Journal articles on the topic 'Price regulation Australia'
To see the other types of publications on this topic, follow the link: Price regulation Australia.
Create a spot-on reference in APA, MLA, Chicago, Harvard, and other styles
Consult the top 50 journal articles for your research on the topic 'Price regulation Australia.'
Next to every source in the list of references, there is an 'Add to bibliography' button. Press on it, and we will generate automatically the bibliographic reference to the chosen work in the citation style you need: APA, MLA, Harvard, Chicago, Vancouver, etc.
You can also download the full text of the academic publication as pdf and read online its abstract whenever available in the metadata.
Browse journal articles on a wide variety of disciplines and organise your bibliography correctly.
1
BREUNIG, ROBERT, JEREMY HORNBY, SCOTT STACEY, and FLAVIO MENEZES. "Price Regulation in Australia: How Consistent Has It Been?" Economic Record 82, no. 256 (March 2006): 67–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1475-4932.2006.00294.x.
Full text
2
Gunst, Andrew. "Carbon pollution (greenhouse gas) measurement and reporting." APPEA Journal 50, no. 1 (2010): 649. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/aj09042.
Full textAbstract:
Carbon reporting and emissions trading in Australia—both of which, in 2007, seemed unlikely—came into effect with the implementation of mandatory data reporting from July 2008 (Australia) and January 2010 (USA); the onus lies with emitting corporations to determine whether they must report. At the time of writing it is also likely that Australia and the USA will join Europe in placing a price on carbon by 2013. The background to the Australian regulations will be explored in this paper, along with comparisons made to regulations in other jurisdictions, including the new reporting scheme in the USA. To date, much of the public discussion in these countries has centred on the financial aspects of a carbon tax or emissions trading scheme; however, significant challenges exist in identifying and quantifying the emissions that the financial community seeks to trade, and business community understanding of the details of greenhouse emissions is not strong. Case studies from the Australian oil and gas and related industries will be used to explain counter-intuitive aspects of greenhouse gas emissions and their regulation, and to illustrate challenges in emissions measurement and reporting.
3
Grechyn, Viktor, and Ian McShane. "What Influences International Differences in Broadband Prices?" Australian Journal of Telecommunications and the Digital Economy 4, no. 4 (January 11, 2017): 89. http://dx.doi.org/10.18080/ajtde.v4n4.67.
Full textAbstract:
Broadband prices differ significantly throughout the world, however discussion of why receives little attention in the academic and policy literature. Focussing on landline broadband, this exploratory article helps fill a knowledge gap by discussing some methodologies for comparing broadband prices between countries, and suggesting five factors that influence broadband prices: demand, supply, average price level, regulation, and physical/infrastructural factors. In this discussion, we also examine where Australia sits in relation to global broadband prices.
4
Grechyn, Viktor, and Ian McShane. "What Influences International Differences in Broadband Prices?" Journal of Telecommunications and the Digital Economy 4, no. 4 (January 11, 2017): 89–105. http://dx.doi.org/10.18080/jtde.v4n4.67.
Full textAbstract:
Broadband prices differ significantly throughout the world, however discussion of why receives little attention in the academic and policy literature. Focussing on landline broadband, this exploratory article helps fill a knowledge gap by discussing some methodologies for comparing broadband prices between countries, and suggesting five factors that influence broadband prices: demand, supply, average price level, regulation, and physical/infrastructural factors. In this discussion, we also examine where Australia sits in relation to global broadband prices.
5
Kupke, Valerie, Peter Rossini, and Paul Kershaw. "Bait pricing: evaluating the success of regulatory reform in advertising." International Journal of Housing Markets and Analysis 7, no. 3 (July 29, 2014): 333–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijhma-02-2013-0016.
Full textAbstract:
Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to evaluate the effectiveness of this legislative reform in the state of South Australia (SA) through an examination of the relationship between listed or advertised price and transaction prices before and after the changes in regulation. Between 2000 and 2008, legislative changes took place throughout Australia to make real-estate transactions more transparent and to deal with misleading conduct by real-estate agents. The practice of “charm” or “bait” pricing was targeted. This denotes the under-quoting of estimated selling prices in real-estate sale advertisements which can be considered deceptive or even fraudulent. Design/methodology/approach – The study area is Adelaide, the state capital of SA and includes analysis of first and last advertised prices and eventual selling price for > 120,000 residential sales transactions over a nine-year period between 2003 and 2011. The analysis to test these hypotheses included, first, a descriptive evaluation of the percentage price difference over time and a spatial breakdown of mean percentage price difference before and after legislation. Second, for each hypothesis, the change was tested by measuring the variance of the percentage change, with significance established through the Levene and Brown–Forsythe tests, rather than by the mean percentage change. Findings – The results, both descriptive and statistical, support the effectiveness of the reform in legislation. Research limitations/implications – The study has application in terms of agents as social gatekeepers and confirms the role of regulation to ensure market values are achieved and consumers not disadvantaged. With friction in the market, imperfect information and the possible behavioural responses of land agents, there may be incomplete market correction of underpricing strategies. This paper confirms the effectiveness of one such market intervention. Social implications – Some half a million dwellings are purchased in Australia every year. Annually, in the state of SA, some 53,000 dwellings are financed to be purchased or built. These levels of purchase reflect national home ownership rates of about 69 per cent, with some 33 per cent of Australians owning their houses outright and a growing number, some 36 per cent, owners with a mortgage. Australian households also move house relatively frequently. In 2008, 43 per cent of Australians reported moving in the previous 5 years, 15 per cent had moved 3 or more times. The most common reasons for moving were twofold, either to buy a house or to buy a bigger house. These levels of purchase, home ownership and mobility underpin the importance and viability of some 10,000 real-estate services businesses in Australia; a sector which, up to 2,000, was largely self-regulated. Originality/value – This paper is one of the first in Australia to effectively quantify the success of legislative reform on residential agency behaviour.
6
Greenland, Steven J., Lester Johnson, and Shahla Seifi. "Tobacco manufacturer brand strategy following plain packaging in Australia: implications for social responsibility and policy." Social Responsibility Journal 12, no. 2 (June 6, 2016): 321–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/srj-09-2015-0127.
Full textAbstract:
Purpose This paper aims to inform social responsibility and social policy by describing the brand strategy of Australia’s largest tobacco manufacturer, British American Tobacco Australia (BATA), the year following the introduction of plain packaging and other regulation. Tobacco controls are a proven catalyst for reducing smoking, but manufacturers adapt swiftly seeking to minimise the impact of regulatory change. Design/methodology/approach BATA’s strategy was determined using 2012-2014 tobacco ingredient reports, recommended retail price lists and a supermarket retail audit. Findings The research identified over 70 BATA brand variants, offered in diverse packaging options, with new products and modified names appearing since 2012. In total 14 main brands are highly differentiated by price, with 45 per cent difference between the cheapest and the most expensive. Volume discounting occurs across packaging ranges, with twin packs offering best value and prices up to 10 per cent lower than those of single packs. Originality/value The research originality stems from the triangulation of three different data resources to establish brand strategy following increased regulation. The study confirms ongoing market segmentation using highly differentiated ranges, and it reveals the unintended consequences of corporate responses to regulation. Evolving variant names communicate product information and imagery previously imparted by pack design. Pricing strategies enable smokers to offset substantial excise increases through brand switching and volume buying. The research, therefore, reveals the potential for regulating these as yet unrestricted elements to enhance the impact of plain packaging and other tobacco controls, thereby further reducing the social impact of smoking.
7
Costello, Greg. "Land price dynamics in a large Australian urban housing market." International Journal of Housing Markets and Analysis 7, no. 1 (February 25, 2014): 42–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijhma-11-2012-0059.
Full textAbstract:
Purpose – Housing is a composite asset comprising land and improved components varying as proportions of total value over space and time. Theory suggests land and improvements (structures) are unique goods responding differently to economic stimuli. This paper aims to test the expectation of different overall house price changes in response to variation in land and improved components. Design/methodology/approach – House price dynamics are decomposed to analyse the influence of land and structure components for the city of Perth, Australia both at aggregate level and for spatially defined housing sub-regions, sample period 1995-2010. Findings – Values of land and improvements on that land evolve differently over time and are significantly influenced by the magnitude of land leverage. The study extends previous research through extensive spatial disaggregation of a larger more detailed data set than previously used in studies of this type confirming significant variation in land leverage ratios, overall price change and growth rates for land and improvements in sub-regional markets defined by spatial criteria. Research limitations/implications – The results suggest an important role for policy development with respect to housing affordability and supply side regulation of land in large urban housing markets. Practical implications – The results suggest important implications for hedonic price analysis of housing markets. The inclusion of land leverage variables in hedonic regression could remove coefficient bias associated with omitted location amenity variables. Originality/value – The paper adapts methodology from previous studies but extends previous literature through detailed analysis of a large Australian housing market (Perth) enabling extensive spatial disaggregation of the sample and providing greater insight to spatial variation of land leverage than in previous studies.
8
Ebbs, David, Peter Dahlhaus, Andrew Barton, and Harpreet Kandra. "An unexpected decrease in urban water demand: making discoveries possible by taking a long-term view." Water Policy 20, no. 3 (February 7, 2018): 617–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wp.2018.096.
Full textAbstract:
Abstract Forecasting supply and demand is fundamental to the sustainability of the water system. Demand for urban water seems on an ever-upward trajectory, with use increasing twice as quickly as population throughout the 20th century. However, data from Ballarat, a city in south-eastern Australia, show that despite this conventionally held wisdom, total water usage actually peaked over 30 years ago. While the 1997–2009 ‘Millennium Drought’ had some effect, the decline commenced many years before. Initially, this was due to a reduction in external domestic water use, which correlates well with an increase in water price. However, the effect was found to not be purely economic as the price was not volumetric-based. Internal water use seems more affected by technological advances and regulatory controls. Interestingly, there was no relationship found between rainfall and water demand. The role of price, water-reduction education programmes, water-efficient technology and regulation supports previous research that a multifaceted approach is required when developing demand-reduction policies and strategies. This finding emphasises the importance of understanding the component of consumptive behaviour being targeted, and ensuring that policies being implemented are appropriate for the desired behavioural change.
