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Academic literature on the topic 'Pricing – France'

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Published: 10 March 2023
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Journal articles on the topic "Pricing – France"

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Silberztein, Caroline. "France: New Transfer Pricing Rules." Intertax 24, Issue 6/7 (June 1, 1996): 246–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.54648/taxi1996046.

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Le Pen, Claude. "Drug Pricing and Reimbursement in France." PharmacoEconomics 10, Supplement 2 (1996): 26–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.2165/00019053-199600102-00006.

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Zielke, Rainer. "Transfer Pricing of Mayor EC Member Countries with Reference to the 2014 Corporate Income Tax Burden of the Thirty-Four OECD Member Countries – Germany, France, United Kingdom, and Italy Compared." EC Tax Review 23, Issue 6 (December 1, 2014): 332–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.54648/ecta2014032.

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In the February 2014 issue of the EC Tax Review, the author compared the anti-avoidance legislation in the mayor EC Member Countries Germany, France, United Kingdom and Italy and suggested some international tax planning strategies - without regard to transfer pricing (part 1). The author now considers transfer pricing involving these mayors EC Member Countries Germany, France, United Kingdom, and Italy and suggests further transfer pricing strategies also with regard to the up-to-date CIT rates in OECD countries (part 2). As stated, despite continuous instability in the European Community (EC) its mayor countries Germany, France, the United Kingdom, and Italy exhibit continuously economic growth and stability. According to the International Monetary Fund these European countries have - in this order - the highest gross domestic product in the European Community in 2012. In this article transfer pricing rules of - according to the gross domestic product - the four most important EC Member Countries will be reviewed with reference to the OECD's perspective of Base Erosion and Profit Shifting (BEPS) and to the up-to-date tax differential to the thirty-four OECD Member Countries. The pivotal question is, to what extent can internal tax planning with mayor EC Member Countries be optimized by inclusion of transfer pricing. This article outlines the primary corporate objective and key concepts of international tax planning with regard to transfer pricing and discusses the corporate income tax burden in the thirty-four OECD Member Countries analysing the tax differential as incentive in relation to transfer pricing, the reduction in ETR as the primary corporate objective and key concepts and the he importance of current and reliable information. After that transfer pricing in the mayor EC Member Countries Germany, France, United Kingdom, and Italy is presented and transfer pricing strategies with relation to mayor EC Member Countries are developed. Afterwards this is evaluated from the OECD's perspective of BEPS. Finally the concluding remarks are presented.
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Carricano, Manu. "Pricing myopia: do leading companies capture the full value of their pricing strategies?" Management Decision 52, no. 1 (March 11, 2014): 159–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/md-03-2013-0184.

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Purpose – Many companies lack insights or fact-based support for the pricing decisions they make in an increasingly complex environment. In order to optimize their pricing process, managers need to identify key indicators that may influence the performance of their decisions. The purpose of this paper is to report an investigation of pricing determinants in large companies manufacturing capital goods in France. First a conceptual framework is proposed, in order to fill several gaps identified in the literature on pricing practices and more precisely by operating a distinction between environmental variables (determinants), decision making (pricing strategy and price and product-line structures) and its consequence in terms of price level. Design/methodology/approach – The author conducted an empirical research on the determinants of the pricing process. This study consistedof a questionnaire survey addressed to pricing managers (or executives in charge of pricing) in 98 of the largest manufacturing companies in France about their new-product pricing decision-making process. Findings – The author studies environmental determinants and their influence on the pricing and describes the structure of pricing determinants as a five dimensions construct: market-based, value-based, position-based, competition-based and production-based. The results show that firms rely on environmental determinants as indicators of their pricing flexibility. These indicators operate as pricing levers: a good position on these variables gives firms more pricing power. But in the vast majority of the cases, companies extensively relied on competitive conditions instead of taking advantage of a favorable position, described as pricing myopia. Originality/value – This paper describes current pricing practices in leading companies with key informants (mainly pricing managers) highly involved in the pricing decision process, and contrasts two pricing orientations, pricing power vs pricing myopia.
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Hellier, Emmanuelle. "Locally uniform water utility pricing. Social and economic issues in an emergent policy in France and Italy." Geopolitical, Social Security and Freedom Journal 1, no. 1 (November 1, 2018): 152–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/gssfj-2018-0008.

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Abstract Over the past twenty years, the principles of ‘full-cost recovery’ and ‘the user pays’ have become prominent in water utility pricing across the EU. At the same time, uniform pricing has been introduced by local authorities to boost equality between users in a given territory. Two case studies in France and Italy reveal different processes, depending upon the institutional setting, though in both cases EU regulations exert increasing influence on the water pricing structure. A literature review and study of specific documentation was used to prepare about thirty semi-directive interviews with public owners, private firms, and users’ organizations, all conducted face-to-face. The overview presented here has highlighted several trends common to the two case studies, France and Italy, in line with the EU standardization of water pricing structures. The differences arise from different national regulations and territorial models. Local congruence in pricing clearly accompanies reinforced cooperation between municipalities, promoting the legitimacy and visibility of public authorities but inducing complex economic mechanisms such as cross-subsidies and amendments to delegation agreements.
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Friedeberg-Steward, Beatrix. "Pricing and Reimbursement of Pharmaceutical Products in France." Drug Information Journal 34, no. 4 (October 2000): 1201–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/009286150003400427.

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Kilani, Moez, Ngagne Diop, and Daniel De Wolf. "A Multimodal Transport Model to Evaluate Transport Policies in the North of France." Sustainability 14, no. 3 (January 28, 2022): 1535. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su14031535.

