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Journal articles on the topic "Price decreases"
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Cortes, Armando, Megan Park, and Bryan C. McCarthy. "Drug purchase price volatility in an academic medical center." American Journal of Health-System Pharmacy 78, Supplement_2 (March 16, 2021): S33—S37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ajhp/zxaa422.
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Abstract Purpose Inpatient drug purchase price trends at an 811-bed academic medical center are described. Summary Recent highly publicized drug price increases by pharmaceutical manufacturers have generated public interest in regulatory solutions to reduce drug costs. Monitoring drug price changes through internal dashboards has been demonstrated to aid in purchasing decisions to reduce the impact of drug price changes on inpatient pharmacy drug budgets. In this research, University of Chicago Medicine created an internal dashboard to detail specific inpatient drug purchase price trends. Dashboard data input included all medications purchased through the organization’s group purchasing organization over a 25-month time frame. A total of 69,245 drug purchases of 2,432 unique medications and/or dosage strengths were analyzed in the study. Within the 25-month time period, 706 medications (29%) had a net drug purchase price increase, while 898 (37%) had a net drug purchase price decrease. The range of net price percentage changes for medications with price increases was 0.01% to 733.6%; the range for medications with price decreases was 0.01% to 97.5%. Conclusion Relative to previous purchase prices, drug purchase prices decreased or remained the same more often than they increased over a 25-month time frame. However, drug purchase price percentage changes were far greater for medications whose prices increased rather than decreased.
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Ren, Pengyu, Zhaoji Li, Weiguang Cai, Lina Ran, and Lei Gan. "Heterogeneity Analysis of Urban Rail Transit on Housing with Different Price Levels: A Case Study of Chengdu, China." Land 10, no. 12 (December 3, 2021): 1330. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/land10121330.
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The impact of urban rail transit on housing prices has attracted the extensive attention of scholars, but few studies have explored the heterogeneous impact of rail transit on housing prices with different price levels. To solve this problem, we adopted the hedonic price model based on ordinary least squares regression as a supplementary method of quantile regression to study the heterogeneous impact of the Chengdu Metro system on low-, middle-, and high-priced housing. The result shows that the housing price rises first, then falls with the distance from the housing to the nearest subway station. Besides, the influence of transportation accessibility on low-, middle-, and high-priced housing decreases progressively. This research can provide a reference for the government’s transportation planning and decision-making.
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Lass, Daniel A., Mawunyo Adanu, and P. Geoffrey Allen. "Impacts of the Northeast Dairy Compact on New England Retail Prices." Agricultural and Resource Economics Review 30, no. 1 (April 2001): 83–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1068280500000575.
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Northeast Dairy Compact impacts were estimated for Boston and Hartford retail prices using an econometric model. Asymmetric speeds of adjustment to farm price increases and decreases were found; however, tests indicated that retail prices do return to the same level following equal farm price increases and decreases. Model forecasts suggested no structural changes occurred during the out-of-sample period, July 1996 through June 1998. Simulations with and without the Compact predicted lower retail fluid milk price impacts than actual July 1997 changes. These predicted impacts separate the effects of farm price changes on retail prices from possibly confounding effects.
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Dwitomo, Ryan Riwanto, Shadiya Nada Syahrani, Calvin Zovian, Imam Sybro M, Glenn Darmadi, Tiara Diva Lidya Asliyah, M. Diva Rifandi Andana, and Muhammad Ardiansyah. "Relationship between the price of raw materials of fabric with the amount of production produced." Priviet Social Sciences Journal 1, no. 1 (July 5, 2021): 12–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.55942/pssj.v1i1.18.
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Production is an activity carried out by a company to add use to an object or create new objects that are more useful for everyone to meet their needs. The Covid-19 pandemic has had a major impact on the textile sector. During this pandemic, demand in the local market has decreased significantly. The stock of goods owned by the local market cannot accommodate the decrease in demand. For convection or garment companies, the price of raw materials has increased by up to 30%. This increase certainly has an impact that makes it difficult to get raw materials for the production process. These results indicate that when the price of raw materials increases, there will be an increase in production, but when the price of raw materials decreases, it will make production decreases. An increase in production when the price of raw materials increases is a sign that garment business actors are still trying to meet consumer needs for garment products. This also indicates that garment entrepreneurs continue to increase production when raw material prices increase, which indirectly indicates that the garment industry has good potential to survive the COVID-19 pandemic.
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El-Karimi, Mounir, and El-Ghini Ahmed. "The Transmission of Global Commodity Prices to Consumer Prices in a Commodity Import-Dependent Country: Evidence from Morocco." Scientific Annals of Economics and Business 67, no. 1 (March 2020): 15–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.47743/saeb-2020-0002.
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This paper uses the Breitung and Candelon (2006) causality test to examine the effect of global oil and food price changes on the inflation in Morocco over the period from 1998Q1 to 2018Q1. The results show significant transmission from oil and food prices to domestic inflation. Specifically, the food prices are shown more important than oil prices in explaining inflation in the short-run, which reflects the high weight of food in the consumption basket. However, the effect of oil prices on inflation is much more persistent than the effect of food prices. Furthermore, the impact of commodity price shocks on inflation exhibits asymmetries. The oil price hikes affect more weakly the inflation than oil price decreases, whereas the food price increases are more transmitted to inflation than food price decreases. Our findings may provide useful information to researchers and policymakers in formulating more appropriate monetary policy.
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Nurfaizah, Khanifah. "GOVERNMENT INTERVENTION IN DETERMINING PRICES ACCORDING TO IBN TAIMIYAH’S." Airlangga International Journal of Islamic Economics and Finance 2, no. 2 (July 18, 2020): 97. http://dx.doi.org/10.20473/aijief.v2i2.20821.
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Government intervention in pricing, has always been debated among economists. Islam as a religion which the last has a good economic outlook in terms of micro, macro as well as domestic scale, regional and even international. Prophet was the first in Taimiyah’s book by the public regarding the intervention price, at the time of the Prophet give answers like the following hadith "From Anas bin Malik, he said: the price of goods once expensive at the time of the Prophet. then people said: Messenger of Allah, the prices to be expensive, set a standard price for us, the Messenger of Allah said: Surely it is God who sets the price, holding and distributing rizki, and indeed just hoped that I could meet Allah in a state no one among you who prosecute me because of the injustice in the bloodshed (killer) and treasures. "(HR. Abu Dawud, Ahmad, Tirmidhi and Ibn Majah)" based on the tradition is causing debate among scientists, they have a different view of these traditions. One of them Muslim scientist Ibn Taymiyyah who see his government intervention in pricing, Ibn Taymiyyah was found Ibn Taymiyyah, found the price to be considered by the forces of supply and demand. Due to a shortfall in production or a decrease in imports of goods requested. So, if the need to increase the number of goods, while the ability to provide it decreases, prices will naturally increased. Determines prices by Ibn Taymiyyah can be divided into two types, namely injustice and tyranny of elements. found the price to be considered by the forces of supply and demand. due to a shortfallin production or a decrease in imports of goods requested. So, if the need to increase the number of goods, while the ability to provide it decreases, prices will naturally increased. Determines prices by Ibn Taymiyyah can be divided into two types, namely injustice and tyranny of elements. found the price to be considered by the forces of supply and demand. due to a shortfall in production or a decrease in imports of goods requested. So, if the need to increase the number of goods, while the ability to provide it decreases, prices will naturally increased. Determines prices by Ibn Taymiyyah can be divided into two types, namely injustice and tyranny of elements. Intervention pricing allowed even obligatory in Islam for the benefit of welfaresociety.
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Triantafyllidou, Anna, Persefoni Polychronidou, and Ioannis Mantzaris. "International Oil Price and Domestic Refinery Price: Empirical Evidence for Greece." WSEAS TRANSACTIONS ON BUSINESS AND ECONOMICS 20 (December 1, 2023): 2684–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.37394/23207.2023.20.228.
