Relevant bibliographies by topics / Prey species

Academic literature on the topic 'Prey species'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 25 January 2023

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Journal articles on the topic "Prey species"

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SHOLIHAH, TYAN HIDAYATUS. "MODEL MATEMATIKA MANGSA PEMANGSA TIGA SPESIES DENGAN FUNGSI RESPON HOLLING TIPE II DAN HOLLING TIPE IV SERTA PEMANENAN PADA POPULASI MANGSA." MATHunesa: Jurnal Ilmiah Matematika 8, no. 2 (July 11, 2020): 168–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.26740/mathunesa.v8n2.p168-173.

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In this world, living things are interdependent. Every living creature needs another living creature, so there is an interaction between the two. One of interactions that occur in mini style is predator prey interaction. The interaction of prey and predator in the world of ecology is an important and interesting thing to discuss. Therefore many researchers make mathematical models of predator prey to find out the interacions of these prey predators. In this study involved three species, namely two species of prey and one species of predator. Concerning predatory prey behavior with Holling type II, and Holling type IV response functions and harvesting in second prey populations. In this study, the type IV Holling function is used when the predator preys on the first prey, and the type II Holling response function is used when the predator preys on the second prey. This research is a type of quantitative research that examines theories and concepts relating to the problems discussed in this study through various literature sources. This article specifically discusses concerning the construction of predator prey models with Holling type II, and Holling type IV response functions as well as harvesting in the second prey population models obtained from the results of construction in this study are in equation (21).
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Abdul Manaf, Zati Iwani, and Mohd Hafiz Mohd. "Dynamical System Analysis of the Prey-predator Interactions involving Prey Refuge and Herd Behaviors in Preys." Malaysian Journal of Fundamental and Applied Sciences 18, no. 1 (February 28, 2022): 105–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.11113/mjfas.v18n1.2415.

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By employing a prey refuge mechanism, more preys can be protected from predation. Prey species are also better protected from predation when they congregate in herds. However, what if the prey refuge and herd behavior mechanisms were combined in a system? To investigate this phenomenon, we consider two different prey-predator systems with prey refuge capacity. The first system is a simple prey-predator with prey refuge, whereas the second system considers prey refuge and prey herd behavior mechanisms. Using these models, we explore how different prey refuge strategies affect species interactions in both systems. To accomplish this, we use theoretical techniques (e.g., computing steady states and performing the stability analysis) and numerical bifurcation analysis to demonstrate various dynamical behaviors of these two prey-predator systems. Once prey refuge is treated as a bifurcation parameter, we observe the occurrence of supercritical Hopf and transcritical bifurcations in both systems. Furthermore, we explore the dynamic effects of prey refuge and predator handling time on species population interactions: our findings reveal that using both prey refuge and herd behavior as escape strategies; it is possible to dilute the predation pressure and ensure species biodiversity.
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Tomatsuri, Morihiko, and Koetsu Kon. "Comparison of Three Methods for Determining the Prey Preference of the Muricid SnailReishia clavigera." Journal of Marine Biology 2015 (2015): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2015/484392.

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We propose an appropriate method for investigating the prey preferences of the muricid snailReishia clavigera(Küster, 1860) with limited collection of live prey. We compared 3 methods for examining the prey preference. The first was a predation experiment, conducted with dead prey instead of live prey. The second was a prey choice test using a few preys. In this experiment, both live and dead prey were used. The last method was a stable isotope analysis ofR. clavigeraand its putative prey items. Using live prey, bivalves were the most preferred prey, but goose barnacle was the most preferred prey species in experiments using dead prey. The carbon and nitrogen stable isotope analysis supported the live prey experiment. SinceR. clavigeraprefer preying on live prey but will scavenge or cannibalize when no other food is available in natural habitats, experimental methods using dead prey are not suitable for investigating its prey preferences. Considering the damage to natural habitats, the prey choice test is ecologically benign. Taken together, our findings suggested the prey choice test is the most appropriate method of identifying the prey preferences of muricid snails when large numbers of live preys are difficult to collect.
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Wikan, Arild, and Ørjan Kristensen. "Prey-Predator Interactions in Two and Three Species Population Models." Discrete Dynamics in Nature and Society 2019 (February 17, 2019): 1–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2019/9543139.

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Discrete nonlinear two and three species prey-predator models are considered. Focus is on stability and nonstationary behaviour. Regarding the two species model, depending on the fecundity of the predator, we show that the transfer from stability to instability goes through either a supercritical flip or a supercritical Neimark-Sacker bifurcation and moreover that there exist multiple attractors in the chaotic regime, one where both species coexist and another where the predator population has become extinct. Sizes of basin of attraction for these possibilities are investigated. Regarding the three species models, we show that the dynamics may differ whether both predators prey upon the prey or if the top predator preys upon the other predator only. Both the sizes of stable parameter regions as well as the qualitative structure of attractors may be different.
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Luiselli, Luca. "Interspecific relationships between two species of sympatric Afrotropical water snake in relation to a seasonally fluctuating food resource." Journal of Tropical Ecology 22, no. 1 (December 21, 2005): 91–100. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0266467405002877.

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In this paper, the ecological relationships and the resource partitioning patterns in a two-species system of sympatric aquatic snakes (Grayia smythii and Afronatrix anoscopus) from a riverine forest area in southern Nigeria, West Africa, were tested. The monthly availability of their food resources in the field, and the monthly variation in the feeding relationships between these snakes and their preys, were also studied. Food items of 1245 snakes, i.e. 554 Grayia smythii, and 691 Afronatrix anoscopus, were examined. The mean body length of Grayia smythii was significantly larger than that of Afronatrix anoscopus in any interspecific comparison, i.e. males versus males, females versus females, and females versus males; however, in both species the females attained significantly larger body sizes than the males. 676 prey items were obtained from the stomachs of Afronatrix anoscopus, and 390 from those of Grayia smythii. Both species of snake exhibited an increased activity in the open during the wet months, and this increased activity was positively correlated to the higher abundance of prey during the wet season. In both species the diet consisted of a great variety of different amphibian and fish species. Direct interference competition was not observed. The month-by-month dietary patterns exhibited by the two snake species were similar. Mean prey size was significantly larger in the larger species, and the difference in prey size between the two snake species increased during the dry season, i.e. during the period of reduced prey availability. The monthly availability of the three main food types for these snakes varied, and were significantly more abundant during the wet season (April–September). A positive relationship between prey availability and prey use by snakes strongly suggests that the two snake species are predatory generalists, utilizing prey in relation to their abundance in the field.
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Bonacci, Teresa, Massimo Capula, Tullia Zetto Brandmayr, Pietro Brandmayr, and Gaetano Aloise. "Testing the predatory behaviour of Podarcis sicula (Reptilia: Lacertidae) towards aposematic and non-aposematic preys." Amphibia-Reptilia 29, no. 3 (2008): 449–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/156853808785111986.