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We developed a passenger transport model for the North of France and used it to discuss the impacts of some policies focusing on the limitations of polluting gas emissions and congestion. The model is calibrated for the North of France and includes both urban and intercity trips. Four transport modes are considered: walking, biking, public transport and private cars. To some extent, the combination of these modes is possible. The model is calibrated to match mode shares and the dynamic of congestion along a full day. The simulations are conducted within the MATSim framework. We evaluate the impacts, on traffic flows and polluting gas emissions, of two pricing reforms: free public transport and road pricing in city center of Lille (the main metropolitan area in the study region). Free public transport yields a significant modal shift towards public transport, resulting in a reduction in the usage of private cars. The road pricing scheme we have considered results in similar impacts but with limited magnitude. Overall, a significant reduction in congestion and emissions of pollutant gases can be obtained by applying convenient pricing reforms. Since we use an agent-based model, we are able to identify the specific location of the main impacts on the network.
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Pelc, Alain, and Jean-Philippe Castan. "New Developments in Pricing and Drug Reimbursement in France." PharmacoEconomics 6, Supplement 1 (1994): 28–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.2165/00019053-199400061-00009.

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Garcia, Serge, and Arnaud Reynaud. "Estimating the benefits of efficient water pricing in France." Resource and Energy Economics 26, no. 1 (March 2004): 1–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.reseneeco.2003.05.001.

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Rodrigues, J., D. Bartels, L. Gundtoft, M. P. Planel, J. P. Sales, and T. A. Behnk. "PNS116 COMPARATIVE PRICING POLICY ANALYSIS BETWEEN DENMARK AND FRANCE." Value in Health 22 (November 2019): S781. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jval.2019.09.2018.

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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Pricing – France"

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Mselmi, Nada. "Financial distress prediction and equity pricing models : Theory and empirical evidence in France." Thesis, Orléans, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017ORLE0502.

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Cette thèse porte sur la prédiction de la détresse financière et son impact sur le rendement des actions. L’objet principal de cette thèse est de : (i) prédire la détresse financière des petites et moyennes entreprises françaises en utilisant plusieurs spécifications économétriques tels que, le modèle Logit, les réseaux de neurones artificiels, la méthode SVM et la régression des moindres carrés partiels, et (ii) d’identifier les facteurs de risque de détresse financière à caractère systématique, explicatifs des rendements des actions, et additionnels au modèle de Fama et French (1993) tels que le momentum, la détresse relative, la liquidité et la Value-at-Risk, sur le marché boursier Français. Cette étude comporte deux parties. La première partie, composée de 2 chapitres, s’interroge sur les principaux indicateurs discriminants entre les petites et moyennes entreprises françaises saines et celles en détresse financière un an et deux ans avant la défaillance. Elle mobilise différentes approches de prédiction et aboutit à des résultats empiriques qui font l’objet d’analyse. La deuxième partie, composée aussi de 2 chapitres, étudie le pouvoir explicatif, du modèle de Fama et French (1993) augmenté de certains facteurs de risque, mais aussi des modèles alternatifs à cette approche dans le contexte français. Les tests portent aussi sur le caractère systématique des facteurs de risque additionnels ou alternatifs, explicatifs des rendements des actions. Les résultats empiriques obtenus font l’objet d’analyse et permettent de proposer des implications managériales aux décideurs
This thesis focuses on financial distress and its impact on stock returns. The main goal of this dissertation is: (i) to predict the financial distress of French small and medium-sized firms using a number of techniques namely Logit model, Artificial Neural Networks, Support Vector Machine techniques, and Partial Least Squares, and (ii) to identify the systematic risk factors of financial distress that can explain stock returns, in addition to those of Fama and French (1993) such as the momentum, the relative distress, the liquidity, and the Value-at-Risk in the French stock market. This study has been concretized in two parts. The first part, composed of 2 chapters, wonders about the main indicators that can discriminate between distressed and non-distressed French small and medium-sized firms one and two years before default. It mobilizes different prediction techniques and leads to the empirical results that are the subject of the analysis. The second part, composed also of 2 chapters, investigates the explanatory power of Fama and French (1993) model augmented by a number of risk factors, as well as alternative models in the French context. The tests also focus on the systematic nature of the additional or alternative risk factors, explaining the stock returns. The obtained empirical results are analyzed and propose managerial implications to decision makers
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Iselin, Frédéric. "Proposition de valeur et positionnement de prix : la place de la valeur client dans le pricing d'offres innovantes : le cas des start-up technologiques." Paris, CNAM, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009CNAM0650.