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Fuel prices and the pronounced fluctuations in the international oil market are among the most widely discussed topics worldwide. Recent international developments, including energy crises, have resulted in a substantial surge in global oil prices, leading to price increases across all countries and in all petroleum products. This paper investigates the correlation between international oil prices and refining costs in Greece. More specifically, this study focuses on how rapidly refinery prices respond to potential increases or decreases in the international oil price, commonly known as the ’Rockets and Feathers’ phenomenon. The investigation assesses the reaction of diesel and gasoline refinery prices to fluctuations in the international oil price and explores the potential presence of asymmetry. The econometric model employed is based on an asymmetric error correction model, utilizing weekly data spanning from 2013 to 2022 for Greece. According to our findings, both diesel and 95-octane gasoline prices exhibit an asymmetric response to international oil prices. Notably, refinery prices react more promptly to price increases than to decreases in the global oil price. This study holds particular significance, as this delay is reflected in final retail prices, indicating the possible existence of pricing asymmetries. Additionally, the issue of oil purchase contracts arises, which guarantee a fixed price regardless of the prevailing international oil price at the time and, consequently, do not justify such fluctuations in refinery prices. These findings could prove valuable for competition policy within Greece’s vertical oil market.
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Riikonen, Antti, Timo Smura, and Juuso Töyli. "Price and Sales Volume Patterns of Mobile Handsets and Technologies." International Journal of Business Data Communications and Networking 11, no. 2 (July 2015): 22–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/ijbdcn.2015070102.
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This article provides empirical evidence on the price and unit sales volume patterns of mobile handsets and mobile technologies, using data on the Finnish market. The prices and sales are studied on product category, product model, and product feature levels. The results show how the dynamic of prices and sales changed after the proliferation of smartphones. Otherwise, the dynamics seem to be relatively systematic supporting the use of simple assumptions in practical estimations. The median price of handset models decreases linearly, from 89% of the introduction price at peak sales in the fifth sales month to 47% in in two years. For mobile handset features, a decreasing price pattern was also identified. After a 10% market share is reached, the decrease is on average 30 Euros per 10% market share change. The prices at feature takeoff were identified to be on average at 58% of introduction price.
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Radchenko, Stanislav. "Oil price volatility and the asymmetric response of gasoline prices to oil price increases and decreases." Energy Economics 27, no. 5 (September 2005): 708–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.eneco.2005.06.001.
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Carley, D. H., S. M. Fletcher, and P. Zhang. "Estimated Impact of Various Consumer and Policy Factors on Peanut Product Consumption1." Peanut Science 21, no. 1 (January 1, 1994): 34–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.3146/i0095-3679-21-1-9.
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Abstract After reaching 585,000 mt of shelled peanuts (Arachis hypogaea L.) used in peanut butter and snack peanuts in 1989, use has decreased. In a national survey consumers agreed strongly that peanuts were good tasting, a good source of protein, and could be part of a balanced diet. Less than one-half agreed that peanuts are a healthy snack and are low in saturated fat. When thinking of snack foods, peanuts were placed low on the list of preferences. In policy discussions, price is mentioned as the factor that may inhibit consumption growth. Retail price data on peanut butter and peanut snacks indicated a wide range in prices among cities, among stores within cities, and among brands. The farmer's share of the retail price of a jar of peanut butter averages 26%. Retail prices increased 39 cents per 510 g jar from 1984 to 1992, while the farm value of the peanuts increased seven cents. Decreasing the support price for peanuts by $250 per 907 kg, decreases the farm value of peanuts in a jar of peanut butter from 56 cents to 35 cents. The decrease would result in an increase in peanut butter use of about five percent or about 35,000 mt. Price may be only one of several factors impacting consumption trends.
Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Price decreases"
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Falahee, Mara. "As the Price of Oil Decreases, Does Airline Profitability Increase?" Scholarship @ Claremont, 2016. http://scholarship.claremont.edu/scripps_theses/799.
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With a dramatic decrease in oil prices over the past few years, the opportunity for increased profitability within transportation companies has become a relevant topic of discussion. Oil is a commodity that influences the price of gas and jet fuel. As commodity prices, and oil prices in particular, have collapsed, one would expect transportation companies to benefit from a decrease in operating expenses and experience an increase in profitability. Through this thesis, I seek to prove that despite a dramatic decline in the price of oil, airline companies have not benefited due to their engagement in hedging activities, and therefore have not experienced an increase in profitability. My dataset includes a collection of operating expenses and operating profit for the four major domestic airline companies over the past seven years. These companies include Southwest, Delta, United, and American Airlines. I tested my hypothesis through regression analysis, and used fuel derivative gains or losses as the independent variable and operating profit as the dependent variable. Although my results are not significant, my analysis indicates that operating profit has, in fact, decreased through this recent period of declining oil prices, due to an increase in operating expenses through airline companies’ hedging activities.
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Vù, Thi Minh Hàng. "Analysing the influence of revenue management characteristics on customers' price fairness perception, price acceptance and switching intention in the service industry." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Aix-Marseille, 2022. http://theses.univ-amu.fr.lama.univ-amu.fr/220120_VU_905yeynbv422j202mdju405xmo_TH.pdf.
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De nos jours, la gestion des revenus (Revenue Management, RM) a été largement appliquée dans le monde entier pour maximiser les revenus et les bénéfices à court terme des entreprises. Cependant, l'effet du RM sur le profit à long terme reste sans réponse. Afin de contribuer à combler les lacunes de la littérature sur la tarification, la présente étude a d'abord cherché à mettre en lumière les liens entre la perception des clients et les réponses comportementales qui en découlent et qui sont directement associées au profit à long terme des entreprises, notamment la perception de l'équité des prix, l'acceptation des prix et l'intention de changer de fournisseur. Deuxièmement, la présente étude a permis d'élucider la manière dont trois caractéristiques typiques de la variation des prix causée par la pratique de la RM (intensité, vitesse et régularité) influencent la perception de l'équité des prix, l'acceptation des prix et l'intention de changer de fournisseur chez les clients. Troisièmement, nous avons également découvert si le type de variation de prix (une augmentation ou une diminution de prix) modère les influences de l'intensité, de la vitesse et de la régularité sur la perception et les réactions des trois clients. Les résultats de cette étude ont fourni des réponses détaillées aux trois objectifs de recherche. Les contributions théoriques des résultats de la recherche ont été discutées, suivies des suggestions managériales pour établir une stratégie de tarification RM plus efficace pour un développement financier durable à long terme, et des recommandations pour les recherches futuresNowadays, Revenue Management (RM) has been applied widely across industries around the world to maximize the short-term revenue and profit of firms. However, the effect of this pricing strategy on the long-term revenue and profit remains unanswered. In the investigation of the RM practice which discriminates prices for the same customer over time, to contribute to filling the gap in the pricing literature, the present study, firstly, aimed to illuminate the links between customer perception and consequent behavioural responses which are directly associated with the long-term profit of firms, including Price fairness perception, Price acceptance, and Switching intention. Secondly, the present study elucidated how three typical price variance characteristics caused by the RM practice (Intensity, Speed, and Regularity) influence customers’ Price fairness perception, Price acceptance, and Switching intention. Thirdly, whether Type of price variance (a price increase or a price decrease) moderates the influences of the Intensity, Speed, and Regularity on the three customers’ perception and reactions was also discovered in this study. Findings of the current study not only provided the detailed answers for the three research objectives, but also shed light on the interaction effects of Intensity, Speed, and Regularity on customers’ perception and reactions. Theoretical contributions of the research findings were discussed, followed by the managerial suggestions to establish a more efficient RM pricing Strategy for sustainable financial development in the long term, and recommendations for future research
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Lindström, Markus. "Forecasting day-ahead electricity prices in Sweden : Has the forecasting accuracy decreased?" Thesis, Umeå universitet, Nationalekonomi, 2021. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:umu:diva-184649.
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Sweden is currently transitioning towards having 100% electricity generation from renewable energy sources by 2040. To reach this goal, Sweden will ramp up the generation from wind power while simultaneously phasing out nuclear power. Replacing nuclear power with an intermittent production source such as wind power has been proven to increase the variability of electricity prices. The purpose of this study has been to investigate if the increasing electricity generation through wind power in Sweden has decreased the accuracy of price forecasts provided by ARIMA models. Using an automated algorithm in R, optimal ARIMA models were chosen to forecast on-peak and off-peak hours for both winter and summer periods in 2015. These forecasts were then compared to forecasts provided by ARIMA models calibrated on data from 2020. The results from the empirical analysis showed that the overall forecast errors are twice as large for the 2020 forecasts indicating that increasing electricity generation from wind power has decreased the forecasting accuracy of price-only statistical models.