9
Austen, Dick. "Foreword to 'Producing and Processing Quality Beef from Australian Cattle Herds'." Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture 41, no. 7 (2001): I. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/eav41n7_fo.
Full textAbstract:
Markets for Australian beef throughout the 20th century have been moulded by world wars, economic depressions, droughts, transport technology, cattle breeding, trade barriers, global competition, livestock disease eradication, human health risks, food safety, Australian Government policy, consumerism and beef quality. Major ‘shocks’ to beef marketing include the development of successful shipments of chilled carcases to Britain in the 1930s, the widespread trade disruption caused by World War II, expansion (early 1950s) and then a reduction in beef exports to Britain (1956), the introduction and then proliferation of Bos indicus derived cattle in northern Australia (1960s), licensing and upgrading of Australian abattoirs to export to USA and the consequential brucellosis and tuberculosis eradication campaign leading to record export tonnages of Australian processing beef to USA (1960–70). In 1980, increased beef trade to Japan began, leading in the late 1980s to expansion of high-quality grain finished products into that market. By 1993, beef exports to Japan (280.5 kt) exceeded those to USA (274.4 kt), signalling the significant shift in beef exports to Asia. Commencing in about 1986, the USA recognised the value of beef exports to Asian markets pioneered by Australia. Australia’s share of the Japanese and South Korean markets has been under intense competition since that time. Another major influence on Australia’s beef market in the early 1990s was growth in live cattle exports to Asian markets in Indonesia, Malaysia and the Philippines. Live exports accounted for 152000 heads in 1992 and 858000 heads in 1996. Improved management systems (e.g. fences) and consequent regulation of cattle supply even in the wet season, a by-product of the brucellosis and tuberculosis eradication campaign, were indirect drivers of the growth in live exports. Throughout the period 1940–2000, domestic consumption of beef and veal declined from 68 to 33.3 kg/head.year, reflecting competition from other foods, perceptions of health risks, price of beef, periodic food safety scares, vegetarianism, changes in lifestyle and eating habits and lack of consistency of eating quality of beef. Despite this decline, the domestic Australian beef market still consumes a significant component (37%) of total Australian beef production. In 1984–85, the reform of the Australian Meat and Livestock Corporation set in train a major directional change (‘New Direction’) of the beef sector in response to beef market trends. Under Dick Austen’s leadership, the Australian Meat and Livestock Corporation changed the industry’s culture from being ‘production-driven’ to being ‘consumer-driven’. Market research began in Australia, Japan and Korea to establish consumer preferences and attitudes to price, beef appearance and eating quality. Definite consumer requirements were identified under headings of consistency and reliability. The AusMeat carcass descriptors were introduced and a decade later traits like tenderness, meat colour, fat colour, meat texture, taste, smell, and muscle size were addressed. These historical ‘shocks’ that shaped the Australian beef markets have all been accompanied by modification to production systems, breeding programs, herd structure, processing procedures, advertising and promotion, meat retailing and end-use. The increasing importance of the food service sector and the ‘Asian merge’ influence on beef cuts usage in restaurant meals and take-away products are the most recognisable changes in the Australian food landscape. The Cooperative Research Centre¿s research portfolio was built around the changing forces influencing beef markets in the early 1990s. Australia needed to better understand the genetic and non-genetic factors affecting beef quality. One example was the poor success rate of cattle being grain-fed for the Japanese premium markets. Another was the relative contribution of pre- and post-slaughter factors to ultimate eating quality of beef. The Meat Standards Australia scheme was launched in 1997 to address this problem in more detail. The Cooperative Research Centre contributed significantly to this initiative. In the year 2001, Australia, with only 2.5% of world cattle numbers retains the position of world number one beef trader. We trade to 110 countries worldwide. The Australian beef sector is worth A$6 billion annually. The diversity of Australian environments, cattle genotypes and production systems provides us with the ability to meet diverse specifications for beef products. A new set of market forces is now emerging. Strict accreditation rules apply to Australian producers seeking access to the lucrative European Union market. Transmissible spongiform encephalopathies like bovine spongiform encephalopathy and scrapie are a continuing food safety concern in Europe. This and the foot and mouth disease outbreak in Britain early in 2001 have potentially significant indirect effects on markets for Australian beef. And the sleeping giant, foot and mouth disease-free status of Latin American countries Brazil, Uruguay and Argentina continues to emerge as a major threat to Australian beef markets in Canada and Taiwan. As in the past, science and technology will play a significant role in Australia¿s response to these market forces.
10
Bindon, B. M., and N. M. Jones. "Cattle supply, production systems and markets for Australian beef." Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture 41, no. 7 (2001): 861. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ea01052.
Full textAbstract:
Markets for Australian beef throughout the 20th century have been moulded by world wars, economic depressions, droughts, transport technology, cattle breeding, trade barriers, global competition, livestock disease eradication, human health risks, food safety, Australian Government policy, consumerism and beef quality. Major ‘shocks’ to beef marketing include the development of successful shipments of chilled carcases to Britain in the 1930s, the widespread trade disruption caused by World War II, expansion (early 1950s) and then a reduction in beef exports to Britain (1956), the introduction and then proliferation of Bos indicus derived cattle in northern Australia (1960s), licensing and upgrading of Australian abattoirs to export to USA and the consequential brucellosis and tuberculosis eradication campaign leading to record export tonnages of Australian processing beef to USA (1960–70). In 1980, increased beef trade to Japan began, leading in the late 1980s to expansion of high-quality grain finished products into that market. By 1993, beef exports to Japan (280.5 kt) exceeded those to USA (274.4 kt), signalling the significant shift in beef exports to Asia. Commencing in about 1986, the USA recognised the value of beef exports to Asian markets pioneered by Australia. Australia’s share of the Japanese and South Korean markets has been under intense competition since that time. Another major influence on Australia’s beef market in the early 1990s was growth in live cattle exports to Asian markets in Indonesia, Malaysia and the Philippines. Live exports accounted for 152000 heads in 1992 and 858000 heads in 1996. Improved management systems (e.g. fences) and consequent regulation of cattle supply even in the wet season, a by-product of the brucellosis and tuberculosis eradication campaign, were indirect drivers of the growth in live exports. Throughout the period 1940–2000, domestic consumption of beef and veal declined from 68 to 33.3 kg/head.year, reflecting competition from other foods, perceptions of health risks, price of beef, periodic food safety scares, vegetarianism, changes in lifestyle and eating habits and lack of consistency of eating quality of beef. Despite this decline, the domestic Australian beef market still consumes a significant component (37%) of total Australian beef production. In 1984–85, the reform of the Australian Meat and Livestock Corporation set in train a major directional change (‘New Direction’) of the beef sector in response to beef market trends. Under Dick Austen’s leadership, the Australian Meat and Livestock Corporation changed the industry’s culture from being ‘production-driven’ to being ‘consumer-driven’. Market research began in Australia, Japan and Korea to establish consumer preferences and attitudes to price, beef appearance and eating quality. Definite consumer requirements were identified under headings of consistency and reliability. The AusMeat carcass descriptors were introduced and a decade later traits like tenderness, meat colour, fat colour, meat texture, taste, smell, and muscle size were addressed. These historical ‘shocks’ that shaped the Australian beef markets have all been accompanied by modification to production systems, breeding programs, herd structure, processing procedures, advertising and promotion, meat retailing and end-use. The increasing importance of the food service sector and the ‘Asian merge’ influence on beef cuts usage in restaurant meals and take-away products are the most recognisable changes in the Australian food landscape. The Cooperative Research Centre¿s research portfolio was built around the changing forces influencing beef markets in the early 1990s. Australia needed to better understand the genetic and non-genetic factors affecting beef quality. One example was the poor success rate of cattle being grain-fed for the Japanese premium markets. Another was the relative contribution of pre- and post-slaughter factors to ultimate eating quality of beef. The Meat Standards Australia scheme was launched in 1997 to address this problem in more detail. The Cooperative Research Centre contributed significantly to this initiative. In the year 2001, Australia, with only 2.5% of world cattle numbers retains the position of world number one beef trader. We trade to 110 countries worldwide. The Australian beef sector is worth A$6 billion annually. The diversity of Australian environments, cattle genotypes and production systems provides us with the ability to meet diverse specifications for beef products. A new set of market forces is now emerging. Strict accreditation rules apply to Australian producers seeking access to the lucrative European Union market. Transmissible spongiform encephalopathies like bovine spongiform encephalopathy and scrapie are a continuing food safety concern in Europe. This and the foot and mouth disease outbreak in Britain early in 2001 have potentially significant indirect effects on markets for Australian beef. And the sleeping giant, foot and mouth disease-free status of Latin American countries Brazil, Uruguay and Argentina continues to emerge as a major threat to Australian beef markets in Canada and Taiwan. As in the past, science and technology will play a significant role in Australia¿s response to these market forces.
11
Cooper, Sheri L., Lucy M. Butcher, Simone D. Scagnelli, Johnny Lo, Maria M. Ryan, Amanda Devine, and Therese A. O’Sullivan. "Australian Consumers Are Willing to Pay for the Health Star Rating Front-of-Pack Nutrition Label." Nutrients 12, no. 12 (December 18, 2020): 3876. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nu12123876.