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This research is focused on the following question: how do French high-tech start-ups integrate the concept of value for customers? After an exploration of the academic literature, we present an empirical approach, based on our professional background as entrepreneur. This chapter offers a quantitative approach towards primary data: 1 196 managers of high-tech start-ups, with 280 qualified answers. This approach is based on a research model, 6 hypotheses, variables allowing the design of a questionnaire, and a coding system. We finally propose 5 main findings. First, an eleven step process, allowing a start-up manager to position its price. Second, a typology of the value propositions, including 9 possibilities. Third, we established a general weakness of the 58 % of the French high-tech startups value propositions, without correlation between start-ups maturity and value proposition’s improvement. Fourth finding: the poor level of value creation: only 26 % of our panel creates more value than the competition. Our fifth and last main finding will address some macro-economic considerations, using syllogism: the majority of the French high-tech start-ups have an unattractive value proposition; the correlation between value proposition and companies’ performances has been established by the literature: is the value propositions’ weakness could contribute to explain the poor growth of French SME’s, as well as the poor average profitability of French VC’s?
Cette thèse est centrée sur la question de recherche suivante : comment les start-up technologiques françaises intègrent-elles le concept de création de valeur pour leurs clients ? Après une exploration de la littérature académique, nous proposons une démarche empirique partant de notre expérience d’entrepreneur. Nous utilisons une approche quantitative par sources primaires (1 196 dirigeants de start-up, 280 réponses qualifiées). Cette approche repose sur un modèle de recherche, six hypothèses, des variables permettant de construire un questionnaire, et un système de codage. Nous proposons cinq apports de la recherche : un processus en onze étapes permettant aux managers de start-up technologique de positionner leur prix ; une typologie des propositions de valeur, qui distingue neuf situations ; la démonstration de la faiblesse de l’attractivité des propositions de valeur de 58 % des start-up technologiques françaises, (sachant que nous n’avons pas constaté de corrélation entre la maturité de notre échantillon et une amélioration de cette attractivité) ; la démonstration selon laquelle l’exploitation du potentiel de création de valeur conféré par l’innovation technologique n’est pas optimisée par 74 % des start-up françaises ; enfin, notre dernier constat repose sur des considérations macro-économiques, en procédant par syllogisme : la majorité des start-up technologiques ont une proposition de valeur non convaincante ; le lien entre création de valeur et performances a été fait par la littérature. Cela peut-il contribuer à expliquer, d’une part l’atonie de la croissance des PME françaises, et d’autre part, les faibles performances des capital–risqueurs français ?Après une exploration de la littérature académique, nous proposons une démarche empirique partant de notre expérience d’entrepreneur. Nous utilisons une approche quantitative par sources primaires (1 196 dirigeants de start-up, 280 réponses qualifiées). Cette approche repose sur un modèle de recherche, six hypothèses, des variables permettant de construire un questionnaire, et un système de codage. Nous proposons cinq apports de la recherche : un processus en onze étapes permettant aux managers de start-up technologique de positionner leur prix ; une typologie des propositions de valeur, qui distingue neuf situations ; la démonstration de la faiblesse de l’attractivité des propositions de valeur de 58 % des start-up technologiques françaises, (sachant que nous n’avons pas constaté de corrélation entre la maturité de notre échantillon et une amélioration de cette attractivité) ; la démonstration selon laquelle l’exploitation du potentiel de création de valeur conféré par l’innovation technologique n’est pas optimisée par 74 % des start-up françaises ; enfin, notre dernier constat repose sur des considérations macro-économiques, en procédant par syllogisme : la majorité des start-up technologiques ont une proposition de valeur non convaincante ; le lien entre création de valeur et performances a été fait par la littérature. Cela peut-il contribuer à expliquer, d’une part l’atonie de la croissance des PME françaises, et d’autre part, les faibles performances des capital–risqueurs français ?
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Lemarié-Boutry, Marie. "Les dimensions patrimoniales du foncier viticole bordelais : une lecture par les prix fonciers." Thesis, Bordeaux, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016BORD0412/document.

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Au travers du cas de la viticulture bordelaise, nous nous demandons dans quelle mesureles prix fonciers sont porteurs de dimensions patrimoniales. Pour répondre à cette question,nous appréhendons le patrimoine comme un ensemble construit de biens et d’institutions,historiquement et territorialement situé, vecteur de formes organisationnelles spécifiques à laviticulture bordelaise. Nous mettons en évidence que le foncier peut être appréhendé commel’un des biens par lequel se construit le patrimoine viticole, les dimensions patrimoniales dela viticulture bordelaise étant révélées par les préférences des acteurs sur le marché foncier.À partir de cette hypothèse et dans le cadre d’une analyse hédonique, nous étudions les prixdes terres viticoles non bâties, vendues entre 2002 et 2010 en Gironde. Ce travail s’appuie surune base de données géographiques multisources originale et sur les techniques d’économétriespatiale. Nous montrons que la construction des valeurs foncières sur le marché porte les tracesde l’histoire de la viticulture bordelaise et de son rapport, passé et futur, au territoire
Through a case-study of wine-farming in Bordeaux, this thesis aims to analyse how vineyardprices reflect heritage. We define heritage as a set of properties and institutions which arehistorically and territorially located. Locally, this defines organisations specific to the Bordeauxviticulture. We show that farmland can be an asset through which the viticulture heritage isbuilt. We assume that the value of this heritage is revealed by the preferences of agents onthe farmland market. From this assumption and through a hedonic analysis, we analyse theprice of vineyards sold between 2002 and 2010 in the Gironde department in France. Thiswork is based on an original multisource geographic information systeme data and uses spatialeconometric techniques. We show that vineyard prices on the market are the reflection of thelocal viticulture and of its past and future links to the territory
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Martin, De Lagarde Cyril. "Promoting renewable energy : subsidies, diffusion, network pricing, and market impacts Drivers and diffusion of residential photovoltaics in France Network connection schemes for renewable energy: a spatial analysis." Thesis, Paris Sciences et Lettres (ComUE), 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018PSLED076.

