Relevant bibliographies by topics / Prey size

Academic literature on the topic 'Prey size'

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Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 31 January 2023

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Journal articles on the topic "Prey size"

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Hampton, Paul M. "Ontogenetic prey size selection in snakes: predator size and functional limitations to handling minimum prey sizes." Zoology 126 (February 2018): 103–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.zool.2017.11.006.

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Luiselli, Luca, Godfrey C. Akani, Claudia Corti, and Francesco M. Angelici. "Is sexual size dimorphism in relative head size correlated with intersexual dietary divergence in West African forest cobras, Naja melanoleuca?" Contributions to Zoology 71, no. 4 (2002): 141–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/18759866-07104004.

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Sex-biased differences in dietary habits of snakes are often linked to pronounced sexual size dimorphism in absolute body size or in relative head size. We studied the food habits of free-ranging forest cobras (Naja melanoleuca) in southern Nigeria to find whether any intersexual dietary divergence is present in this species, and measured both museum vouchers and free-ranging specimens to find whether any intersexual divergence in relative head size is present. We demonstrated that: (1) head sizes increases more rapidly with SVL in females than in males, with a result that, at the same body length, the females tended to have significantly larger heads; (2) males and females were nearly identical in dietary habits, both if we consider prey size or prey type; (3) both sexes tended to prey upon relatively little sized preys. It is concluded that traditional evolutionary scenarios for explaining sexual dimorphism and food niche divergence are hardly valid in this case, and we need to look for entirely different hypotheses (e.g. linked to the sexual preference of males for females with larger heads).
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Bannon, Eileen, and Neil H. Ringler. "Optimal prey size for stream resident brown trout (Salmo trutta): tests of predictive models." Canadian Journal of Zoology 64, no. 3 (March 1, 1986): 704–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/z86-104.

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The time required to handle different-sized prey (crickets) was measured in an artificial stream for eight wild brown trout (Salmo trutta L.) in two size classes (mean total lengths, 186 and 214 mm). Handling times (HTs) scaled by mouth size were described by an exponential equation: HT = 1 + 0.84e2.35(ps/ms) (ps, prey size; ms, predator (mouth) size). Cost curves based on handling time/prey weight were used to predict optimal prey lengths of 22 mm for small trout and 24 mm for large trout. A second model based on J. W. J. Wankowski's empirical results predicted slightly smaller optima. Physical constraints provided estimated minimum prey lengths of 2.8 and 3.2 mm for large and small fish, respectively; maximum prey lengths were 89 and 97 mm, respectively. We compared the predicted optimal prey size with the size distribution of invertebrates in drift and brown trout stomachs sampled in a second-order stream from July to September 1982. The most abundant prey sizes in the study stream were near the minimum size that can be effectively handled by brown trout. Prey of the predicted optimum size were rare, but feeding was size selective in spite of a limited food resource. The growth rates of these stream-dwelling brown trout were slower than the brown trout in other streams in this region. This may reflect diets consisting largely of suboptimal-sized prey.
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Houston, A. I. "Prey size of single-prey loaders as an indicator of prey abundance." Ecology Letters 3, no. 1 (January 2000): 5–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1461-0248.2000.00110.x.

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Rychlik, L. "Prey size, prey nutrition, and food handling by shrews of different body sizes." Behavioral Ecology 13, no. 2 (March 1, 2002): 216–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/beheco/13.2.216.

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Tonn, W. M., C. A. Paszkowski, and I. J. Holopainen. "Selective piscivory by perch: Effects of predator size, prey size, and prey species." SIL Proceedings, 1922-2010 24, no. 4 (September 1991): 2406–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/03680770.1989.11899975.

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McLean, Edward B. "Sexual dimorphism and predaceous feeding habits of the waterstrider Gerris remigis Say (Heteroptera: Gerridae)." Canadian Journal of Zoology 68, no. 12 (December 1, 1990): 2688–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/z90-371.

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The feeding habits of Gerris remigis were examined in a southeastern Ontario stream. Gerrids with prey items were collected from two pools along a 15-m length of the site. The size distribution of potential prey available in the surface drift during the survey was estimated. Gerrid prey consisted mainly of terrestrial insects; coleopterans, dipterans, homopterans, and hymenopterans represented the predominant orders. The median size of prey taken by all gerrids was significantly larger than that available in the surface drift. A sexual dimorphism in gerrid body size was found. The length of prey taken did not differ between the sexes; however, the diet of the larger bodied females consisted of prey with a greater median body width than the diet of smaller males. Females also took a greater size range of prey. These results support a size-dependent predation model which predicts that the upper size range of prey that can be successfully captured is correlated with predator size.
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Sabagh, Leandro Talione, Ana Maria Paulino Telles Carvalho-e-Silva, and Carlos Frederico Duarte Rocha. "Diet of the toad Rhinella icterica (Anura: Bufonidae) from Atlantic Forest Highlands of southeastern Brazil." Biota Neotropica 12, no. 4 (December 2012): 258–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s1676-06032012000400027.

