Academic literature on the topic 'Price of attraction'

AbstractEmpirical analysis of manufacturing plant location requires the use of a single industrial site quality measure. Under hedonic price theory, the price of industrial sites can be explained by their quality characteristics. The estimated site price is included with ten other location factors in an ordered, categorical logit model of plant attraction to Georgia counties. The results inform public decisionmakers of the relative impact of site location factors and how changes in location factors can alter the probability of attracting a manufacturing plant.

Tourism is a global force in economic growth. To provide policy suggestions for advancing the tourism industry, we adopt a primary indicator, environmental perception, to examine tourism development. We conduct a nationwide meta-analysis to collect the environmental perceptions of residents and tourists in China, i.e., the satisfaction of an attraction’s environment. We analyze the collected information about the environmental perceptions, score the information, either negative (0) or positive (1), and sort these scores according to four socioeconomic classes (administrative units, attraction rating, ticket price, and attraction type). Our results show that residents’ and tourists’ degrees of satisfaction with environmental perception vary significantly among different classes and that unsatisfactory environmental perception indicates potential problems in the environment, products, and services provided by tourist attractions. Accordingly, we propose suggestions to address unsatisfactory environmental perceptions in each class, aiming to improve the degrees of satisfaction with environmental perception and to promote sustainability in tourism development.

Pricing as a resource management strategy of educational services is considered as one of the important strategies for attracting students into the, Polytechnics in Nigeria, both private and public, are applying various means of attracting more students into their institutions, with special focus on, Price (PP). This study examined the relationship between price (school fees) and students’ attraction into Polytechnics in the North Central States, Nigeria. This study adopted survey research design, and the target population comprised 40,778 students of the entire polytechnics in the North Central States of Nigeria. A sample of 396 students was selected using stratified sampling method. A validated questionnaire was used for data collection. The Cronbach’s Alpha coefficients for the constructs ranged from 0.78 to 0.91. The response rate was 86.2%. Data were analysed using descriptive and inferential (Pearson Product Moment correlation and regression) statistics. Findings revealed that Price had significant effect on students’ attraction into Polytechnics in the North Central states, Nigeria. The management of the Polytechnics in the North Central States, Nigeria should offer various programmes to match the needs of the potential students and school fees increase as a strategy should be used carefully. Price (school fees) is an effective marketing strategy that attracts students into the Polytechnics in the North Central States, Nigeria. There-fore, students should give appropriate information that could encourage patronage

Candirejo Village is a tourism village which focuses on the natural nuance of the village. The current challenge faced by Candirejo Village is how to significantly increase the number of tourists per year. In dealing with this challenge, the management should manage tourists satisfaction. The factors that need to be paid attention to the tourists' satisfaction are the attraction, facility, service, accessibility, and price. This study aims to examine and analyze the effect of attraction, facility, service, accessibility, and price on the tourist's satisfaction of Candirejo Village. The analysis results show that all of the independent variables jointly affect the tourist's satisfaction in Candirejo Village. Despite that, the price was the only factor individually affecting the tourist's satisfaction in Candirejo Village. Therefore, attraction, facility, service, accessibility, and price are multi-factors. Optimal synergized of these factors can increase the tourist's satisfaction in Candirejo Village.

There are few studies in which the focus is on cognitive determinants of artwork bidding. Using a micro approach, we explored factors that may influence bidders' offering from a psychological perspective. The 157 participants rated 25 paintings on the price they were willing to offer for works by famous Chinese artists executed in the traditional Chinese style and variants of the same works by a modern Chinese artist working in adaptations of the style of famous Western artists. Results showed that for both the Chinese and Western-style paintings in 3 price anchoring and 3 price nonanchoring conditions, 3 factors affected the bidding for the artworks: positive attraction, artistic quality, and cognitive stimulation. Of these factors positive attraction and artistic quality were the primary influences. In each condition, positive attraction was always the positive predictor of the bidders' offering, emphasizing the importance of the artwork's aesthetic value. In contrast, artistic quality deterred participants from bidding. In addition, whether or not there was a reference-point price made a difference in the traditional Chinese group of artworks. Bidders wished to offer a higher price only if the price had been high for the previous example of this artist's work that had sold.

This study aims to determine the effect of free variable price, inconvenience, core service failure, service encounter failure, response to service, attraction by competitors, ethical problems, and involuntary switching to switching behavior of mineral water brand in the region Banjamegara both partially and simultaneously. And to determine the independent variables that most influence on switching behavior of mineral water in the Banjarnegara. The method used in sampling is purposive sampling, the sampling is based on specific criteria and goals, with criteria respondents who are buying it either weekly or monthly at the distributor or the same store and was in the region Banjamegara. The analytical method used was multiple linear regression test with a significant level (α) 0,1 and the elasticity test. The results of this study concluded that prices, core service failures, service encounter failures and ethical problems are partially no effect on brand switching, with a significant value of 0,838, 0,925, 0,239 and 0,329 more than 0,1. But attraction by competitor and involuntary switching partially significant effect on brand switching, with a significant value of 0,070 and 0,087 is less than 0,1. price, inconvenience, core service failure, service encounter failure, response to service, attraction by competitors, ethical problems, and involuntary switching simultaneously had no effect on brand switching, with a value significantly by 0,141 more than 0,1. involuntary switching variables that most influence on brand switching. This is indicated by the value of E8 > E1, E3, E4, E6 and E7 is 0275 > 0,018, -0,009, 0,153, 0,176 and -0,111. Key words: Price, Inconvenience, Core Service Failure, Service Encounter Failure, Response To Service, Attraction By Competitors, Ethical Problems, Involuntary Switching and Brand Switching.

This study aims to determine the economic analysis that affects tourist demand on the number of visitors to tourist attractions during 2014-2019, with research at Gandoriah Beach, Pariaman City. The independent variables are motivation (x1), price (x2), tourist attraction (x3), ease of visit (x4), image (x5). The dependent variable is the number of visitors (Y). The sample in this study were 96 tourists who visited Gandoriah Beach. Data were collected using questionnaire data and primary data. Hypothesis testing using analysis, regression, t test, F test and determination were processed using the SPSS 18 for windows program. The results show that partially motivation has no effect on the number of visitors, price has no effect on the number of visitors, tourist attraction affects the number of visitors, ease of visit affects the number of visitors, and image affects the number of visitors. Simultaneously the independent variable has a significant effect on the dependent variable with an F value of 38.086 with a probability of 0.000 <0.05. The joint contribution was 66.1%.

Jatiluwih Tourism Attraction as part of the World Cultural Heritage is a tourist product consumed by tourists. Perception of tourists is important to be studied as a reference in the management of tourist attractions. Data collection techniques using survey methods are used to determine tourists' perception of Jatiluwih Tourism Attraction as part of the World Cultural Heritage. Questionnaires are used as research instruments to obtain information from tourists. After the data is collected, then the measurement is done using the Likert Scale. In determining the number of tourist samples used Slovin formula. Based on Slovin formula with a tolerance limit of 5%, the number of samples for foreign tourists as many as 204 people, and the number of samples for domestic tourists as many as 52 people. The total sample count was 256 people. Domestic and foreign tourists give the highest perception of employment opportunities for the community from the management of tourist attractions. Good perception of tourists is also given to the friendliness of the staff in providing service, naturalness and beauty of the scenery around the tourist attraction. The perception of tourists is not good given to the price of souvenirs, ease of access to the internet, availability of souvenirs with local characteristics, and smooth traffic around tourist attractions.