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Abstract Food preferences and the effects of prey chemical repellents in the dietary behaviour of Podarcis sicula were tested using four species of Carabid beetles as prey models. The goal of the study was to assess (i) the ability of P. sicula to recognize insect preys provided with chemical repellents and aposematic colorations under laboratory conditions, and (ii) the importance of chemical signals used by the prey model as antipredatory strategy. Preys used in this study were Brachinus sclopeta and Anchomenus dorsalis (aposematic species) and Amara anthobia and A. aenea (non-aposematic species). Aposematic species are characterized by warning color pattern and by production of chemical repellents, while non-aposematic ones do not. Amara anthobia and A. aenea were attacked with high frequency by P. sicula, Brachinus sclopeta and Anchomenus dorsalis with low frequency. Non-aposematic species were preyed more often than the aposematic ones. Brachinus sclopeta was preyed after low latency, while Amara anthobia and A. aenea after long latency. Non-aposematic species were captured and eaten without difficulty, while when B. sclopeta or A. dorsalis were captured, lizards always tossed their head and then rub the snout on the soil, probably because of the unpalatability of aposematic preys.
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Escalera-Vázquez, Luis H., Omar Domínguez-Domínguez, Eduardo Molina-Domínguez, S. S. S. Sarma, and S. Nandini. "Determination of optimal prey for rearing tropical gar Atractosteus tropicus (Lepisosteiformes: Lepisosteidae)." Revista de Biología Tropical 66, no. 3 (July 4, 2018): 1018. http://dx.doi.org/10.15517/rbt.v66i3.30670.

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Larval feeding studies of both ornamental and consumable fish species are important for formulating successful management, and culture strategies for conservation purposes. In the present study, we evaluated prey selectivity for the tropical gar Atractosteus tropicus in the larval stage (first 8 weeks) using the zooplankton Artemia fransiscana, Daphnia pulex and Moina macrocopa as prey following the hypothesis that prey selection of the fish species is related not only to prey species preferences but to the difference in prey densities present in the environment. Functional responses were tested at prey densities of 0.2, 0.5, 1.0, 2.0, 4.0 and 8.0 ind. mL-1 and analyzed using Manly’s α. For prey selectivity, we used the three zooplankton species at three different densities. In these two experiments the fish larvae were allowed to feed for 45 min. To quantify feeding behavior (encounters, attacks, captures, ingestions, rejections) we used a density of 1 ind. mL-1 using each prey species based on 10 minutes of direct observation. Our results showed a functional response Type II for A. tropicus preying mostly on A. franciscana and M. macrocopa. The Manly’s α index showed that M. macrocopa and A. franciscana are the most preys selected. The values for encounters for the three prey species were relatively constant during the eight weeks. Encounter values for the cladocerans were low in comparison to A. franciscana; however, high success in capture and ingestion was observed for all prey species used. Our results from the functional response experiments supports the hypothesis that A. tropicus is an active predator presenting a functional response of a carnivorous fish and the shift in prey selection suggests that even at low prey availability, A. tropicus is able to manipulate and feed on zooplankton of wide range in size. Also, according to our results, we suggest the use of a mix of A. franciscana and M. macrocopa to feed A. tropicus in culture systems in concentrations ≈ 2 ind. mL-1 during the first 3 weeks of age and then shift to M. macrocopa from the 4 week. Our results, in conjunction with studies on the survivorship of the juveniles would aid in conservation efforts and improve the production of gars in aquaculture.
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Pizzatto, Lígia, Otavio Marques, and Kátia Facure. "Food habits of Brazilian boid snakes: overview and new data, with special reference to Corallus hortulanus." Amphibia-Reptilia 30, no. 4 (2009): 533–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/156853809789647121.

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AbstractThis study examines the diet of eight boid snakes: Boa c. constrictor, Boa c. amarali, Corallus caninus, C. hortulanus, Epicrates cenchria, E. crassus, E. assisi and Eunectes murinus mainly by analyzing the gut contents of preserved museum specimens, and includes a literature review to present an overview of the diet of Brazilian boids. Mammals constitute the primary prey consumed by the majority of the species. Birds are also frequently consumed by C. hortulanus and Boa contrictor, and are the most important prey for B. c. amarali. Ectotherms (mostly lizards) were only consumed by immature snakes. Such prey is rarely consumed by B. c. amarali and not recorded for Epicrates and Eunectes species in our dissections. C. caninus is likely a mammal specialist and Epicrates prey on birds more opportunistically. The niche overlap index varied from 0.27-0.52 for species occurring in the same bioma and geographic range but it is possible this overlap is lower as most sympatric species explore different macrohabitat. C. hortulanus exhibited a significant relationship between prey size and predator head size; this relationship did not differ among mature and immature snakes. In comparison to immature individuals heavier adult snakes fed on heavier prey items however, the ratio between prey/predator mass decreased with increase in predator mass (or size). Most boids exploit diurnal and nocturnal preys, probably using both sit-and-wait and active tactics. They feed on the ground but boas and C. hortulanus and possibly E. cenchria also exploit arboreal prey.
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Yuan, David, Juliey Beckman, Jaime Florez Fernandez, and Juanita Rodriguez. "Nest Ecology and Prey Preference of the Mud Dauber Wasp Sceliphron formosum (Hymenoptera: Sphecidae)." Insects 13, no. 12 (December 9, 2022): 1136. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/insects13121136.

