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Journal articles on the topic 'Primacy and recency'

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Author: Grafiati

Published: 10 December 2022

Last updated: 28 January 2023

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1

Daniel, Thomas A., and Jeffrey S. Katz. "Primacy and recency effects for taste." Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition 44, no. 3 (March 2018): 399–405. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/xlm0000437.

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2

Gupta, Prahlad. "Primacy and recency in nonword repetition." Memory 13, no. 3-4 (March 2005): 318–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09658210344000350.

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3

Fischer, P., P. Kendler, and G. Goldenberg. "Recency-primacy recognition in Parkinson's disease." Journal of Neural Transmission - Parkinson's Disease and Dementia Section 2, no. 1 (March 1990): 71–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf02251247.

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4

Korsnes, Maria Stylianou. "Retention Intervals and Serial List Memory." Perceptual and Motor Skills 80, no. 3 (June 1995): 723–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.2466/pms.1995.80.3.723.

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Pictorial stimuli were presented in serial lists and tested for recognition. 11 men and 9 women participated at retention intervals of 5, 15, and 25 sec. The length of retention interval interacted with primacy and recency effects as observed in earlier studies of abstract stimuli, indicating similar basic memory functions for different types of visual stimuli. A shift from recency to primacy dominance remained despite the likelihood of verbal rehearsal. At short retention intervals a recency effect predominated and with longer delays a primacy effect predominated recognition.

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5

Murphy, Jamie, Charles Hofacker, and Richard Mizerski. "Primacy and Recency Effects on Clicking Behavior." Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication 11, no. 2 (January 2006): 522–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1083-6101.2006.00025.x.

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6

Castro, Carl A., and Thomas Larsen. "Primacy and recency effects in nonhuman primates." Journal of Experimental Psychology: Animal Behavior Processes 18, no. 4 (1992): 335–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/0097-7403.18.4.335.

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7

Lipatova, Olga, Daniel S. Wheeler, Miguel A. Vadillo, and Ralph R. Miller. "Recency-to-primacy shift in cue competition." Journal of Experimental Psychology: Animal Behavior Processes 32, no. 4 (2006): 396–406. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/0097-7403.32.4.396.

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8

PETRINSKI, Gerasim. "ARGUMENTATIVE ASPECTS OF THE PRIMACY AND RECENCY EFFECTS: A RETURN TO CLASSICAL RHETORIC." İmgelem 6, no. 10 (July 15, 2022): 159–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.53791/imgelem.1092432.

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The goal of this article is to examine and present the rhetorical applications of two important processes affecting human communication – the primacy effect and the recency effect. They are determined by two major factors – the time period by which are separated the messages, and the time that has the audience at its disposal to make decision and/or to judge upon the orator’s claim. Different models are proposed for intensification of these effects by expanding or reducing the length of the speech on three main levels – the order of delivering the speeches, the order of presenting the information, and the structure of the argument.

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9

Caballero, Adrián, and Raúl López-Pérez. "Heterogeneous primacy and recency effects in frequency estimation." Journal of Economic Behavior & Organization 200 (August 2022): 182–203. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jebo.2022.05.004.

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10

Duffy, Sean, and L. Elizabeth Crawford. "Primacy or recency effects in forming inductive categories." Memory & Cognition 36, no. 3 (April 2008): 567–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.3758/mc.36.3.567.

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11

Garnefeld, Ina, and Lena Steinhoff. "Primacy versus recency effects in extended service encounters." Journal of Service Management 24, no. 1 (March 8, 2013): 64–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/09564231311304198.

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12

PAUL, ROBERT H., RONALD A. COHEN, DAVID J. MOSER, TRICIA M. ZAWACKI, and NORMAN GORDON. "The serial position effect in mild and moderately severe vascular dementia." Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society 8, no. 4 (May 2002): 584–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1355617702814369.