FURNAS CENTRAIS ELÉTRICAS S.A
O mercado brasileiro de energia elétrica ainda não encontrou um modelo de mercado e de formação de preço que garanta a expansão auto-sustentada da oferta. Investigando em detalhe o modelo atual de despacho da geração e formação do preço, demonstramos a sua pouca eficácia na atração de investimentos, e identificamos a causa dessa falha como sendo a miopia do modelo de despacho, uma vez os estados críticos do sistema só aprecem de forma significativa quando o sistema já estiver degradado. São estudados três modelos alternativos que modificam a função-objetivo ou a regra de formação do preço, ajustados de modo a viabilizar e tornar suficientemente atrativos os investimentos na expansão da oferta. Finalmente, estes modelos são então comparados entre si e com o modelo atual, quanto ao valor para o investidor e quanto ao custo para o sistema e para o consumidor. Um mercado é dito completo se permite aos agentes alocar livremente seus recursos e demandas quando estiverem disponíveis e/ou forem necessários e permite que os agentes condicionem estes recursos / demandas ao estado (preço) do mercado. Estas funcionalidades são implementadas através dos derivativos financeiros, negociados no mercado futuro. Neste trabalho fazemos uma análise conceitual do mercado futuro de energia elétrica, indicando a diferença em relação ao de outras commodities e apresentando um modelo da oferta e demanda por contratos futuros de energia elétrica.
The Brazilian Market of Electrical Energy has not yet found a stable market and price model that ensues the feasibility and makes attractive a self-sustained investment for the expansion of electrical energy generation. Researching the current generation dispatch and spot price model, we show that it is ineffective to attract investments because the model is myopic, since the range of critical system states that is foreseen at the current state is not significant until the system is already too degraded. Stemming from this conclusion, we develop three alternative models, modifying the dispatch model objective and the price formation rule. These alternative models are tuned to make the investments in generation expansion feasible and attractive. The models are compared regarding their value to the investor and the cost to the system and to the consumer. A complete market allows the economic agents to freely allocate their resources and requirements whenever they are available and/or required. A complete market also allows conditional settlement, i.e., to condition the resource availability and/or requirement to a particular market state (price). These features are realized by financial derivatives, in the, so called, futures market. We present a conceptual analysis of the electrical energy s future market, pointing the differences to other commodities future markets that are due to economical unfeasibility of storing electricity. We also present an equilibrium model for the forward electrical energy contracts.

This study provides a comparative analysis of pricing promotions, which create an incentive to buy in Russian and Swedish fashion e-shops. The aim of this work is to determine the national differences in sales promotions used in e-commerce in these countries. This work confirms the existence of modern marketing trend in the e-commerce, which uses discounts as a tool for communication with consumers and for retaining them in the shop as a regular customer, and not just for traditional use of discounts as a way to sell remaining goods. To conduct the study the collected data obtained through systematic observation of application of discounts and promotions as marketing tools in the e-shops in these countries. Following the comparative analysis of statistical data we were able to determine the difference in the periods of sales, the maximum and minimum level of price falls, to create a typology of discounts, typical for both countries and for each of them separately. The recommendations for online retailers who develop the markets of these countries with regard to national specifics in communication with the consumer and based on the most popular types of discounts and promotions are also the important part of this work. The results of this study refute the words of the expert Simonetta Carbonaro that the modern approach to pricing policy in the e-commerce is a "suicide of fashion retail."

Syfte: Pay-What-You-Want (PWYW) är en kundstyrd prissättningsstrategi, där kunden bestämmer priset. Tidigare forskning visar att antalet kunder ökar vid tillämpning av prisstrategin. Studiens syfte är således att analysera samband och förklara ifall variablerna priskänslighet, rättvisa, riskkänslighet och nyfikenhet påverkar konsumentens attraktion till PWYW. Metod: Studien har ett deduktivt tillvägagångssätt för att analysera litteratur och vetenskapliga artiklar. Teorin har deducerat studiens hypoteser för att undersöka samband och kvantitativ metod har används där empirisk data har samlats in med en webbenkät. Resultatet analyseras i SPSS med en faktoranalys och korrelationsanalys. Detta redovisas genom tabeller och figurer samt diskussion. Resultat & slutsats: Studien visar positiva samband mellan attraktion till PWYW och priskänslighet, rättvisa samt nyfikenhet. Sambandet mellan attraktion till PWYW och riskkänslighet visar dock svag korrelation. Däremot indikerar resultatet att det finns fler variabler att ta hänsyn till. Förslag till fortsatt forskning: Resultatet indikerar att det saknas faktorer som påverkar konsumentens attraktion till PWYW. Det är av intresse att undersöka hur faktorerna kan nyttjas av företag samt om konsumentens attraktion påverkas ifall prisstrategin inte längre anses ovanlig. Uppsatsens bidrag: Studien är först med att studera konsumentens motivationer till PWYW innan köpmomentet. Studien bidrar med variabler som förklarar varför konsumenter attraheras av en kundstyrd prisstrategi. Studien bidrar likaså med kunskap för forskningen kring PWYW.