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Cette thèse s'intéresse à différents aspects relatifs à l'économie des énergies renouvelables (EnR) électriques. Celles-ci ont été choisies par de nombreux pays, désireux de réduire leur empreinte carbone, dans le cadre de la lutte contre le changement climatique.N'étant la plupart du temps pas compétitives face aux moyens de production conventionnels, les EnR nécessitent des subventions publiques, à la fois nationales et locales, pour être rentables. J'analyse l'efficacité de ces aides dans le cas du photovoltaïque chez les particuliers français, en tenant compte des phénomènes de communication, qui participent fortement à la diffusion. Je montre combien ces derniers peuvent être un levier supplémentaire dans le développement des EnR.Ensuite, j'étudie l'impact des schémas régionaux de raccordement au réseau des EnR, dans le cas de l'éolien terrestre en France. Ces schémas introduisent une différenciation spatiale des frais de raccordement. Cela permet de réorienter les investissements vers les régions dans lesquelles le réseau est moins contraint, ce que je quantifie.Les réseaux jouent également un rôle dans le développement des EnR via leur tarification. Celle-ci est essentielle dans le cas de l'autoconsommation, qui fait peser des risques sur l'équilibre budgétaire du gestionnaire de réseau. Ainsi, je détermine notamment les prix à l'optimum économique de second rang dans le cas d'un tarif binôme énergie-puissance.Enfin, j'analyse l'impact de la production renouvelable sur les prix de gros de l'électricité en Allemagne. Je montre que les EnR induisent une baisse des prix différenciée en fonction de l'équilibre offre-demande. Ceci pénalise les centrales de pointe nécessaires à la sécurité d'approvisionnement, ainsi que les EnR de demain, qui devront se passer de subventions
This thesis deals with several aspects of the economics of electric renewable energy sources (RES). These have been chosen by many countries, willing to reduce their carbon footprint, in order to fight climate change.As RES are usually not competitive against conventional power plants, they rely on national and local subsidies in order to be profitable. I analyse the efficiency of such support schemes in the case of solar photovoltaics for residential households in France. Communication phenomena also take a huge part in the diffusion process. My work shows in how far these are an additional driver of RES development.Then, I study the impact of regional network connection schemes for renewables in France, in the field of onshore wind energy. These schemes introduce a spatial differentiation of network connection charges. They enable to reallocate investments in regions in which the electricity network is less constrained, and I quantify this reallocation.Electricity networks also play a role in the development of RES through their tarification. The latter is fundamental in the case of self-consumption (or "prosumption"), that puts the budget balance of the network operator at risk. Thus, I derive second-best prices in the case of a two-part energy-capacity tariff.Finally, I analyse the impact of renewable generation on electricity wholesale prices in Germany. I show that RES induce a decrease in prices, which depends on the supply-demand equilibrium. This penalises peaking power plants that are necessary to the security of supply, as well as future renewables, which shall progressively become profitable without subsidies
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Yon, Guillaume. "Théorie économique, réalité industrielle et intérêt général. La recherche de l’optimum à Électricité de France (1946-1965)." Thesis, Paris Sciences et Lettres (ComUE), 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016PSLEM052/document.

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La nationalisation de l’électricité en France par la loi du 8 avril 1946 crée un nouveau monopole public, Électricité de France. Un petit groupe, principalement issu du corps des Ponts-et-Chaussées, est réuni pour doter l’entreprise d’une doctrine tarifaire. Marcel Boiteux, Gabriel Dessus et Pierre Massé, pour ne citer que quelques noms, pensent, au début des calculs, appliquer la meilleure science économique du temps, la théorie du rendement social de Maurice Allais. Celle-ci stipule que l’égalisation des prix aux coûts marginaux permet de porter le secteur électrique vers l’état d’efficacité maximale, donc de le gérer selon l’intérêt général et de résorber en raison les débats sur les fins de la nationalisation. La suite de l’histoire recèle un changement notable. De manière tâtonnante, partielle, progressive, souvent contradictoire, l’activité tarifaire, loin d’appliquer au secteur électrique français, par transferts de nécessité, les lois de l’efficacité, permet plutôt de décrire et donc de discuter les projets d’exploitation possibles. Nous proposons d’appeler ce processus formulation de l’optimum. Son repérage semble susceptible d’alimenter le débat sur le statut de la science économique, le type de vérité qu’elle produit, ce que l’on peut en attendre, surtout lorsqu’elle fonctionne au plus près de la décision politique
The Act of 8 April 1946 nationalized electricity in France and created a new public monopoly, Électricité de France. A small group of people, mainly from the corps des Ponts-et-Chaussées, was assembled to provide the public utility with a pricing policy. Marcel Boiteux, Gabriel Dessus et Pierre Massé, to mention only a few names, thought they would apply to the power sector the best economic theory of their time, Maurice Allais’ théorie du rendement social. The theory claimed that marginal cost pricing would bring the power sector to a state of maximum efficiency, that it would help governing the sector according to the public interest, and solve rationally the issue of nationalization and its aims. But the story turned out to be quite different. Pricing electricity did not mean applying to the sector the laws of efficiency through transfers of necessities. Rather, in a tentative, partial, progressive, often contradictory manner, the work allowed to describe and thus discuss possible exploitation projects. I propose to term this process the formulation of the optimum. Identifying such a process, I suggest, might contribute to the debate on the status of economics, the kind of truth it produces, and what we can expect from it, especially when it is closely associated with political decision making
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Hai, Xiaodong. "Marché et tarification des plateformes de vente d'applications mobiles comme marchés bifaces : analyse comparée France-Chine." Thesis, Paris, ENST, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014ENST0001/document.

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Application mobile devient un canal important de l'accès internet mobile. Trois groupes d'utilisateurs finaux affiliés avec deux plates-formes bifaces sur le marché d'applications mobiles ont attiré une attention considérable. App store (App-store) est une plate-forme de distribution de l'application connectée avec les développeurs et les utilisateurs. Plateforme de publicitaire (Ad-store) fournit des services de publicité pour les annonceurs grâce à des applications de développeurs. Sur ce marché, les développeurs, les annonceurs et les utilisateurs sont trois groupes d'utilisateurs finaux. Le marché de l'application mobile est un marché biface compliqué. Il y a des externalités de réseau étendues et interactives. L’étude se concentre sur les stratégies de tarification pour la plate-forme App-store. L'App-store et Ad-store sont les deux plates-formes bifaces. L’App-store partage les revenus des ventes d'applications avec les développeurs. L'Ad-store partage les revenus publicitaires avec les développeurs. La plate-forme App-store met en oeuvre la tarification asymétrique côté développeur et côté utilisateur. Côté développeur est le côté de la subvention ainsi que du côté des recettes pour la plateforme App-store. Le cout d'achat de l'appareil mobile est une déterminante particulière de tarification. Les redevances d'adhésion sont négligeables dans ce marché et les redevances d'utilisation sont réalisables. C'est un duopole sur le marché des applications mobiles. Le modèle des ventes d'appareils mobiles d'Apple et le modèle d'in-app publicité de Google sont extrêmement réussis. App-store, Ad-store et les appareils mobiles sont les trois points de génération de profits
Mobile app is becoming an important mobile internet access channel. Three groups of end users affiliated with two Two-sided platforms in the mobile app market have attracted considerable attention. App store platform (App-store) is an app distribution platform connected with developers and users. App ad platform (Ad-store) supplies advertising services for advertisers through developers’ apps. Developers, users and advertisers are end users. Mobile app market is a complicated two-sided market. There are widespread and interactive network externalities. The study focuses on the pricing strategies for the app store platform. App-store shares paid app sales and in-app purchase revenues with developers. Ad-store shares in-app advertising revenues with developers. The App-store platform implements asymmetric pricing to developer side and user side. Developer side is the subsidy side as well as the revenue side for App-store platform. Mobile device purchasing cost constitutes a particular App-store platform pricing determinant. Membership fees are negligible in the mobile app market. Usage fee is workable. It is a duopoly in the mobile app market. Apple and Google are the two giants with distinct business models. Both Apple’s mobile device sales model and Google’s in-app advertising model are extremely successful. App-store, Ad-store and mobile devices are the three key profit makers in this market. Vertical integration inside this ecosystem will generate considerable revenues. Chinese users have higher price elasticity of demand and they are particularly sensitive to the app prices when compared with the French
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Nougarol, Renaud. "La tarification incitative des déchets ménagers comme processus d’économisation ? : sociologie des cadrages et des débordements d’une politique publique." Thesis, Toulouse 2, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018TOU20086.