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The present study examined the serial position effect in 2 subgroups of individuals with vascular dementia (VaD). Nineteen individuals with mild VaD and 17 individuals with moderate VaD were administered the California Verbal Learning Test. Both groups were impaired on a general memory measure, and the moderately impaired group demonstrated significantly poorer recall than the mildly impaired group on the first learning trial and on total learning across trials. In addition, individuals with mild dementia demonstrated an intact primacy and recency effect, whereas individuals with moderate dementia demonstrated neither primacy nor recency effects. The latter findings are consistent with studies examining the serial position effect in other dementia populations, and suggests that the absence of primacy and recency effects in more advanced dementia may occur regardless of dementia type. (JINS, 2002, 8, 584–587.)

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13

Dewar, Michaela, Gordon D. A. Brown, and Sergio Della Sala. "Restoring primacy in amnesic free recall: Evidence for the recency theory of primacy." Cognitive Neuropsychology 28, no. 6 (September 2011): 386–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02643294.2012.665802.

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14

Wright, Anthony A. "Auditory List Memory in Rhesus Monkeys." Psychological Science 9, no. 2 (March 1998): 91–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1467-9280.00017.

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Auditory memory of 2 rhesus monkeys was tested in a serial probe recognition task. Lists of four environmental or natural sounds were followed by a retention interval and a test. The test matched one of the list items on half of the trials. The retention interval was varied across sessions. Six experiments showed similar results and changes in the serial position function. At short retention intervals, there was good memory for first list items (primacy effect) and poor memory for last list items. At intermediate retention intervals, memory improved for last list items (recency effect). At long retention intervals (20 s and 30 s), the recency effect was strong, and the primacy effect had dissipated. These auditory primacy and recency effects and their changes with retention interval were opposite to those for visual memory. Implications for processes and mechanisms of memory are discussed.

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15

Anderson, Brenda H., and Mario J. Maletta. "Primacy Effects and the Role of Risk in Auditor Belief-Revision Processes." AUDITING: A Journal of Practice & Theory 18, no. 1 (March 1, 1999): 75–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.2308/aud.1999.18.1.75.

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Numerous studies in the audit judgment literature provide evidence indicating that auditors can be susceptible to recency effects. This study extends the research by examining auditor susceptibility to primacy, an order effect, which, like recency, can lead to suboptimal audit-planning decisions (see Ashton and Ashton 1988) and yet, unlike recency, has received very little attention in the accounting literature. Specifically, the research investigates whether primacy effects in auditor belief revisions are a conditional function of the level of inherent risk present in the audit environment (high/low) and the nature of the information contained in the latter portion of the information sequence (e.g., whether the information is positive or negative with respect to the client's internal controls). The results, consistent with expectations, indicate that auditors are susceptible to primacy effects when making likelihood of error and audit-hour planning judgments in settings that are relatively low in inherent risk, and such effects are due to less integration of late positive information in low- as compared to high-risk conditions. No evidence of primacy was found for either judgment when the inherent risk associated with the audit setting was high and, auditors did not differentially revise their beliefs across inherent risk conditions for late negative information. The findings indicate that primacy is essentially the result of insufficient integration of late positive information in low inherent risk settings, suggesting that primacy may lead to overauditing and thus, an inefficient use of audit resources.

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16

Benavides, Rodrigo, and Rogelio Escobar. "Primacy and recency effects in hierarchical renewal in rats." Behavioural Processes 201 (September 2022): 104732. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.beproc.2022.104732.

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17

Demaree, Heath A., Brian V. Shenal, D. Erik Everhart, and Jennifer L. Robinson. "Primacy and Recency Effects Found Using Affective Word Lists." Cognitive and Behavioral Neurology 17, no. 2 (June 2004): 102–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/01.wnn.0000117861.44205.31.

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18

Knoedler, Alicia J., Kristin A. Hellwig, and Ian Neath. "The shift from recency to primacy with increasing delay." Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition 25, no. 2 (1999): 474–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/0278-7393.25.2.474.

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19

Azizian, Allen, and John Polich. "Evidence for Attentional Gradient in the Serial Position Memory Curve from Event-related Potentials." Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience 19, no. 12 (December 2007): 2071–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/jocn.2007.19.12.2071.