Дисертація на здобуття наукового ступеня кандидата економічних наук за спеціальністю 08.00.04 "Економіка та управління підприємствами (за видами економічної діяльності)". Національна металургійна академія України, м. Дніпро. Національний технічний університет "Харківський політехнічний інститут", м. Харків, 2019. У дисертаційній роботі здійснено постановку та запропоновано вирішення важливого для економіки України завдання формування ринкового потенціалу металургійних підприємств з врахуванням оцінки використання їх людського капіталу. На основі аналізу характеру і тенденцій розвитку досліджень ринкового потенціалу запропоноване авторське визначення в якому під ринковим потенціалом підприємства розуміються можливості й ризики розвитку підприємства під впливом керованих та некерованих чинників ринку. Для підтвердження змісту отриманого визначення виконано аналіз можливостей оцінки ринкового потенціалу підприємства та чинників, що впливають на його величину. Запропоновано оціночний механізм капіталізації ринкового потенціалу підприємства, який включає: аналіз цільового ринку; визначення загальних та специфічних характеристик його складових; вибір оціночного підходу з обґрунтуванням вартісних та інтегральних показників (зокрема ринкової позиції), а також визначення ефективності капіталізації ринкового потенціалу (коефіцієнта капіталізації). Доведено, що поняття "ринкового потенціалу" та "людського капіталу" є взаємозв'язаними. Кількісною характеристикою цього зв'язку є параметр "вартість капіталу", аналітична база якого побудована на методах капіталізації підприємства. Розроблено структурно-логічну схему взаємозв'язку основних наукових понять розглянутих у дослідженні ("людський капітал – капіталізація – вартість підприємства – ринковий потенціал"). У роботі з'ясовано, що для ефективного функціонування та розвитку підприємства на ринку необхідно реалізувати його ринковий потенціал, а результатом реалізації ринкового потенціалу підприємства виступають як отримані доходи та ринкова вартість підприємства, так й інтегральні критерії, які відображують ринкову частку підприємства, його ринкову позицію та конкурентну репутацію. Для обґрунтування та визначення майбутніх стратегічних перспектив розвитку підприємства сформовано оціночну базу ринкового потенціалу підприємства, яка складається з відповідних ресурсів – активів підприємства, витрат та не фінансових показників діяльності. Встановлено що, оцінка людського капіталу здійснюється в процесі капіталізації його складової – трудового потенціалу, величина якого, в свою чергу, виступає вартісною оцінкою трудових ресурсів підприємства. Для вдосконалення оціночного інструментарію людського капіталу, як елементу ринкового потенціалу підприємства, в роботі досліджено, етапи розвитку сутності поняття людського капіталу. На основі проведених досліджень, сформований підхід, в якому людський капітал розглядається, як частка вартості підприємства та враховуються відмінності окремих форм капіталу, а саме економічна форма – частка, яка може безпосередньо визначатися вартісними показниками); культурна – частка, яка конвертується в економічний капітал частково – здатності, компетенції людини тощо; соціальна – у вигляді різного роду соціальних атрибутів, "зв'язків", connections); символічна – вид капіталу, що має визнання у суспільстві – престиж, репутація, честь тощо. У роботі досліджено економічна форма людського капіталу (тобто вона може безпосередньо визначатися вартісними показниками), як частка вартості підприємства і як реальне джерело коштів, які можуть бути безпосередньо інвестовані у розвиток конкретної людини або групи команди, колективу, нації тощо. Доведено, що кожна особа за час свого життя накопичує власний людський капітал. При цьому, ринкова вартість її праці та дохід, від вкладених в її розвиток підприємством коштів, і є та ціна, яку сплачує підприємство за можливість використання (запозичення) індивідуального людського капіталу і, згідно теорії відсотка, визначається як частка від основної суми капіталу, та виражає вартість послуги, яка забезпечується цим капіталом у момент його участі у виробничому процесі, як його тимчасового чинника. На основі запропонованої оціночної бази ринкового потенціалу, сформовано підходи до урахування людського капіталу, як його елементу. Для цього спеціально розроблені облікові документи, інформація з яких, є базою для формування балансу людського капіталу в системі управлінського обліку підприємства. На прикладі ринкової історії ПАТ "ЄВРАЗ – Дніпровський металургійний завод" встановлена сумарна недооцінка ринкової вартості підприємства за рахунок накопиченої вартості людського капіталу. Для визначення галузевих характеристик ринкового потенціалу сучасних вітчизняних металургійних підприємств в роботі сформовано поняття трансформаційного розвитку. Розрахована та представлена динаміка основних вартісних показників людського капіталу та проаналізовано тенденції трансформаційних процесів в гірничо-металургійному комплексі України, що впливають на ефективність використання людського капіталу металургійними підприємствами і, як наслідок, на реалізацію їх ринкового потенціалу. Сформовано блок-схему аналізу чинників формування ринкового потенціалу металургійного підприємства на основі якої досліджено значущість впливу показників вартості людського капіталу на ринковий потенціал металургійних підприємств групи Металургпрому (16 металургійних та феросплавних заводів цієї групи виготовляють понад 50% усієї продукції гірничо-металургійного комплексу). За допомогою кластерного аналізу визначено інтегральну характеристику – ринкову позицію металургійного підприємства серед своїх найближчих конкурентів на цільовому ринку. Результати досліджень, підтверджують наявність взаємозв'язку та обґрунтовують вплив показників оцінки використання людського капіталу на ринкову позицію металургійних підприємств та, відповідно, й на реалізацію їх ринкового потенціалу.
Dissertation for the degree of Candidate of Economic Sciences in specialty 08.00.04 – economy and management of the enterprises (by types of economic activity). – National metallurgical Academy of Ukraine, Dnipro, 2019. – National Technical University "Kharkiv Polytechnic Institute", Kharkiv, 2019. In the dissertation the formulation is made and the solution of the problem of formation of the market potential of metallurgical enterprises important for the economy of Ukraine taking into account the estimation of the use of their human capital is offered. On the basis of the analysis of the nature and tendencies of the development of market potential research, the proposed author's is defined in which under the market potential of the enterprise are understood the opportunities and risks of the enterprise development under the influence of managed and unmanaged factors of the market. In order to confirm the content of the obtained definition, an analysis of the possibilities of assessing the market potential of the enterprise and the factors that may affect its value was performed. The author's conception of the evaluation mechanism by capitalization of the market potential of the enterprise is proposed, which includes: analysis of the industry market and determination of the structure of the market potential; determination of general and specific characteristics of market potential components; choice of valuation approach: determination of value and integral indicators (in particular market position), and determination of capitalization efficiency of market potential (capitalization ratio). In order to substantiate the relationship between "market potential" and "human capital" within the logical chain "human capital – capitalization – enterprise value – market potential", a quantitative characteristic, which determines the homogeneity of this chain, is considered to be the parameter "cost of capital", the analytical base of which built on enterprise capitalization methods. In the work it is proved that for the effective functioning and development of the enterprise in the market it is necessary to realize its market potential, and as a result of realization of the market potential of the enterprise act both the received income and market value of the enterprise, as well as integral criteria that reflect the market share of the enterprise, its market position and competitive position. reputation. In order to substantiate and determine the future strategic prospects of the enterprise development, an estimation base of the market potential of the enterprise is formed, which consists of the corresponding resources and assets of the enterprise, expenses and non-financial indicators of activity. It is established that, as the potential of an enterprise cannot be determined and managed solely on the basis of the market value of the enterprise, so the potential of human capital must include all possible systemic factors of its value formation. To take into account human capital, as one of the assets of the enterprise, human capital is included in the estimation base of the market potential. In order to improve the human capital appraisal toolkit, as an element of the enterprise market potential, the stages of development of the essence of the concept of human capital are investigated. Based on the conducted research, an approach has been developed in which human capital is considered as a share of the value of the enterprise and the differences of particular forms of capital, namely the economic form (a share that can be directly determined by the cost indicators) are taken into account; cultural – share that is converted into economic capital in part – ability, human competence, etc.; social – in the form of various social attributes – connections); symbolic – the kind of capital that is recognized in society – prestige, reputation, honor, etc. It is proved that each person accumulates his own human capital during his life. The value of this accumulated individual human capital is in fact its market value, that is, it shows how much it costs to attract and retain a hired employee during the year. It is substantiated that individual human capital should be considered as the property of the employee, with the market price of his labor and income from the funds invested in its development by the enterprise and is the price paid by the enterprise for the possibility of using (borrowing) individual human capital and according to percent theory is defined as the proportion (percentage) of the principal. To determine the sectoral characteristics of the market potential of modern domestic metallurgical enterprises, the concept of transformational development has been formed. The dynamics of the basic human capital indicators at the sectoral level are determined, and the tendencies of transformation processes in the mining and metallurgical complex of Ukraine, which affect the efficiency of human capital utilization of metallurgical enterprises and, as a consequence, the realization of their market potential, are analyzed. Based on the proposed assessment base of market potential, approaches to accounting for human capital as its element have been formed. The work deals with accounting of individual human capital by value indicators. For information support of accounting of the state and estimation of the human capital in work the forms of the accounting cards are offered, information from which, should be the basis for formation of the management balance of the human capital in the system of management accounting of the enterprise. On the example of the activity of PJSC "EVRAZ – DMZ" it is found that the total undervaluation of the market value of the enterprise taking into account the accumulated cost of human capital amounted to UAH 583 million. An explicit model of analysis of factors of formation of market potential of metallurgical enterprise and estimation of indicators of use of their human capital has been formed metallurgical complex). Using cluster analysis and a set of market potential indicators of the above group of enterprises, the influence of human capital cost indicators on the integral characteristic of market potential – the market position of a metallurgical enterprise among its closest competitors in the domestic market – was proved.