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Oesterle, Ines. "Did car travel reach a peak in Australian cities? Evidence on the determinants of a decrease in car travel." Thesis, The University of Sydney, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/2123/17354.
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The main research question addressed in this study is to what extent increases in fuel prices, housing expenditure and public transport usage, and a change in the effect of economic growth on demand can explain the decline in car travel per capita in Australian cities since 2004. It addresses the hypotheses that car travel per capita has decreased because the relationship between economic growth and car travel demand has weakened and car travel has become less affordable. The study presents an econometric analysis of a panel data set of eight Australian capital cities for the period 1982-2014. It first estimates a base model of car travel demand using a fixed effects model with Driscoll and Kraay standard errors. This base model specifies car travel as a function of economic output, fuel prices, housing expenditure, public transport use, vehicle ownership rate and employment as independent variables. Key economic variables are then split into two groups to test if there are differences in the explanatory power of these variables before and after the trend reversal in car travel demand in 2004. The analysis does not find a weakening in the relationship between economic growth and car travel demand and hence this cannot be said to have contributed to declining car travel per capita in Australia. The study finds that decreasing car travel demand in Sydney, Adelaide, Hobart and Canberra can be explained by an increase in housing expenditure and fuel prices. In Melbourne, Perth, Brisbane and Darwin, it was driven by these two factors and, in addition, growth in public transport use observed between 2004 and 2014.
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Montrimavičius, Laimonas. "Vežimų organizavimas siekiant mažinti degalų sąnaudas Lietuvos oro linijose." Master's thesis, Lithuanian Academic Libraries Network (LABT), 2008. http://vddb.library.lt/obj/LT-eLABa-0001:E.02~2008~D_20080722_133736-85173.
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Baigiamajame magistro darbe yra apžvelgti aviacinių degalų sąnaudų mažinimo būdai Lietuvos oro linijose. Apžvelgiama pasaulinė bei Lietuvos aviacijos rinka bei aviacinių degalų kainų didėjimo įtaka jai. Aviacinių degalų sąnaudų mažimo būdų paieška ir įvertinimas apima skrydžių planavimą, skrydžių vykdymą, techninę priežiūrą. Taip pat vertinama lenktų antsparnių sumontavimo lėktuvuose įtaka degalų sąnaudoms. Atliekami eksperimentiniai skaičiavimai atlikto darbo tikslingumui bei sąnaudų mažinimo būdų teikiamai naudai įvertinti. Darbą sudaro 6 dalys: įvadas, tyrimo objektas ir problemos aptarimas, analitinė-metodinė dalis, eksperimentinė-tiriamoji dalis, išvados ir siūlymai, literatūros sąrašas. Darbo apimtis – 73 p. teksto be priedų, 24 iliustr., 37 lent., 23 bibliografiniai šaltiniai.In this concluding masters work was overlooked the means of decreasing expenditures in Lithuanian airlines. There is also given an overlook of World‘s and Lithuania‘s aviation markets and the impact of rising aviation fuel prices to them. The search and evaluation of means of decreasing aviation fuel expenditures involves areas of: flight planning, performing the flights and technical maintenance. The expected results on the fuel expenditures of mounting blended winglets is also assessed. Experimental calculations also evaluates influence and benefits of applying fuel saving means. This work consists of six parts: introduction, the reserch’s object and discussion of the problems, literary analysis, experiments and questionnaires, conclusions and suggestions, literary list. Thesis consist of: 73 p. text without appendixes, 24 pictures, 37 tables, 23 bibliographical entries.
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Krtička, Jakub. "Statické řešení bazénu v novostavbě horského hotelu." Master's thesis, Vysoké učení technické v Brně. Fakulta stavební, 2014. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-226921.
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The static solution at the new building mountain hotel The thesis deals with design and static calculation of pool tank, which is supported by columns and walls. Pool tank is designed as swimming pool with plan dimension 25 x 10 meters and with changing depth from 1,2 to 1,8 meters. The support of pool tank is in distance 5,02 x 5,05 meters. The adjacent ceiling is placed on the walls of tank and separates pool and technical areas. The calculations of inner forces were realized by computational programm for two models a) without decline of supports, and model b) with decline of supports. The design of reinforcement is performed for the bottom and walls of tank. The deformations modeling was made at the other part of the thesis. All results were evaluated and summarized at the conclusion. Drawing documentation was made subsequently.
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Huang, Hsin-Yi, and 黃馨誼. "The Influence on Stock Price and Corporate Performance after Capital Decrease." Thesis, 2011. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/34244336381458193288.
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碩士東吳大學
企業管理學系
99
The sample firms used in the study are listed companies executing capital reduction by cash and return of paid-in capital for deficit during the period from 2000 to 2008. This study adopts event study method to explore the two kinds of companies with the abnormal changes in stock prices prior to and subsequent to the declaration date of the capital reduction. In addition, two independent samples tests is used for analyzing the difference in the abnormal return between the electronic stock and the non-electronic stock, in the scope of capital reduction, and between the capital reduction by cash and return of paid-in capital for deficit. Finally, it uses mean difference test of pair sample to validate the financial performance subsequent to the capital reduction. The main findings are summarized as follows： Firstly, the announcement on the capital reduction by cash has positive abnormal return rate and accumulated abnormal returns rate in the short term, which means that the announcement effect only lasted for three days. Secondly, the announcement on return of paid-in capital for deficit has a huge negative abnormal return rate and accumulated abnormal returns rate, which means that the investors do not have confidence in these companies. Thirdly, the more scale in capital reduction by cash is, the more positive abnormal return is. Besides, the more scale in return of paid-in capital for deficit is, the more negative abnormal return is; however, the result of statistical testing was not significant. Fourthly, the negative abnormal return on return of paid-in capital for deficit is larger than the positive abnormal return on capital reduction by cash, which means that the Management Level tends to hide the bed news. Finally, the study has founded that the company with return of paid-in capital for deficit can certainly improve the financial performance in ROA, ROE and EPS.
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WU, HUEI-TING, and 吳惠庭. "Optimal Replenishment Policy with PLC Demand under Continuous Unit Cost and Selling Price Decrease." Thesis, 2019. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/astrnh.
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碩士東海大學
工業工程與經營資訊學系
107
Inventory management has always been an important issue in the production and sales activities of enterprises to estimate costs and measure the performance of incoming and outgoing shipments. Whether it is a single workstation, a single department or the entire supply chain, the discussion of sales must be how to enter the market and output. The trend after stabilization goes to analysis until the decline in production declines, and finally exits the market, etc. This is the theory of Product Life Cycle, and different products have different product life cycle patterns, so in which The change in trend, that is, the change in demand during the cycle of the product, is also a part of the company's considerable focus. At present, inventory-related models have been developed in many types, but mainly based on a single demand type as the main axis, but the products have many different demand changes and conditions, and with the evolution of the times and technological advancement, similar products are emerging. The speed is increasing, and only a single type of discussion can not meet the market demand in time. Therefore, this study uses the product life cycle as the trend of demand, and then the genetic algorithm is used to optimize the solution. With the goal of maximizing profits and minimizing costs, we will develop a mathematical model, taking into account the types of purchase price and fixed price, continuous declining and batching, and finally develop the objective function of this study, using Matlab 2018b software to make genes. Through the above method, the algorithm analyzes the changes in the purchase price and price combination under various demand types, and analyzes the order time, order cost, profit and order quantity obtained from the best solution.
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Huang, Chia-Chi, and 黃家琪. "Increase or Decrease the Stock Price? Take Fire Accident in Taiwanese Companies as an Example." Thesis, 2018. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/66423a.
