsequent board, is unique. Furthermore, as each sawmill, and processing centre within the mill, has a unique configuration, the problem of determining how each log entering a mill should be sawn is very complex. Effective computer simulation of log breakdown processes must therefore entail detailed descriptions of both geometry and quality of individual logs. Appropriate strategies at each breakdown phase are also required. In this thesis models for emulating log breakdown are developed in conjunction with an existing sawing simulation system which requires, as input, detailed three-dimensional descriptions of both internal and external log characteristics. Models based on heuristic and enumerative procedures, and those based upon the principles of dynamic programming (DP) are formulated, encoded, and compared. Log breakdown phases are considered both independently and in a combined integrated approach-working backwards from the board product through to the primary log breakdown phase. This approach permits methodology developed for the later processes to be embedded within the primary phase thus permitting the determination of a global rather than local solution to the log breakdown problem whose objective is to seek the highest possible solution quality within the minimum possible time. Simulation results indicate that solution quality and processing speeds are influenced by both solution methodology and degree of data complexity. When the structure of either factor is simplified, solutions are generated more rapidly-but with an accompanying reduction in solution quality. A promising compromise that combines DP techniques with mathematical functions based on a subset of the original data is presented.
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Meier, Lori T. "Episode 4: Primary & Secondary Sources." Digital Commons @ East Tennessee State University, 2021. https://dc.etsu.edu/social-studies-education-oer/4.

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In this episode, we discuss the use of primary and secondary sources in the elementary social studies classroom. We explore the definitions for both primary and secondary sources, examine how they are connected to K-5 standards and curriculum frameworks, and visit various digital resources where teachers can find engaging primary sources for their students.
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James, Peter Michael. "Fracture under primary and secondary stresses." Thesis, University of Manchester, 2013. https://www.research.manchester.ac.uk/portal/en/theses/fracture-under-primary-and-secondary-stresses(fac07e1f-5bb4-447d-8eb7-ccca0205bdd6).html.

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Components found within many industries contain crack like defects. The work detailed here considers such a component under the combined influence of primary and secondary stresses; where primary stresses contribute to plastic collapse and secondary stresses are redistributed under plastic deformation. A number of approaches are available to detail the combined loading on the crack tip parameter J, or KJ, which is used to assess proximity to failure from crack extension. However, these approaches are recognised to be conservative and can lead to the unnecessary replacement of components, stricter surveillance and inspection regulations, and further costs associated with downtime.The aim of the work presented is to investigate these conservatisms and develop a further approach to quantify the interaction of primary and secondary stresses on fracture. A large matrix of cracked body finite element analyses of a circumferentially cracked cylinder has been performed under a range of loadings. This is then used to detail the interaction of primary and secondary stresses on fracture by providing a function to describe a scaling term, g, that multiplies the secondary crack driving force contribution. This term has been shown to be relatively independent on the magnitude of secondary stresses and is also dependent on the material stress strain relation. This relation for g has also been shown to be compatible with the R6 defect assessment procedures V factor approach, through the Vg plasticity interaction term, that provides a scaling term to the secondary contribution in R6. A review of experiments considering combined loading has indicated that the number of tests that cover a range of primary stress induced plasticity levels is limited. Further experiments were therefore considered within this research to provide added experimental fracture toughness data by which to compare the R6 V factor and Vg approaches. These experiments introduced a compressive pre-load to the ends of three-point bend specimens so that a tensile residual stress resulted on unloading. A crack was introduced and the specimens tested at one of three temperatures so that changes in the materials fracture toughness with temperature ensured different levels of plasticity at failure; so that crack growth occurred over three sets of load normalised to the load for plastic collapse. Tests were also conducted that did not include the residual stress so that the effect of residual stress could be shown under different levels of plastic redistribution. The Vg Approach and the existing Complex R6 V Approach have then been applied to all available experimental data for validation. The results show that both approaches conservatively predict the failure of all tests and that the Vg Approach can reduce the level of conservatism.
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Thompson, Matthew James. "Predicting serious bacterial infections in children in primary care." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2007. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.670104.