Дисертація на здобуття наукового ступеня кандидата економічних наук за спеціальністю 08.00.04 "Економіка та управління підприємствами (за видами економічної діяльності)". Національна металургійна академія України, м. Дніпро. Національний технічний університет "Харківський політехнічний інститут", м. Харків, 2019. Дисертаційна робота присвячена удосконаленню і подальшому розвитку теоретичних положень, методичних підходів та науково-практичних рекомендацій з формування ринкового потенціалу металургійних підприємств на основі оцінки використання їх людського капіталу. Сформовано визначення поняття "ринковий потенціал підприємства", як можливості й ризики розвитку підприємства під впливом керованих та некерованих чинників ринку. На основі цього визначення запропоновано оціночний механізм капіталізації ринкового потенціалу підприємства, який включає: аналіз цільового ринку та визначення структури ринкового потенціалу; визначення загальних та специфічних характеристик його складових; вибір оціночного підходу: визначення вартісних та інтегральних показників (зокрема ринкової позиції), а також визначення ефективності капіталізації ринкового потенціалу (коефіцієнта капіталізації). Для обґрунтування та визначення майбутніх стратегічних перспектив розвитку підприємства сформовано оціночну базу ринкового потенціалу підприємства, яка складається з відповідних ресурсів – активів підприємства та враховує людський капітал, як один з активів, а також включає витрати та не фінансові показники діяльності підприємства. Визначено методичний підхід урахування та оцінювання людського капіталу підприємства. Для інформаційно-аналітичного забезпечення цієї діяльності розроблена форма облікового документу, інформація з якого, являється базою для формування управлінського балансу людського капіталу в системі управлінського обліку підприємства. На прикладі діяльності ПАТ "ЄВРАЗ – ДМЗ" встановлено, що сумарна недооцінка ринкової вартості підприємства з урахуванням накопиченої вартості людського капіталу склала 583 млн. грн. Сформовано блок-схему для аналізу чинників формування ринкового потенціалу металургійного підприємства та оцінки показників використання їх людського капіталу на основі якої, визначена інтегральна характеристика ринкового потенціалу – ринкова позиція підприємств сектору Металургпрому. Визначено динаміку вартісних показників людського капіталу на рівні різних секторів економіки, та проаналізовано тенденції трансформаційних процесів в гірничо-металургійному комплексі України, що впливають на ефективність використання людського капіталу металургійних підприємств і, як наслідок – на реалізацію їх ринкового потенціалу.
Dissertation for the degree of Candidate of Economic Sciences in specialty 08.00.04 – economy and management of the enterprises (by types of economic activity). – National metallurgical Academy of Ukraine, Dnipro, 2019. – National Technical University "Kharkiv Polytechnic Institute", Kharkiv, 2019. On the basis of the analysis of the nature and tendencies of the development of market potential research, the proposed author's is defined in which under the market potential of the enterprise are understood the opportunities and risks of the enterprise development under the influence of managed and unmanaged factors of the market. The author's conception of the evaluation mechanism by capitalization of the market potential of the enterprise is proposed, which includes: analysis of the industry market and determination of the structure of the market potential; determination of general and specific characteristics of market potential components; choice of valuation approach: determination of value and integral indicators (in particular market position), and determination of capitalization efficiency of market potential (capitalization ratio). In order to substantiate the relationship between "market potential" and "human capital" within the logical chain "human capital – capitalization – enterprise value – market potential", a quantitative characteristic, which determines the homogeneity of this chain, is considered to be the parameter "cost of capital", the analytical base of which built on enterprise capitalization methods. To take into account human capital, as one of the assets of the enterprise, human capital is included in the estimation base of the market potential. In order to improve the human capital appraisal toolkit, as an element of the enterprise market potential, the stages of development of the essence of the concept of human capital are investigated. Based on the conducted research, an approach has been developed in which human capital is considered as a share of the value of the enterprise and the differences of particular forms of capital, namely the economic form (a share that can be directly determined by the cost indicators) are taken into account; cultural – (share that is converted into economic capital in part – ability, human competence, etc.); social – (in the form of various social attributes – connections); symbolic – (the kind of capital that is recognized in society – prestige, reputation, honor, etc.). It is substantiated that individual human capital should be considered as the property of the employee, with the market price of his labor and income from the funds invested in its development by the enterprise and is the price paid by the enterprise for the possibility of using (borrowing) individual human capital and according to percent theory is defined as the proportion (percentage) of the principal. The dynamics of the basic human capital indicators at the sectoral level are determined, and the tendencies of transformation processes in the mining and metallurgical complex of Ukraine, which affect the efficiency of human capital utilization of metallurgical enterprises and, as a consequence, the realization of their market potential, are analyzed. The work deals with accounting of individual human capital by value indicators. For information support of accounting of the state and estimation of the human capital in work the forms of the accounting cards are offered, information from which, should be the basis for formation of the management balance of the human capital in the system of management accounting of the enterprise. On the example of the activity of PJSC "EVRAZ – DMZ" it is found that the total undervaluation of the market value of the enterprise taking into account the accumulated cost of human capital amounted to UAH 583 million. An explicit model of analysis of factors of formation of market potential of metallurgical enterprise and estimation of indicators of use of their human capital has been formed metallurgical complex). Using cluster analysis and a set of market potential indicators of the above group of enterprises, the influence of human capital cost indicators on the integral characteristic of market potential – the market position of a metallurgical enterprise among its closest competitors in the domestic market – was proved.