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(1) Background: Sceliphron is a genus of sphecid wasps that build mud nests for reproduction. These wasps prey exclusively on spiders, and commonly inhabit human constructions. The nesting behaviour and prey selection of many Sceliphron species are well studied, but despite being a common insect in urban areas, Sceliphron formosum has never been comprehensively studied. (2) Methods: In this study, over 650 mud nests of S. formosum were collected, analysed and examined to establish prey preference, nest ecology and interspecific interactions. Prey preference was evaluated in terms of abundance, diversity and morphology. Preference in terms of morphology was estimated using body length to leg span ratio (BLR). (3) Results: S. formosum largely preys on ground-hunting spiders, among which Salticidae represented the most collected prey. In terms of prey size, S. formosum captures prey with a large BLR. Moreover, an unexpected discovery showed that the enclosed mud nests provide a micro niche that supports a wide variety of insects. Sixteen families and 23 species of insects were found associated with the use of mud nests, comprising the insect orders Hymenoptera, Diptera and Coleoptera. These included important pollinators, new species and native species not recorded in the past 20 years of mud dauber wasp research. We propose the potential of S. formosum as a keystone species, due to its ability to provide a micro niche for native species in urban areas. We also discuss how these results contribute to our knowledge on the role of insects in urban ecosystems and their significance in relation to conservation, ecology and biodiversity studies.
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Szövényi, Gergely. "Orthopteran insects as potential and preferred preys of the Red-footed Falcon (Falco vespertinus) in Hungary." Ornis Hungarica 23, no. 1 (June 1, 2015): 48–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/orhu-2015-0004.

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Abstract Orthopterans play an important role in Red-footed Falcon diet, however, most studies focus only on its qualitative food composition, and less on quantitative composition and preferences of the taxa identified as prey. During the present research, an extensive orthopterological investigation was carried out in the Red-footed Falcon study area, Vásárhelyi Plain (SE-Hungary) between 2006 and 2008. Grasshoppers were sampled in their main habitats by sweep netting and pitfall trapping, and orthopterans were identified in the food remnants collected from the nests, both artificial and natural ones. 26 species were detected during the field works, 18 species from the food remnants. Altogether 32 species were identified. Prey preference values for all species for each year were calculated. More than two thirds of the identified preys were Decticus verrucivorus, and nearly 20% were Tettigonia viridissima. Other common prey species were Melanogryllus desertus, Platycleis affinis, Gryllotalpa gryllotalpa, Calliptamus italicus and Gryllus campestris. Based on the prey preference analysis, the most preferred species was Decticus verrucivorus with extreme high values, and the other preferred ones, overlapping with the previous list, were Platycleis affinis, Bicolorana bicolor, Tettigonia viridissima, Calliptamus italicus and Roeseliana roeselii. These results may help in the development of Red-footed Falcon-friendly habitats through the application of habitat management favourable for the preferred prey species.
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Prey species"

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Shek, Lok Lun. "Oxygen consumption rate of copepod fecal pellets : variations among copepod species, prey types and prey nutritional values /." View abstract or full-text, 2010. http://library.ust.hk/cgi/db/thesis.pl?ENVR%202010%20SHEK.

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Ojala, Jeffrey Veikko. "Invertebrate phenology and prey selection of three sympatric species of Salmonids." Connect to this title online, 2008. http://scholarworks.umass.edu/theses/97/.

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Jawad, Shireen. "Modelling, dynamics and analysis of multi-species systems with prey refuge." Thesis, Brunel University, 2018. http://bura.brunel.ac.uk/handle/2438/16765.

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Many biological problems can be reduced to the description of a food chain model or a food web. In these systems, the biodiversity and coexistence of all species are vital issues to discuss. Three ecological models have been proposed in case of the existence of a reserved area, in order to understand multi-species interactions so as to prevent the slow extinction of some endangered species and to test the stability when the length of the food chain and size of the web models are increased. It is taken that the environment has been divided into two disjoint regions, namely, unreserved and reserved zones, where a predator is not allowed to enter the latter. The first model describes a four species food chain predator-prey model with prey refuge (prey in the reserved zone, prey in the unreserved zone, predator and top predator), with the predator being entirely dependent on the prey in the unprotected area. The second model addresses the same problem, but in addition, a third component in the chain partially depends on the prey in the unreserved zone. Finally, the last model investigates a four species food web system with a prey refuge and in this case, the fourth component can also feed directly on the prey in the unreserved zone. The boundedness, existence and uniqueness of the solutions of the proposed models are established. The local and global dynamical behaviours are investigated, with the persistence conditions of the models being elicited. The local bifurcation near each of the equilibrium points is obtained. The numerical simulations in MATLABR are used to study the influence of the existence of the reserved zone on the dynamical behaviour of the proposed models. It has been concluded that the role of the reserved area could be beneficial for the survival and stabilising of multi-species interactions.
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Rock, Brevin Shae. "Two-patch predator-prey system coupled with migration of both species." View electronic thesis (PDF), 2009. http://dl.uncw.edu/etd/2009-3/Rockb/brevinrock.pdf.

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Beja, Pedro Rui. "Patterns of availability and use of resources by otters (Lutra lutra L.) in southwest Portugal." Thesis, University of Aberdeen, 1995. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.295746.

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The use of resources by otters (Lutra lutra L.) living along coasts and streams in Southwest Portugal was described, and related to their spatial and temporal patterns of availability. The use of freshwater along coasts was inferred from the spatial distribution of spraints, and from radio-tracking. Spraints were mostly concentrated at the mouth of streams that provided freshwater throughout the dry season, and where rest-sites were found within dense thickets of brambles. Rest-sites were considered a scarce resource, because they seemed to be associated with the few permanent sources of freshwater. Along the coast prey availability was highest in winter and lowest in later summer and autumn. The corkwing wrasse was the dominant prey, and the seasonal variation in diet was primarily related to fluctuations in its abundance: wrasse were consumed when they were most abundant, other prey being taken to compensate for lows in their availability. In streams there were large year-to-year fluctuations in fish abundance, and these were related to the severity of summer droughts. Spring was probably the period of maximum prey abundance. Eels and crayfish were the dominant prey, but cyprinids, toads and frogs were also important seasonally. Prey were consumed relative to availability, except eels, which were consumed less than expected during the peak abundance of crayfish. Crayfish and eels were more associated in spraints that expected by chance. The introduction of the American crayfish to Iberia contributed to increase food abundance from spring to early autumn. Breeding of otters occurred seasonally, but births were earlier on the coast (October-December) than inland (January-March), most probably as a consequence of the seasonal patterns of food availability. Litter sizes inland were larger than on the coast. Differences between otter habitats in Southwest Portugal and elsewhere were discussed. A conservation strategy for otters in this region was developed.
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Britton, Kate Helena. "Multi-isotope analysis and the reconstruction of prey species palaeomigrations and palaeoecology." Thesis, Durham University, 2009. http://etheses.dur.ac.uk/216/.