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Turan, Y. "Pyrimidine primary and secondary metabolism in plants." Thesis, Swansea University, 1995. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.639271.

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In this study, the biosynthesis of albizziine has been elucidated, and a direct precursor relationship shown to exist between uracil and albizziine. This was confirmed by the demonstration that [2-14C]uracil specifically labels C-5 of albizziine. It is concluded that the biosynthetic sequence involves the hydroxylation of uracil to isobarbituric acid, then amination to 5-aminouracil, followed by hydrogenation and ring-opening, to yield albizziine. 2,3-Diaminopropanoic acid was shown to be formed from albizziine by the action of β-ureidopropionase. Thus, the formation of albizziine and 2,3-diaminopropanoic acid represents a further aspect of the interfacing of pyrimidine primary and secondary metabolism through uracil. Lathyrine was shown to be catabolyzed in Lathyrus tingitanus to yield the non-protein amino acid 4-hydroxyhomoarginine, and it was thus confirmed that 4-hydroxyhomoarginine is a catabolite rather than a precursor of lathyrine. 2-Amino-4-carboxypyrimidine, the immediate precursor of the lathyrine ring-system, was shown to be synthesized enzymically from uracil. The relative amount of exogenously supplied uracil diverted into production of the isomeric pyrimidinyl amino acids willardiine and isowillardiine in Pisum sativum, and also that diverted into the production of the pyrimidine amino acid lathyrine in Lathyrus tingitanus was determined. Uracil was shown to have a pronounced inhibitory effect on the germination and growth of Phaseolus aureus and Glycine max. As these plants do not produce pyrimidine-derived secondary products, this observation is consistent with the view that production of such compounds is a detoxification mechanism for bioactive pyrimidines.
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Books on the topic "Primary and secondary infections"

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Haq, Yasmeen. Antibiotic usage for lower respiratory tract infections at the primary and secondary interface. Manchester: University of Manchester, 1997.

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Medical Foundation for AIDs & Sexual Health, ed. HIV in primary care. London: Medical Foundation for AIDS and Sexual Health, 2004.

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Bernstein, Jonathan A., ed. Primary and Secondary Immunodeficiency. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-57157-3.

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Mauritius. White paper: Pre primary, primary & secondary education. [Port Louis]: Ministry of Education and Human Resource Development, 1997.

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Bruce, Soloway, Cotton Deborah J, and Friedland Gerald H, eds. HIV infection: A primary care approach. 2nd ed. Waltham, MA: Pub. Division of the Massachusetts Medical Society, 1994.

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Bendich, Adrianne, and Richard J. Deckelbaum. Primary and secondary preventive nutrition. Totowa, NJ: Humana Press, 2010.

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Derricott, R. Curriculum continuity: Primary to secondary. Windsor: NFER-Nelson, 1985.

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Rodgers, Colin. Secondary power: A primary function. Warrendale, PA: Society of Automotive Engineers, 1987.

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Gasparri, Guido, Nicola Palestini, and Michele Camandona, eds. Primary, Secondary and Tertiary Hyperparathyroidism. Milano: Springer Milan, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-88-470-5758-6.

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Bendich, Adrianne, and Richard J. Deckelbaum, eds. Primary and Secondary Preventive Nutrition. Totowa, NJ: Humana Press, 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-59259-039-1.

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Book chapters on the topic "Primary and secondary infections"

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Costin, Claudia, and Allan Coutinho. "Experiences with Risk-Management and Remote Learning During the COVID-19 Pandemic in Brazil: Crises, Destitutions, and (Possible) Resolutions." In Primary and Secondary Education During Covid-19, 39–78. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-81500-4_2.