El presente trabajo de investigación trata de una mejora y ampliación de operaciones para el otorgamiento de créditos a clientes o potenciales clientes de instituciones financieras que deseen adquirir bienes inmuebles objeto de un remate judicial, que a la fecha no se contemplan como una posibilidad viable de financiamiento y que lleve a ampliar el abanico de colocaciones sino a atender a esas personas que buscan adquirir inmuebles en subasta judicial cuyo valor de adquisición es muy inferior al valor comercial del mercado. En este contexto, hemos dividido nuestro trabajo de tesis en cuatro capítulos, en cuyo capítulo I, analizamos las razones por las que es interesante adquirir un bien objeto de remate, explicando las razones por las instituciones financieras no financian la adquisición de bienes inmuebles objeto de un remate judicial, estableciendo las pautas generales de lo que importa en un proceso judicial, un acto de ejecución judicial vía remate, lo que señala la legislación comparada sobre el particular, no obstante que podemos señalar sin duda a equivocarnos que es una propuesta novedosa, en el capítulo II, hacemos referencia a los materiales y la metodología, explicando que importa en un remate judicial y resaltando en este punto la entrevista realizada a personas conocedoras del tema, en el capítulo III los tiempos, como debe realizarse el financiamiento para la minimizar los riegos y finalmente en el capítulo IV donde cerramos nuestra tesis con la conclusiones y recomendaciones, que indudablemente son congruentes con lo que sostenemos en presente trabajo y confirmación nuestra propuesta.
This research work is an improvement and extension of operations for the granting of credits to clients or potential clients of financial institutions that wish to acquire real estate object of a judicial auction, which to date are not contemplate as a viable possibility of financing and that it leads to broaden the range of placements but to serve those people who seeks to acquire real estate in judicial auction whose acquisition value is much less than commercial value of the market. In this context, we have divided our thesis work into four chapters, in chapter I, we analyze the reasons why it is important to acquire a good object of auction, explaining the reasons why financial institutions do not finance the acquisition of real estate object of a judicial auction, establishing the general guidelines of what matters in a judicial process, an act of judicial execution via auction, which indicates the legislation compared to the particular, however we can clearly point out that it is a novel proposal, in chapter II, we refer to materials and methodology, explaining that matters in a judicial auction and highlighting at this point the interview with people who are knowledgeable about the topic, in chapter III the times, as the financing should be made for minimizing irrigation and finally in chapter IV where we close our thesis with the conclusions and recommendations, which are undoubtedly congruent with what we hold in this work and confirm our proposal.
Trabajo de investigación

Certains problèmes ne peuvent être résolus ni par les ordinateurs seuls ni par les humains seuls. La visualisation d'information est une solution commune quand il est nécessaire de raisonner sur de grandes quantités de données. Plus une visualisation est efficace, plus il est possible de résoudre des problèmes complexes. Dans la recherche en visualisation d'information, une visualisation est généralement considérée comme efficace quand elle permet de comprendre les données. Les méthodes d'évaluation cherchent à déterminer si les utilisateurs comprennent les données affichées et sont capables d'effectuer des tâches analytiques comme, par exemple, identifier si deux variables sont corrélées. Cette thèse suggère d'aller au-delà de ce ``paradigme de l'analyse visuelle'' et élargir le champ de recherche à un autre type de tâche: la prise de décision. Les tâches de décision sont essentielles à tous, du directeur d'entreprise qui doit prendre des décisions importantes à l'individu ordinaire qui choisit un plan de carrière ou désire simplement acheter un appareil photo. Néanmoins, les décisions ne se résument pas à la simple compréhension de l'information et sont difficiles à étudier. Elles peuvent impliquer des préférences subjectives, n'ont pas toujours de vérité de terrain, et dépendent souvent de connaissances externes aux données visualisées. Pourtant, les tâches de décision ne font pas partie des taxonomies de tâches en visualisation et n'ont pas été bien définies. De plus, la recherche manque de métriques, de méthodes et de travaux empiriques pour valider l'efficacité des visualisations pour la prise de décision. Cette thèse offre une définition opérationnelle pour une classe particulière de tâches de décision, et présente une analyse systématique qui identifie les visualisations multidimensionnelles compatibles avec ces tâches. Elle présente en outre la première comparaison empirique de techniques de visualisation multidimensionnelle basée sur leur capacité à aider la décision, et esquisse une méthodologie et des métriques pour évaluer la qualité des décisions. Elle explore ensuite le rôle des instructions dans les tâches de décision et des tâches analytiques équivalentes, et identifie des différences de performance entre les deux tâches. De même que les sciences de la vision informent la visualisation d'information sur les limites de la vision humaine, aller au-delà du paradigme de l'analyse visuelle implique de prendre en compte les limites du raisonnement humain. Cette thèse passe en revue la théorie de la décision afin de mieux comprendre comment les humains prennent des décisions, et formule une nouvelle taxonomie de biais cognitifs basée sur la tâche utilisateur. En outre, elle démontre empiriquement que des biais peuvent être présents même quand l'information est bien visualisée, et qu'une décision peut être ``correcte'' mais néanmoins irrationnelle, dans le sens où elle est influencée par des informations non pertinentes. Cette thèse examine finalement comment mitiger les biais. Les méthodes pour améliorer le raisonnement humain reposent souvent sur un entraînement intensif à des principes et à des procédures abstraites, qui se révèlent souvent peu efficaces. Les visualisations offrent une opportunité dans la mesure où ses concepteurs peuvent remodeler l'environnement pour changer la façon dont les utilisateurs assimilent les données. Cette thèse passe en revue la théorie de la décision pour identifier de possibles solutions de conception. De plus, elle démontre empiriquement que supplémenter une visualisation par des interactions qui facilitent des stratégies de décision alternatives peut mener à des décisions plus rationnelles. Via des études empiriques, cette thèse suggère que le paradigme de l'analyse visuelle n'est pas en mesure de relever tous les défis de la prise de décision aidée de la visualisation, mais qu'aller au-delà peut contribuer à faire de la visualisation un puissant outil de prise de décision
There are problems neither humans nor computers can solve alone. Computer-supported visualizations are a well-known solution when humans need to reason based on a large amount of data. The more effective a visualization, the more complex the problems that can be solved. In information visualization research, to be considered effective, a visualization typically needs to support data comprehension. Evaluation methods focus on whether users indeed understand the displayed data, can gain insights and are able to perform a set of analytic tasks, e.g., to identify if two variables are correlated. This dissertation suggests moving beyond this "visual analysis paradigm" by extending research focus to another type of task: decision making. Decision tasks are essential to everybody, from the manager of a company who needs to routinely make risky decisions to an ordinary person who wants to choose a career life path or simply find a camera to buy. Yet decisions do not merely involve information understanding and are difficult to study. Decision tasks can involve subjective preferences, do not always have a clear ground truth, and they often depend on external knowledge which may not be part of the displayed dataset. Nevertheless, decision tasks are neither part of visualization task taxonomies nor formally defined. Moreover, visualization research lacks metrics, methodologies and empirical works that validate the effectiveness of visualizations in supporting a decision. This dissertation provides an operational definition for a particular class of decision tasks and reports a systematic analysis to investigate the extent to which existing multidimensional visualizations are compatible with such tasks. It further reports on the first empirical comparison of multidimensional visualizations for their ability to support decisions and outlines a methodology and metrics to assess decision accuracy. It further explores the role of instructions in both decision tasks and equivalent analytic tasks, and identifies differences in accuracy between those tasks. Similarly to vision science that informs visualization researchers and practitioners on the limitations of human vision, moving beyond the visual analysis paradigm would mean acknowledging the limitations of human reasoning. This dissertation reviews decision theory to understand how humans should, could and do make decisions and formulates a new taxonomy of cognitive biases based on the user task where such biases occur. It further empirically shows that cognitive biases can be present even when information is well-visualized, and that a decision can be ``correct'' yet irrational, in the sense that people's decisions are influenced by irrelevant information. This dissertation finally examines how biases can be alleviated. Current methods for improving human reasoning often involve extensive training on abstract principles and procedures that often appear ineffective. Yet visualizations have an ace up their sleeve: visualization designers can re-design the environment to alter the way people process the data. This dissertation revisits decision theory to identify possible design solutions. It further empirically demonstrates that enriching a visualization with interactions that facilitate alternative decision strategies can yield more rational decisions. Through empirical studies, this dissertation suggests that the visual analysis paradigm cannot fully address the challenges of visualization-supported decision making, but that moving beyond can contribute to making visualization a powerful decision support tool

This chapter offers an overview of black women informal workers both as wage earners and entrepreneurs, positioning their experiences at the center of New York's informal labor market. It highlights working-class black women's socioeconomic conditions and the ways in which economic distress coupled with varying perceptions of urban public space and racial uplift motivated some women's attraction to nontraditional modes of labor. New York black women viewed the economic and social opportunities offered by off-the-books labor as a path toward altering the recipe of possibilities for themselves. But securing extralegal and unlicensed labor that disrupted normative gender roles and racial hierarchies and ideas about public decorum came at a price. Collateral consequences were certainly part of some black women's trajectory as underground workers and entrepreneurs. This chapter also considers the dangers and obstacles associated with self-employment and laboring for employers willing to pay them under the table.