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This thesis explores the use of multi-element isotope analysis and intra-tooth sampling to reconstruct prey species ecology and biogeography. Modern caribou (Rangifer tarandus ssp.) and bison (Bison bison) from North America are used to assess the relationship between known lifetime movements and feeding habits, and those reconstructed through the stable isotope analysis of teeth and bone, including strontium (87Sr/86Sr), oxygen (d18O), carbon(d13C), nitrogen (d15N) and sulphur (d34S). Teeth (enamel and dentine) were sequentially-sampled in order to reconstruct time-series isotopic profiles at an intra- and inter-individual scale, allowing an assessment of the applicability of these methods to archaeological materials. The 87Sr/86Sr and d18O data indicate the clear potential for these methods to identify faunal movements, and to discern ranging behaviours from true migrations. d34S values of bone collagen compliment enamel 87Sr/86Sr data in the same individuals, and suggest the use of this approach for the identification of geographical origin.d13C and d15N from sequentially-sampled dentinal collagen allows the identification of some seasonal foraging behaviours, most notably winter lichen consumption in the caribou. The same stable isotope and sampling techniques are then applied to fauna from the late Pleistocene site of Jonzac (Chez-Pinaud), France, in order to investigate the biogeography and feeding ecology of Middle Palaeolithic prey-species. The elevated d13C values in reindeer bone collagen compared to the other species indicates lichen feeding and the prevalence of this niche feeding behaviour in this ancestral species. The sequential-sampling and strontium isotope analysis of herbivore enamel from the site clearly demonstrates seasonal migratory behaviour in reindeer (Rangifer tarandus sp.), and allows the identification of a non-migratory taxon, bison (Bison sp.) This is the first such evidence for migration in Pleistocene reindeer, allowing greater insight into the palaeoecology of this prey animal, and the palaeoenvironment in which Neanderthals lived and hunted.
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Layman, Craig Anthony. "The role of piscivores in a species-rich tropical river." Diss., Texas A&M University, 2004. http://hdl.handle.net/1969.1/1224.

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Much of the world's species diversity is located in tropical and sub-tropical ecosystems, and a better understanding of the ecology of these systems is necessary to stem biodiversity loss and assess community- and ecosystem-level responses to anthropogenic impacts. In this dissertation, I endeavored to broaden our understanding of complex ecosystems through research conducted on the Cinaruco River, a floodplain river in Venezuela, with specific emphasis on how a human-induced perturbation, commercial netting activity, may affect food web structure and function. I employed two approaches in this work: (1) comparative analyses based on descriptive food web characteristics, and (2) experimental manipulations within important food web modules. Methodologies included monthly sampling of fish assemblages using a variety of techniques, large-scale field experiments, extensive stomach content and stable isotope analyses. Two themes unite the information presented: (1) substantial spatial and temporal variability in food web structure, and (2) how body-size can be used to generalize species-interactions across this complexity. Spatial variability occurred at various scales, from among small fish assemblages on seemingly homogeneous sand banks, to differences among landscape scale units (e.g. between lagoons and main river channel). Seasonal variability was apparent in predation patterns, with relative prey availability and body size primarily resulting in decreasing prey sizes with falling water levels. Body size was also related to functional outcomes of species interactions, for example, a size-based response of prey fishes to large-bodied piscivore exclusion. This pattern was further substantiated at the landscape-scale, as differences in assemblage structure among netted and un-netted lagoons were largely size-based. Trophic position of fish and body size was not found to be related, likely due to the diversity of prey available to consumers, and may signify that commercial netting activity will not decrease food chain lengths. In sum, by describing human impacts within a food web context, I endeavor to provide predictive power regarding a specific human-induced environmental problem, yet still allowing for generality that will broaden the theoretical foundations and applications of food web ecology.
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Ruthven, J. W. "Prey detection by two species of neotropical theraphosids, Avicularia avicularia, L and Psalmopoeus cambridgei (Pocock)." Thesis, University of Exeter, 1987. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.382743.

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Norris, Andrew J. "Sensory modalities, plasticity and prey choice in three sympatric species of whiting (Pisces:Sillaginidae) /." St. Lucia, Qld, 2004. http://www.library.uq.edu.au/pdfserve.php?image=thesisabs/absthe17866.pdf.

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Asseburg, Christian. "A Bayesian approach to modelling field data on multi-species predator prey-interactions." Thesis, St Andrews, 2006. https://research-repository.st-andrews.ac.uk/handle/10023/174.

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Books on the topic "Prey species"

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Birds of prey. New York: Bookwright Press, 1991.

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Trophic cascades: Predators, prey, and the changing dynamics of nature. Washington [DC]: Island Press, 2010.

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Terborgh, John. Trophic cascades: Predators, prey, and the changing dynamics of nature. Washington, DC: Island Press, 2010.

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Gray, Mary Taylor. Dodos, birds of prey, andother male species: An uncommon field guide to male-watching. Golden, Colo: Fulcrum Pub, 1994.

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Roland, Smith. Vultures. Minneapolis, Minn: Lerner Publications Co., 1997.

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Young, Mary Taylor. Dodos, birds of prey, and other male species: An uncommon field guide to male-watching. Golden, Colo: Fulcrum Pub., 1994.

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Meador, James Parnell. Determination of a tissue and sediment threshold for tributyltin (TBT) to protect prey species of juvenile salmonids listed under the Endangered Species Act. [Seattle, Wash.]: U.S. Dept. of Commerce, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, National Marine Fisheries Service, 2001.