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The occurrence of primacy versus recency effects in free recall is suggested to reflect either two distinct memory systems, or the operation of a single system that is modulated by allocation of attention and less vulnerable to interference. Behavioral and event-related brain potential (ERPs) measures were used to investigate the encoding substrates of the serial position curve and subsequent recall in young adults. Participants were instructed to remember lists of words consisting of 12 common nouns each presented once every 1.5 sec, with a recall signal following the last word to indicate that all remembered items should be written on paper. This procedure was repeated for 20 different word lists. Both performance and late ERP amplitudes reflected classic recall serial position effects. Greater recall and larger late positive component amplitudes were obtained for the primacy and recency items, with less recall and smaller amplitudes for the middle words. The late positive component was larger for recalled compared to unrecalled primacy items, but it did not differ between memory performance outcomes for the recency items. The close relationship between the enhanced amplitude and primacy retrieval supports the view that this positive component reflects one of a process series related to attentional gradient and encoding of events for storage in memory. Recency effects appear to index operations determined by the anticipation of the last stimulus presentation, which occurred for both recalled and unrecalled memory items. Theoretical implications are discussed.

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20

Annett, Judith M., and Alan W. Lorimer. "Primacy and Recency in Recognition of Odours and Recall of Odour Names." Perceptual and Motor Skills 81, no. 3 (December 1995): 787–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.2466/pms.1995.81.3.787.

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This study examined the serial position curve for recognition of odours and recall of odour names, both with and without instructions for verbal elaboration. Participants were allocated to one of two experimental conditions, either with instructions to rehearse verbally the stimuli or with no elaboration instructions. After presentation of 17 odours, either recognition or free recall of the odours was tested immediately after presentation of the last target odour. Recognition showed evidence of primacy for the verbal elaboration condition and recency for both instruction conditions. Recall of odour names showed evidence of primacy for the verbal elaboration conditions and recency for both conditions. Instructions to verbalize did not significantly affect over-all performance for either test condition.

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21

Hofrichter, Nienke A., Sandra Dick, Thomas G. Riemer, Carsten Schleussner, Monique Goerke, Thomas Mell, Andreas Heinz, and Michael A. Rapp. "Impact of Comorbid Depression on Serial Position Effects in Alzheimer’s Disease." GeroPsych 27, no. 4 (January 2014): 161–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1024/1662-9647/a000115.

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Hippocampal dysfunction and deficits in episodic memory have been reported for both Alzheimer’s disease (AD) and major depressive disorder (MDD). Primacy performance has been associated with hippocampus-dependent episodic memory, while recency may reflect working memory performance. In this study, serial position profiles were examined in a total of 73 patients with MDD, AD, both AD and MDD, and healthy controls (HC) by means of CERAD-NP word list memory. Primacy performance was most impaired in AD with comorbid MDD, followed by AD, MDD, and HC. Recency performance, on the other hand, was comparable across groups. These findings indicate that primacy in AD is impaired in the presence of comorbid MDD, suggesting additive performance decrements in this specific episodic memory function.

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22

Sato, Koichi. "Effect of Recall Order on Long-Term Recency." Psychological Reports 64, no. 3 (June 1989): 803–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.2466/pr0.1989.64.3.803.

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The effect of recall order on long-term recency effects in the continuous-distractor paradigm was investigated. Each list contained a series of pairs, each of a word and a number. In a recall session, subjects were given the numbers as probes and recalled the words paired with the numbers. Long-term recency effects were largely reduced when subjects recalled words from the primacy portion prior to other words, as in the case of short-term recency effects observed in the immediate-recall paradigm. These results suggest that the same mechanisms underlie the short-term and the long-term recency effects.

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23

Lee, Chung Won, Jin Ho Kim, and In Keuk Hwang. "A Study on the Serial Position Effect of Memory according to Illumination of LED Light." E3S Web of Conferences 120 (2019): 01002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/201912001002.

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The purpose of this study was to verify the forms of the effect of serial position effects of memory according to the illuminance of light. This study was conducted as an experimental method, and 21 adults without cognitive impairment participated in the study. The illuminance condition was designed with high illuminance condition of 1,000 lx and low illuminance condition of 300 lx. The memory task used word list of 20 items consisting of a series of pointless spellings. After memorizing the word list for 10 minutes, the participant performed a retention task 24 hours later. The memory retention task consisted of filling the empty part of the learned word and completing the word. The analysis was performed by dividing the word items into three conditions: primacy, middle, and recency. Primacy used the first item in the word list, Middle used the 10th item in the middle of the word list, and finally Recency used the last item in the word list for analysis. The result was F = 4.16 (p = .02), and showed that there was a statistically significant difference in memory retention of primacy, middle, and recency at 95% confidence level in dim condition.