Full textAbstract:
The Australia and New Zealand Ministerial Forum on Food Regulation has supported the recommendations set out in the 2019 Health Star Rating System Five Year Review Report. Specifically, the forum supported, in principle, Recommendation 9, to mandate the Health Star Rating if clear uptake targets were not achieved while the system is voluntary. Given that mandatory labelling is being considered, it is important to investigate how much consumers value the Health Star Rating in order to understand potential consumer uptake and inform industry. The aim of this study was to assess consumers’ valuation of the Health Star Rating system by analysing their willingness to pay for a packaged food product with the Health Star Rating label, utilising a double-bounded dichotomous choice contingent valuation approach. The results indicate that almost two-thirds of Australian household grocery shoppers were willing to pay more for a product with the Health Star Rating, on average up to an additional 3.7% of the price of the product. However, public health nutrition benefits associated with consumers’ willingness to pay more for products with the Health Star Rating is currently limited by the lack of guarantee of the systems’ accuracy. Given consumer support, a well validated and comprehensive Health Star Rating labelling system can potentially improve health outcomes, cost effectiveness and reduce environmental impacts.
12
Gibson, Alexandra Farren, Christina Lee, and Shona Crabb. "‘If you grow them, know them’: Discursive constructions of the pink ribbon culture of breast cancer in the Australian context." Feminism & Psychology 24, no. 4 (August 27, 2014): 521–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0959353514548100.
Full textAbstract:
The ‘pink ribbon culture’ dominates understandings of breast cancer in Western societies. We describe this as an ‘illness culture’, consisting of neoliberal discourses and practices, which construct the breast cancer experience. We take a feminist post-structuralist approach to review current breast cancer lay materials available to women in Australia, to examine how breast cancer is discursively constructed within this context. Further, we consider how women with breast cancer are positioned and what the implications are for women’s lives. We discuss neoliberal discourses of ‘individual responsibility and empowerment’ and ‘optimism’, and the central practices that focus on individual health behaviours and survivorship. This illness culture has productive and restrictive effects for women’s subjectivity. Whilst women are positioned as ‘empowered’ regarding their health, this comes at the price of self-regulation and responsibility. Support and information additionally reposition women in feminine, heteronormative ways, whilst excluding women who do not fit narrow cultural stereotypes.
13
McCrystal, Shae, and Tess Hardy. "Filling the Void? A Critical Analysis of Competition Regulation of Collective Bargaining Amongst Non-employees." International Journal of Comparative Labour Law and Industrial Relations 37, Issue 4 (December 1, 2021): 355–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.54648/ijcl2021017.
Full textAbstract:
The rise of the gig economy, and the expansion of self-employment more generally, have magnified pre-existing concerns about how to address the risk of exploitation of non-employees, including franchisees, freelance journalists and owner-driver transport workers, amongst others. In a bid to fill relevant regulatory gaps, and correct destructive power imbalances, many are turning their attention to the power and potential of collective bargaining. At the same time, there is growing appreciation of how competition prohibitions against price-fixing may curb workers’ capacity to organize for decent wages and working conditions. There has been much discussion and debate about the need to expand existing labour exemptions from competition law in order to allow gig workers, and other vulnerable categories of selfemployed workers, to engage in lawful collective bargaining. Rather than fixating on questions of misclassification, however, this article considers a novel proposal emanating from the sphere of competition regulation in Australia. After extensive consultation and prolonged Parliamentary debate, the Australian Competition and Consumer Commission (ACCC) has adopted a class exemption which provides a broad legal immunity to eligible small businesses, including self-employed workers, wishing to engage in collective bargaining. The ACCC’s Determination to extend collective bargaining rights to small businesses – with effect from 3 June 2021 – represents a highly progressive approach and one worthy of greater attention and deeper analysis. To assess the regulatory value of this unique approach, we draw upon the International Labour Organization (ILO) standards relating to collective bargaining and freedom of association. In doing so, we critically assess the extent to which the ACCC’s approach offers a potential solution to resolving the tension between labour law and competition law when it comes to the regulation of self-employed workers. Somewhat surprisingly, we find that the class exemption largely complies with relevant ILO principles, despite the fact that it does little in terms of actively promoting or encouraging effective collective bargaining. For example, in line with ILO conceptions of voluntariness, the class exemption places virtually no restrictions on the scope, level or subject matter of the bargaining. Ultimately, however, we argue that if collective bargaining is to have any chance of filling the regulatory void which exists between labour law and competition law, it is critical that basic structures and supports are in place to facilitate meaningful bargaining: where collective activity is supported by trade union autonomy and the right to engage in strikes in support of bargaining demands and concluded agreements. Mercosur, Socio-Labour Declaration, Argentina, Brazil, Uruguay, Paraguay, Venezuela, Regional Integration, Labour Rights, Regional Trade Blocs, Latin America, Global South
14
Pawsey, Nicholas, Jayanath Ananda, and Zahirul Hoque. "Rationality, accounting and benchmarking water businesses." International Journal of Public Sector Management 31, no. 3 (April 9, 2018): 290–315. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijpsm-04-2017-0124.
Full textAbstract:
Purpose The purpose of this paper is to explore the sensitivity of economic efficiency rankings of water businesses to the choice of alternative physical and accounting capital input measures. Design/methodology/approach Data envelopment analysis (DEA) was used to compute efficiency rankings for government-owned water businesses from the state of Victoria, Australia, over the period 2005/2006 through 2012/2013. Differences between DEA models when capital inputs were measured using either: statutory accounting values (historic cost and fair value), physical measures, or regulatory accounting values, were scrutinised. Findings Depending on the choice of capital input, significant variation in efficiency scores and the ranking of the top (worst) performing firms was observed. Research limitations/implications Future research may explore the generalisability of findings to a wider sample of water utilities globally. Future work can also consider the most reliable treatment of capital inputs in efficiency analysis. Practical implications Regulators should be cautious when using economic efficiency data in benchmarking exercises. A consistent approach to account for the capital stock is needed in the determination of price caps and designing incentives for poor performers. Originality/value DEA has been widely used to explore the role of ownership structure, firm size and regulation on water utility efficiency. This is the first study of its kind to explore the sensitivity of DEA to alternative physical and accounting capital input measures. This research also improves the conventional performance measurement in water utilities by using a bootstrap procedure to address the deterministic nature of the DEA approach.
15
Faunce, Thomas, Jimmy Bai, and Duy Nguyen. "Impact of the Australia–US Free Trade Agreement on Australian medicines regulation and prices." Journal of Generic Medicines 7, no. 1 (January 2010): 18–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/jgm.2009.40.
Full text
16
Shupyk, S. "Foreign experience in the development of dairy cattle and directions of its use in domestic practice." Ekonomìka ta upravlìnnâ APK, no. 1 (155) (May 21, 2020): 36–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.33245/2310-9262-2020-155-1-36-46.
Full textAbstract:
The article analyzes the support for the US market, where the government has allocated almost $ 22.2 billion for the development of dairy cattle. direct and indirect subsidies to the country's dairy sector (35.02 c/l), which is equivalent to 73% of farmers' milk sales, showed relatively high domestic support, export subsidies, conservation programs, risk management programs, disaster relief programs, loan programs, crop insurance, livestock support. Surveys to support the Indian market, which ranks second in the world in raw milk production (9.5%), have shown that almost 80% of small-scale farmers are small-scale farmers. Milk collection is carried out by 130 thousand dairy cooperatives. NABARD (National Bank for Agriculture and Rural Development) under DEDS, provides for subsidies of up to 25% of costs. China is investing heavily in the construction of large dairy farms and livestock complexes with up to 100,000 cows. The Australian market produces 9.3 million tonnes of milk, of which 36% is exported and is the world's fourth exporter of dairy products (6% of the world market). Australia's dairy cattle are characterized by a small amount of direct government support. During 2015-2016, agriculture received financial and commercial assistance over $ 147 million. US in the form of payments to farms. It has been established that price forecasting plays an important role in regulating the milk market in Australia, on the basis of which the profile Ministry, taking into account world prices, generates milk price indices. Analysis of milk production in Switzerland has shown that it remains highly subsidized. In 2013, state support for milk producers amounted to CHF 1.8 billion, incl. direct subsidies are estimated at 1.5 billion Swiss francs, which is 61 thousand Swiss francs per dairy farm, or 0.41 Swiss francs per 1 liter of milk. The state support system for dairy cattle in Canada has been found to include the following instruments: import tariffs that restrict dairy imports; minimum guaranteed prices for raw milk that are set at the maximum amount of milk sold to the dairies within the quota; a system of direct payments to farmers for milk production within the quota. The amount of direct payments per 1 liter of milk is set annually by the government. In order to support Canadian producers in technological modernization aimed at improving the efficiency of milk production, a dairy farm investment program (DFIP) is implemented with state support of $ 250 million. USA According to the Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) in Iceland, Japan, Norway and Switzerland, the level of support for dairy producers exceeds on average 70% of the gross income of farmers, in Canada, the EU, Hungary, Korea and the USA the amount of support is 40-55%. An analysis of the support for the development of dairy cattle in the EU countries showed that the following instruments are allocated for these purposes: production restrictions (milk production quotas); government interventions and storage; Establishment of product sales regulations / regulations; the dairy package (including regulating contractual relations in the dairy sector); foreign trade (import regulations, export subsidies); government subsidies. It is found that the main factor that increases the profitability of dairy production in developed countries is the improvement of quality and differentiation of the range. Major factors contributing to the successful development of dairy cattle are increased government support and economical use of resources. Also used are a set of financial incentives, including reducing the tax burden. Key words: Livestock, milk market, domestic support, development programs, cooperation, financial incentives, subsidies, import tariffs, quotas.
17
Forsyth, Peter. "Price regulation of airports: principles with Australian applications." Transportation Research Part E: Logistics and Transportation Review 33, no. 4 (December 1997): 297–309. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1366-5545(97)00034-3.
Full text
18
Smith, P., B. Maheshwari, and B. Simmons. "Urban water reform in Australia: lessons from 2003–2013." Water Supply 14, no. 6 (May 23, 2014): 951–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/ws.2014.045.