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Migaj, Anna. Ferruginous hawk artificial nest poles: Inventory and construction protocol. Edmonton]: Alberta Sustainable Resource Development, 2011.

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Game, Rob F. Trends in fish prey capture by common terns following zebra mussel invasion: Do terns track fish species abundance? St. Catharines, Ont: Brock University, Dept. of Biological Sciences, 1997.

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Lang, Geoffrey M. Groundfish food habits and predation on commercially important prey species in the eastern Bering Sea from 1997 through 2001. Seattle, WA: National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, National Marine Fisheries Service, Alaska Fisheries Science Center, 2005.

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Book chapters on the topic "Prey species"

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McIntosh, Jason S. "Predator or Prey Predictions." In Invaluable Invertebrates and Species with Spines, 57–62. New York: Routledge, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781003334743-11.

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Samanta, Guruprasad. "Dynamical Models of Single and Predator–Prey Species." In Forum for Interdisciplinary Mathematics, 1–43. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-16-6312-3_1.

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Strindberg, Samantha, N. Samba Kumar, Len Thomas, and Varun R. Goswami. "Concepts: Estimating Abundance of Prey Species Using Line Transect Sampling." In Methods For Monitoring Tiger And Prey Populations, 89–120. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-10-5436-5_6.

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Vasudev, Divya, James D. Nichols, Uma Ramakrishnan, Krishnamurthy Ramesh, and Srinivas Vaidyanathan. "Assessing Landscape Connectivity for Tigers and Prey Species: Concepts and Practice." In Methods For Monitoring Tiger And Prey Populations, 255–88. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-10-5436-5_13.

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Kumar, N. Samba, Abishek Harihar, Hannah J. O’Kelly, and Anak Pattanavibool. "Field Practices: Estimating Abundance of Prey Species Using Line Transect Sampling." In Methods For Monitoring Tiger And Prey Populations, 121–36. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-10-5436-5_7.

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Arya, Naina, Sumit Kaur Bhatia, Sudipa Chauhan, and Puneet Sharma. "Dynamic Analysis of Prey–Predator Model with Harvesting Prey Under the Effect of Pollution and Disease in Prey Species." In Strategic System Assurance and Business Analytics, 365–80. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-15-3647-2_27.

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Winkler, Hans, and Carmen P. Orellana. "Functional responses of five cyprinid species to planktonic prey." In Environmental biology of European cyprinids, 53–62. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1992. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-011-2544-4_6.

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Dorazio, Robert M., Mohan Delampady, Soumen Dey, and Arjun M. Gopalaswamy. "Concepts: Integrating Population Survey Data from Different Spatial Scales, Sampling Methods, and Species." In Methods For Monitoring Tiger And Prey Populations, 247–54. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-10-5436-5_12.

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Dorazio, Robert M., N. Samba Kumar, J. Andrew Royle, and Arjun M. Gopalaswamy. "Concepts and Practices: Estimating Abundance of Prey Species Using Hierarchical Model-Based Approaches." In Methods For Monitoring Tiger And Prey Populations, 137–62. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-10-5436-5_8.

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Rennau, H.-J. "The Stabilizing Potential of Spatial Heterogeneity — Analysis of an Experimental Predator-Prey System." In Species Conservation: A Population-Biological Approach, 61–72. Basel: Birkhäuser Basel, 1991. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-0348-6426-8_5.

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Conference papers on the topic "Prey species"

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Ross, Alexandra, Katherine Moseby, Michael Letnic, and Daniel Blumstein. "Using in-situ predation to train a vulnerable prey species." In 5th European Congress of Conservation Biology. Jyväskylä: Jyvaskyla University Open Science Centre, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.17011/conference/eccb2018/107277.

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Kundu, Soumen, and Sarit Maitra. "Stability and delay in a three species predator-prey system." In CETUP* 2015 – WORKSHOP ON DARK MATTER, NEUTRINO PHYSICS AND ASTROPHYSICS AND PPC 2015 – IXTH INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON INTERCONNECTIONS BETWEEN PARTICLE PHYSICS AND COSMOLOGY. Author(s), 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.4954857.

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Chen, Zhaojun. "Periodicity in Predator-Prey Chain System of Three Species with Discrete Time." In 2012 Fifth International Conference on Information and Computing Science (ICIC). IEEE, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/icic.2012.37.

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Selvam, A. George Maria, S. Britto Jacob, Mary Jacintha, and D. Abraham Vianny. "Bifurcation and chaos in a prey predator model with intra-species competition." In 2ND INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON MATHEMATICAL TECHNIQUES AND APPLICATIONS: ICMTA2021. AIP Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/5.0108426.

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Reeder, Grant, Judith Nagel-Myers, Ioannis Mastorakos, and Philip Yuya. "CRUSHING PREDATION ON BIVALVE SPECIES: FINITE ELEMENT ANALYSIS OF DUROPHAGOUS PREDATOR/PREY INTERACTIONS." In 51st Annual Northeastern GSA Section Meeting. Geological Society of America, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1130/abs/2016ne-272540.

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Pal, Sudeshna. "A Review of Target Pursuit Strategies in Aerial Species." In ASME 2014 Dynamic Systems and Control Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/dscc2014-6219.

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Aerial pursuit in nature is a complex task that involves interaction with targets in motion. To date, many researchers have analyzed aerial predation strategies used by different flying species for the pursuit and interception of targets such as a prey or a conspecific. In this article, we provide a brief review of these different predation strategies with the focus primarily on insects and bats that rely on different sensory variables (vision and sonar) for navigation. The Knowledge gained from studying these strategies can guide the development of bio-inspired approaches for navigation of engineered systems.
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Bulgakova, T. "Optimum Control in a Predator-Prey Model Based on a Two-Species Exploited Ecosystem." In Ecosystem Approaches for Fisheries Management. Alaska Sea Grant, University of Alaska Fairbanks, 1999. http://dx.doi.org/10.4027/eafm.1999.16.

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Changguo, Li, Pei Yongzhen, and Ji Xuehui. "Dynamic Behavior of a Multiple Species Prey-Predator System with Impulsive Chemical and Biological Control." In 2009 Fifth International Conference on Natural Computation. IEEE, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/icnc.2009.615.