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24

Steiner, Dirk D., and Jeffrey S. Rain. "Immediate and delayed primacy and recency effects in performance evaluation." Journal of Applied Psychology 74, no. 1 (1989): 136–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/0021-9010.74.1.136.

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25

Pratz, Owen. "Computer Presentation of Pattern-of-Success: A Primacy Effect Verified." Perceptual and Motor Skills 65, no. 2 (October 1987): 379–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.2466/pms.1987.65.2.379.

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Several studies have examined the effect of pattern of success on perceived level of success using a serial-trial task. In the original study of this issue, subjects were influenced more by their level of success at the end of a series of trials, a recency effect. Subsequent studies have found, instead, a primacy effect. This study replicates the original study in which a recency effect was found and assesses the generalizability of the results with other tasks. Three forms of task were used: (a) analogies items, (b) tachistoscopic pattern perception, and (c) a visual-motor coordination task. The experimental procedures were programmed in BASIC for the Commodore 64 to facilitate further extension and replication. Computer presentation was both efficient and effective. A primacy effect was found for all three tasks.

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26

Bonanni, Rita, Patrizio Pasqualetti, Carlo Caltagirone, and Giovanni Augusto Carlesimo. "Primacy and Recency Effects in Immediate Free Recall of Sequences of Spatial Positions." Perceptual and Motor Skills 105, no. 2 (October 2007): 483–500. http://dx.doi.org/10.2466/pms.105.2.483-500.

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This study evaluated the serial position curve based on free recall of spatial position sequences. To evaluate the memory processes underlying spatial recall, some manipulations were introduced by varying the length of spatial sequences (Exp. 1) and modifying the presentation rate of individual positions (Exp. 2). A primacy effect emerged for all sequence lengths, while a recency effect was evident only in the longer sequences. Moreover, slowing the presentation rate increased the magnitude of the primacy effect and abolished the recency effect. The main novelty of the present results is represented by the finding that better recall of early items in a sequence of spatial positions does not depend on the task requirement of an ordered recall but it can also be observed in a free recall paradigm.

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27

Lange, Richard D., Ankani Chattoraj, Jeffrey M. Beck, Jacob L. Yates, and Ralf M. Haefner. "A confirmation bias in perceptual decision-making due to hierarchical approximate inference." PLOS Computational Biology 17, no. 11 (November 29, 2021): e1009517. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pcbi.1009517.

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Making good decisions requires updating beliefs according to new evidence. This is a dynamical process that is prone to biases: in some cases, beliefs become entrenched and resistant to new evidence (leading to primacy effects), while in other cases, beliefs fade over time and rely primarily on later evidence (leading to recency effects). How and why either type of bias dominates in a given context is an important open question. Here, we study this question in classic perceptual decision-making tasks, where, puzzlingly, previous empirical studies differ in the kinds of biases they observe, ranging from primacy to recency, despite seemingly equivalent tasks. We present a new model, based on hierarchical approximate inference and derived from normative principles, that not only explains both primacy and recency effects in existing studies, but also predicts how the type of bias should depend on the statistics of stimuli in a given task. We verify this prediction in a novel visual discrimination task with human observers, finding that each observer’s temporal bias changed as the result of changing the key stimulus statistics identified by our model. The key dynamic that leads to a primacy bias in our model is an overweighting of new sensory information that agrees with the observer’s existing belief—a type of ‘confirmation bias’. By fitting an extended drift-diffusion model to our data we rule out an alternative explanation for primacy effects due to bounded integration. Taken together, our results resolve a major discrepancy among existing perceptual decision-making studies, and suggest that a key source of bias in human decision-making is approximate hierarchical inference.