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AbstractThe chapter examines the difficult conditions under which states, and municipalities had to struggle to ensure learning continued during the social isolation demanded by the COVID-19 crisis in the country. Although it seemed reasonable to expect that the Federal government would respect the constitution and coordinate the educational response to the pandemic, that simply did not happen. The Minister of Education did not consider that such a responsibility should be carried out at the federal level. In the absence of leadership from the central government, the two organizations that congregate subnational secretaries decided to support their members and promote the exchange of practices, with some support from civil society organizations. Through the think tank established by the senior author of this chapter at a private university, CEIPE- Center for Excellence and Innovation in Education Policies, at the Getúlio Vargas Foundation, she participated in this effort, mentoring state and municipal level secretaries in their efforts to provide distance learning through a combination of media, such as TV, radio, and digital platforms. The chapter includes her own anecdotal observations of this national effort, drawing on interviews with secretaries and their teams as well as documents related to the experience as the evidence basis of the chapter. Unfortunately, this is not a story of triumph, since Brazil has been one of the countries with more months of schools being completely or partially closed. In addition to the ineffective approach to fighting the disease, which made Brazil’s rate of infection and deaths much worse than many countries in Latin America, the fact that mayoral elections coincided with COVID-19, introduced political reasons for schools to remain closed. The final part of the chapter draws lessons learned and discusses future possibilities for the future of education in Brazil.
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Desai, Mihir M., and Inderbir S. Gill. "Primary Aldosteronism." In Secondary Hypertension, 149–76. Totowa, NJ: Humana Press, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-59259-757-4_10.

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Young, William F. "Primary Aldosteronism." In Secondary Hypertension, 119–37. Totowa, NJ: Humana Press, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-59259-757-4_8.

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Rossi, Gian Paolo. "Primary Aldosteronism." In Secondary Hypertension, 59–78. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-45562-0_4.

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Afanas’ev, I. B., and L. G. Korkina. "Effect of oxygen radicals on the IL-1 production by monocytes and IL-2 receptor expression in lymphocytes during primary and secondary immunodeficiency." In Oxidative Stress, Cell Activation and Viral Infection, 53–58. Basel: Birkhäuser Basel, 1994. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-0348-7424-3_6.

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Mock, B. A., A. H. Fortier, M. S. Meltzer, and C. A. Nacy. "Immunoprophylaxis in BALB/c Mice: A Model for Development of Protection Against Primary and Secondary Infection with Leishmania major." In Current Topics in Microbiology and Immunology, 107–14. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1985. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-70740-7_16.

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Walter, Christian, and Christoph Renné. "Osteomyelitis, Osteoradionecrosis, and Medication-Related Osteonecrosis of Jaws." In Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery for the Clinician, 461–72. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-15-1346-6_22.

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AbstractThe main function of the bones is the internal support and the storage of inorganic ions. Bones consist of the outer compact bone that harbors the inner cancellous bone and the bone marrow. Main cells are the bone-building osteoblasts, the bone-supporting osteocytes, and the bone-resorbing osteoclasts. All the cell lines communicate via the OPG RANK RANKL system.The term osteomyelitis describes inflammation of all bone structures. Depending on the clinical presentation and the cause triggering the osteomyelitis, it can be classified into acute osteomyelitis that is called secondary chronic osteomyelitis after a time span of more than 4 weeks. In general, an odontogenic infection is responsible whereas the trigger of the secondary chronic osteomyelitis is unknown. Symptoms of acute osteomyelitis are fever, listlessness, swelling, pain, reddishness, trismus, tooth mobility, pus, and paresthesia. In the secondary chronic stadium, the swelling is less prominent and a periosteal reaction, sequester formation, and fistulas can occur. The primary chronic osteomyelitis often has few and not very prominent symptoms with a nonsuppurative inflammation. Therapy consists of antibacterial mouth rinses and antibiotics to different surgical procedures.Osteoradionecrosis and medication-associated osteonecrosis are subentities where the radiation or a medication alters the bone biology and subsequently causes osteonecrosis of the affected bones.
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Mößner, Rainald, Jonathon Sedgwick, Egbert Flory, Heiner Körner, Helmut Wege, and Volker ter Meulen. "Astrocytes as Antigen Presenting Cells for Primary and Secondary T Cell Responses: Effect of Astrocyte Infection by Murine Hepatitis Virus." In Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology, 647–54. Boston, MA: Springer US, 1990. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4684-5823-7_88.