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En France, les pouvoirs publics tentent de généraliser la tarification incitative des déchets ménagers (TI). Il s’agit d’un système de tarification qui consiste à faire payer les usagers du service de gestion des déchets en fonction de la quantité de déchets qu’ils produisent. Néanmoins, la TI reste peu diffusée car sous-tendue par un certain nombre de problèmes d’ordre économique social et environnemental auxquels les acteurs chargés de sa mise en œuvre redoutent d’être confrontés.En partant du triple constat que la littérature scientifique sur le sujet a essentiellement été du fait des économistes, que ces derniers ont généralement un point de vue favorable à l’incitation économique, et qu’ils disposent d’un place centrale dans l’action publique, cette recherche pose l’hypothèse générale du rôle des économistes dans la mise sur agenda de la TI en France par une dynamique de « cadrage » de ses « débordements » (de ses problèmes). Cette thèse défend l’idée d’un processus d’économisation caractérisé par des « traductions » successives avant et au cours du Grenelle de l’Environnement des travaux d’un organisme d’évaluation des déchets marqué par la présence de certains économistes et de certaines études économiques favorables à la TI. Ces « traductions » ayant été opérées par des députés communistes, cette thèse rejoint les différents travaux qui montrent que l’économisation ne peut se réduire à des liens organiques avec la doctrine économique libérale ou avec une forme de « néolibéralisme » qui constituerait la variable explicative du changement des politiques publiques. Par ailleurs, cette recherche s’intéresse à la mise en œuvre locale de la TI. En décrivant, dans le cours des actions, la manière dont les membres d’une collectivité locale ont mis en place leur projet de tarification incitative entre 2013 et 2016, le travail entrepris montre comment ceux-ci ont « géré » divers « débordements » relatifs à sa mise en œuvre
In France, public authorities have been trying to generalize Unit-Based Pricing of household waste (UBP). It is a pricing system that consists in charging users for the waste management service depending on the amount of waste they produce. Nevertheless, UBP is not largely implemented because the actors responsible for its implementation fear being confronted to a certain number of economic issues, social issues and environmental issues.Keeping in mind the triple observation that the scientific literature on this subject was essentially written by economists, that economists generally favour the economic incentive, and that they have a central place in public action, the general hypothesis of this research is about the role of economists and their studies to set the agenda of UBP in France by a dynamics of "framing" of its "overflowing" (of its problems). This thesis defends the idea of an economization process characterized by successive "translations" – before and during the Grenelle de l'Environnement – of the work of a waste-assessment organisation marked by the presence of certain economists and certain economic studies favourable to UBP. These "translations" have been carried out by Communist representatives, and this thesis is in accordance with the various works which show that the economisation cannot be reduced to organic links with the liberal economic doctrine or with a form of "neoliberalism" which would constitute the explanatory variable of public policies change.In addition, this research focuses on the local implementation of UBP. By describing, step by step, how members of a local community set up their unit-based pricing project between 2013 and 2016, the work undertaken shows how they have "managed" various "overflows" related to its implementation
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Aleksanyan, Lilia. "Les conditions de financement des entreprises : le cas des industries agro-alimentaires françaises." Thesis, Paris 1, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015PA010036.

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Hafsa, Houda. "Modèles d'évaluation et d'allocations des actifs financiers dans le cadre de non normalité des rendements : essais sur le marché français." Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012AIXM1015.