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Li, Hui, and Yifei Wang. "Almost Periodic Solution of Two Species Predator-Prey System with Stage-Structure and Double Density Restrict." In 2012 Fifth International Conference on Information and Computing Science (ICIC). IEEE, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/icic.2012.7.

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Balilo, Aldrin T., and Juancho A. Collera. "Stability and bifurcation analysis of three-species predator-prey model with non-monotonic delayed predator response." In SYMPOSIUM ON BIOMATHEMATICS (SYMOMATH) 2017. Author(s), 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.5026075.

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Reports on the topic "Prey species"

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Hoover, S. Response of Red-Tailed Hawks and Golden Eagles to Topographical Features, Weather, and Abundance of a Dominant Prey Species at the Altamont Pass Wind Resource Area, California: April 1999-December 2000. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), June 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/15000694.

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Heinz, Kevin, Itamar Glazer, Moshe Coll, Amanda Chau, and Andrew Chow. Use of multiple biological control agents for control of western flower thrips. United States Department of Agriculture, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2004.7613875.bard.

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The western flower thrips (WFT), Frankliniella occidentalis (Pergande), is a serious widespread pest of vegetable and ornamental crops worldwide. Chemical control for Frankliniella occidentalis (Pergande) (Thysanoptera: Thripidae) on floriculture or vegetable crops can be difficult because this pest has developed resistance to many insecticides and also tends to hide within flowers, buds, and apical meristems. Predatory bugs, predatory mites, and entomopathogenic nematodes are commercially available in both the US and Israel for control of WFT. Predatory bugs, such as Orius species, can suppress high WFT densities but have limited ability to attack thrips within confined plant parts. Predatory mites can reach more confined habitats than predatory bugs, but kill primarily first-instar larvae of thrips. Entomopathogenic nematodes can directly kill or sterilize most thrips stages, but have limited mobility and are vulnerable to desiccation in certain parts of the crop canopy. However, simultaneous use of two or more agents may provide both effective and cost efficient control of WFT through complimentary predation and/or parasitism. The general goal of our project was to evaluate whether suppression of WFT could be enhanced by inundative or inoculative releases of Orius predators with either predatory mites or entomopathogenic nematodes. Whether pest suppression is best when single or multiple biological control agents are used, is an issue of importance to the practice of biological control. For our investigations in Texas, we used Orius insidiosus(Say), the predatory mite, Amblyseius degeneransBerlese, and the predatory mite, Amblyseius swirskii(Athias-Henriot). In Israel, the research focused on Orius laevigatus (Fieber) and the entomopathogenic nematode, Steinernema felpiae. Our specific objectives were to: (1) quantify the spatial distribution and population growth of WFT and WFT natural enemies on greenhouse roses (Texas) and peppers (Israel), (2) assess interspecific interactions among WFT natural enemies, (3) measure WFT population suppression resulting from single or multiple species releases. Revisions to our project after the first year were: (1) use of A. swirskiiin place of A. degeneransfor the majority of our predatory mite and Orius studies, (2) use of S. felpiaein place of Thripinema nicklewoodi for all of the nematode and Orius studies. We utilized laboratory experiments, greenhouse studies, field trials and mathematical modeling to achieve our objectives. In greenhouse trials, we found that concurrent releases of A.degeneranswith O. insidiosusdid not improve control of F. occidentalis on cut roses over releases of only O. insidiosus. Suppression of WFT by augmentative releases A. swirskiialone was superior to augmentative releases of O. insidiosusalone and similar to concurrent releases of both predator species on cut roses. In laboratory studies, we discovered that O. insidiosusis a generalist predator that ‘switches’ to the most abundant prey and will kill significant numbers of A. swirskiior A. degeneransif WFTbecome relatively less abundant. Our findings indicate that intraguild interactions between Orius and Amblyseius species could hinder suppression of thrips populations and combinations of these natural enemies may not enhance biological control on certain crops. Intraguild interactions between S. felpiaeand O. laevigatus were found to be more complex than those between O. insidiosusand predatory mites. In laboratory studies, we found that S. felpiaecould infect and kill either adult or immature O. laevigatus. Although adult O. laevigatus tended to avoid areas infested by S. felpiaein Petri dish arenas, they did not show preference between healthy WFT and WFT infected with S. felpiaein choice tests. In field cage trials, suppression of WFT on sweet-pepper was similar in treatments with only O. laevigatus or both O. laevigatus and S. felpiae. Distribution and numbers of O. laevigatus on pepper plants also did not differ between cages with or without S. felpiae. Low survivorship of S. felpiaeafter foliar applications to sweet-pepper may explain, in part, the absence of effects in the field trials. Finally, we were interested in how differential predation on different developmental stages of WFT (Orius feeding on WFT nymphs inhabiting foliage and flowers, nematodes that attack prepupae and pupae in the soil) affects community dynamics. To better understand these interactions, we constructed a model based on Lotka-Volterra predator-prey theory and our simulations showed that differential predation, where predators tend to concentrate on one WFT stage contribute to system stability and permanence while predators that tend to mix different WFT stages reduce system stability and permanence.
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Phillips, Donald A., Yitzhak Spiegel, and Howard Ferris. Optimizing nematode management by defining natural chemical bases of behavior. United States Department of Agriculture, November 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2006.7587234.bard.