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Bumpass, David B., and Jacob M. Buchowski. "Primary Spinal Infections." In Spine Surgery Basics, 433–51. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-34126-7_33.

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Kaiser, Hans E. "Secondary Primary Cancers." In Etiology of Cancer in Man, 212–13. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1989. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-009-2532-8_22.

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Conference papers on the topic "Primary and secondary infections"

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Guhar, Darakhshan, Ghulam Mustafa, Shafqat Fatima Rehmani, and Rakhshanda Bilal. "Immunodiagnostic of dengue fever: Primary and secondary infections." In 2016 13th International Bhurban Conference on Applied Sciences and Technology (IBCAST). IEEE, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/ibcast.2016.7429857.

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Umobong, E. U., A. Hilewitz, A. Melamud, and M. Makaryus. "Cystic Lung Disease Secondary to Primary Tuberculosis Infection." In American Thoracic Society 2019 International Conference, May 17-22, 2019 - Dallas, TX. American Thoracic Society, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1164/ajrccm-conference.2019.199.1_meetingabstracts.a5111.

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Devine, Ken, and Katie Ryan. "Pharmacists as educators – Engaging with the community through outreach workshops in schools in Cork city." In Learning Connections 2019: Spaces, People, Practice. University College Cork||National Forum for the Enhancement of Teaching and Learning in Higher Education, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.33178/lc2019.36.

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Inspired by the UCC Campus engage initiative and in a quest to help final year pharmacy students develop higher-order thinking skills, students were tasked with designing and delivering outreach workshops on the “Role of the Pharmacist in Educating patients on microbes, antimicrobial usage, and infection prevention”. The assignment formed part of continuous assessment requirements for PF4015 Novel Drug Delivery module delivered to final year Pharmacy students on the B.Pharm course. These 1-hour interactive workshops were delivered to students across diverse age (primary and secondary) and socioeconomic backgrounds in schools during Science week in Nov 2016 & Nov 2017.
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Han, Junyan, Katsuyuki Takeda, Masakazu Okamoto, Wanjiang Zeng, Yi Jia, Azzeddine Dakhama, and Erwin W. Gelfand. "Comparison Of The Preventative, Therapeutic, And Prophylactic Effects Of Anti-G And Anti-F RSV Glycoprotein Antibodies In The Response To Primary And Secondary RSV Infection." In American Thoracic Society 2011 International Conference, May 13-18, 2011 • Denver Colorado. American Thoracic Society, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1164/ajrccm-conference.2011.183.1_meetingabstracts.a6206.

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Ramos, Miguel Bertelli, Frederico Arriaga Criscuoli de Farias, Manoel Jacobsen Teixeira, and Eberval Gadelha Figueiredo. "The Most Influential Papers in Infectious Meningitis Research: A Bibliometric Study." In XIII Congresso Paulista de Neurologia. Zeppelini Editorial e Comunicação, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.5327/1516-3180.453.