OECD countries compete to attract and retain international students as skilled migrants. By definition former international students are of prime workforce age, face no regulatory barriers, and have self-funded to meet domestic employer demand. Within the global ‘race for talent’ they have emerged as a priority human capital resource. This chapter examines the study-migration pathways that have evolved in the past decade within skilled migration policy frameworks. Three case studies are provided, assessing select challenges in the context of national debate. The first examines the UK’s attempt to reduce net migration flows and the impact of this on student migration. The second explores the retention of international doctoral students in the US amid concerns for labour market substitution rather than complementarity. The third defines the extent to which Australian employers value former international students compared to domestic graduates, including the impact of demand and demographic variables on early employment outcomes.

Abstract In Portugal, gastronomy is also seen as a valued asset that can enrich the tourist experience and add value to the territories, differentiating them (Turismo de Portugal, 2017). In a mass tourism destination like the Portuguese region of the Algarve, a major sea and sun destination, gastronomy can contribute to a more sustainable tourism, helping to diversify the Algarve's attraction base and to reduce tourism seasonality. The satisfaction of tourists with the gastronomy experience in the Algarve was studied some years ago and the results show that it depends on three main determinants: quality and price, gastronomy, and atmosphere. The evaluation showed that satisfaction 'was very much related with gastronomy related factors, including local courses, originality and exoticness, and the presentation of food and staff. Quality, and price were also found to be an important influence on satisfaction although to a lesser extent than gastronomy' (Correia et al., 2008, p. 174). Atmosphere was considered a less important factor.

AbstractSolving the chicken-or-egg problem and leveraging value contributing actors on the platform is crucial to establish dynamic platform-based ecosystems. A digital platform provider is challenged to manage multilateral platform architecture and governance mechanisms to establish an attractive platform-based ecosystem to foster third-party complementors to join. One of the key issues while establishing a platform-based ecosystem remains the decision about an adequate pricing model. Despite a large number of publications on platform governance, detailed pricing model analyses remain rare. In this explorative paper, we conduct a literature review, studying 62 relevant papers to explore the pricing impact factors to create a foundation for future research of price models in the under-researched setting of the Industrial Internet of Things (IIoT). The most relevant pricing factors and their distinctive characteristics are summed up in a multi-dimensional taxonomy. The developed taxonomy includes 13 impact factors and 38 characteristics of platform pricing. Our findings enable the decomposition and understanding of price models for their future improvement.

Abstract Using the example of the Alps, it was shown that hybridity in tourism touches primarily three marketing fields: (a) Product. Because of attractions that change their character and level of appeal throughout the year or are linked to yearly events and habits, the perception of the core elements of the destination's image varies; (b) Communication. The hybridity of the product implies the need to address different target groups, as the changing focus of the destination image attracts different, often disjunctive or mutually exclusive, consumer groups; and (c) Pricing. Similar to all fields of consumption, an increasing polarization between low cost or bargain trips and high priced luxury travelling can be found. Some travellers prefer either lowcost or luxury travelling, while others change their expenditure from trip to trip.

Abstract In this chapter the concept of identity is discussed in relation to niche events as expressed through images produced and circulated in social media. Since niche events focus on special interests and activities for a limited number of people and attract participants from afar who share this interest, these types of events also influence the identities of the places that are represented in relation to them. By circulating images online - the people, attractions, landscapes and cultural practices of places connected to specific hashtags on social media - places are co-constructed and materialized in the minds of visitors, businesses and other stakeholders in an ongoing flow of communication. The study shows that social media posts related to Landsmót (the National Championship of the Icelandic horse) represent both the event and Iceland as a destination by stressing national pride and an Icelandic identity strongly connected to the rural landscape, to outdoor activities, to harsh nature and to skilled, strong and independent men and women who create their identities in relation to their horses.

Abstract The village of Sauraha in Nepal is a principal entry point to Chitwan National Park and has been influenced by multiple events over the past few years, affecting the local tourism dynamics and specific tourism products like elephant-back safaris. The global debate on animal welfare visibly influences the local market dynamics for elephant safaris. At the same time, there are other local factors at play that may be of stronger influence. The destination has been affected by local political and economic challenges that have increased cost of operations, intensified competition and challenged potential visitors. Furthermore, Sauraha is attracting emerging markets with different values and expectations in comparison with the traditional markets and which are charged lower prices for services. This chapter explores the impact of these recent events facing the destination Sauraha and reveals how understanding this is key to informing a tailor-made strategy to improve welfare for captive elephants. This research was conducted in the context of an ongoing partnership between World Animal Protection and the Elephant Owners' Association of Sauraha, and involved interviews with stakeholders in Sauraha and Kathmandu, as well as a visitor survey. Findings show that there is an increasing interest among private elephant owners to consider alternative management styles, especially to alleviate personal liability.

This chapter discusses the econometric approach, and its forensic use and misuse. Econometrics is a set of statistical techniques which estimate the overall and individual effects of variables that affects a variable of interest whether it be prices, output, and so on. The major attraction of multiple regression analysis is its ability to simultaneously account for, estimate, and quantify the myriad factors which influence prices or output. Specifically, in the context of cartel damage, it holds out the possibility of estimating the ‘but for’ price adjusted for the non-cartel factors which affect prices in a systematic and credible way. There are three general multiple regression approaches to estimating overcharges: dummy variable (DVA), predictive, and difference-in-differences. Other statistical techniques can be useful in damages cases such as time series analysis and event studies.

This chapter addresses how the intellectual passage from the culture of Torah scholars to the new world of the Haskalah was one of the fundamental experiences of the maskil. It reconstructs the social experience of the east European maskilim, showing the high price the young man paid for his attraction to the Haskalah, since that attraction often entailed a clash with parents and in-laws, teachers and religious leaders. One way to escape this predicament was to acquire a rich patron. Another route was to forge strong ties with other maskilim. The chapter then reveals the critical role played by the ‘forbidden’ book: the young man's clandestine reading of non-canonical books, his conversion through such reading, and the subsequent trauma of discovery and punishment.