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Depuis quelques années, la recherche financière s'inscrit dans une nouvelle dynamique. La nécessité de mieux modéliser le comportement des rendements des actifs financiers et les risques sur les marchés pousse les chercheurs à trouver des mesures de risque plus adéquates. Ce travail de recherche se situe dans cette évolution, ayant admis les caractéristiques des séries financières par des faits stylisés tels que la non normalité des rendements. A travers cette thèse nous essayons de montrer l'importance d'intégrer des mesures de risque qui tiennent compte de la non normalité dans le processus d'évaluation et d'allocation des actifs financiers sur le marché français. Cette thèse propose trois chapitres correspondant chacun à un article de recherche académique. Le premier article propose de revisiter les modèles d'évaluation en prenant en compte des moments d'ordres supérieurs dans un cadre de downside risk. Les résultats indiquent que les downside co-moments d'ordres supérieurs sont déterminants dans l'explication des variations des rendements en coupe transversale. Le second chapitre propose de mettre en relation la rentabilité financière et le risque mesuré par la VaR ou la CVaR. Nous trouvons que la VaR présente un pouvoir explicatif plus élevé que celui de la CVaR et que l'approche normale est plus intéressante que l'approche basée sur l'expansion de Cornish-Fisher (1937). Ces deux résultats contredisent les prédictions théoriques mais nous avons pu démontrer qu'ils sont inhérents au marché français. Le troisième chapitre propose une autre piste, nous revisitons le modèle moyenne-CVaR dans un cadre dynamique et en présence des coûts de transaction
This dissertation is part of an ongoing researches looking for an adequate model that apprehend the behavior of financial asset returns. Through this research, we propose to analyze the relevance of risk measures that take into account the non-normality in the asset pricing and portfolio allocation models on the French market. This dissertation is comprised of three articles. The first one proposes to revisit the asset pricing model taking into account the higher-order moments in a downside framework. The results indicate that the downside higher order co-moments are relevant in explaining the cross sectional variations of returns. The second paper examines the relation between expected returns and the VaR or CVaR. A cross sectional analysis provides evidence that VaR is superior measure of risk when compared to the CVaR. We find also that the normal estimation approach gives better results than the approach based on the expansion of Cornish-Fisher (1937). Both results contradict the theoretical predictions but we proved that they are inherent to the French market. In the third paper, we review the mean-CVaR model in a dynamic framework and we take into account the transaction costs. The results indicate that the asset allocation model that takes into account the non-normality can improve the performance of the portfolio comparing to the mean-variance model, in terms of the average return and the return-to CVaR ratio. Through these three studies, we think that it is possible to modify the risk management framework to apprehend in a better way the risk of loss associated to the non-normality problem
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Benyahia, Nesrine. "Le droit de l'imagerie médicale et ses enjeux de santé publique : étude comparative France, Angleterre, Allemagne et Québec." Thesis, Sorbonne Paris Cité, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017USPCB173.

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L'imagerie médicale est une activité de soins à la croisée de toutes les spécialités médicales. Elle est devenue une activité de soins primordiale au coeur du diagnostic et du traitement de nombreuses pathologies en oncologie, neurologie et cardiologie, par exemple. Son rôle essentiel dans le parcours de soins du patient est le résultat du développement important des technologies, mais également des indications cliniques. L'encadrement de l'imagerie médicale dans le système de santé français reste néanmoins flou et bordé de contraintes juridiques et économiques. Ce flou juridique et économique est un frein à l'accès effectif aux techniques d'imagerie médicale pour les patients à travers notamment un contrôle exacerbé des installations des équipements et une tarification des actes désorganisée. Par ailleurs, l'absence d'évaluations médico-économiques retarde l'implémentation des innovations et crée même des risques d'atteinte à la sécurité et à la qualité des examens d'imagerie réalisés
Medical imaging is a care activity at the crossroads of all medical specialties. It has become a primary care activity at the heart of the diagnosis and treatment of many pathologies in oncology, neurology and cardiology, for instance. Its essential role in the care path of the patient is the result of the important development of the technologies, but also of the clinical indications. The framing of medical imaging in the French healthcare system remains nevertheless unclear and bordered by legal and economic constraints. This legal and economic uncertainty is an obstacle to the effective access to medical imaging technology for patients through, in particular, an exacerbated control of equipment installations and a disorganized acts pricing procedure. Furthermore, the lack of medico-economic evaluations delays the implementation of innovations and even creates risks to the safety and quality of the imaging tests performed
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Book chapters on the topic "Pricing – France"

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Pellefigue, Julien, and Jean-Edouard Duvauchelle. "France." In Intangibles in the World of Transfer Pricing, 459–74. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-73332-6_29.

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Montginoul, Marielle, Sébastien Loubier, Bernard Barraqué, and Anne-Laurence Agenais. "Water Pricing in France: Toward More Incentives to Conserve Water." In Water Pricing Experiences and Innovations, 139–60. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-16465-6_8.

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Claude, Le Pen. "Pricing and reimbursement policies in France: current and future trends." In European Medicines Pricing and Reimbursement, 1–18. CRC Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9781315383064-1.

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"Disparagement in the European Union and France." In Excessive pricing doctrine in the pharmaceutical sector: the space for reform, 173–96. Edward Elgar Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.4337/9781802204414.00022.

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"vinced that we should not, because I am certain that the lead chambers, considering of the huge quantity of sulfur burned inside, won’t last more than 6 years instead of 15, as formerly forecasted. If that fact is confirmed, deprecia­ tion is not important enough and the profit of the soda factory is overvalued. Though the Board of Directors at the September 4, 1834 meeting was not asked for a decision as regards the length of time allowed for depreciation, it was asked to decide whether deprecia­ tion should be taken on machinery during the first year's service. In the same report, the chief accountant maintains the fictitious nature of the depreciation taken into account: . . . let me remind you of what I told you in my preceding report: there is only one means to have an exact idea of depreciation: it consists, when a building or a piece of machinery is out of use, in appraising its value, and when it is destroyed to take into the Profit and Loss Account the remaining value, less the selling price of materials. By that means we could know exactly the depreciation life of a building or a piece of machinery . . . The method of calculating depreciation was to be completely re­ viewed in the 1870’s as discussed in a subsequent section. Transfer pricing among factories. Transfer pricing also became an issue which was considered by the Company in developing its cost accounting system. The issue arose because the soda factory sold its products to the glass factory on the one hand, and to external customers on the other hand. It first seemed correct to use the same price until this price appeared excessive due to ap­ proximate methods of valuing the quality of goods sold: If that increase in the degrees (measure of quantity for soda) is of little importance for customers delivered to in Paris, it is quite different for the Saint-Gobain’s branch which pays for more degrees than it really gets. Conse­ quently, the soda factory makes a profit to the detriment of the glass factory and increases its cost prices. To conclude, the chief accountant makes some proposals among which: 3) Wouldn't it be convenient to choose a uniform way of costing as regards the transfer transactions between our branches? We could use either the cost price or the mar­ ket price." In Accounting in France (RLE Accounting), 264. Routledge, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781315871042-32.