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28

BAYLEY, PETER J., DAVID P. SALMON, MARK W. BONDI, BARBARA K. BUI, JOHN OLICHNEY, DEAN C. DELIS, RONALD G. THOMAS, and LEON J. THAL. "Comparison of the serial position effect in very mild Alzheimer's disease, mild Alzheimer's disease, and amnesia associated with electroconvulsive therapy." Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society 6, no. 3 (March 2000): 290–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1355617700633040.

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Individuals given a series of words to memorize normally show better immediate recall for items from the beginning and end of the list than for midlist items. This phenomenon, known as the serial position effect, is thought to reflect the concurrent contributions of secondary and primary memory, respectively, to recall performance. The present study compared the serial position effects produced on Trial 1 of the California Verbal Learning Test (CVLT) in mildly demented (N = 25; M MMSE = 20.0) and very mildly demented (N = 25; M MMSE = 25.5) patients with Alzheimer's disease (AD), and age- and education-matched normal control (NC) participants (N = 50). In addition, the serial position effects of the very mildly demented AD patients were compared to those of patients with a transient, circumscribed amnesia arising from a prescribed series of electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) treatments for the relief of depressive illness (N = 11). While the NC group exhibited the typical serial position effect, AD patients recalled significantly fewer words than NC participants overall, and exhibited a significantly reduced primacy effect (i.e., recall of the first 2 list items) with a normal recency effect (i.e., recall of the last 2 list items). Patients with circumscribed amnesia due to ECT were as impaired as the very mildly demented AD patients on most standard CVLT measures of learning and memory, but exhibited primacy and recency effects, which were within normal limits. These results suggest that a reduction in the primacy effect, but not the recency effect, is an early and ubiquitous feature of the memory impairment of AD. It is not, however, a necessary feature of all causes of memory impairment. (JINS, 2000, 6, 290–298.)

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29

Storm, Benjamin C., and Robert A. Bjork. "Do learners predict a shift from recency to primacy with delay?" Memory & Cognition 44, no. 8 (July 5, 2016): 1204–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.3758/s13421-016-0632-9.

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30

Brooks, Barbara M. "Primacy and recency in primed free association and associative cued recall." Psychonomic Bulletin & Review 6, no. 3 (September 1999): 479–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.3758/bf03210838.

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31

Fang, Xia, Gerben A. van Kleef, and Disa A. Sauter. "Person perception from changing emotional expressions: primacy, recency, or averaging effect?" Cognition and Emotion 32, no. 8 (February 1, 2018): 1597–610. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02699931.2018.1432476.

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32

Shen, Yi. "Primacy and recency effects in serial recall of synthesized vowel sequences." Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 143, no. 3 (March 2018): 1749. http://dx.doi.org/10.1121/1.5035718.

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33

Tan, Lydia, and Geoff Ward. "A recency-based account of the primacy effect in free recall." Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition 26, no. 6 (2000): 1589–625. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/0278-7393.26.6.1589.

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34

Luchins, Abraham S., and Edith H. Luchins. "Primacy and Recency Effects with Descriptions of Moral and Immoral Behavior." Journal of General Psychology 113, no. 2 (April 1986): 159–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00221309.1986.9710553.

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35

Wong, K. Y. M., P. E. Kahn, and D. Sherrington. "A neural network model of working memory exhibiting primacy and recency." Journal of Physics A: Mathematical and General 24, no. 5 (March 7, 1991): 1119–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/0305-4470/24/5/025.

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36

Capitani, Erminio, Sergio Della Sala, Robert H. Logie, and Hans Spinnler. "Recency, Primacy, and Memory: Reappraising and Standardising the Serial Position Curve." Cortex 28, no. 3 (September 1992): 315–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0010-9452(13)80143-8.

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37

Panagopoulos, Costas. "Timing Is Everything? Primacy and Recency Effects in Voter Mobilization Campaigns." Political Behavior 33, no. 1 (May 16, 2010): 79–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11109-010-9125-x.

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38

Bhargave, Rajesh P., and Nicole Votolato Montgomery. "My Recency, Our Primacy: How Social Connection Influences Evaluations of Sequences." Journal of Behavioral Decision Making 28, no. 4 (March 6, 2015): 382–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bdm.1860.