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Background: Bibliometric analyses allow detecting citation trends within a field, including assessments of the most cited journals, countries, institutions, topics, types of study, and authors. Objectives: To perform a bibliometric analysis of the 100 most cited papers within infectious meningitis research. Methods: The 100 most cited publications and their data were retrieved from Scopus and Web of Science during 2019. Results: The New England Journal of Medicine had the greatest number of articles (27) and citations (12,266) in the top 100. Articles were mainly published after the late 1980s. Bacteria were the most discussed agents (72 articles and 26,362 citations), but Cryptococcus sp represented the most-discussed single agent (16 articles and 6,617 citations). Primary research represented 70 articles and 25,754 citations. Among them, the most discussed topic was Clinical Features and Diagnosis/Outcomes (22 articles and 8,325 citations). Among the 27 secondary research articles, the most common type of study was Narrative Review (18 articles and 5,685 citations). The United States was the country with the greatest number of articles (56) and citations (21,388). Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) and Yale University had the greatest number of articles (six each), being CDC the most cited (3,559). Conclusions: The most cited articles within meningitis research are primary research studies, more frequently published in high IF journals and by North American institutions. Bacterial meningitis comprises the majority of publications. The articles were mainly published after the AIDS pandemic and after the implementation of the main vaccines for meningitis.
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Sebastian, Ajit, Dhanya Susan Thomas, Anitha Thomas, Rachel Chandy, and Abraham Peedicayil. "Outcome of bowel resection in women with advanced ovarian carcinoma." In 16th Annual International Conference RGCON. Thieme Medical and Scientific Publishers Private Ltd., 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0039-1685310.

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Aim: To evaluate the mortality and morbidity related to bowel resection in women with advanced ovarian carcinoma. Methods: Retrospective case series of 47 women with stage III and IV carcinoma ovary who underwent bowel resection, over the period of 5 years from Jan 2011 to Dec 2015. The disease free survival was assessed and the prognostic factors for disease free survival was also analysed by bivariate analysis. Results: In this cohort 64% (30/47) had primary debulking, 21% (10/47) had interval debulking and 15% (7/47) had secondary debulking. The mean period of follow up was 23 months (1 – 45 month). The mortality was 15% (7/47), while major morbidity like anastomotic leak were nil. The three variables considered for mortality were relaparotomy, paralytic ileus and surgical site infection. 6% (3/47) had relaparotomy, 21% (10/47) had paralytic iileus and 15% (7/47) had surgical site infection. The overall morbidity was 42.5% (20/47). A total 34% (16/47) of patients had stoma. 79% (37/47) patients had optimal debulking. Conclusion: Bowel resection in optimally selected cases of advanced carcinoma ovary is a good option with limited mortality and morbidity. Often, bowel resection is the only way to achieve optimal debulking.
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"Primary and secondary reviewers." In 2015 IEEE Second VR International Workshop on Collaborative Virtual Environments (3DCVE). IEEE, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/3dcve.2015.7153589.

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"Primary and secondary reviewers." In 2016 IEEE Third VR International Workshop on Collaborative Virtual Environments (3DCVE). IEEE, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/3dcve.2016.7563557.

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Trzaska, Hubert. "Primary and Secondary EMF Standards." In The 2006 4th Asia-Pacific Conference on Environmental Electromagnetics. IEEE, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/ceem.2006.258066.

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Rodgers, Colin. "Secondary Power: A Primary Function." In Aerospace Technology Conference and Exposition. 400 Commonwealth Drive, Warrendale, PA, United States: SAE International, 1987. http://dx.doi.org/10.4271/871710.

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Reports on the topic "Primary and secondary infections"

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Splitter, Gary A., Menachem Banai, and Jerome S. Harms. Brucella second messenger coordinates stages of infection. United States Department of Agriculture, January 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2011.7699864.bard.