Pricing an alpine tourism is unlike pricing a tangible product. As a part of overall marketing strategy pricing a destination has lot of intricate issues that starts from the basic characteristics of the destination elements to the changing demand aspects. At the time of packaging, an alpine destination by a tour operator or destination promotion organization (DPO), a simplified model, is used that is not essentially limited to an absurd analysis of attraction features through FAM trips a priori. In almost all Indian leisure destinations, tourists are found to be price sensitive and per capita spending is not so high. So, an Indian alpine destination-specific model, based on simple linear regression equation, largely explaining the spending of tourists and thereby implying a modified landscape value has been explained here.

With the growing demand of energy worldwide, conventional energy is becoming more and more scarce and expensive. The United States is already facing an energy crunch as the fuel price soars. Therefore, there is an obvious need for alternative sources of energy—perhaps more than ever. Wind is among the most popular and fastest-growing forms of electricity generation in the world, which is pollution free and available almost at any time of the day, especially in the coastal regions. The main attraction of the vertical-axis wind turbine is its manufacturing simplicity compared to that of the horizontal-axis wind turbine. Among all different vertical axis wind turbines, Savonius wind turbine is the simplest one. Operation of the Savonius wind turbine is based on the difference of the drag force on its semi-spherical blades, depending on whether the wind is striking the convex or the concave part of the blades. The advantage of this type of wind turbine is its good self-starting and wind directional independence characteristic. It, however, has a relatively lower efficiency in comparison with the lift type vertical-axis wind turbines. Due to its simple design and low construction cost, Savonius rotors are primarily used for water pumping and wind power on a small scale. The main objective of this ongoing research work is to improve the aerodynamic performance of vertical axis Savonius wind turbine. Wind tunnel investigation has been performed on aerodynamic characteristics, such as drag coefficients, and static torque coefficient of three-bladed Savonius rotor model. Also the computational fluid dynamics (CFD) simulation has been performed using FLUENT software to analyze the static rotor aerodynamics such as drag coefficients and torque coefficient, and these results are compared with the corresponding experimental results for verification.

An optimization model was created to optimize the input power capacity and storage capacity relative to the output power capacity of a compressed air energy storage (CAES) facility in the Electric Reliability Council of Texas (ERCOT) grid. Historical electricity and non-spinning reserve prices were used to calculate the economic feasibility of CAES in each of the zones in ERCOT. The analysis found that with perfect knowledge of future prices a CAES facility would be economically attractive over the period of years considered, and the non-spinning reserve ancillary service market provided a substantial contribution to the overall revenue of the facility. Optimal input power capacity for the entire period of 2002 through 2010 was found to be about one-quarter of the output capacity in the Houston, South, and North zones in ERCOT and one-half the output power capacity in the West zone in ERCOT. Optimal storage capacity was found to be about 17 hours in the Houston, South, and North zones and 31 hours in the West zone. Optimal values for individual years varied significantly, as did revenues. The negative electricity prices that have occurred historically in the West zone are the consequence of wind generators and lack of transmission capacity to export electricity; this effect gives CAES greater opportunity to perform price arbitrage and improves the economics of such a facility.

The concept of industrial combined heat and power (CHP) systems has been put into practice for most of this century. Prior to the 1960’s, however, the chemical, petrochemical, iron and steel and paper industries normally installed CHP systems based on steam turbines. The oil crisis of 1973 brought an end of the era of secure low fuel prices. This crisis prompted successful moves towards improving energy conservation, mainly in thermal efficiency. The heat to power ratio was reduced in most industries, making the steam turbine system alone less attractive. Consequently gas turbines have frequently taken over as the basic prime mover for CHP systems, though associated with steam turbines in appropriate situations.

Covid 19: Implication for Insurance, Risk Management and Insurability of Pandemic Risk SAKA, Toyin Shafau Lecturer, Insurance Department Lagos State Polytechnic, School of Management and Business Studies. E-mail: sakysuccess@yahoo.com Phone: +2348076023583 ABSTRACT The incessant fall in the world economy has a result of the COVID–19 epidemic attracted the interest of many researchers. The pandemic brought about a sharp decline in insurance business and economic growth of the nation, this warranted the closure of many businesses and the insurance businesses is not spared. The objective of this paper is to ascertain the effect of Covid 19 on the insurance business and to determine the most efficient risk management strategies that can coup the effect of the Covid 19 pandemic. Both secondary and primary data was used for this study. Regression model was employed to test the hypotheses raised in this paper. This paper revealed that Covid 19 has significant negative effect on the business operation of insurance businesses in Nigeria. Arisen from the analysis of the study, the paper recommended that: insurance industry should employ effective risk management strategy; there is urgent need for insurance industries to re-strategies their business operation by introducing new products and services; and insurance companies should introduce attractive prices through price reduction and engage fully the e-marketing system. Keyword: COVID – 19 pandemics, Insurance, Risk Management, Insurability

Understanding the factors that affect life cycle costs in the earliest stages of product development bring valuable insights for vehicle architecture decision making. This study presents a life cycle costing model used to compare hybrid electric vehicle architectures with varying levels of electrification to a reference conventional car. The work presented highlights the importance of considering total costs of ownership (COO) and operation alongside manufacturing costs in making strategic business decisions. Results from the life cycle cost model scenarios set for 2015–2024 show that car architectures with increased electric range capability allow for significant customer fuel cost savings. These savings can offset increased manufacturing costs within the first three years of ownership based on US Energy Information Agency (EIA) current fuel and electricity pricing forecasts. If fuel prices or annual vehicle use remain low, electrification becomes less attractive as payback periods are extended beyond 10 years time. Regardless of future energy pricing scenarios, the fixed costs of vehicle ownership remain the largest costs to the end user. Manufacturers can use this information to their advantage in creating new business models and designing cars that deliver increased value to the end customer. Because electrification significantly reduces CO2 tailpipe emissions, government incentives and taxing schemes are expected to play a positive roll in offsetting a large part of the additional manufacturing costs. Finally, optimization methods are used to determine sensitivities of variables that affect total cost of ownership. Of these variables the user’s city/highway driving profiles and the price of fuel/Electricity have the greatest sensitivity to cost of ownership.

Integrated Coal Gasification Combined Cycle (IGCC) is attracting considerable attention as clean coal technology for several reasons, including rising natural gas price, escalating environmental scrutiny and fuel diversification. Mitsubishi Heavy Industries, Ltd. (MHI) has developed an air-blown two stage entrained bed coal gasifier, which realizes the highest net plant efficiency by using a smaller ASU (Air Separation Unit), dry coal feed, and excellent reliability with a membrane water wall structure. A 250 MW demonstration plant is currently under construction in Japan and scheduled to start operation in 2007. This plant will validate MHI Air Blown technology under dispatching conditions. In the mean time, responding to increasing interest on this technology around the world, MHI is expediting the design of a 500MW IGCC plant to be operated with G class gas turbines. The MHI air blown gasifier concept is particularly attractive to the US market, not only because of the higher efficiency, when compared with oxygen blown designs, but because of its capability to handle a wide variety of coals including PRB. This paper will discuss what kind of IGCC will soon be commercially available and how it will fit practical needs in the US market showing the time schedule of realization of commercial plants and economical evaluation in addition to the technical integrity. MHI believes that IGCC is one of the most important clean coal technologies to contribute to worldwide energy security and environmental needs.