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碩士中原大學
財務金融研究所
106
This study explores the unexpected impact of individual companies, will impact the company''s stock return? And manually collect fire accidents that the companies has happened in the past. Used the Event Study analysis of fire incidents whether will generate abnormal rates of return, and further divided according to company characteristics and statements or information disclosed in news reports. For example, whether there were special announcements for insurance or if the losses of fire accidents have reached a certain amount of money, whether there were casualties, whether it claims to have no impact on future operations, and whether it belong to a high-demand type of fire insurance industry, etc., it is discussed whether there are differences in the degree of influence on the company under different circumstances. Then, through regression analysis of dummy variables, examined what the factors affecting the abnormal return rate, and determine the impact of various information on the abnormal return rate. The results of this study found that the occurrence of a fire accident did impact the company, and there was a significant and negative abnormal rate of return on the event day, but it varied according to the characteristics of different companies and the degree of information disclosure of the accident. Therefore, the company should be cautious about possible accidents and try to reduce the probability of such risks occurring to ensure the shareholders’ equity and avoid affecting investors'' sentiment and decision.
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Chang, Chih-Ching, and 張智清. "An efficient replenishment policy for a supplier-buyer deteriorating inventory model considering multiple JIT delivery and price decrease." Thesis, 2008. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/06638243586500058759.
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碩士中原大學
工業工程研究所
96
In this competitive market and poor economic environment, many businesses seek to mark down prices. In this micro-profit market, businesses use strategic integration to reduce cost. On the other hand, electronic product tends to deteriorate and has short product lifecycle. Enterprise must develop new products that are profitable. This study drives a two echelon inventory model where retailer is the leader. The rate of deterioration is assumed constant and demand increases with price decrease. We then consider a varying rate of deterioration using Weibull distribution and apply profit-sharing policy. The objective of the study is to maximize total supplier’s profit. A computer dynamic search algorithm is developed to obtain the optimal lifecycle time. Numerical examples are given to validate the analysis of the models.
Books on the topic "Price decreases"
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Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service, ed. Oil price decreases: Illustrative effects on U.S. oil use, production, and imports. Washington, D.C: Congressional Research Service, Library of Congress, 1986.
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Gibbons, Elizabeth. Import price declines in 1986 reflected reduced oil prices: Despite price increases for major product categories resulting from the decline in the dollar, the overall import index decreased for the fourth consecutive year : export prices were relatively stable again last year. [Washington, D.C: U.S. Dept. of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics, 1987.
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FTS 2001: How and why transition delays have decreased competition and increased prices : hearing before the Subcommittee on Technology and Procurement Policy of the Committee on Government Reform, House of Representatives, One Hundred Seventh Congress, first session, April 26, 2001. Washington: U.S. G.P.O., 2001.
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Hock Tsen, Wong. Money and Banking. UMS Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.51200/moneyandbankingumspress2019-978-967-2166-61-0.
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Money and banking are about money, payment systems, banking and the central bank in an economy. The information on money and banking enables economic agents to make a better financial decision in the economy. Money is an exchange for goods and services and to settle debts. There is a link between the money supply and the monetary base. The money supply will increase or decrease when the monetary base or the money multiplier increases or decreases. The value of money will deteriorate fast when inflation is high. A payment system is an arrangement for exchange, which can be categorised into store-of-value systems and account-based systems. Asymmetric information can lead to adverse selection and moral hazard problems and thus, the asymmetric information problem can trigger the financial crisis problem. Banks can be commercial banks, investment banks and Islamic banks. Banks pool savings, provide safekeeping, accounting services and the payment systems, provide liquidity, diversify risk and provide financial information. Banking development is said to have a vital role in economic growth. Balance sheet management is important for the smooth running of the business of banks. Theory of term structure of interest rate attempts to explain the shape of the yield curve over time. Interest rate risk is a significant risk in the bank as a change in interest rate can affect both sides of the balance sheet of the bank. Financial innovation and bank consolidation are important issues in money and banking. The central bank manages monetary policy and oversees the financial system in an economy. The independence of the central bank can be a goal and operational independence. There are pro and con for the independence of the central bank and for the central bank to prick asset price bubble. This book can be divided into three main parts, namely money and the payment systems, banking and central bank. Chapter 1 to Chapter 2 explains money and the payment systems. Chapter 3 to Chapter 7 are banking. Chapter 8 is the central bank. Chapter 9 is concluding remarks. This book provides some fundamentals in money and banking for the economic agents, namely households, firms, governments and foreigners.
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Lowes, Sara, and Nathan Nunn. Bride Price and the Well-Being of Women. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198829591.003.0006.
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Bride price, a payment from the groom to the bride’s family at the time of marriage, is a common cultural practice in many African societies. We examine the relationship between the bride price amount and a range of outcomes using a sample of 317 couples from the Democratic Republic of the Congo. Motivated by common concerns associated with high bride price, we examine whether payment of a higher bride price is associated with earlier marriage and higher fertility; a greater acceptance of domestic violence; decreased ability of the wife to leave her husband; lower-quality marriages; and lower levels of happiness for the wife. We find evidence that women for whom a high bride price was paid are less accepting of domestic violence and are happier.
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Davis, George C., and Elena L. Serrano. Demand and Supply. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199379118.003.0014.
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Chapter 14 introduces the ideas of consumer and producer sovereignty and addresses the questions: Who determines the prices and quantities of food in our food system? Consumers? Producers? Both? The chapter demonstrates that market prices and quantities occur where consumers and producers come together in the market as represented by the market supply and demand curves. The chapter shows how changes in demand and supply will affect prices and quantities in the market. Using the demand and supply framework, the chapter analyzes the expected impact of a proposed tax on sugar sweetened beverages to decrease caloric intake. The chapter ends with a demonstration and discussion of the effects of multiple changes in demand or supply on the market equilibrium prices and quantities.
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Maskaeva, Asiya, and Mgeni Msafiri. Youth unemployment hysteresis in South Africa: Macro-micro analysis. 20th ed. UNU-WIDER, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.35188/unu-wider/2021/954-9.
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This study simulates the macro-micro economic impacts of the employment policy, focusing on hysteresis in youth unemployment in South Africa. Specifically, we apply a dynamic computable general equilibrium model to calibrate the 2015 South African Social Accounting Matrix to estimate, compare, and determine the impact of employment policy on youth unemployment as well as on aggregate economic outcomes. We simulate two scenarios where we reduce the import price of fuel by 20 per cent. Then, the total government savings from the reduced transport subsidy are reallocated to the education sector to support the unemployed youth. The research findings indicate that demand for youth labour increases in the long run, resulting in a decline in the unemployment rate. Moreover, the consumer price index decreased more than nominal income, thereby increasing household purchasing power and, potentially, easing poverty.
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Money, Cashflow and Wealth: Decrease, Great Depression, Price Level, Curve, Macroeconomics, GM5, Rbi, Quantitative Easing, Reserve Ratio, Wheelbarrow, Printing, Serbian. Independently Published, 2022.
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Combs, Todd B., Laura Brossart, Kurt M. Ribisl, and Douglas A. Luke. Implementation Science in Retail Tobacco Control Policy. Edited by David A. Chambers, Wynne E. Norton, and Cynthia A. Vinson. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190647421.003.0012.
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This case study considers how expanding implementation science in retail tobacco policy can help reduce the availability and accessibility of tobacco products and ultimately decrease the burden of smoking and tobacco use on public health. Tobacco control strategies are increasingly focused on the retail environment, in which policies can be categorized into four domains: place, price, promotion, and product availability. This case study provides a brief overview of retail tobacco policy in the United States and then examples and guidance for (1) assessing tobacco retailers in communities, (2) connecting specific retail tobacco problems with policies, and (3) translating and disseminating evidence to various stakeholders and policymakers. It concludes with a discussion of emerging opportunities for D&I research in tobacco retail policy.
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Körösényi, András, Péter Ondré, and András Hajdú. A “Meteoric” Career in Hungarian Politics. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198783848.003.0005.