Full textAbstract:
Extreme rainfall variability, record droughts, floods and high temperatures have had a major impact on social wellbeing, economic productivity and environmental functionality of urban settings in Australia. Compounded by urban growth and ageing water and wastewater infrastructure, Australia's urban water arrangements have undergone major reforms to effectively manage the challenges of recent years. This paper is a synthesis of urban water reform in Australia during a decade of unforeseen natural extremes. It summarises the evolution of urban water policy, outcomes from recent government reforms and investment, and presents future challenges facing the sector. As governments at state and federal levels in Australia have moved to diversify supply options away from the traditional reliance on rainfall-dependent catchment storages, they have been confronted by issues relating to climate uncertainty, planning, regulation, pricing, institutional reforms, and community demands for sustainable supply solutions. Increases in water prices to pay for new water infrastructure are illustrative of further reform pressures in the urban water sector. In the past 10 years the Australian urban water sector has weathered new extremes in drought and flood and emerged far different to its predecessor. The provision of safe, secure, efficient and sustainable water and wastewater services remains the primary driver for urban water reform. However the challenges and opportunities to improve nationally significant social, economic and environmental outcomes from urban water have evolved considerably. The focus now is on creating the institutional, regulatory and market conditions favourable for the integration of urban water services with the objectives for productive and liveable cities.
19
Sun, Lan. "Accrual mispricing in the era of corporate governance reforms." Asian Review of Accounting 28, no. 3 (May 5, 2020): 373–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ara-08-2019-0143.
Full textAbstract:
PurposeThis study is primarily motivated by the increasing concern of the academic, practitioners, regulators and standard setters regarding the quality of earnings and financial reporting. The purpose is to investigate whether the accrual anomaly exists in Australia; whether the occurrence of the accrual anomaly is attributed to the discretionary accruals component stemming from managerial discretion; and the impact of corporate governance reforms on accrual mispricing.Design/methodology/approachThis study employs the Mishkin (1983) rational expectations test to examine whether the earnings expectations embedded in stock prices accurately reflect the differential persistence of earnings components. It also employs the hedge portfolio trading strategy to examine whether taking a long position in firms with low accruals and a short position in firms with high accruals will yield positive abnormal stock returns.FindingsThe results show that investors overestimate the persistence of accruals and underestimate the persistence of cash flows and subsequently, overprice the accruals and underprice the cash flows. The evidence of accrual mispricing is severe for the component of discretionary accruals. Nonetheless, the association between discretionary accruals and abnormal returns are weakened during the corporate governance reforms period.Research limitations/implicationsIt should be cautious to attribute the investors' ability to accurately price accruals and cash flows to the passage of corporate governance reform program. Despite there is control for firm size, book-to-market, PE multiple, growth and leverage, other macro-economic factors such as interest rates, inflation and GDP could potentially have an impact on stock returns.Practical implicationsThe passage of corporate governance reform program has increased the level of financial reporting disclosure and the monitoring of management, which subsequently improved accruals persistence and earnings quality. A direct practical implication is that investors should better understand the information in accruals for future earnings when the corporate disclosure environment is strengthened.Social implicationsThis study provides useful information to regulators, academics and investors interested in market efficiency and accrual mispricing. The results suggest that the reform of corporate governance is associated with more efficient prices. This may be of interest to the regulators who intend to improve earnings quality and financial reporting environment through the regulatory reform.Originality/valueTo test the accrual anomaly in the period of corporate governance reforms is particularly useful to regulators and policy makers. It allows regulators and policy makers to gain insight as whether the change of regulation has been effective – more transparent and timely reporting of financial information are supposed to help the investors to better understand the accruals and thus mitigate the potential for accrual mispricing.
20
Banerjee, Swapan. "A Review on Strategic Analysis of Australian Supermarkets." Journal of Production, Operations Management and Economics, no. 26 (November 8, 2022): 36–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.55529/jpome.26.36.45.
Full textAbstract:
In Australia, Coles and Woolworths are the two primary participants in the grocery sector. They split about 80% of the whole retail market for groceries. In Sydney, one of Australia's major cities, Woolworths launched new food kiosks in 1924, while Coles opened the country's first supermarket in 1960. Coles and Woolworths consistently share most of the market in the Australian supermarket industry, which is known as a "duopoly." Between Coles and Woolworths and its retailers, there has been an imbalance of market power for the last few decades (suppliers). Numerous studies indicate that Woolworths and Coles conduct business in 840 and 741 supermarkets, respectively, in Australia. However, regardless of the three variables, these essential players can only locate a suitable company in the competitive and non-competitive market. The factors are buying power, selling power, and retail chain. This duopoly, dominated by the two big business groups, can potentially serve each retail product, including ready-to-eat foods, fresh food, and other essential retail products. This short article is concerned with the strategic analysis of the two big players in the Australian market, irrespective of environment, socioeconomic, politics, various usable tools, techniques, rules, and regulations. Swot analysis, the Five force model, value, rarity, imitability, and organization (VRIO) have been reviewed and discussed for both the market leaders. The past, present, and future potentialities also have drawn in the article with the snaky diagram and analytical tables. In conclusion, profit margins are obtained due to successful differentiation, which enables the company to demand even higher prices. Additionally, it promotes customer loyalty, which contributes to the financial stability and growth of the business.
21
Banerjee, Swapan. "A Review on Strategic Analysis of Australian Supermarkets." Journal of Production, Operations Management and Economics, no. 26 (November 8, 2022): 36–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.55529/jpome26.36.45.
Full textAbstract:
In Australia, Coles and Woolworths are the two primary participants in the grocery sector. They split about 80% of the whole retail market for groceries. In Sydney, one of Australia's major cities, Woolworths launched new food kiosks in 1924, while Coles opened the country's first supermarket in 1960. Coles and Woolworths consistently share most of the market in the Australian supermarket industry, which is known as a "duopoly." Between Coles and Woolworths and its retailers, there has been an imbalance of market power for the last few decades (suppliers). Numerous studies indicate that Woolworths and Coles conduct business in 840 and 741 supermarkets, respectively, in Australia. However, regardless of the three variables, these essential players can only locate a suitable company in the competitive and non-competitive market. The factors are buying power, selling power, and retail chain. This duopoly, dominated by the two big business groups, can potentially serve each retail product, including ready-to-eat foods, fresh food, and other essential retail products. This short article is concerned with the strategic analysis of the two big players in the Australian market, irrespective of environment, socioeconomic, politics, various usable tools, techniques, rules, and regulations. Swot analysis, the Five force model, value, rarity, imitability, and organization (VRIO) have been reviewed and discussed for both the market leaders. The past, present, and future potentialities also have drawn in the article with the snaky diagram and analytical tables. In conclusion, profit margins are obtained due to successful differentiation, which enables the company to demand even higher prices. Additionally, it promotes customer loyalty, which contributes to the financial stability and growth of the business.
22
Barry, Troy Sidney. "Australian Broadband Regulation Reviewed." Australian Journal of Telecommunications and the Digital Economy 6, no. 1 (March 30, 2018): 134–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.18080/ajtde.v6n1.131.
Full textAbstract:
This article establishes the relationship between the condition of Australian broadband services and Australia’s history of broadband regulation. It briefly surveys the history of the industry in terms of government action and firms’ responses. It reviews research on the effects of regulation and industry concentration internationally, which indicates that the effects of widely deployed policies are often small or undetectable. The article uses these findings to build models of national broadband prices, penetration and quality. The models are verified using recent statistics from developed economies, confirming that outcomes are little affected by access regulation, and also not by market concentration. Penetration and quality are strongly affected by technology factors. The models and the regulatory history are used to explain the condition of Australian broadband services, and to extract lessons applicable to future policy development.
23
Barry, Troy Sidney. "Australian Broadband Regulation Reviewed." Journal of Telecommunications and the Digital Economy 6, no. 1 (March 30, 2018): 134–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.18080/jtde.v6n1.131.
Full textAbstract:
This article establishes the relationship between the condition of Australian broadband services and Australia’s history of broadband regulation. It briefly surveys the history of the industry in terms of government action and firms’ responses. It reviews research on the effects of regulation and industry concentration internationally, which indicates that the effects of widely deployed policies are often small or undetectable. The article uses these findings to build models of national broadband prices, penetration and quality. The models are verified using recent statistics from developed economies, confirming that outcomes are little affected by access regulation, and also not by market concentration. Penetration and quality are strongly affected by technology factors. The models and the regulatory history are used to explain the condition of Australian broadband services, and to extract lessons applicable to future policy development.
24
Russell, Mark. "New information in continuous disclosure." Pacific Accounting Review 27, no. 2 (April 7, 2015): 229–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/par-12-2012-0064.
Full textAbstract:
Purpose – This paper aims to examine the price-sensitivity of information under capital market disclosure regulation, the Australian continuous disclosure regulation (CDR). Design/methodology/approach – The study tests the information content of continuous disclosures and identifies the firm characteristics that condition the price-sensitivity of information under CDR. Findings – The study provides evidence that continuous firm disclosures are significantly associated with stock price adjustment to information. Further results are consistent with firm disclosure and its information content being determined by the economics of the firm. Practical implications – The findings of the study support the introduction of ongoing and continuous disclosure regimes in a number of capital markets, and assist firms and regulators model the price-sensitivity of information under CDR. Originality/value – The study highlights the sources of an informed market, and contributes to our understanding of the conditions under which the CDR reveals unexpected information. The results provide evidence of an association between firm disclosure and stock price synchronicity, consistent with managerial incentives to disclose information.
25
Goldstein, Barry A. "Accelerating oil and gas investment and reserves by design." APPEA Journal 58, no. 2 (2018): 557. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/aj17116.