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In this study, we present some information of the regarding throphic niche from the anuran toad Rhinella icterica living in high altitudes above 2000 m a.s.l. from a habitat of the Atlantic Forest Biome - the Altitude Fields in the Itatiaia National Park. We found 150 prey items in toad stomachs, belonging to five prey types, as well as skin remains and some remains of plant material. The index of relative importance indicated that most important prey types were beetles and ants, these last composing 70% of the diet numerically and the trophic niche breadth (B) was 1.81. The relatively low diversity of prey types we recorded in the diet of R. icterica of Itatiaia and numerically dominated by ants suggests some preference for this item. We do not found significant relationship between the toad measurements with the preys' measurements. We concluded that R. icterica toads at the highlands of Itatiaia feeds on arthropods, mainly ants and coleopterans and that the high consumption of preys with relatively small and similar size as ants in the diet prevents an expected relationship among frog body or mouth size and prey volume and size.
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Jensen, Hallvard, Kimmo K. Kahilainen, Per-Arne Amundsen, Karl Øystein Gjelland, Antti Tuomaala, Tommi Malinen, and Thomas Bøhn. "Predation by brown trout (Salmo trutta) along a diversifying prey community gradient." Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 65, no. 9 (September 2008): 1831–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/f08-096.

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Predation has a fundamental role in aquatic ecosystems, but the relative importance of factors governing prey selection by predators remains controversial. In this study, we contrast five lakes of a subarctic watershed to explore how prey community characteristics affect prey selection and growth rate of the common top predator, brown trout ( Salmo trutta ). The lakes constitute a distinct gradient of different coregonid prey fish, ranging from monomorphic common whitefish ( Coregonus lavaretus ) to polymorphic whitefish co-occurring with vendace ( Coregonus albula ). The brown trout was a morph–species- and size-specific pelagic predator, selecting the small-sized, pelagic whitefish morph or vendace over the benthic whitefish morphs. In all lakes, the average prey size increased with predator size, but small-sized prey were also included in the diet of large predators. The selection of small-sized, pelagic prey fish appeared to be a favourable foraging strategy for the brown trout, yielding higher growth rates and an earlier ontogenetic shift to piscivory. The findings emphasize that piscivory appear to be shaped by the diversity, size-structure, and abundance of available prey in a given community.
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Woolnough, AP, and SM Carthew. "Selection of Prey by Size in Ningaui Yvonneae." Australian Journal of Zoology 44, no. 3 (1996): 319. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/zo9960319.

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The small dasyurid marsupial, Ningaui yvonneae, feeds opportunistically on invertebrates dominated by the orders Hymenoptera, Coleoptera and Araneae, but is capable of, and will, consume vertebrates such as skinks. When presented with a choice of prey N. yvonneae exhibited a strong preference for prey items on the basis of size. It consistently selected small prey items over large prey items. Small prey items represented the most energy-efficient prey option as the ningaui can more efficiently capture, subdue and consume them than it can larger prey. The relationship between prey size and handling time was exponential, indicating that there is an upper limit to the ability of N. yvonneae to process prey. Moreover, smaller cockroaches provided greater energy gain than larger ones, indicating that the costs of eating larger cockroaches energetically outweighed the energy return. These results are in agreement with optimal foraging theory.
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Prey size"

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Meachen-Samuels, Julie Anna. "Morphological indicators of prey-size preference in the Felidae." Diss., Restricted to subscribing institutions, 2008. http://proquest.umi.com/pqdweb?did=1680040971&sid=13&Fmt=2&clientId=1564&RQT=309&VName=PQD.

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Bennice, Chelsea O. "Altering life history traits a size-selective predator decreases the size of its prey. /." Connect to resource, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/1811/32125.

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Spencer, Matthew. "The effects of habitat size on food web structure." Thesis, University of Sheffield, 1995. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.481753.