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The central puzzle of this chapter is the meteoric rise and abrupt fall in the popularity of Ferenc Gyurcsány, the Hungarian prime minister between 2004 and 2009. The chapter applies the LCI to explain this riddle by analyzing his prime-ministerial career. The chapter also aims to contribute to the methodological refinement of the LCI. First, it introduces a milestone approach, which sets the data for six crucial moments in Gyurcsány’s political career to make the LCI a dynamic tool for the analysis. Second, in order to improve the reliability of the method and exclude researcher bias, it replaces researcher judgment with expert judgment in the cases of communicative performance and management skills, and with the fulfillment rate of the legislative program in the case of parliamentary effectiveness. The result of the research diverges from our initial expectations, since the aggregate value of the LCI decreased only rather moderately.
Book chapters on the topic "Price decreases"
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Jeannet, Jean-Pierre, Thierry Volery, Heiko Bergmann, and Cornelia Amstutz. "Product Design Choices." In Masterpieces of Swiss Entrepreneurship, 171–75. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-65287-6_16.
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AbstractHow SMEs dealt with the trade-offs between functionality, design, and ergonomics to compensate for a high-cost production basis and offering customers a competitive in-use price is key to their overall competitiveness. Design for durability is an important practice as it decreases in-use costs over time and offsets higher acquisition costs. For marketing success, design flair can be used to enhance the product appearance and looks. A very important element is the ergonomics and ease of use of a product as this can both reduce in-use costs and make the higher price tag the most efficient solution after all. The chapter ends with a discussion of the more recent concept of design thinking and how some of the Swiss SMEs have applied this idea well before the term became fashionable.
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Hong, Sheng. "Medical Insurance Paradox: A Hypothesis on Medical Price Increases in Proportion to Copayment Rate Decreases and Verification in China." In Vision and Calculation, 311–42. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-15-2898-9_13.
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Bell, John, and Tuquabo Tesfamichael. "Engineering Thin Film Semiconductor Gas Sensors Toincrease Sensitivity and Decrease Operation Temperature." In PRICM, 1917–28. Hoboken, NJ, USA: John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9781118792148.ch239.
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Somsuk, Kritsanapong, and Sumonta Kasemvilas. "Possible Prime Modified Fermat Factorization: New Improved Integer Factorization to Decrease Computation Time for Breaking RSA." In Advances in Intelligent Systems and Computing, 325–34. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-06538-0_32.
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Akaichi, Faical, and Cesar Revoredo-Giha. "Consumer demand for animal welfare products." In The economics of farm animal welfare: theory, evidence and policy, 53–74. Wallingford: CABI, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1079/9781786392312.0053.
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Abstract Modern agricultural practices have increased the efficiency of food production with a decrease in their cost and prices for consumers. However, to some extent this has been detrimental to the ethical way in which livestock are treated, particularly in more intensive production systems. On the demand side, an increasing number of consumers are interested in the way that food is produced and the attributes behind it. Animal welfare is one of those ethical attributes that are particularly important for consumers, and at the retail level, it is reflected in a number of labels aiming at passing cues (due to its nature as a credence attribute) to consumers. For meat supply chains, these labels have the possibility to positively affect sales if consumers are willing to pay more for products with those attributes. Moreover, if increasing animal welfare implies higher costs of production, it is important for the supply chain to know whether these costs can be passed on to consumers. These issues have motivated a substantive literature on the measurement of consumers' interest in animal welfare and their willingness to pay for its attributes. The purpose of this chapter is to provide an overview of the economic theory behind the measurement of animal welfare and some empirical applications.
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Rubio, María Alejandra, Olga L. Sarmiento, Tomás Guevara, Gary O’Donovan, Anamaría Muñoz, Luis A. Guzman, Julián Arellana, et al. "The Impacts of an Urban Cable Car System on Liveability: A Mixed Methods Study in Bogotá, Colombia." In S.M.A.R.T. Environments, 311–45. Cham: Springer Nature Switzerland, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-32840-4_14.
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AbstractCable cars represent an integral element of urban transport systems designed to connect underserved communities in Latin America. However, evaluations of the liveability impacts of cable cars are scarce. The TransMiCable cable car in Colombia connects the peripheral neighbourhoods of Ciudad Bolívar with the integrated public transport system of Bogotá. This study assessed the effect of TransMiCable on domains of liveability, including transport, public open space, social cohesion, local democracy, and security. Urban Transformations and Health: The Case of TransMiCable in Bogotá was a natural experiment involving participatory mixed methods. Household surveys, the Our Voice citizen science research method, and the Ripple Effects Mapping technique were applied to capture baseline measurements before TransMiCable’s inauguration and follow-up measurements afterwards in both intervention and control areas. Following a simultaneous bidirectional approach, quantitative and qualitative data were collected and analysed separately, then merged for interpretation. The mixed methods approach revealed concordance and complementarity among the multiple effects of the TransMiCable intervention across domains of liveability. These impacts included shorter travel times, increased satisfaction with public transport, increased access to parks, perceived reduction in the neighbourhood’s social stigma, increased pride in community, and decreased perceived insecurity. The participatory process facilitated dialogue between community leaders and public sector decision-makers on the ways transportation interventions can improve liveability. This multisectoral engagement enabled a broad understanding of the ongoing transformation of the Ciudad Bolívar area after the implementation of TransMiCable, providing lessons for effectively engaging with local stakeholders to support the sustainability of urban transformations.
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Hayton, Mark. "Marine Electrification is the Future: A Tugboat Case Study." In Lecture Notes in Civil Engineering, 868–79. Singapore: Springer Nature Singapore, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-19-6138-0_77.
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AbstractIncreased emissions regulations, global volatility of petroleum supply chains, and a significant push to source energy from renewable and sustainable sources encourages companies and governments to move away from petroleum-based products. Research was conducted on the efficiencies and optimal operating parameters of internal combustion engines and electric motors, exposing situations where each would be best utilized given current energy infrastructure. To support the claim of partially electrified solutions for inland waterway vessels, an in-depth analysis was conducted for an inland waterway tugboat with a rated engine of 1800 kW. The unique operating parameters for tugboats make them prime candidates for plug-in-hybrid propulsion solutions. In this case, the 1800 kW rated tugboat operates at 360 kW or less 87% of the time. This means that most of the operating profile requires a very large engine to be running at low loads, wasting fuel. Proposing electric propulsion for operating modes that require 360 kW or less yields a 62% decrease in fuel consumption. Plug-in hybrid propulsion solutions allow for vessels to plug-in to charging stations after the completion of each voyage. Renewable sources like wind and solar, among others, directly feed the grid, permitting more flexibility in the move for sustainability. New developments in battery technology, require regulatory oversight to maintain safety compliance, specifically regarding the standardization of charging plugs and fire suppression systems for lithium-ion batteries. Implementing charging stations at frequented mooring locations will open the door for sustainable technology, like electrified propulsion solutions, to permeate the inland waterway infrastructure.
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Lahmiri, Salim. "Practical Machine Learning in Financial Market Trend Prediction." In Advances in Business Information Systems and Analytics, 206–17. IGI Global, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-4666-5958-2.ch010.
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Using the wavelet analysis for low-frequency time series extraction, the authors in this chapter conduct out-of-sample predictions of the S&P500 price index future trend (up and down) following two trading strategies. In particular, the goal is to separately predict an increase or decrease of stock market by 0.5%. Indeed, predicting market increases by 0.5% is suitable to active portfolio managers, whilst predicting its decreases by 0.5% is suitable to risk-averse portfolio managers to limit losses. The Support Vector Machine (SVM) with polynomial kernel is used as the baseline forecasting model. Its performance is respectively compared to that of the Probabilistic Neural Networks (PNN) and the well known k-Nearest Neighbour (k-NN) algorithm, which is a statistical classifier. The simulation results reveal that the predictive system based on the SVM with wavelet analysis coefficients as inputs outperforms all the other systems. The achieved accuracy is 98.13%. As a result, it is concluded that the wavelet transform and SVM as an integrated system are appropriate to capture the S&P500 price changes by more or less than 0.5%.
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Ergin, Emre. "The Impact of Crises." In Technology and Financial Crisis, 209–24. IGI Global, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-4666-3006-2.ch018.