Full textAbstract:
Facts are stubborn things; and whatever may be our wishes, our inclinations, or the dictates of our passion, they cannot alter the state of facts and evidence (Adams 1770). Some people unfamiliar with upstream petroleum operations, some enterprises keen to sustain uncontested land use, and some people against the use of fossil fuels have and will voice opposition to land access for oil and gas exploration and production. Social and economic concerns have also arisen with Australian domestic gas prices tending towards parity with netbacks from liquefied natural gas (LNG) exports. No doubt, natural gas, LNG and crude-oil prices will vary with local-to-international supply-side and demand-side competition. Hence, well run Australian oil and gas producers deploy stress-tested exploration, delineation and development budgets. With these challenges in mind, successive governments in South Australia have implemented leading-practice legislation, regulation, policies and programs to simultaneously gain and sustain trust with the public and investors with regard to land access for trustworthy oil and gas operations. South Australia’s most recent initiatives to foster reserve growth through welcomed investment in responsible oil and gas operations include the following: a Roundtable for Oil and Gas; evergreen answers to frequently asked questions, grouped retention licences that accelerate investment in the best of play trends; the Plan for ACcelerating Exploration (PACE) Gas Program; and the Oil and Gas Royalty Return Program. Intended and actual outcomes from these initiatives are addressed in this extended abstract.
26
Bayly, Martin, Michelle Tham, Peter Watterson, Binghui Li, and Kevin Moran. "Marine seismic acquisition: efficiency and environment, new technologies applied in Australia." APPEA Journal 57, no. 2 (2017): 704. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/aj16072.
Full textAbstract:
The design of successful marine seismic surveys is driven by many factors, two prime issues being efficiency and environmental impact. Efficiency is primarily driven by reduction of non-productive time and creating the largest sub-surface illumination area possible in the shortest time. In addition, public opinion and governmental regulations are requiring the industry to minimise their environmental impact. One aspect is reducing the overall sound exposure level (SEL) of the source into the marine environment. Using recent Australian examples, we will discuss and demonstrate the use of two new technology groups that address these concerns. The first is the use of a new type of seismic air-gun with optimal output over the range of frequencies commonly used in seismic exploration, while limiting potential environmental effects from unnecessary high-frequency emissions. The second is continuous data acquisition along the entire boat traverse, including the turns, thereby reducing non-productive vessel time. Both are described with examples from a recent survey acquired offshore north-west Australia.
27
Raedts, P. J. M., S. C. Garcia, D. F. Chapman, G. R. Edwards, N. Lane, and R. P. Rawnsley. "Is systems research addressing the current and future needs of dairy farms?" Animal Production Science 57, no. 7 (2017): 1311. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/an16647.
Full textAbstract:
During the past decade, Australian and New Zealand dairy farmers have been increasingly exposed to volatility in milk prices, declining terms of trade, climate variability, changing regulation, and increasing consumer demand to demonstrate their ‘social licence to farm’. In response to the varying challenges, it is not surprising that we see significant diversity in dairy-farm systems in Australia and New Zealand. Despite much research effort to address these challenges at both the component and farm-system level, the evidence of adoption and dairy farming-system change over the past 5 years has been inconclusive. The present review explores how farmers and systems research have been affected and are responding, and whether systems research is developing research in the appropriate direction, proactively researching dairy-farming systems that are resilient, profitable and sustainable into the future, notwithstanding the increased volatility that dairy farms are experiencing. While much farm systems research in Australia and New Zealand has addressed the challenges associated with improving productivity and profitability, and the known challenges such as climate variability and improving environmental outcomes, there is need to fore-sight future risk, challenges and opportunities for dairy systems. It is also important that the system researchers explore alternative approaches such as working collaboratively with the known system experts, the dairy farmer, in a participatory environment to increase rate of knowledge transfer and adoption of positive research outcome.
28
Wee, Kenneth. "Achieving tax certainty for oil and gas projects." APPEA Journal 57, no. 2 (2017): 577. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/aj16227.
Full textAbstract:
In recent years, oil and gas companies have been exposed to prolonged periods of volatile oil prices, rising costs and productivity challenges, scarcity and affordability of capital, heightened regulation and accountability and the competition of emerging alternative renewable energy sources. As Australian projects weather the current global oil price and demand–supply dynamics, the future prospects of greenfield and brownfield opportunities will depend on how well proponents can achieve certainty over the geological, geophysical, socioeconomic, operational, political and fiscal aspects affecting their projects. Establishing certainty of the tax regime and how it will apply over the lifetime of a project is crucial to its after-tax economics and is therefore a central piece of the puzzle that must be solved to secure project investment sanction. This is particularly prudent in an era of increased scrutiny by communities and tax authorities globally on multinationals contributing their fair share of taxes wherever they operate. So, how is tax certainty attained from the outset, and protracted disputation mitigated, in an environment where the tax law is constantly evolving? Early engagement with the Australian Taxation Office (ATO) is critical to understanding and assuring how the tax law will be interpreted and administered. This paper discusses: (1) best practice ATO engagement avenues for entities seeking to manage the Australian tax profile of oil and gas projects; (2) how to achieve justified trust and be tax-assured; and (3) the types of ATO products best suited to addressing particularly significant tax considerations confronting oil and gas projects.
29
Scott, Gavin. "Sword or a shield? The changing dynamic of the regulatory landscape for Australian gas projects." APPEA Journal 54, no. 2 (2014): 509. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/aj13082.
Full textAbstract:
From increased domestic opposition to CSG, to international legal challenges about the project financing of gas projects, the Australian gas industry is under siege from numerous stakeholders—communities, domestic governments and non-government organisations both in Australia and internationally. What this has meant for the industry is a significantly increased risk of in doing business in Australia. A key reason for this elevated risk is that stakeholders are becoming increasingly savvy in the legal and quasi-legal avenues for challenging a project—and regulators are increasingly providing stakeholders the tools to do this. During the past two years, we have seen a number of regulatory regimes used, not simply to protect stakeholders’ rights under these regimes, but as part of a strategy to undermine the legal, financial, and reputational foundations of project as a whole. These regimes include: the domestic and international social and environmental impact standards for the financing and assessment of projects; land access and compensation regimes; and, the native title and cultural heritage protection regimes. As a response to stakeholder action, regulators are also becoming more reactive and regulations more proscriptive. This extended abstract examines the financial and operational impacts of using regulatory regimes as a sword, rather than a shield, against gas proponents, using case studies including the challenge to US Ex-Im’s funding of the APLNG project and the James Price Point project. This extended abstract highlights how, in this new legal environment, proponents must balance compliance with relationships, domestic pressures with international standards and cost with exposure to risk.
30
Peacock, Jonathon. "PESA 2014 business review." APPEA Journal 55, no. 1 (2015): 189. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/aj14014.
Full textAbstract:
This review looks back at 2014 from a business context and considers where the Australian petroleum industry will be placed in 2015. Globally, there were a number of major developments in 2014. These included new supply sources (e.g. PNG LNG), exploration successes (e.g. Brazil), and evolving energy export policies that have been set to change the market (e.g. US, OPEC). Russia agreed to a major gas supply agreement with China, and access to talent remained an issue. In Australia, there were a number of developments that shaped the business agenda, including: Capital projects—Prelude, QCLNG, and many others—achieved major milestones such as first LNG production. There were ongoing cost increases in capital projects. From a tax perspective, the Petroleum Resource Rent Tax (PRRT) was not renounced, and a decision was made on Browse royalties. Operators were busy with commissioning teams and preparing to operate new assets. Boards debated capital management, notably the AU$200 billion of projects in pre-FID and asset divestments. Exploration, notably for onshore east coast regulations in NSW and Victoria. The opening of the Wallumbilla gas supply hub in Queensland, in March 2014. 2015 will be an important period for the industry in Australia. For instance, the price of oil will be under pressure due to the changing global market forces for energy. Operators will have to work hard in 2015 as they commission large new facilities, reduce costs, and improve plant reliability. Also, the regulatory agenda will be focused on exploration, and balancing domestic and export market forces.
31
Ахматов, Хусей Ахматович, and Олег Александрович Коновалов. "COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF FOREIGN PRACTICE OF JUSTIFICATION OF THE INITIAL MAXIMUM PRICE OF THE CONTRACT IN THE PUBLIC ORDER PLACEMENT SYSTEM." «Izvestia vyssih uchebnyh zavedenij. Seria «Ekonomika, finansy i upravlenie proizvodstvom», no. 4 (46) (December 29, 2020): 41–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.6060/ivecofin.2020464.501.
Full textAbstract:
The paper highlights the main aspects of the formation and justification of the maximum price when placing a state order by participants in the contract system of foreign countries. The analysis of the best practices in public procurement is described on the example of countries such as the USA, Canada, UK, France, Brazil, Australia. Differences in comparison with the domestic practice of justifying the initial maximum price are revealed, associated with the obligatory survey of participants in the procurement procedure by government customers, with explanations of the decision taken by the commission of the government customer. The work reflects foreign analogues of the concept of the initial maximum contract price used in Russian practice, which are subject to the principles of agreeing a reasonable and fair price, as well as the open and hidden nature of the reserve price. The essence of the concept of the preliminary price of a state contract mentioned in the directives and guidelines of the European Union is revealed. The article reveals the factors enshrined in foreign regulations that prevent the formation of an equilibrium market price in the system of placing a government order, associated not only with a conflict of interest, but also with the unjustified provision of cost and non-cost benefits
32
El-Toukhy, Sherine, Kelvin Choi, Sara C. Hitchman, Maansi Bansal-Travers, James F. Thrasher, Hua-Hie Yong, Richard J. O’Connor, and Ce Shang. "Banning tobacco price promotions, smoking-related beliefs and behaviour: findings from the International Tobacco Control Four Country (ITC 4C) Survey." Tobacco Control 27, no. 3 (July 12, 2017): 310–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/tobaccocontrol-2017-053648.