Combined Heat and Power plants, with their inherent advantages and high efficiencies can offer attractive solutions on the small-scale stationary power generation industry. Gas Turbines are widely used as prime movers for small-medium size co-generation systems producing electricity and useful heat on-site. Fuel Cells appear as a promising technology for power generation showing considerably higher efficiencies than conventional heat engines. Fuel Cells operating at high temperatures are especially suitable to be matched with Gas Turbines leading to further reduction of emissions and enhanced overall cycle efficiency. The present study deals with the Internal Integration of a Solid Oxide Fuel Cell into a simple Cycle GT. In such integration the SOFC replaces the combustion chamber of the conventional GT. The benefits of a CHP based on an Internally Integrated SOFC/GT Hybrid System are analysed for the case of a medium size hospital. In order to assess the feasibility of such a CHP plant, a conventional co-generation plant based on a simple Cycle Gas Turbine is analysed as well. Then, both CHP plants are compared in respect of both performance and economical. Government policies which strongly influence the overall performance of such schemes have been taken into account with the introduction of the Spanish legislation concerning co-generation, electricity tariffs and Natural Gas prices.

Abstract Drilling is traditionally considered as one of the most challenging and expensive areas in oil and gas industry, and its efficiency, against the background with the of unstable forecast in current situation with growing oil prices, both defines the efficiency of capital investments at well construction stage and the cost of production as a whole. Changing drilling conditions, such as well depths, their complicated architectures due to reservoir depletion and their complex localization conditions, pose the task of attracting advanced technologies aimed at modifying the labor process, reduction in costs and increase in production efficiency ("GazpromNeft", 2015). However, not all such procedures are mass-produced due to high price that you need to pay for them, as well as possible limitations of obtaining these technologies. There is a need to implement the tasks in short term with the available resources without involving any expensive equipment and additional personnel (Litvinenko et al., 2017). This opportunity is opened by effective data management in the progress of well construction as well as in information and analytical supporting tools that allow you to receive, process and control this data in a short time and to take the appropriate management decisions based on it (Ivanov, 2017). Of course, one of the foundations in the controlling over the industrial processes is the reference book of time standards to perform basic operations in drilling and casing the wells (Unified Time Regulations in Process, 1987), which is mainly aimed at preventing unjustified costs during the process of well construction (excess time), planning the duration of operations, conducting procedures to select the applicants for work.

In order to achieve the international climate goals and to keep the global temperature increase below 2 °C, carbon capture and storage in large point sources of CO2 emissions has received considerable attention. In recent years, mitigation of CO2 emissions from the power sector has been studied extensively whereas other industrial point source emitters such as hydrogen industry have also great potential for CO2 abatement. This study aims to draw an updated comparison between different hydrogen and power cogeneration systems using natural gas and coal as feedstock. The goal is to show the relative advantage of cogeneration systems with respect to CO2 emission reduction costs. Accordingly, the Reference Case is selected as a large-scale H2 production system with CO2 venting using natural gas based on steam methane reforming. In this work, H2 and electricity cogeneration with CO2 capture based on auto-thermal reforming of natural gas has been simulated using ASPEN Plus™, while the cost and performance indicators for the plant based on steam methane reforming of natural gas and the coal-based plants have been adopted from the literature. Using a consistent approach, different plants are compared techno-economically. A sensitivity analysis has also been performed with variation in the most important input parameters including natural gas price (2–8 $/GJ), coal price (1–4 $/GJ), electricity price (30–90 $/MWh) and capacity factors (85–50%) and the results are presented here. The results demonstrate that the total efficiency of the system is slightly higher in natural gas-based systems than in coal-based systems. The results also indicate that although H2 production cost increases with power cogeneration and CO2 capture, cogeneration is a promising and attractive alternative for clean power generation. The highest sensitivity of the results has been observed for the fuel price.

• Renewable energy (RE) projects in Indonesia usually have IRR between 10% and 15% and PP around 6 to 30 years • Attractive return usually could be found in large scale RE projects, although there are numerous other factors involved including technology developments, capacity scale, power purchasing price agreements, project locations, as well as interest rates and applied incentives. • Crowdfunding (CF) has big potential to contribute to the financing of RE projects especially financing small scale RE projects. • P2P lending usually targeted short-term loans with high interest rates. Therefore, it cannot be employed as an alternative financing for RE projects in Indonesia. • Three types of CF that can be employed as an alternative for RE project funding in Indonesia. Namely, securities, reward, and donation-based CF. In addition, hybrid models such as securities-reward and reward-donation could also be explored according to the project profitability. • Several benefits offer by securities crowdfunding (SCF) compared to conventional banking and P2P lending, as follows: (1) issuer do not need to pledge assets as collateral; (2) do not require to pay instalment each month; (3) issuer share risks with investors with no obligation to cover the investor’s loss; (4) applicable for micro, small, medium, enterprises (MSMEs) with no complex requirements; and (5) there is possibility to attract investors with bring specific value. • Several challenges that need to be tackled such as the uncertainty of RE regulations; (1) issuer’s inability in managing the system and business; (2) the absence of third parties in bridging between CF platform and potential issuer from RE project owner; (3) the lack of financial literacy of the potential funders; and (4) lastly the inadequacy of study regarding potential funders in escalating the RE utilisation in Indonesia.

Grapevine is perhaps the most widely grown fruit crop. To understand the genetic make-up so as to improve the yield and quality of grapes and grape products, researchers in Europe have recently sequenced the genomes of Pinot noir and its inbred. As expected, function of many grape genes is unknown. Functional genomics studies have become the major focus of grape researchers and breeders. Current genetic approaches for gene function studies include mutagenesis, crossing and genetic transformation. However, these approaches are difficult to apply to grapes and takes long periods of time to accomplish. It is thus imperative to seek new ways for grape functional genomics studies. Virus-induced gene silencing (VIGS) offers an attractive alternative for this purpose and has proven highly effective in several herbaceous plant species including tomato, tobacco and barley. VIGS offers several advantages over existing functional genomics approaches. First, it does not require transformation to silence a plant gene target. Instead, it induces silencing of a plant gene through infection with a virus that contains the target gene sequence, which can be accomplished within a few weeks. Second, different plant genes can be readily inserted into the viral genome via molecular cloning and functions of a large number of genes can be identified within a short period of time. Our long-term goal of this research is to develop VIGS-based tools for grapevine functional genomics, made of the genomes of Grapevine virus A (GVA) from Israel and Grapevine rupestris stem pitting-associated virus (GRSPaV) from Canada. GVA and GRSPaV are members of the Flexiviridae. Both viruses have single-stranded, positive sense RNA genomes, which makes them easy to manipulate genetically and excellent candidates as VIGS vectors. In our three years research, several major breakthroughs have been made by the research groups involved in this project. We have engineered a cDNA clone of GVA into a binary vector that is infectious upon delivery into plantlets of micropropagated Vitis viniferacv. Prime. We further developed the GVA into an expression vector that successfully capable to silence endogenous genes. We also were able to assemble an infectious full-length cDNA clones of GRSPaV. In the following sections Achievements and Detailed description of the research activities, we are presenting the outcome and results of this research in details.