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Aim 1: To determine levels of this second messenger in: a) B. melitensiscyclic-dimericguanosinemonophosphate-regulating mutants (BMEI1448, BMEI1453, and BMEI1520), and b) B. melitensis16M (wild type) and mutant infections of macrophages and immune competent mice. (US lab primary) Aim 2: To determine proteomic differences between Brucelladeletion mutants BMEI1453 (high cyclic-dimericguanosinemonophosphate, chronic persistent state) and BMEI1520 (low cyclicdimericguanosinemonophosphate, acute virulent state) compared to wild type B. melitensisto identify the role of this second messenger in establishing the two polar states of brucellosis. (US lab primary with synergistic assistance from the Israel lab Aim 3: Determine the level of Brucellacyclic-dimericguanosinemonophosphate and transcriptional expression from naturally infected placenta. (Israel lab primary with synergistic assistance from the US lab). B. Background Brucellaspecies are Gram-negative, facultative intracellular bacterial pathogens that cause brucellosis, the most prevalent zoonosis worldwide. Brucellosis is characterized by increased abortion, weak offspring, and decreased milk production in animals. Humans are infected with Brucellaby consuming contaminated milk products or via inhalation of aerosolized bacteria from occupational hazards. Chronic human infections can result in complications such as liver damage, orchitis, endocarditis, and arthritis. Brucellaspp. have the ability to infect both professional and non-professional phagocytes. Because of this, Brucellaencounter varied environments both throughout the body and within a cell and must adapt accordingly. To date, few virulence factors have been identified in B. melitensisand even less is known about how these virulence factors are regulated. Subsequently, little is known about how Brucellaadapt to its rapidly changing environments, and how it alternates between acute and chronic virulence. Our studies suggest that decreased concentrations of cyclic dimericguanosinemonophosphate (c-di-GMP) lead to an acute virulent state and increased concentrations of c-di-GMP lead to persistent, chronic state of B. melitensisin a mouse model of infection. We hypothesize that B. melitensisuses c-di-GMP to transition from the chronic state of an infected host to the acute, virulent stage of infection in the placenta where the bacteria prepare to infect a new host. Studies on environmental pathogens such as Vibrio choleraeand Pseudomonas aeruginosasupport a mechanism where changes in c-di-GMP levels cause the bacterium to alternate between virulent and chronic states. Little work exists on understanding the role of c-di-GMP in dangerous intracellular pathogens, like Brucellathat is a frequent pathogen in Israeli domestic animals and U.S. elk and bison. Brucellamust carefully regulate virulence factors during infection of a host to ensure proper expression at appropriate times in response to host cues. Recently, the novel secondary signaling molecule c-di-GMP has been identified as a major component of bacterial regulation and we have identified c-di-GMP as an important signaling factor in B. melitensishost adaptation. C. Major conclusions, solutions, achievements 1. The B. melitensis1453 deletion mutant has increased c-di-GMP, while the 1520 deletion mutant has decreased c-di-GMP. 2. Both mutants grow similarly in in vitro cultures; however, the 1453 mutant has a microcolony phenotype both in vitro and in vivo 3. The 1453 mutant has increased crystal violet staining suggesting biofilm formation. 4. Scanning electron microscopy revealed an abnormal coccus appearance with in increased cell area. 5. Proteomic analysis revealed the 1453 mutant possessed increased production of proteins involved in cell wall processes, cell division, and the Type IV secretion system, and a decrease in proteins involved in amino acid transport/metabolism, carbohydrate metabolism, fatty acid production, and iron acquisition suggesting less preparedness for intracellular survival. 6. RNAseq analysis of bone marrow derived macrophages infected with the mutants revealed the host immune response is greatly reduced with the 1453 mutant infection. These findings support that microlocalization of proteins involved in c-di-GMP homeostasis serve a second messenger to B. melitensisregulating functions of the bacteria during infection of the host.
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Zhang, Yong. Efficacy and safety of corticosteroid therapy in patients with cardiac arrest: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. INPLASY - International Platform of Registered Systematic Review and Meta-analysis Protocols, January 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.37766/inplasy2023.1.0014.

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Review question / Objective: Our goal was to assess the effect of primary treatment outcome (overall survival rate at hospital discharge, rate of sustained ROSC) and secondary outcomes (favorable neurological outcomes at hospital discharge and adverse events including hyperglycemia, insulin infusion, hypernatremia, infection, gastrointestinal bleeding, new or changing antibiotics, paresis, renal failure). Information sources: Two researchers (Zhou FW and Liu C) independently searched the PubMed, Embase, The Cochrane Library, Web of Science and China National Knowledge Internet (CNKI) databases from inception to 11 October, 2022 by using medical subject headings (MeSH), Emtree, and text word with no language limitations.
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Lamont, Susan J., E. Dan Heller, and Avigdor Cahaner. Prediction of Immunocompetence and Resistance to Disease by Using Molecular Markers of the Major Histocompatibility Complex. United States Department of Agriculture, September 1994. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/1994.7568780.bard.