Full textAbstract:
BackgroundEcological models emphasise multilevel influences on health behaviours. While studies show that exposure to price promotions is associated with smoking behaviour and its antecedents, less is known about whether these associations differ by macro-level factors such as national price promotion policies.MethodsCurrent and former smokers (N=4698) from the International Tobacco Control Policy Evaluation Project four-country cohort were included in weighted multivariate logistic regression models to examine individual-level associations between exposure to price promotions at waves 7 and 8 (conducted in 2008–2009 and 2010–2011) and beliefs (social and injunctive norms, functional value of smoking, misconceptions around smoking and beliefs of tobacco industry and its regulations) and behaviour at wave 8, stratified by whether countries allow (Australia and USA) or ban (Canada and UK) price promotions.ResultsAssociations between exposure to price promotions and smoking-related beliefs and behaviour differed by national price promotion policies. In countries that allow price promotions, participants repeatedly exposed to price promotions at waves 7 and 8 were more likely to associate functional values to smoking (ie, calms down when stressed (adjusted OR (AOR) 1.83) and to be current smokers at wave 8 (AOR 1.94). In countries that ban price promotions, participants repeatedly exposed to price promotions were less likely to hold misconceptions around smoking (ie, harsher smoke is more dangerous).ConclusionsDifferential associations emerged between exposure to price promotions, smoking-related beliefs and behaviour across countries with and without a price promotions ban. Adopting price promotion bans could ameliorate the associations between exposure to price promotions and smoking beliefs and behaviours.
33
Ludeke, J. T. "The External Affairs Power: Another Province for Law and Order?" Journal of Industrial Relations 35, no. 3 (September 1993): 453–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/002218569303500306.
Full textAbstract:
Although there was some surprise when the prime minister announced that the government would legislate to give effect to certain conventions of the International Labour Organisation, the way has been open to take this initiative for many years. The possibility of relying on the external affairs power in the Constitution to invoke the conventions, and thereby regulate labour conditions, was first canvassed in the High Court in 1936. Since 1982, there has been a series of cases involving Common wealth legislation founded on conventions to which Australia is party and it is now well established that the external affairs power will support domestic legislation giving effect to Australia's international commitments. To date, Commonwealth legislative initiatives have been in such areas as prohibiting racial discrimination and the protection of world heritage properties, but the reasoning which has been applied by the High Court is equally relevant to legislation providing for regulation of labour conditions. Commonwealth legislation in this field has meant an erosion of state responsibility and the cumulative effect of such legislation raises questions about the disturbance of the federal balance established by the Constitution.
34
Askew, Philip, and Andrew Lea-Cox. "Stakeholder response to abandonment challenges in Australia." APPEA Journal 57, no. 2 (2017): 377. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/aj16157.
Full textAbstract:
Australia’s early efforts in field abandonment have been limited in comparison to more mature basins, but have proven both complex and high cost, with delayed approvals caused by regulatory uncertainty and social concerns. Three underlying challenges impact operators and government and require action on both sides to resolve: (1) increasing size and scale of decommissioning liability, (2) limited understanding of challenges and cost drivers, and (3) uncertainty of regulations and taxes. Abandonment expenditure is expected to accelerate, with most industry companies already active and more companies expected to abandon in the future (e.g. Gippsland, North Carnarvon). Between 2017 and 2030, the overall impact of decommissioning is estimated to be ~US$5.5 billion, with the government taking up to 60% of this cost through taxes and liabilities. Many companies are looking to upgrade abandonment capabilities and take advantage of new technologies and approaches to reduce costs (although they seem to be struggling to bring programs forward in this period of lower prices). Some companies look to sell assets to late-life operators who tend to be smaller with less abandonment experience and capabilities. In an environment where regulations remain unclear and there is a lack of technology, skills and knowledge around abandonment, the industry is facing unprecedented challenges. Through strategic cost reduction, new technology and operating models, we believe costs could be optimised by a further 10–35%. The industry, National Offshore Petroleum Safety and Environmental Management Authority (NOPSEMA) and government have started engaging to clarify uncertainty in abandonment regulations. This will require an unbiased process that balances value and risk to all stakeholders and avoids the taxpayer bearing increased costs/rebates from inefficiencies.
35
Cunningham, Stuart, and Alexa Scarlata. "New forms of internationalisation? The impact of Netflix in Australia." Media International Australia 177, no. 1 (July 17, 2020): 149–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1329878x20941173.
Full textAbstract:
This article examines the impact of multinational subscription video-on-demand (SVOD) services in Australia, noting the degree to which a stalled policy response to the challenge of unregulated SVOD services has been shaken up by coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). We look at the phenomenon from a screen-ecological perspective – where dynamics of consumption, reviewing, production and regulation are interdependently and often contradictorily in play. We examine how these diverse, sometimes conflicted, perspectives can be approached as responding to new forms of internationalisation presented principally by the operations of Netflix in Australia (Amazon Prime Video, Disney+ and Apple TV+ are also mentioned when relevant). This article is part of a larger project (ARC Discovery DP190100978 Internet-Distributed Television: Cultural, Industrial and Policy Dynamics, chief investigators Ramon Lobato, Amanda Lotz, Stuart Cunningham) studying the cultural, industrial and policy dynamics of multinational SVOD globally and in situ locally.
36
Kumarasiri, Jayanthi, and Sumit Lodhia. "The Australian carbon tax: corporate perceptions, responses and motivations." Meditari Accountancy Research 28, no. 3 (January 4, 2020): 515–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/medar-10-2019-0590.
Full textAbstract:
Purpose This study aims to explore how large Australian companies in emission intensive industries perceived the introduction of the Carbon Tax as an approach to carbon emissions regulation and as a tool for accountability. It also investigates the influence of perceptions of the new tax on the internal carbon emissions management practices and the motivations for such actions. Design/methodology/approach This study draws on transaction cost theory and legitimacy theory to address corporate perceptions, responses and motivations in relation to the Carbon Tax. Semi-structured interviews were conducted with 18 senior managers directly responsible for the carbon emissions management of their companies. Findings The study found that the Carbon Tax, viewed by the high-emitting companies as a heavy financial burden, had a significant influence on moderating organisational legitimacy seeking behaviours. It is evident that the transaction cost issues in the form of the carbon pricing requirement has led to a change of focus to “management” rather than merely reporting to external stakeholders. This influenced companies to change their behaviour with the potential to internalise previous externalities of carbon pollution. Research limitations/implications This research highlights that a pricing signal in emissions regulations is essential in conjunction with external pressures to effectively stimulate emissions management actions in companies. It extends our understanding of legitimacy theory by suggesting that a mandatory pricing mechanism as explained by transaction cost economics has the potential to lead to actual changes in corporate behaviour through a focus on management rather than reporting. Practical implications The study highlights the important elements of any effective emissions policy designed to encourage strong emissions management actions from companies. Based on the findings of the study, it is evident that the Carbon Tax was a very effective mechanism in driving emission management actions, despite the general perception that any deficiencies associated with such a price mechanism could have a negative effect on the economy. Social implications Climate change is a critical issue for the modern society and this study discussed a short-lived policy tool in the Australian context that had the potential to change corporate behaviour in relation to carbon management. Originality/value This study is among the very few studies that have examined the influence of the Carbon Tax on internal emissions management practices of companies, and therefore, provides a unique dataset of corporate responses to the Carbon Tax. Given the short time frame that the Carbon Tax was in operation, the study enhances our understanding of the influence the Carbon Tax had on companies responsible for high greenhouse gas emissions.
37
Toleman, Daniel, and Lucy Cullen. "Finding net zero: how green LNG can improve the competitiveness of Australian LNG." APPEA Journal 61, no. 2 (2021): 512. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/aj20117.
Full textAbstract:
Liquefied natural gas (LNG) will continue to play a critical role in the global energy mix. Even under sustainable development scenarios, which envisage aggressive emissions reductions, LNG demand grows through 2040. The benefits of gas combustion over coal are clear and well known, but pressure is mounting for LNG players to make their gas even cleaner by reducing emissions and decarbonising portfolios. Asian LNG buyers are increasingly carbon-conscious. Six ‘carbon-neutral’ cargoes and a long-term supply tender have been announced. More are likely to follow as visibility on carbon credentials becomes the norm, potentially leading to greater scrutiny of projects and new price premiums. As a result, Australian LNG operators, many of whom have comparatively large carbon footprints, must begin the journey towards carbon neutrality. Innovation is key, with proposals including the use of batteries, renewable energy and carbon capture and storage. This study will highlight how these solutions can be deployed to improve Australian LNG’s carbon competitiveness. Regulation must advance in parallel with technology. There remains a lack of transparency and standardised emissions measurement across the industry. The definition of carbon-neutral itself is inconsistent, ranging from carbon-neutrality up to the point-of-sale all the way to an ambitious objective to offset full life cycle emissions. But the trend towards greener LNG is here to stay. In a jurisdiction at the forefront of carbon reduction, Australian players have an opportunity to partner with buyers to shape this new, ‘greener’ market. This study will consider what Australian operators must do to maintain competitiveness in a changing world.
38
Breen, Maddison, Hollie James, Anna Rangan, and Luke Gemming. "Prevalence of Product Claims and Marketing Buzzwords Found on Health Food Snack Products Does Not Relate to Nutrient Profile." Nutrients 12, no. 5 (May 22, 2020): 1513. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nu12051513.