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Stock markets are the barometers of an economy. They are very sensitive to the news and can measure economic pressures to forecast economy. They react momentarily to crises that might be triggered by such events as a currency crisis, a debt crisis, a political crisis, or an accounting fraud crisis. According to technical analysts, drastic decreases in stock prices recover from their crash value rapidly since these decreases are realized with low traded values. The overreaction hypothesis affirms that extreme price movements are subsequently adjusted by opposite direction. This chapter analyses these assertions by measuring the impacts of the crises on the Istanbul Stock Exchange (ISE) over the last decade. The duration of the crises and weekly negative abnormal percentage returns in the period of 01.01.2000-31.12.2011 are analyzed using a regression model. In this period, from a total of 621 weeks, 277 weeks have negative returns, 93 of which are identified as negative abnormal returns. The results are statistically significant, and suggest that the duration of the crises is related to the magnitude of negative returns. On the other hand, research shows that the duration of the crisis and traded value are positively correlated. This study offers empirical observations that would be useful for technical analysts and stock investors.
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Guo, Ying, and Rongxin Li. "A Multi-Agent Machine Learning Framework for Intelligent Energy Demand Management." In Machine Learning, 318–32. IGI Global, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-60960-818-7.ch214.
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In order to cope with the unpredictability of the energy market and provide rapid response when supply is strained by demand, an emerging technology, called energy demand management, enables appliances to manage and defer their electricity consumption when price soars. Initial experiments with our multi-agent, power load management simulator, showed a marked reduction in energy consumption when price-based constraints were imposed on the system. However, these results also revealed an unforeseen, negative effect: that reducing consumption for a bounded time interval decreases system stability. The reason is that price-driven control synchronizes the energy consumption of individual agents. Hence price, alone, is an insufficient measure to define global goals in a power load management system. In this chapter the authors explore the effectiveness of a multi-objective, system-level goal which combines both price and system stability. The authors apply the commonly known reinforcement learning framework, enabling the energy distribution system to be both cost saving and stable. They test the robustness of their algorithm by applying it to two separate systems, one with indirect feedback and one with direct feedback from local load agents. Results show that their method is not only adaptive to multiple systems, but is also able to find the optimal balance between both system stability and energy cost.
Conference papers on the topic "Price decreases"
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Escobar-Burnham, Esther, and Waldemar Szemat-Vielma. "Hydrogen Price Race in Australia." In International Petroleum Technology Conference. IPTC, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.2523/iptc-23635-ms.
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Abstract In December 2018, the Council of Australian Governments set a vision (Australia Hydrogen Strategy) for a clean, innovative, safe, and competitive hydrogen industry that benefits all Australians and will be a major global player by 2030. This study will summarize the current and forecast uses and volumes of hydrogen along with estimating the potential future range of hydrogen prices and prices’ key drivers across Australia seven territories. The seven hubs are the basis to understand the range in hydrogen prices combined with the technologies available to produce hydrogen across Australia. These seven hubs are planned as a springboard to large scale production, although hydrogen projects can be outside these hubs as well. The impact of the drivers and price assessment across the green and blue hydrogen technologies were studied. Hydrogen price ranges were calculated and are based on the levelized cost of hydrogen (LCOH) for the different electrolysis technologies as well as, steam methane reforming, black coal and lignite gasification with carbon capture and sequestration. The price is equivalent to a Free on Board (FOB) or at wellhead price. The model was built to replicate the Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organization (CSIRO) LCOH for the mentioned technologies, which was then used to model the price for green and blue hydrogen across the seven states and territories. Since the model is based on LCOH it does not incorporate additional costs such as transport or company overheads and market forces such as supply and demand. A comparison of the hydrogen price for various generation methods across the states and territories of Australia was generated and analyzed. The key observations from the results include: 1) there is neither a leading technology nor a leading territory for the low or high hydrogen price; 2) variations in energy commodity prices are directly linked to the hydrogen price and the main factor to consider with green hydrogen production; 3) decreases in costs suggest efficiencies in technology across the green and blue hydrogen industry are starting to be realized; 4) short-term volatility is expected as the industry develops but over the longer term the price should stabilize towards the lower end of the range. With Japan is a strong partner aiming to reach hydrogen cost of A$3/kg., Australia must reduce the hydrogen production cost as much as possible to keep its competitive advantage amongst competitors. This paper will describe the hydrogen price calculation process, the variables, and considerations for each of the seven Australian territories to become the top producer and exporter of the region.
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Marjanović, Uroš, and Goran Dobrić. "OPTIMIZACIJA RADA PROZJUMERA U USLOVIMA DINAMIČKOG TARIFIRANjA." In 35. Savetovanje Srpskog nacionalnog komiteta Međunarodnog saveta za velike električne mreže. Srpski nacionalni komitet Međunarodnog saveta za velike električne mreže CIGRE Srbija, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.46793/cigre35.0997m.
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The decarbonization process, that was set to be one of the major global goals, is followed by Renewable Sources of Energy integration, primarily the Sun and the wind, as the major sources of the future. The Sun and the wind, as intermittent sources, have a time variable potential which is significantly less than the conventional power sources’ potential. Consequentially, electrical power of solar and wind power plants is variable which causes variable and high prices on the power exchange market. Every deficit causes the rise of the prices which can affect the price that users pay to the local power distribution company. The implementation of the smart devices, that can control the demand, tend to decrease the power supply bill. Furthermore, well arranged demand can have positive effect on the local power network, decreasing technical and financial losses. These devices can enable and encourage users to implement solar power system on their rooftops which additionally decreases the power supply bill and harmful gases emission. This thesis should show the positive effect of the solar power system implementation and of the demand control, as well.
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Goucher-Lambert, Kosa, and Jonathan Cagan. "The Impact of Sustainability on Consumer Preference Judgments of Product Attributes." In ASME 2014 International Design Engineering Technical Conferences and Computers and Information in Engineering Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/detc2014-34739.
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Despite significant interest from consumers, sustainable products often struggle to find success in the marketplace. This failure is often attributed to the perception that consumers remain unwilling to sacrifice product attributes such as form, function, or price in order to adopt a product whose environmental impact is less than that of a competing product. This work aims to better understand how knowing a product’s environmental impact affects preference for that product’s disparate attributes. Three products of various complexities are explored through a conjoint analysis experiment that uncovers consumer preference for discrete form, function and price attributes. In this work, single use spoons, reusable water bottles, and home washing machines were used for analysis. These three products were decomposed into form, function, and price attributes that were varied at discrete levels. After a form-only ratings-based conjoint analysis study was conducted to find high, medium, and low preference form designs for each participant, two separate form-function-price discrete choice studies were conducted for each of the three products. These two discrete choice trials were identical in all aspects except in the second trial participants were provided with calculated environmental impact values for all design configurations; the presented environmental impact information was a dependent variable based on a Life Cycle Analysis calculation using the current product configuration being shown to the participant. Results show that when participants are provided with this additional piece of information, their preference for form, function, and price attributes of a product is greatly impacted. In particular we find that the importance of functional attributes increases in the context of environmental impact metrics, while the importance of form decreases and the importance of price decreases modestly.
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Pintilei, Corina Mădălina, and Pavel Stanciu. "The Dissonance Tourist Demand Prices. The Evolution of Romanian Tourist Packages to Turkey and Egypt Destination, During the COVID-19 Pandemic." In World Lumen Congress 2021, May 26-30, 2021, Iasi, Romania. LUMEN Publishing House, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.18662/wlc2021/57.
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The travel industry and tourism can rightly be considered the most affected branches of the global economy in the COVID-19 era, the tourism market registering the sharpest post-war decline with significant disruptions to the supply-demand ratio. An analysis of the tourist offers promoted by two of the most prolific tour operators in Romania states a strategic endurance approach based on psychological prices easily predictable, but focused on regaining a large segment of Romanian tourists who before 2020 practiced outgoing tourism . Turkey and Egypt are considered the destinations of the pandemic moment, the most appreciated in a state of continuous uncertainty, insecurity and reluctance to travel. During the years 2019-2020, the price offers of the Romanian tour operators did not register major changes, even if the outgoing tourist packages experienced, in full pandemic, conjunctural oscillations with reasonable decreases of prices followed, in some places, by price increases meant to suggest an intensification of tourist consumption with the lifting of the lockdown in various countries and the announcement of the first measures of social relaxation. The measures regarding the vaccination and the immunization of the population determined the Romanian tourists to react positively to the inner, urgent desire to travel regardless of the effects of the COVID-19 pandemic and the temporary restrictions determined by it.