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This project was based on the hypothesis that nematodes interacting with plants as either parasites or beneficial saprophytes are attracted to their host by natural products. This concept was supported by numerous observations that parasitic nematodes are attracted to root exudates. Our overall goal was to identify nematode sensory compounds from root exudates and to use that information for reducing nematicide applications. We applied skills of the investigators to achieve three specific objectives: 1) Identify nematode behavioral cues (e.g., attractants or repellents) in root exudates; 2) Identify new natural nematicidal compounds; and 3) Combine a natural attractant and a nematicide into a nematode trap. Because saprophytic nematodes benefit plants by mineralizing organic matter, we sought compounds attractive primarily to parasitic nematodes. The project was constructed on several complementary foundations. First, data from Dr. Spiegel’s lab showed that under aseptic conditions Ditylenchus dipsaci, a parasite on onion, is attracted to certain fractions of onion root exudates. Second, PI Phillips had a sizeable collection of natural plant products he had identified from previous work on Rhizobium-legume interactions, which could be tested “off the shelf”. Third, Dr. Ferris had access to aseptic and natural populations of various saprophytic and parasitic nematodes. The project focused on five nematode species: D.dipsaci, Heterodera avenae, and Tylenchulussemipenetransat ARO, and Meloidogyne javanicand Caenorhabditis elegans at UCD. Ten pure plant compounds, mostly flavonoids, were tested on the various nematode species using six different assay systems. Results obtained with assorted test systems and by various scientists in the same test systems were essentially irreproducible. Many convincing, Many convincing, i.e. statistically significant, results in one system or with one investigator could not be repeated with other assays or different people. A recent report from others found that these compounds, plus another 30, were inactive as attractants in three additional parasitic nematode species (Wuyts et al. Nematology 8:89- 101, 2006). Assays designed to test the hypothesis that several compounds together are required to attract nematodes have thus far failed to find a reproducibly active combination. In contrast to results using pure plant compounds, complex unfractionated exudates from aseptic onion root reproducibly attracted D. dipsaci in both the ARO and UCD labs. Onion root exudate collection, separation into HPLC fractions, assays using D. dipsaci and MS-MS experiments proceeded collaboratively between ARO and UCD without any definitive identification of an active compound. The final active fraction contained two major molecules and traces of several other compounds. In the end, analytical studies were limited by the amount of onion root exudate and the complexity of the purification process. These tests showed that aseptic plant roots release attractant molecules, but whether nematodes influence that release, as insects trigger release of attractants from plants, is unknown. Related experiments showed that the saprophyte C. elegans stimulates its prey, Pseudomonas bacteria, to increase production of 2, 4-diacetylphloroglucinol (DAPG) a compound that promotes amino acid exudation by plant roots. It is thus possible that saprophytic nematodes are attracted primarily to their bacterial or fungal prey and secondarily to effects of those microorganisms on root exudation. These observations offer promising avenues for understanding root-zone interactions, but no direct routes to controlling nematodes in agriculture were evident. Extracts from two plant sources, Chrysanthemum coronarium and Sequoia sempervirens, showed nematicidal activity at ARO and UCD, respectively. Attempts to purify an active compound from S. sempervirens failed, but preliminary results from C. coronarium are judged to form a potential basis for further work at ARO. These results highlight the problems of studying complex movement patterns in sentient organisms like nematodes and the issues associated with natural product isolation from complex mixtures. Those two difficulties combined with complications now associated with obtaining US visas, slowed and ultimately limited progress on this project. As a result, US investigators expended only 65% of the $207,400 originally planned for this project. The Israeli side of the project advanced more directly toward its scientific goals and lists its expenditures in the customary financial report.
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Schulte, Rebecca. Special Education Teacher Candidates and Mentors: Case Studies of Collaboration in Pre-service Field Experiences. Portland State University Library, January 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.15760/etd.1028.

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Chen, Xiang, Mikhail A. Sokolov, Kory D. Linton, Logan N. Clowers, and Yutai Katoh. Transition Fracture Toughness Characterization of Eurofer 97 Steel using Pre-Cracked Miniature Multi-notch Bend Bar Specimens. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), November 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1414686.

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LeDuc, Jamie, Ryan Maki, Tom Burri, Joan Elias, Jay Glase, Brenda Moraska Lafrancois, Kevin Peterson, David Vandermeulen, and Ben Vondra. Voyageurs National Park interior lakes status and impact assessment. National Park Service, February 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.36967/nrr-2289923.

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Voyageurs National Park (VNP) is a water-based park that includes part or all of four large lakes and twenty-six smaller lakes commonly referred to as “interior lakes”. The 26 interior lakes of VNP are important aquatic resources with differing size and depth, water chemistry, trophic status, fish communities, and visitor use. Despite the remote location of these lakes, they have been impacted by multiple stressors, including contaminants and non-native species. This assessment provides key information in support of a science-based management plan for these lakes. The objectives of this assessment were to: 1) assess the status of each of the interior lakes and categorically rank the lakes from least to most impacted; 2) use the results to make specific science-based management and restoration recommendations for the most impacted lakes; and 3) make general recommendations that may be useful in managing all of Voyageurs National Park’s interior lakes. When all factors considered in this analysis (water quality, fish mercury concentrations, and fish community characteristics) were combined and assessed, thirteen lakes were classified as most impacted, nine as moderately impacted, and three as least impacted. Although nearly half of the lakes were classified as most impacted in this assessment, many of these lakes are in excellent condition compared to other lakes in the region. The factor-by-factor impact status of the lakes was considered to help describe the condition of the lakes and the potential for restoration. No local management options were identified to mitigate the mercury contamination in these lakes as research has shown the sources of the contamination to arrive from regional and global sources. Similarly, no management actions were identified to reduce nutrient concentrations in the lakes ranked most impacted for nutrient conditions as these are remote lakes with minimal or no development within their watersheds, and it was also noted that paleolimnological studies have shown that the nutrient status of the interior lakes was relatively unchanged from pre-European settlement conditions. Finally, for the lakes in which presumed introduced fish species are present, piscicides were considered as a potential management action. Piscicides were not recommended as a strategy to eradicate introduced fish species as it was determined that genetic conservation of the populations of native fish species still present in these lakes was more valuable than eradicating the introduced species.
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Wijsman, J. W. M., and A. C. Smaal. The use of shellfish for pre-filtration of marine intake water in a reverse electro dialysis energy plant : Inventory of potential shellfish species and design of conceptual filtration systems. Yerseke: Wageningen Marine Research, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.18174/424555.

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Glazer, Itamar, Alice Churchill, Galina Gindin, and Michael Samish. Genomic and Organismal Studies to Elucidate the Mechanisms of Infectivity of Entomopathogenic Fungi to Ticks. United States Department of Agriculture, January 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2013.7593382.bard.