Full textAbstract:
Growth in the consumer health and wellness industry has led to an increase of packaged foods marketed as health food (HF) products. In consequence, a ‘health halo’ around packaged HF has arisen that influences consumers at point-of-purchase. This study compared product claims (nutrient content claims (NCC), health claims and marketing ‘buzzwords’) displayed on packaged HF snack products sold in HF stores and HF aisles in supermarkets to equivalent products sold in regular aisles (RA) of supermarkets. Product Health Star Rating (HSR), nutrient profile and price were also compared. Data were collected for 2361 products from three supermarket chains, two HF chains and one independent HF store in Sydney, Australia. Mann-Whitney U tests compared the product claims, HSR, nutrient composition and unit ($) price. HF snacks displayed significantly more product claims per product compared to RA foods (HSR ≤ 2.5), median (IQR) 5.0(4.0) versus 1.0(2) and (HSR > 2.5) 4.0(4.0) versus 3.0(4), respectively (p < 0.001). A significantly different HSR was evident between HF and RA snack products, median 2.5(0) versus 2.0(1.5), respectively (p < 0.001). HF snacks cost significantly more than RA snack foods, irrespective of product HSR (p < 0.001). These findings support the recommendation for revised labelling regulations and increased education regarding consumers food label interpretation.
39
Coveney, John. "Food and trust in Australia: building a picture." Public Health Nutrition 11, no. 3 (March 2008): 237–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1368980007000250.
Full textAbstract:
AbstractObjectiveTo explore consumer trust in food, especially people’s experiences that support or diminish trust in the food supply; consumer practices to strengthen trust in food; and views on how trust in the food supply could be increased.SettingAdelaide, South Australia.DesignIn-depth qualitative research interviews and focus groups.SubjectsWomen and men who are primary food providers in families (n= 24).ResultsMedia coverage of food scares and scandals and personal experience of food-borne illness challenged respondents’ trust in the food system. Poor retail food handling practices and questionable marketing ploys by food manufacturers also decreased trust. Buying ‘Made-in-Australia’ produce and following food safety procedures at home were important practices to strengthen food trust. Knowledge of procedures for local food inspection and for national food regulation to keep food safe was scanty. Having a strong regulatory environment governing food safety and quality was considered by respondents to be of prime importance for trust building.DiscussionThe dimensions of trust found in this study are consistent with key theoretical aspects of trust. The need for trust in highly complex environments, in this case the food supply, was evident. Trust was found to be integral to food choice, and negative media reports, the sources of which themselves enjoy various levels of dependability, were found to easily damage trust relationships. The lack of visibility of authoritative monitoring and surveillance, misleading food advertising, and poor retail food handling practices were identified as areas that decreased consumer trust. Respondents also questioned the probity of food labelling, especially health claims and other mechanisms designed to guide food choice. The research highlights the role trust plays in food choice. It also emphasises the importance of a visible authoritative presence in the food system to strengthen trust and provide reassurance to consumers.
40
Van der Merwe, Johannes, Philippus Cloete, and Herman Van Schalkwyk. "The competitive status of the South African Wheat Industry." Journal of Economic and Financial Sciences 9, no. 3 (December 3, 2016): 651–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.4102/jef.v9i3.63.
Full textAbstract:
This article investigates the competitiveness of the South African wheat industry and compares it to its major trade partners. Since 1997, the wheat-to-bread value chain has been characterised by concentration of ownership and regulation. This led to concerns that the local wheat market is losing international competitiveness. The competitive status of the wheat industry, and its sub-sectors, is determined through the estimation of the relative trade advantage (RTA). The results revealed declining competitiveness of local wheat producers. Compared to the major global wheat producers, such as Argentina, Australia, Brazil, Canada, Germany and the USA, South Africa’s unprocessed wheat industry is uncompetitive. At the same time, South Africa has a competitive advantage in semi-processed wheat, especially wheat flour. The institutional environment enables the importation of raw wheat at lower prices and exports processed wheat flour competitively to the rest of Africa.
41
Szűcs, István, and Viktoria Vida. "Global tendencies in pork meat - production, trade and consumption." Applied Studies in Agribusiness and Commerce 11, no. 3-4 (December 31, 2017): 105–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.19041/apstract/2017/3-4/15.
Full textAbstract:
World meat production is anticipated to stagnate in 2016, rising by a mere 0.3% to 320.7 million tonnes. Increases in output are expected in the United States, Brazil, the EU, India and the Russian Federation, while reduced production is foreseen for China, Australia and South Africa. Global meat trade is forecast to recover in 2016, growing by 2.8% to 30.6 million tonnes, which would represent a return to trend, after a fall in 2015. World production of pig meat in 2016 is forecast to decrease marginally, by 0.7% to 116.4 million tonnes, thus registering a second year of virtual stagnation. As in 2015, lower output in China, which accounts for almost half the world total, is the main reason for the slowdown. An unfavourable feed-pork price ratio in the country and new environmental regulations have caused farmers to reduce breeding sows, stalling growth. China’s production is projected to be 54 million tonnes, down 2.5% from the previous year. Elsewhere in Asia, the Philippines and Vietnam could boost output. Also, production in Japan and the Republic of Korea may expand, as the industry recovers from outbreaks of PED, which reduced piglet numbers in the previous two years. Recovery from the effects of PED has been faster in the United States, where a second year of growth is anticipated, when production could increase by 1.9% to a record 11.3 million tonnes. Output in Mexico also continues to recover, following a PED outbreak in 2014, and may rise in 2016 by 2.0% to 1.3 million tonnes. Pork meat trade could experience a second year of growth, increasing by 4.4% to 7.5 million tonnes – a record level. Lower international prices have stimulated trade. Most of the principal importing countries are anticipated to increase their purchases, including Mexico, China, the Russian Federation, the United States, Japan, the Republic of Korea and Australia. In response to rising demand, exports are projected to grow, in particular those of the United States, Canada, the EU and Brazil (FAO, 2016). Summarizing, in this study we wish to examine how evolve the world pork meat production, trade and consumption, and to demonstrate the main consuming countries, highlighting the role of China, as it is the most populated country in the world with its 1.4 billion inhabitants.
JEL Code: Q13, Q12
42
Carl, Ann-Kathrin, and David Hochmann. "Comparison of the regulatory requirements for custom-made medical devices using 3D printing in Europe, the United States, and Australia." Biomedical Engineering / Biomedizinische Technik 67, no. 2 (March 16, 2022): 61–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/bmt-2021-0266.
Full textAbstract:
Abstract Additive manufacturing (AM) has continuously grown in recent decades. Enhanced quality, further development of technology, and fall in prices make AM applicable and capable for various industrial applications, also for the manufacture of medical devices. 3D printing offers the possibility for an unprecedented adaptation to the anatomy of each patient, generating medical devices on a case-by-case basis. In many jurisdictions, custom-made devices qualify for an exemption to pre-market approval standards. This regulation is called into question by new technologies, like AM. Therefore, this article compares the current regulatory requirements for custom-made devices in Europe, the United States, and Australia and discusses the impact on 3D printed devices. It concludes that not all jurisdictions have yet adjusted their regulatory framework for custom-made devices to technological advances. Remaining uncertainties must be eliminated in order to help manufacturers comply with the regulatory requirements, emphasizing key aspects of AM.
43
Bi, Kanglei, and Lili Rong. "A research on the effectiveness of agricultural water rights allocation based on market orientation." E3S Web of Conferences 199 (2020): 00004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202019900004.
Full textAbstract:
There are some problems in China’s agricultural water resources, such as low per capita consumption and uneven spatial and temporal distribution. It is urgent to speed up the reform of water rights trading mode. Based on the market orientation and the experience of the United States and Australia, this paper studies the effectiveness of China’s agricultural water rights trade. Firstly, the characteristics of “quasi-market” should be clarified. Secondly, under the market mechanism, this paper analyzes the mechanism of the impact of economic incentives of trading subjects, reasonable delimitation of trading prices and multiple participation of institutions and departments. Furthermore, the factors that affect the efficiency are deeply analyzed. At last, the paper provides some suggestions on the construction of a trading mechanism with Chinese characteristics from the aspects of right confirmation registration, pricing mechanism and supervision regulations, to provide decision support for agricultural water rights management system.
44
Alam., Dr Sheikh Mahabub. "Second-hand Tobacco Smoke (ETS) – Findings of an Australian Case Study and How Dhaka can reap the Benefit from the Research Outcome." International Journal of Social Sciences and Humanities Invention 5, no. 9 (September 2, 2018): 4959–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.18535/ijsshi/v5i9.01.
Full textAbstract:
Smoking / ETS kills, prime reason for cancer, asthma, other lung diseases and other deadly diseases. It is diagnosed as the greatest silent killer on earth. Smoking has no positive contribution to human health or to the environment. It affects almost all organs of the body, leading to carcinogenic diseases and ending in premature mortality. Infants and children are most at risk. Although the overall smoking trend is slowly declining but smoking rate among students and young adults (both men and women) are disturbingly increasing in Australia despite strong collaborative efforts of public and private sector to curb tobacco smoking. Exposure to smoking is a violation of the right of all individuals to breathe clean air. Although people can’t be forced to quit smoking, but regulation can be tightened, and strict enforcement of law would be a good deterrent for smokers. Australia has banned tobacco smoking in all public places and Bangladesh government could follow that noble initiative. In addition, community engagement, awareness building through education, accompanied by punishing smoking / ETS producers with hefty fines. Bangladesh unfortunately belongs among the top five smoking nation on earth. About 43% of people smokes and in the long run it will bring catastrophic consequences. Currently there are about 1.5 million cancer patients and about 3 30 million kidney patients and growing. A major contributor is tobacco and ETS. Unless urgent measures are taken the country will be flooded with patients with incurable diseases, a burden the country can’t afford to handle.
45
Nalini Pandey and Mohammed Imran. "Materiovigilance: Current status in India analogous to its global status." Journal of Pharmacovigilance and Drug Research 1, no. 2 (December 1, 2020): 24–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.53411/jpadr.2020.1.2.4.
Full textAbstract:
Introduction: Medical devices are boon to the healthcare system and are available in the market since long ago. More than 500,000 different types of the medical devices are available in the international market. Thus, from the patient safety view point, assessment of the quality and safety of these medical devices is essential.