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39

Gicas, Kristina M., William G. Honer, Robert S. Wilson, Patricia A. Boyle, Sue E. Leurgans, Julie A. Schneider, and David A. Bennett. "Association of serial position scores on memory tests and hippocampal-related neuropathologic outcomes." Neurology 95, no. 24 (November 3, 2020): e3303-e3312. http://dx.doi.org/10.1212/wnl.0000000000010952.

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ObjectiveTo determine whether serial position scores in verbal memory differentiate hippocampal-related neuropathologic outcomes, we examined these associations in a sample of older adults without dementia who underwent autopsy.MethodsWe used data from the Rush Memory and Aging Project, a longitudinal clinical–pathologic cohort study of community-dwelling adults. A total of 701 participants (mean age 82.7, 71.2% female) completed baseline cognitive evaluations and underwent brain autopsy to identify pathologic Alzheimer disease (AD), TDP-43 inclusions (defining limbic-predominant age-related TDP-43 encephalopathy [LATE]), and hippocampal sclerosis. The Consortium to Establish a Registry for Alzheimer’s Disease word list memory test immediate recall trials provided serial position scores, which index the proportion of words recalled from the beginning (primacy scores) and end (recency scores) of a word list. Binary and ordinal logistic regressions examined associations between serial position scores and neuropathologic outcomes. Secondary outcomes included Alzheimer dementia and mild cognitive impairment proximate to death.ResultsPrimacy and recency scores were uncorrelated (r = 0.07). Each SD of better primacy score was associated with lower likelihood of neuropathologic changes (24% lower LATE, 31% lower pathologic AD, 37% lower hippocampal sclerosis). For pathologic AD, better baseline primacy scores were associated with a 36% lower likelihood of comorbidity with LATE or hippocampal sclerosis. Primacy scores better discriminated between clinical diagnoses proximate to death, including those with mild cognitive impairment compared to no impairment. Recency scores showed weaker or no associations.ConclusionsPrimacy scores may be particularly sensitive markers of AD and related hippocampal neuropathologies. The differential predictive value of serial position scores suggests they offer complementary information about disease outcomes in addition to the routinely used total recall scores.

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40

Innocenti, Iglis, Stefano F. Cappa, Matteo Feurra, Fabio Giovannelli, Emiliano Santarnecchi, Giovanni Bianco, Massimo Cincotta, and Simone Rossi. "TMS Interference with Primacy and Recency Mechanisms Reveals Bimodal Episodic Encoding in the Human Brain." Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience 25, no. 1 (January 2013): 109–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/jocn_a_00304.

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A classic finding of the psychology of memory is the “serial position effect.” Immediate free recall of a word list is more efficient for items presented early (primacy effect) or late (recency effect), with respect to those in the middle. In an event-related, randomized block design, we interfered with the encoding of unrelated words lists with brief trains of repetitive TMS (rTMS), applied coincidently with the acoustic presentation of each word to the left dorsolateral pFC, the left intraparietal lobe, and a control site (vertex). Interference of rTMS with encoding produced a clear-cut double dissociation on accuracy during immediate free recall. The primacy effect was selectively worsened by rTMS of the dorsolateral pFC, whereas recency was selectively worsened by rTMS of the intraparietal lobe. These results are in agreement with the double dissociation between short-term and long-term memory observed in neuropsychological patients and provide direct evidence of distinct cortical mechanisms of encoding in the human brain.

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41

Greene, A. J. "Primacy Versus Recency in a Quantitative Model: Activity Is the Critical Distinction." Learning & Memory 7, no. 1 (January 1, 2000): 48–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1101/lm.7.1.48.

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42

Huang, I.-Ning. "Transitory Changes of Primacy and Recency in Successive Single-Trial Free Recall." Journal of General Psychology 113, no. 1 (January 1986): 5–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00221309.1986.9710539.

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43

Reed, Phil, T. Chih-Ta, John P. Aggleton, and J. N. Rawlins. "Primacy, recency, and the von Restorff effect in rats' nonspatial recognition memory." Journal of Experimental Psychology: Animal Behavior Processes 17, no. 1 (1991): 36–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/0097-7403.17.1.36.