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NIPERS, Aleksejs, and Irina PILVERE. "ASSESSMENT OF VALUE ADDED TAX REDUCTION POSSIBILITIES FOR SELECTED FOOD GROUPS IN LATVIA." In RURAL DEVELOPMENT. Aleksandras Stulginskis University, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.15544/rd.2017.048.
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Value-added taxes (VAT) are applied in the European Union (EU) Member States in accordance with Directive 2006/112/EC to limit distortions in competition in the common European market. Latvia is one of the five EU Member States where reduced VAT rates are not applied to food products, and the food is taxed at the standard rate of 21%. For this reason, food producer organisations discuss the introduction of a reduced VAT rate for selected fruits, berries, vegetables as well as potato grown in Latvia. The overall aim of the present research is to assess the effect of reduction of the VAT rate from 21 to 5% for selected food groups: fresh fruits, berries, vegetables and potato produced in Latvia. The research estimated a decrease in the price for the mentioned food groups, identified a potential increase in consumption and forecasted the effect of the VAT rate reduction on the amount of tax revenue collected by the central government. The research found that the reduction of the VAT rate from 21 to 5 % would result in a price decrease ranging from 1.9 to 3.5% for fruits, berries, vegetables and potato, the consumption of fresh fruits and berries would increase, on average, in the range of 1.2–2.3%, while the consumption of fresh vegetables would increase, on average, in the range of 1.2–2.1%, yet in a short-term the tax revenue paid to the government would decrease in the range of EUR 3.9–5.7 million. Nevertheless, in a medium-term, a significant positive effect on the producers of fruits, berries, vegetables and potato that operate legally in the agricultural industry could be expected, as the negative effect of the shadow economy decreases.
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Shin, Kijung, Euiwoong Lee, Dhivya Eswaran, and Ariel D. Procaccia. "Why You Should Charge Your Friends for Borrowing Your Stuff." In Twenty-Sixth International Joint Conference on Artificial Intelligence. California: International Joint Conferences on Artificial Intelligence Organization, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.24963/ijcai.2017/56.
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We consider goods that can be shared with k-hop neighbors (i.e., the set of nodes within k hops from an owner) on a social network. We examine incentives to buy such a good by devising game-theoretic models where each node decides whether to buy the good or free ride. First, we find that social inefficiency, specifically excessive purchase of the good, occurs in Nash equilibria. Second, the social inefficiency decreases as k increases and thus a good can be shared with more nodes. Third, and most importantly, the social inefficiency can also be significantly reduced by charging free riders an access cost and paying it to owners, leading to the conclusion that organizations and system designers should impose such a cost. These findings are supported by our theoretical analysis in terms of the price of anarchy and the price of stability; and by simulations based on synthetic and real social networks.
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Teylo, Luan, Lucia M. A. Drummond, Luciana Arantes, and Pierre Sens. "Escalonamento de Aplicações em Instâncias Preemptivas Sujeitas a Falhas Temporais." In XX Workshop de Testes e Tolerância a Falhas. Sociedade Brasileira de Computação - SBC, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.5753/wtf.2019.7710.
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By contracting Virtual Machines on Amazon EC2, the user can opt for on-demand instances, which have high availability, or instances spot (preemptive), which are idle resources offered at a lower price, whose availability may vary throughout the run. Despite the economic advantage, if the demand for resources increases, the preemptive instances can be revoked by the provider without warning, and put in hibernation until the demand decreases. This work presents initial results and the formulation of the scheduling problem which considers hibernation-prone preemptive instances to minimize the monetary cost of execution.
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Jang, Seongil, Joon Ahn, and Si Hyung Lim. "Performance of Oil Separator According to the Depth of the Outlet Tube." In ASME/JSME/KSME 2015 Joint Fluids Engineering Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/ajkfluids2015-03408.
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Recent years have witnessed a growing concern over saving energy because of global warming issues and energy price hikes caused by increased oil prices. The need to improve energy efficiency to reduce energy consumption has been raised. Refrigeration systems are also expected to have their energy efficiency improved. A refrigeration system’s the compressor uses lubricating oil. Lubricating oil, along with refrigerant, circulates in a refrigeration system. During this process, the pressure drop increases, and the heat transfer coefficient decreases. Moreover, insufficient lubricant may incur a decrease in performance and damage to a compressor. Therefore, an oil separator is used to separate the lubricant and return it to the compressor. Since an oil separator causes an additional pressure drop, energy consumption should be decreased by increasing the oil separator’s separation efficiency and decreasing the pressure drop. The recent increase in development of large-scale buildings such as skyscrapers and large supermarkets has also increased the demand for large refrigeration machines. At the same time, refrigeration piping is becoming longer, and refrigerant must circulate up to the highest points. A high-pressure head and long piping configuration inevitably increase the quantity of lubricant left on the pipe wall, which in turn increases the loss of lubricants. The increased length and fall height for lubricants to circulate with refrigerant increase the related energy loss. In order to use a compressor in a high-head long-piping refrigeration system, the separation efficiency of the oil separator must be improved. Doing so will also reduce energy losses. Even with an improved separation efficiency, however, an increased pressure drop means additional energy losses. Thus, an oil separator with high separation efficiency and low pressure drop should be designed. So using the Numerical analysis, designed a new oil separator. A series of numerical simulation has been carried out to study peformance of a cyclone type oil separator, which is designed for the compressor of a refrigeration system. Working fluid is R22, which is a typical refrigerant, and mineral oil droplet is supplied. Depending on the outlet tube length, separation efficiency varies from 98.74 to 99.25%. Considering both of the separation efficiency, outlet tube length of the separator has been designed as 158 mm and oil separator length is 310mm.
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Karcıoğlu, Reşat, Muhammet Özcan, and Ensar Ağırman. "The Relationship of Petroleum Price and BIST Sector Indexes." In International Conference on Eurasian Economies. Eurasian Economists Association, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.36880/c08.01878.
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Energy is not only indispensable element of everyday life, but also underlies industrialization and manufacturing. Energy and manufacturing have become integral parts with the importance of mechanization since the Industrial Revolution. As a result of this emerging situation, businesses, have become sensitive energy and energy prices. For this reason, changes in energy prices directly affect businesses and are thought to have effects on fluctuations in stock prices. Changes in the prices of primary energy sources directly or indirectly affect capital markets. In energy importer countries including Turkey, high energy prices cause an increase in current account deficit and decrease in real national income by increasing the amount of energy imports. In addition, high energy prices lead to cost-based inflation increases as they directly affect raw material prices used in production. All these factors indirectly affect capital markets. Direct effect of energy price changes on the capital market is explained by the fact that energy is an indispensable input in industrial production. In cases where the energy price increase is not reflected to the consumer, the profitability of the enterprise is decreasing. A decrease in profitability affects firm's stock price as well. The aim of this study is to reveal the relationship between sector indices in the Stock Exchange Istanbul (BIST) and oil price changes. Weekly data set for the period for 2006:1 - 2016:4 is used. Johannes co-integration method is used to measure long term relationship in the study.
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Li, Maoyi, Wei Yuan, Xizhen Song, Yajun Lu, Zhiping Li, and Shaobin Li. "An Experimental Investigation About the Effect of the Partial Casing Treatment on a Transonic Axial-Flow Compressor Performance Under Inlet Distortion." In ASME Turbo Expo 2012: Turbine Technical Conference and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/gt2012-68442.