Objectives: This review article discusses the classification and regulation of medical devices in India and the world with framework of adverse event reporting system for medical devices in India.
Methods: To address the aforesaid issue International Medical Device Regulators Forum (IMDF) was established in 2011 was established at international Level. In India, 4 years later in 2015, Materiovoigilance Program of india (MvPI) was introduced with the prime aim of improving the protection of the health and safety of patients, healthcare professionals and others by reducing the likelihood of reoccurrence of an adverse event associated with the use of medical devices.
Results: At present, there are 50 Medical Device Adverse Event Monitoring Centres (MDMCs) in India. Every country has its own regulatory body and guidelines for monitoring and reporting of adverse events due to medical devices eg: USFDA in USA, TGA in Australia, MHRA in UK, ENVISA in Brazil, CDSCO in India etc.
Conclusions: In India, the provisions of regulation of safety, quality and performance of medical devices are laid down in the Drugs and Cosmetics Act, 1940 and rules 1945.
46
Khabbach, Abdelmajid, Mohamed Libiad, Mohamed El Haissoufi, Soumaya Bourgou, Wided Megdiche-Ksouri, Fatima Lamchouri, Zeineb Ghrabi-Gammar, et al. "Electronic commerce of the endemic plants of northern Morocco (Mediterranean coast-Rif) and Tunisia over the internet." Botanical Sciences 100, no. 1 (October 5, 2021): 139–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.17129/botsci.2850.
Full textAbstract:
Background: Internet trade popularize the ornamental interest of plants but can also threaten species’ wild populations, if this activity is performed in uncontrolled and unauthorised ways.
Questions: What endemic plants of Morocco and Tunisia are traded over the Internet by whom and at what prices?
Studied species: 94 endemic plants of northern Morocco and 83 of Tunisia.
Study site and dates: Tunisia and northern Morocco (Mediterranean coast and Rif region); internet survey between September 2018 and December 2019.
Methods: To understand the extent of this new form of trade, We recorded the type of plant material sold over the Internet for the studied taxa, their prices and suppliers using online platforms.
Results: Four northern Moroccan taxa (4.25 % of the total local endemics) were found as marketed by 18 nurseries in Europe, North America, Australia and New Zealand, while no marketing activity was detected for Tunisian endemic plants. The nurseries involved offer for sale and distribution living individuals of Abies marocana at €12.00-259.50, Rhodanthemum hosmariense at €0.35-19.5, Salvia interrupta subsp. paui at €6.23-8.90, and bulbs of Acis tangitana at €1.05-3.95. Although these taxa are classified as endangered, they are traded worldwide without permit of the Moroccan authorities. The source and origin of the plant material are not clearly indicated, and only some nurseries report that their marketed material comes from own cultivated stocks.
Conclusions: The implementation of protection laws/regulations and the monitoring of nurseries’ websites are recommended to control the illegal trade of wild plant material.
47
Khabbach, Abdelmajid, Mohamed Libiad, Mohamed El Haissoufi, Soumaya Bourgou, Wided Megdiche-Ksouri, Fatima Lamchouri, Zeineb Ghrabi-Gammar, et al. "Electronic commerce of the endemic plants of northern Morocco (Mediterranean coast-Rif) and Tunisia over the internet." Botanical Sciences 100, no. 1 (October 5, 2021): 139–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.17129/botsci.2850.
Full textAbstract:
Background: Internet trade popularize the ornamental interest of plants but can also threaten species’ wild populations, if this activity is performed in uncontrolled and unauthorised ways.
Questions: What endemic plants of Morocco and Tunisia are traded over the Internet by whom and at what prices?
Studied species: 94 endemic plants of northern Morocco and 83 of Tunisia.
Study site and dates: Tunisia and northern Morocco (Mediterranean coast and Rif region); internet survey between September 2018 and December 2019.
Methods: To understand the extent of this new form of trade, We recorded the type of plant material sold over the Internet for the studied taxa, their prices and suppliers using online platforms.
Results: Four northern Moroccan taxa (4.25 % of the total local endemics) were found as marketed by 18 nurseries in Europe, North America, Australia and New Zealand, while no marketing activity was detected for Tunisian endemic plants. The nurseries involved offer for sale and distribution living individuals of Abies marocana at €12.00-259.50, Rhodanthemum hosmariense at €0.35-19.5, Salvia interrupta subsp. paui at €6.23-8.90, and bulbs of Acis tangitana at €1.05-3.95. Although these taxa are classified as endangered, they are traded worldwide without permit of the Moroccan authorities. The source and origin of the plant material are not clearly indicated, and only some nurseries report that their marketed material comes from own cultivated stocks.
Conclusions: The implementation of protection laws/regulations and the monitoring of nurseries’ websites are recommended to control the illegal trade of wild plant material.
48
Riadi, Septa, Eva Anggraini, and Yudi Wahyudin. "REVIEW LITERATURE: INDONESIAN PORT MANAGEMENT STRATEGY WITH TRANSDISCIPLINARY APPROACH COMPARED TO OTHER COUNTRIES IN THE WORLD." Coastal and Ocean Journal (COJ) 2, no. 2 (November 9, 2018): 69–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.29244/coj.2.2.69-82.
Full textAbstract:
Research with a transdisciplinary approach aims to encourage integration beyond the boundaries of disciplines, and provide new perspectives in dealing with complex problems. These problems target various aspects, including problems in port management. In Vietnam the main problem of the port is in terms of ecology. While in Hong Kong as one of the largest ports in the world, it also faces problems in regulating the flow of ships and also in ports. Greece and China highlight an equally important study, namely the risk at the port. The port of Turkey has a different approach in attracting ships to dock at its ports, namely non-price aspects such as customer service, service customization and bundling, service expansion, service diversification and additional services and most importantly is the improvement of the company's image through the UK and Australia's CSR having the same problem regarding port privatization. To solve this problem is certainly expected to share the role of transdisciplines, ranging from government science, institutional economics, political economy, engineering science, ecology, business, to socilogy and other sciences.
Keywords:
transdisciplinary, port management, marine services
49
Adams, Michael. "Board Diversity: More Than a Gender Issue?" Deakin Law Review 20, no. 1 (September 18, 2015): 123. http://dx.doi.org/10.21153/dlr2015vol20no1art497.
Full textAbstract:
There has been extensive research conducted on the importance of corporate governance around the world. The research seems to demonstrate that, regardless of whether corporations are based in common law or civil code systems, their longevity and sustainability arise from good corporate governance. However, the evidence does not clearly demonstrate a correlation between a particular organisation’s governance structure and practices and its share price. Around the world the question of board diversity is gaining in importance. The beginning of the debate in the 1960s centred on gender. While it is essential to conduct a debate on gender diversity, other aspects of diversity should also be considered. Race, culture and even age may have a direct impact on the performance of a board. Australian companies, particularly those listed on the ASX, have a poor record of instituting any type of diversity. The USA and European Union have a much wider range of policies to promote diversity on corporate boards. The key question is how best to regulate to promote diversity across gender, race, culture and age. The historical approach of regulating diversity by setting targets and requiring disclosure does not seem to have delivered substantial change. Is it the right time to impose mandatory requirements, or are there other alternative strategies? Without doubt change is required, but there will be opposition.
50
Shumylo, Mykhailo. "Judicial assistant: current state of legal regulation and review of court practice." Yearly journal of scientific articles “Pravova derzhava”, no. 32 (2021): 323–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.33663/0869-2491-2021-32-323-330.
Full textAbstract:
Patronage service(executive support service)is a type of service and employment relations that arise, change and terminate to ensure effective, proper and quality performance of their duties by officials who are legally entitled to have a patronage servant. The term “patronage” comes from “patronatus” in Latin- the state or rights of the patron. In the national legislation, the patronage service is a quite new category and was first introduced in 1993 with the adoption of the Law on Civil Service, and therefore has no old traditions. The change in the status of the patronage service in Ukraine indirectly indicates its formation. There is no single approach to the principles of patronage service in foreign countries, for example, in Italy and Germany patronage service does not stand out as a separate concept, but such kind relationships are included in the public service, while in Australia, Britain, Georgia, Canada, Lithuania and Poland patronage service conceptually stands out as a category of public service with a number of special rules. The establishment of a patronage service in Ukraine was an objective necessity and today it operates in the system of legislative, executive and judicial branches. The labor functions of patronage service employees are directly correlated with the labor functions of public law official to whom they are assigned (subordinated). The patronage service includes advisers, assistants, commissioners, press-secretaries of the President of Ukraine, employees of the secretariats of the Chairman, First Deputy Chairman and Deputy Chairman of the Verkhovna Rada of Ukraine, employees of patronage services of the Prime Minister of Ukraine and other members of the Cabinet of Ministers of Ukraine, advising assistants of People's Deputies of Ukraine, judicial assistants and scientific advisers to judges of the Constitutional Court of Ukraine, judicial assistants, advisers to the Chairman of the Supreme Court and chairmen of cassation courts, as well as positions of patronage servants in other state bodies. At the same time as for judiciary, part 4 of Article 92 of the Civil Service Law (2015) states that the specifics of patronage service in courts, bodies and institutions of the judicial system are determined by the legislation on the judiciary and the status of judges. Judicial assistants are an integral part of the judiciary. Despite their legal status, whether civil or patronage servants, the lion's share of work is performed by judicial assistants. It can be concluded, directly or indirectly, that effective work of a court or a judge is not possible without the effective work of judicial assistants (judges' offices) and this interdependency is obvious. It should also be noted that a significant number of assistants later become judges, or if we take a look at the biographies of judges of all levels we can find out that many of them took their first steps in the legal profession as judicial assistants. This might lead to the conclusion that “judicial assistants environment” is a kind of a personnel reserve of the judiciary.