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The overall goal of this research was to elucidate the factors affecting early development of Metarhizium spp. (previously named M. anisopliae) on ticks or tick cuticle extracts and the molecular basis of these early infection processes. The original objectives were: 1. Characterize the pre-penetration events (adhesion, germination and appressorium formation) of spores of M. anisopliae strains with high or low virulence during tick infection. 2. Create GFP-expressing strains of M. anisopliae tick pathogens having high and low virulence to compare their progress of infection by microscopy. 3. Use microarray analyses, primarily with existing M. anisopliae EST sequences in GenBank, to identify and characterize fungal genes whose expression is regulated in response to host cuticle extracts. Objective 3 was later modified (as approved by BARD) to use RNAseq to characterize the early stages of fungal gene expression during infection of intact host cuticles. This new method provides a massively larger and more informative dataset and allows us to take advantage of a) recently published genomes of Metarhizium robertsii and M. acridum for RNAseq data analysis, and b) newly developed and highly efficient cDNA sequencing technologies that are relatively low cost and, therefore, allow deep sequencing of multiple transcriptome samples. We examined pre-penetration and penetration events that differentiate high and low virulence strains of Metarhizium spp., focusing on spore adhesion, germination, appressorium formation, and penetration of tick integuments. Initiation of fungal infection was compared on susceptible and resistant tick species at different tick developmental stages. In vitro studies comparing the effects of protein and fatty acid profiles from tick cuticle extracts demonstrated that resistant tick cuticles contain higher concentrations of specific lipids that inhibit fungal development than do susceptible tick cuticles, suggesting one mechanism of Ixodidae resistance to fungal entomopathogens (Objective 1). We used molecular markers to determine that the three M. anisopliae strains from Israel that we studied actually were three distinct species. M. brunneum is highly virulent against the tick Rhipicephalus annulatus, M. pingshaense and M. robertsii are intermediate in virulence, and M. majus is of low virulence. We transformed all four Metarhizium species to express GFP and used them in pathogenicity assays against diverse tick species. Key findings were that a) resistant ticks inhibit Metarhizium infection prior to hemocoel invasion by reducing fungal viability on the cuticle surface (Objective 2), as was supported by the in vitro studies of Objective 1, and b) Metarhizium kills susceptible ticks after cuticle penetration but prior to hemocoel colonization. Transcriptome studies of the most virulent species, M. brunneum, are in progress and include analyses of ungerminated conidia and conidia germination and development on a low nutrient medium or on susceptible R. annulatus exoskeleton (Objective 3). We anticipate these studies will contribute to identifying fungal genetic factors that increase virulence and speed of kill and may help reveal tick chemistries that could be included in biocontrol formulations to increase efficacy. Methodologies developed to screen tick cuticle extracts for ability to support conidia germination and development may help in the selection of wild fungi with increased virulence against resistant ticks. The overall knowledge gained should contribute not only to the improvement of tick control but also to the control of other blood-sucking arthropods and related plant pests. Use of bio-based agents for controlling arthropods will contribute to a healthier, more sustainable environment and serve a growing number of organic food farmers.
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Fagúndez, Jaime, Laura Lagos, José Antonio Cortés Vázquez, and Flávia Canastra. Galician Wild Ponies. Socio-Economic Context and Environmental Benefits: Galicia Area Report and Case Study for GrazeLIFE (LIFE18 PRE NL 002). Publishing Service-University of A Coruña, February 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.17979/spudc.9788497498234.

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The University of A Coruña is partner of the GRAZELIFE LIFE preparatory project (LIFE 18 PRE/NL002). We contributed to the main aim of the project of promoting sustainable grazing by large herbivores, with the study of the particular case of Galician wild ponies as a natural grazing semi-wild land use model, and alternative land uses of short and long-term afforestation, extensive grazing and abandonment. We selected two sub-areas in Galicia representing different situations in dominant land uses and the wild ponies’ system. Xistral, in the north, is a protected Natura 2000 site covered by wet heaths and bogs, ponies are owned by commoners that are mainly cattle farmers. Groba, in the south, is a drier area with dominance of forestry use and high frequency of wildfires, where ponies are owned by non-professional farmers. We performed twenty personal semi-structured interviews with pony owners, land owners and related experts from different sectors (afforestation, tourism, conservation NGOs), and performed two focus groups. We discussed topics such as their relation with ponies, the challenges they face, their demands and feelings on the policies, including CAP subsidies or compensations for wolf attacks, and their expectations for the future. In the field, we selected representative stands of each land use model in each sub-area and performed a systematic record of plant species, measures of plant biomass, and collected soil samples. Measures were used as proxies of biodiversity changes, carbon storage and wildfire risk, to compare between the selected models.
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Fagúndez, Jaime, Laura Lagos, José Antonio Cortés Vázquez, and Flávia Canastra. Galician Wild Ponies. Socio-Economic Context and Environmental Benefits: Galicia Area Report and Case Study for GrazeLIFE (LIFE18 PRE NL 002). Publishing Service-University of A Coruña, February 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.17979/spudc.9788497498241.

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The University of A Coruña is partner of the GRAZELIFE LIFE preparatory project (LIFE 18 PRE/NL002). We contributed to the main aim of the project of promoting sustainable grazing by large herbivores, with the study of the particular case of Galician wild ponies as a natural grazing semi-wild land use model, and alternative land uses of short and long-term afforestation, extensive grazing and abandonment. We selected two sub-areas in Galicia representing different situations in dominant land uses and the wild ponies’ system. Xistral, in the north, is a protected Natura 2000 site covered by wet heaths and bogs, ponies are owned by commoners that are mainly cattle farmers. Groba, in the south, is a drier area with dominance of forestry use and high frequency of wildfires, where ponies are owned by non-professional farmers. We performed twenty personal semi-structured interviews with pony owners, land owners and related experts from different sectors (afforestation, tourism, conservation NGOs), and performed two focus groups. We discussed topics such as their relation with ponies, the challenges they face, their demands and feelings on the policies, including CAP subsidies or compensations for wolf attacks, and their expectations for the future. In the field, we selected representative stands of each land use model in each sub-area and performed a systematic record of plant species, measures of plant biomass, and collected soil samples. Measures were used as proxies of biodiversity changes, carbon storage and wildfire risk, to compare between the selected models.
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