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44

Urushihara, Kouji, Daniel S. Wheeler, and Ralph R. Miller. "Outcome Pre- and Postexposure Effects: Retention Interval Interacts With Primacy and Recency." Journal of Experimental Psychology: Animal Behavior Processes 30, no. 4 (2004): 283–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/0097-7403.30.4.283.

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Guez, Jonathan, Rotem Saar-Ashkenazy, and Chen Tiferet-Dweck. "Dissociative associative-memory deficit as a function of primacy and recency effects." Psychological Research 84, no. 6 (March 15, 2019): 1545–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00426-019-01167-5.

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Wang, Ping, Hanqin Yang, Jingrui Hou, and Qiao Li. "A machine learning approach to primacy-peak-recency effect-based satisfaction prediction." Information Processing & Management 60, no. 2 (March 2023): 103196. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ipm.2022.103196.

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Guez, Jonathan, Rotem Saar-Ashkenazy, and Yael Poznanski. "Associative-memory deficit as a function of age and stimuli serial position." PLOS ONE 17, no. 8 (August 12, 2022): e0268557. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0268557.

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Abstract:

Studies have shown associative-memory decline in aging. While the literature is inconclusive regarding the source of the deficit, some researchers argue that it is caused by impaired encoding and maintenance processes in working-memory (WM). Successful retrieval of a stimulus depends on its sequential presentation in the learning list: stimuli at the beginning or the end of the learning list benefit from higher retrieval probability. These effects are known as “primacy” and “recency” effects, respectively. In the case of the primacy-effect, stimuli at early list positions benefit from extensive rehearsal that results in enhanced consolidation and trace in long-term memory (LTM). In the case of the recency-effect, target stimuli at later serial positions are still maintained in WM and can therefore be effortlessly retrieved. Considering these effects could shed light on the involvement of WM in associative-binding. Both behavioral and neuroimaging researchers have studied associative-decline in aging. However, no work has explicitly tested age differences in memory for items versus associations as a function of stimuli serial position (SSP). In the current study, 22 younger and 22 older adults were recruited to participate in a study aimed to test the separate and joint effects of both SSP and aging on memory-recognition of items and associations. In the task used, retrieval was manipulated for SSP (beginning/middle/end of the list) and item/associations recognition modes. We hypothesized that greater associative-decline will be observed in older adults, specifically for recently presented material. The results showed that both groups presented a significant associative-deficit at the recency positions; this decrease was additive and did not correspond to the expected interaction effect. Further analysis showed that the source of associative-memory decline for stimuli at recency position in older adults resulted from an increase in false-alarm (FA) rates. These results support the involvement of WM-binding impairment in aging.

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Johnson, Andrew J., and Christopher Miles. "Serial Position Functions for Recognition of Olfactory Stimuli." Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology 60, no. 10 (October 2007): 1347–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/17470210701515694.

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Abstract:

Two experiments examined item recognition memory for sequentially presented odours. Following a sequence of six odours participants were immediately presented with a series of two-alternative forced-choice (2AFC) test odours. The test pairs were presented in either the same order as learning or the reverse order of learning. Method of testing was either blocked (Experiment 1) or mixed (Experiment 2). Both experiments demonstrated extended recency, with an absence of primacy, for the reverse testing procedure. In contrast, the forward testing procedure revealed a null effect of serial position. The finding of extended recency is inconsistent with the single-item recency predicted by the two-component duplex theory (Phillips & Christie, 1977). We offer an alternative account of the data in which recognition accuracy is better accommodated by the cumulative number of items presented between item learning and item test.

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Gaffan, E. A. "Primacy, recency, and the variability of data in studies of animals’ working memory." Animal Learning & Behavior 20, no. 3 (September 1992): 240–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.3758/bf03213378.

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Stephane, Massoud, Nuri F. Ince, Michael Kuskowski, Arthur Leuthold, Ahmed H. Tewfik, Katie Nelson, Kate McClannahan, Charles R. Fletcher, and Vijay Aditya Tadipatri. "Neural oscillations associated with the primacy and recency effects of verbal working memory." Neuroscience Letters 473, no. 3 (April 2010): 172–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.neulet.2010.02.025.

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