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"The author did not discover how the transfer pricing issue was ultimately resolved. THE 1872 BRANCH SET OF ACCOUNTS The slow maturing process that started with the setting up of a cost accounting system in the 1820's and 1830's led, in 1872, to the adoption of branch accounting in which each branch of the Company had its own set of accounts. This development placed the Company very close to a modem day cost accounting system used by French companies today. All the basic principles were present in 1872. The July 25, 1872 instruction does not attribute a number to each account and does not group accounts into "classes” as is now done in France. Therefore, the following classification is the researcher’s and consists of five categories: the balance sheet ac­ counts, expense accounts, activity center accounts, perpetual in­ ventory accounts, and manufacturing accounts. 1 — Balance sheet accounts a. “Central administration”: looks like a current account of the Paris Headquarters by the branch. b. "Industrial buildings, tools and machinery” c. "Debts” d. "Drafts on Paris"; to be paid by Paris e. "Drafts on the factory"; to be paid by the factory f. “Cash” 2 — Expenses accounts a. “Supply" b. "Wages" c. “Sundries” 3 — Activity center accounts a. T ransport." In Accounting in France (RLE Accounting), 265. Routledge, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781315871042-33.

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"sub-committee on the general chart of accounts and financial statements, headed by Lemoine and Pujol; and the sub-committee on cost accounting, headed by Martin [Brunet, 1951, p. 166]. The committee had to focus on accounting in industrial and commercial businesses as the starting point of what would ulti­ mately become a national rationalization of accounting. More, specifically, the accounting system chosen had to be simple, com­ plete and flexible enough to be applied to large companies as well as to the more numerous small and medium-sized companies. Finally, the orientation chosen by the plan’s designers was towards the determination of financial results for investors and creditors (particularly banks), and the determination of product costs for pricing purposes. Although finding a plan suitable for national accounting was not the primary goal of the committee, several measures were nonetheless adopted which stressed the economic orientation of the accounting reform. The economic concerns of the designers were reflected in the following features of the plan: 1. Classification of companies’ assets according to their eco­ nomic function or location; 2. In the balance sheet, grouping of accounts into classes that reflected the accounts’ economic function: permanent capi­ tal, long-term assets, inventories, third-party accounts and financial accounts; 3. The classification of expenses by type, which provided the necessary elements for the study of the economic situation at the company, industry and national levels; 4. The production of information on company operations to complete the financial statements, such as endorsements and commitments, or to facilitate the analysis of certain elements of the balance sheet (depreciation, fixed assets, provisions). Contents o f the 1947 Plan The plan constituted a complete set of accounting procedures, including [Veyrenc, 1950?; Retail, 1951]: 1. A definition of financial and cost accounting; 2. A chart of accounts (see Appendix) and related terminol­ ogy; 3. A list of the accounts and how they interact; 4. General rules for the application of the plan; 5. Valuation rules for assets; 6. Rules for determining depreciation and provisions;." In Accounting in France (RLE Accounting), 345. Routledge, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781315871042-46.

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"of the information given to the shareholders, precautions to take for upward appraisal of capital assets, choice of an investment, and dividend policy. In order to raise enough capital for its business, the Company had to inform a growing number of shareholders, which soon became inconsistent with the managers’ freedom to deal with ac­ counting information according to their own needs. The resoultion of this problem led to the distinction between standard­ ized financial accounting for external and management account­ ing for internal use. As it became more and more efficient and advanced, the accounting system led to its own splitting. CONCLUSION Compared to most of the firms, Saint-Gobain had to face very early (in the first half of the 19th century) the problems raised by the setting up of a management accounting system. However, it was not until 1820, 155 years after its creation, that it adopted double entry bookkeeping which included the calculation of costs. This evolution is mainly due to the spreading of the Industrial Revolution in France, which was responsible for the abolition of privileges and the growth of competition in the field of glass pro­ duction. During the period 1820-1880, the cost accounting system had been gradually improved, without any regular outside coercion, according to the needs of the management alone. This leads to two conclusions and two research questions. In 1880, the accounting system facilitated the reckoning of full costs with methods and procedures that are still in use (alloca­ tion of the overhead with the use of activity center accounts, up-to-date transfer pricing methods, analysis of the relationship be­ tween depreciation, dividends and investments, etc ). This full cost method is now over one hundred years old. The development and the mastering of that cost accounting system were absolutely necessary to start the next stage, that is to say the use of those costs to prepare estimates of costs and investments. That stage took place over four decades (1890 to 1930) and led to real budget control towards the end of the Second World War. It should be recognized that the accounting systems of a given period can be very different from one another, which is particu­ larly true in the 19th century, therefore research should look at the variables on which the accounting system of each firm depends. Among the internal ones, the size of the firm, the culture of its." In Accounting in France (RLE Accounting), 267. Routledge, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781315871042-35.