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The traditional annulus casing treatment often pays the price of lowered efficiency for improving the stall margin of a compressor under inlet distortion. In view of the unsymmetry of the inlet flow-field of compressors, partial casing treatment was used to control the flow in a transonic axial-flow compressor with arc-skewed-slots deployed at different circumferential positions under inlet distortion. The experimental results indicate that when the partial casing treatment is arranged on the undistorted and distorted sectors, the stall margin is enhanced by 8.02%, with the relative peak efficiency improved simultaneously by 2.143%, compared with the case of solid casing at 98% rotating speed. By contrast, the traditional casing treatment increases the stall-margin by 23.13%, but decreases the relative peak efficiency by 0.752%. By analyzing dynamic and static experimental data, the mechanism underlying the partial casing treatment was also studied in detail here. The disturbances of inlet flow were restrained by annulus casing treatment, nevertheless the total pressure ratio was decreased obviously in the distorted sector. As a result, the stall-margin is improved, but the relative peak efficiency is decreased too. When the partial casing treatment was arranged on the undistortded and distorted sectors, the stall disturbances was thereby restrained. So the stall margin was enhanced. In addition, the total pressure ratio was improved by the partial casing treatment in the distorted and transition sectors, and thus the relative peak efficiency was also increased markedly.
Reports on the topic "Price decreases"
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Schondelmeyer, Stephen W., and Leigh Purvis. Price Growth for Brand Name and Specialty Drugs Offset Price Decreases for Generic Drugs. AARP Public Policy Institute, January 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.26419/ppi.00220.001.
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Schondelmeyer, Stephen W., and Leigh Purvis. Rx Price Watch Report: Price Growth for Brand Name and Specialty Drugs More Than Offset Price Decreases for Generic Drugs. AARP Public Policy Institute, September 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.26419/ppi.00073.004.
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Williams, Brian R., and Gayle Pounds-Barnett. Producer supply response for area planted of seven major U.S. crops. Washington, D.C.: Economic Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, November 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2023.8134361.ers.
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The U.S. Department of Agriculture's Agricultural Baseline provides a 10-year outlook for seven major U.S. crops (corn, soybeans, wheat, sorghum, barley, oats, cotton) and plays an important role in predicting farm program expenditures in the President's annual budget proposal. To provide the best-possible projections, it is necessary to frequently revisit the underlying models behind the baseline to ensure that they are theoretically consistent and produce realistic projections. This study examined the performance of the existing area planted equations for seven major U.S. crops in the U.S. baseline model relative to observed historical area planted values. It subsequently estimated a system of equations for seven major U.S. crops to produce price consistent supply (i.e., higher price increases own supply but decreases other crop supplies)
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Boysen-Urban, Kirsten, Hans Grinsted Jensen, and Martina Brockmeier. Extending the GTAP Data Base and Model to Cover Domestic Support Issues using the EU as Example. GTAP Technical Paper, June 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.21642/gtap.tp35.
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The EU Single Farm Payment (SFP) is currently distributed in proportion to primary factor shares in version 8 of the GTAP database. In this paper, we investigate whether this way of modeling the EU SFP makes a difference in analyzing agricultural policy reforms. To do so, we create alternative versions of the GTAP database to compare the effects with the default setting in GTAP. Employing OECD data, along with the GTAP framework, we vary the assumptions about the allocation of the SFP. In the process, we demonstrate how to alter and update the GTAP database to implement domestic support of OECD PSE tables. We provide a detailed overview supplemented with assumptions of payment allocation, shock calculations and in particular, the Altertax procedure to update value flows and price equations extended in the GTAP model. Subsequently, we illustrate the impact of those assumptions by simulating a 100% removal of the SFP using the deviating versions of GTAP database. This sensitivity analysis reveals strong differences in results, but particularly in production responses of food and agricultural sectors that decrease with an increasing degree of decoupling. Furthermore, our analysis shows that the effect on welfare and the trade balance decreases with an increasing degree of decoupling. This experiment shows that the allocation of the SFP can have strong impacts on simulation results.
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Parra-Cely, Sergio, and Wladimir Zanoni. The Labor Market Worsening Effects of a Resource Bust: Evidence from the Crude Oil Price Shock in Ecuador. Inter-American Development Bank, June 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0004291.
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To assess the effects of an oil price bust on individual labor market outcomes, we leverage the 2015 exogenous decline in international oil prices with geographical variation in oil-dependency in Ecuador. To account for propagation mechanisms, we also test the causal effect of the oil price bust on public transfers to local autonomous governments. Reduced form results suggest a moderate oil price pass-through channel on wages and nonlabor earnings but not on labor supply and participation. Public transfers play an amplification role, as a one percentage point decrease in these funds implies workers in oil-dependent areas to experience a wage reduction of 1.5%. Spillover effects to nonextractive industries, with reduced economic activity at the firm level, seem to be the transmission channels explaining the drop in individual earnings during the oil price bust.
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Iizuka, Toshiaki, and Hitoshi Shigeoka. Asymmetric Demand Response when Prices Increase and Decrease: The Case of Child Healthcare. Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research, November 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.3386/w28057.
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Gelain, Paolo, Marco Lorusso, and Saeed Zaman. Oil Price Fluctuations and US Banks. Federal Reserve Bank of Cleveland, May 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.26509/frbc-wp-202411.
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We document a sizable effect of oil price fluctuations on US banking variables by estimating an SVAR with sign restrictions as in Baumeister and Hamilton (2019). We find that oil market shocks that lead to a contraction in world economic activity unambiguously lower the amount of bank credit to the US economy, tend to decrease US banks' net worth, and tend to increase the US credit spread. The effects can be strong and long-lasting, or more modest and short-lived, depending on the source of the oil price fluctuations. The effects are stronger for smaller and lower leveraged banks.
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Espinasa, Ramón, Jed Bailey, and Nils Janson. Pre-Feasibility Study of the Potential Market for Natural Gas as a Fuel for Power Generation in the Caribbean. Inter-American Development Bank, December 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0009145.
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This study analyses the feasibility of introducing natural gas in 14 countries in the Caribbean. The current dependence on fuel oil in the countries in the Caribbean has led to high generation costs and electricity prices. Introducing natural gas would decrease both the cost and price of electricity - mainly due to the lower price of natural gas. Additionally, natural gas plants emit less carbon dioxide (CO2) per ton than fuel oil plants. Therefore, the net benefits of natural gas would be seen in lower financial and economic (environmental) costs. It is important to note that upon introducing natural gas, not all renewable energy (RE) and energy efficiency (EE) technologies that are viable in the current scenario - a scenario in which most electricity is generated with fuel oil - will still be viable. Furthermore, though natural gas proves viable under the current situation - where the price of natural gas is lower than that of fuel oil- there is no guarantee that this will always be the case. Lastly, there are some factors that need to be considered closely to fully assess if they will affect the viability of introducing natural gas in the Caribbean. For example, the introduction of natural gas may be hard to organize due to market structure disparities for each country. Additionally, it may not be feasible to completely phase out fuel oil. This report explains the above mentioned topics in further detail. Section A of this report assesses the potential of natural gas as a generation source, and presents the costs of supplying natural gas to the Caribbean. Section B analyses the implications of introducing natural gas on generation costs, electricity prices, and the viability of RE and EE technologies. Section B also includes a cost-benefit analysis that compares the savings in net benefits of three alternatives scenarios to the costs of the current scenario.
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Galiani, Sebastián, Enrique Seira, and Nicolás Ajzenman. On the Distributive Costs of Drug-Related Homicides. Inter-American Development Bank, January 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0011531.
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There are few reliable estimates of the effects of violence on economic outcomes. This study exploits the manifold increase in homicides in 2008-2011 in Mexico resulting from its war on organized drug traffickers to estimate the effect of drug-related homicides on housing prices. Using an unusually rich dataset that provides national coverage on housing prices and homicides and exploits within-municipality variation, the study finds that the burden of violence affects only the poor. An increase in homicides equivalent to one standard deviation leads to a 3 percent decrease in low-income housing prices. Moreover, the effect on housing prices of long-term increases in crime is 40 percent larger.
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Contreras, Ivette, and Carlos Scartascini. Research Insights: Can Water Use Be Reduced through Policies that Promote Individual Metering of Water Consumption? Inter-American Development Bank, November 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0005293.
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Using administrative data from the Empresa Pública de Agua y Saneamiento (EPMAPS) of Quito, Ecuador, it is found that water consumption decreases by approximately 8 percentage points (pp) after the introduction of individual meters. To obtain an equivalent drop of 8 pp in water consumption, but without individual meters, water consumption prices would have to be doubled. Individual water meters could be a useful tool for reducing water consumption in both developing and developed countries.