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This project utilized two live-animal populations in an integrated research program to identify molecular markers for immune response and disease resistance. The populations each had their foundation from meat-type commercial breeder chicken lines of their respective countries. Investigations effectively used unique availability of resources in each country to study commercial-type environments in Israel and line-crosses with diverse inbred lines in the US. Two bacterial systems were investigated to cover both respiratory and gastrointestinal, and primary and secondary, infections. Individual experimental groups of animals were evaluated for combinations of vaccine antibody levels, response to pathogen challenge, growth parameters, genetic background and molecular markers. The positive association of antibody level with resistance to disease was confirmed. Effectiveness of genetic selection for vaccine antibody response level was demonstrated. Molecular markers, both inside and outside the MHC region, were associated with antibody response and resistance to disease. Markers were shown to have a generalized effect, by association with multiple traits of immune response and disease resistance. The impact of genetic background on marker effect was shown to be important. The overall results demonstrate the effectiveness of selection on vaccine antibody response and the potential of molecular marker-assisted selection to improve efficiency of production of meat-type chickens by reducing genetic susceptibility to disease.
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Rennie, John Alan. Poland Peer-Peer Engagement: Primary and Secondary Inspection. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), September 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1469517.

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Maly, Joseph R., Paul S. Wilke, Emily C. Fowler, S. A. Haskett, Dino Sciulli, and T. E. Meink. ESPA: EELV Secondary Payload Adapter With Whole-Spacecraft Isolation for Primary and Secondary Payloads. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, March 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada451658.

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Author, Not Given. Projected Benefits of Individual EERE Programs (primary and secondary). Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), November 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1219265.

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McAfee, John M. Safety Calculations for the Flight of Primary and Secondary Fragments. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), October 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1054252.

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Roux, Simon. Enabling generalized phage therapy to treat secondary infections in COVID-19: CRADA Final Report. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), June 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1784308.

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Chow, King Ngai, Yuk Wah Tsang, Yan Hei Chan, Shalina Alisha Telaga, Lok Yan Andes Ng, Chit Ming Chung, Yan Ming Yip, and Peter Pak Hang Cheung. Minimum number of vaccine doses required to protect against long COVID symptoms: a systematic review and meta-analysis of observational studies. INPLASY - International Platform of Registered Systematic Review and Meta-analysis Protocols, October 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.37766/inplasy2022.10.0115.

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Review question / Objective: Following the COVID-19 global outbreak, Long Covid is currently the most urgent global health problem. Primary clinical research have produced widely varying findings demonstrating the protective and even counterproductive effects of immunization against extended Covid. We used a systematic review and meta-analysis to examine the impact of pre- and post-Covid immunization for the prevention of extended Covid. Condition being studied: The main result is whether long Covid is present or absent, which is determined by whether one or more long Covid symptoms have persisted for more than three weeks following infection. The secondary result is whether or not each unique long-term Covid symptom is present. ICD10-CM was used to classify and define symptoms since research utilized several names for the same symptom. To ensure validity, we only examined long-lasting Covid symptoms mentioned in three or more research. We asked the authors of publications that merely provided information on the presence or absence of extended Covid to provide information on specific symptoms. We also wanted data that was stratified by the number of vaccine doses for studies that pooled data from pre-Covid vaccinations given in 1-dose and 2-dose regimens.
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Sittler, María José Abud, Bronwyn Hall, and Christian Helmers. An Empirical Analysis of Primary and Secondary Pharmaceutical Patents in Chile. Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research, February 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.3386/w20995.

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