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"ters or direct labor hours). This method allowed cost prices to be determined at each successive stage of the production process. The addition of the charges incurred at one level of production to the previous charges provided the cost of the product at that par­ ticular production level. However, since the method did not pro­ vide the original breakdown of the various cost components, com­ ponents had to be recomputed on a separate schedule. The homo­ geneous sections method was adopted in the plan for cost compu­ tations because it allowed precise calculations, and afforded great possibilities of application to various situations. Another characteristic related to product costing introduced in the French Plan was the use of mirror or contra-accounts which allowed product costs to be computed without altering expense accounts. In fact, charges were debited to the appropriate cost accounts by crediting contra-accounts, which preserved the infor­ mation registered in financial accounting’s expense accounts while ensuring the identity of the information carried from financial accounts to cost accounts. Second, the rational classification (discussed in the next sec­ tion) which had developed in France in the 1920s [CNOF, 1946, p. 46] and which, by the 1940s, had been widely adopted by the majority of French enterprises for their balance sheets [CNOF, 1946, p. 23] inspired the 1942 Plan's standard balance sheet. How­ ever, the rational classification was not retained for the 1942 Plan’s chart of accounts since it was inspired by the German chart. The 1942 Plan was mainly criticized for its lack of logic and its complexity, and for being overly oriented toward the determi­ nation of financial results for external purposes, and of product costs for internal and external pricing of products. Not enough attention was paid to the role of accounting in the daily manage­ ment of operations [Brunet, 1951, pp. 252-253]. The other major criticism addressed to the Plan concerned the duality of the operations account and the profit and loss ac­ count, stemming from the possibility of classifying expenses either by nature or by function depending on whether the cost classes (5, 6 and 7) were used or not. This situation deprived national ac­ countants of valuable information needed in the preparation of national accounts [Brunet, 1951, p. 2521. As will be seen in a later section, this criticism was taken into account in the drafting of the 1947 Plan. An official adaptation of the 1942 Plan was only produced for the aeronautic industry. However, Brunet [1951, p. 254] mentions that a number of major companies also adopted the general plan,." In Accounting in France (RLE Accounting), 341. Routledge, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781315871042-42.

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Conference papers on the topic "Pricing – France"

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Covas, Ricardo, and Lorenzo Pascual. "Pricing daily electricity transfer capacities in the Spain – France Interconnection." In 2008 5th International Conference on the European Electricity Market (EEM 2008). IEEE, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/eem.2008.4579121.

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Karamti, Chiraz. "Hedonic Study on Mobile Telephony Firms' Pricing-Quality Strategies in France." In 2007 6th Conference on Telecommunication Techno-Economics. IEEE, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/ctte.2007.4389880.

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Dibrova, Inna Valer'evna. "Prichiny neudachnykh rezul'tatov anglo-franko-sovetskikh peregovorov 1939 goda i ikh posledstviia." In International Scientific and Practical Conference. TSNS Interaktiv Plus, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.21661/r-552372.

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Geovani Schwingel Franck, Alison, Leonardo Sangoi Copetti, CLAILTON ATAÍDES DE FREITAS, and Reisoli Bender Filho. "PASS-THROUGH DAS EXPORTAÇÕES DE FRANGO NO BRASIL E NOS ESTADOS UNIDOS (2009-2019): UMA ABORDAGEM PRICING-TO-MARKET." In 59º Congresso da SOBER e 6º EBPC 2021. ,: Even3, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.29327/soberebpc2021.341178.

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Reports on the topic "Pricing – France"

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Friedman, Shmuel, Jon Wraith, and Dani Or. Geometrical Considerations and Interfacial Processes Affecting Electromagnetic Measurement of Soil Water Content by TDR and Remote Sensing Methods. United States Department of Agriculture, 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2002.7580679.bard.

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Time Domain Reflectometry (TDR) and other in-situ and remote sensing dielectric methods for determining the soil water content had become standard in both research and practice in the last two decades. Limitations of existing dielectric methods in some soils, and introduction of new agricultural measurement devices or approaches based on soil dielectric properties mandate improved understanding of the relationship between the measured effective permittivity (dielectric constant) and the soil water content. Mounting evidence indicates that consideration must be given not only to the volume fractions of soil constituents, as most mixing models assume, but also to soil attributes and ambient temperature in order to reduce errors in interpreting measured effective permittivities. The major objective of the present research project was to investigate the effects of the soil geometrical attributes and interfacial processes (bound water) on the effective permittivity of the soil, and to develop a theoretical frame for improved, soil-specific effective permittivity- water content calibration curves, which are based on easily attainable soil properties. After initializing the experimental investigation of the effective permittivity - water content relationship, we realized that the first step for water content determination by the Time Domain Reflectometry (TDR) method, namely, the TDR measurement of the soil effective permittivity still requires standardization and improvement, and we also made more efforts than originally planned towards this objective. The findings of the BARD project, related to these two consequential steps involved in TDR measurement of the soil water content, are expected to improve the accuracy of soil water content determination by existing in-situ and remote sensing dielectric methods and to help evaluate new water content sensors based on soil electrical properties. A more precise water content determination is expected to result in reduced irrigation levels, a matter which is beneficial first to American and Israeli farmers, and also to hydrologists and environmentalists dealing with production and assessment of contamination hazards of this progressively more precious natural resource. The improved understanding of the way the soil geometrical attributes affect its effective permittivity is expected to contribute to our understanding and predicting capability of other, related soil transport properties such as electrical and thermal conductivity, and diffusion coefficients of solutes and gas molecules. In addition, to the originally planned research activities we also investigated other related problems and made many contributions of short and longer terms benefits. These efforts include: Developing a method and a special TDR probe for using TDR systems to determine also the soil's matric potential; Developing a methodology for utilizing the thermodielectric effect, namely, the variation of the soil's effective permittivity with temperature, to evaluate its specific surface area; Developing a simple method for characterizing particle shape by measuring the repose angle of a granular material avalanching in water; Measurements and characterization of the pore scale, saturation degree - dependent anisotropy factor for electrical and hydraulic conductivities; Studying the dielectric properties of cereal grains towards improved determination of their water content. A reliable evaluation of the soil textural attributes (e.g. the specific surface area mentioned above) and its water content is essential for intensive irrigation and fertilization processes and within extensive precision agriculture management. The findings of the present research project are expected to improve the determination of cereal grain water content by on-line dielectric methods. A precise evaluation of grain water content is essential for pricing and evaluation of drying-before-storage requirements, issues involving energy savings and commercial aspects of major economic importance to the American agriculture. The results and methodologies developed within the above mentioned side studies are expected to be beneficial to also other industrial and environmental practices requiring the water content determination and characterization of granular materials.
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