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Truemper, Holly A. "Food habits and prey size-selection of yellow perch in extreme southern Lake Michigan, with emphasis on the prey : round goby." Virtual Press, 2003. http://liblink.bsu.edu/uhtbin/catkey/1260485.

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Food habits for yellow perch Perca flavescens were compared using current and previous diet studies from southern Lake Michigan index sites. Yellow perch were not gape limited but size-selective in consumption of the newly established round goby Neogobius melanostomus. Ingested fish ranged from 7 to 47% of the yellow perch's total length and 2 to 53% of their gape. Currently, yellow perch diets are dominated in volume by fish/fish products (85%), which is double from previous studies. Utilization of zooplankton and insect prey items in the yellow perch diet has decreased to <1% by volume in 2002, contrasting with previous consumption of 4 to 20% and 5 to 17%, respectively, from previous studies during 1971-1993. Yellow perch are exhibiting opportunistic, generalist feeding strategy that incorporates both exotic and native prey items, allowing the population to use multiple prey items with the changing prey base in Lake Michigan.
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Rowlands, William Llewelyn. "Is prey selection in young gadoids in the Irish Sea limited by gape size or by the spectrum of prey available?" Thesis, University of Liverpool, 2004. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.406715.

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Adam, Peter James. "Morphological evolution in Cetacea skull asymmetry and allometry of body size and prey /." Diss., Restricted to subscribing institutions, 2007. http://proquest.umi.com/pqdweb?did=1375523531&sid=1&Fmt=2&clientId=1564&RQT=309&VName=PQD.

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Wiersma, Jonathan H. "Maximum estimated bite force, skull morphology, and primary prey size in North American carnivores." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 2000. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk1/tape2/PQDD_0014/MQ61307.pdf.

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Paul, Shubhabrata. "Prey-size selectivity in the bivalve Chione in the Florida Pliocene-Pleistocene : a re-evaluation." [Tampa, Fla] : University of South Florida, 2008. http://purl.fcla.edu/usf/dc/et/SFE0002740.

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Mascaro, Maite. "Crab foraging behaviour : prey size and species selection in Carcinus maenas (L.) and Cancer pagurus L." Thesis, Bangor University, 1998. https://research.bangor.ac.uk/portal/en/theses/crab-foraging-behaviour--prey-size-and-species-selection-in-carcinus-maenas-l-and-cancer-pagurus-l(402c594d-fe2f-42be-a39e-349cf07afff2).html.

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This thesis examines the foraging behaviour of Carcinus maenas and Cancerpagurus when presented with bivalves of contrasting morphology: Mytilus edulis, Ostrea edulis, Crassostrea gigas and Cerastoderma edule. Because foraging may be influenced by the relative abundance and morphological characteristics of both predator and prey, these aspects are also considered. Chelal size and strength of these crabs and prey shell shape largely determined handling techniques. When offered a size range of these bivalves individually, crabs attacked all encountered prey but rejected those that remained unbroken after several opening attempts, thus, emphasising the passive nature of their size-selective feeding. When offered paired combinations of mussels, oysters and cockles, larger crabs selected species in the ranked order of their profitability. Species-related preferences exhibited by crabs feeding on prey at or near the optimal size suggest that foraging decisions are partly based on evaluations of overall prey shape and volume, and that shell width constitutes an important feature which crabs recognise and associate with prey value. Variations in crab strength relative to size accounted for most intra-specific differences in foraging behaviour. Juvenile C maenas are limited in their choice of prey size, and are thus less species-selective. Adult C maenas are not so constrained, and exhibit a higher degree of species-selectivity. C. pagurus possesses powerful monomorphic chelae that operate at higher mechanical advantage than the cbelae of C maenas, and readily crushed larger mussels relative to their size. Differences in prey size selection between crab species varied with the species of prey offered, suggesting that certain shell features of these bivalves constitute effective barriers to even the powerful chelae of C pagurus. These results are relevant in the context of aquaculture, since predatory impact on commercially reared bivalves might be reduced by combining different prey species that offer predators alternative or preferred sources of food.
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Paul, Shubhabrata. "Prey-size selectivity in the bivalve Chione in the Florida Pliocene-Pleistocene: A reevaluation." Scholar Commons, 2008. https://scholarcommons.usf.edu/etd/445.

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Previous study of drilling predation on the bivalve Chione during the late Neogene of Florida suggested that prey-size selectivity of predators was disrupted by species turnover and morphological change within the prey genus. More recent experimental work, however, showed that at least some of these changes can be attributed to the confounding effects of facies shifts between naticid-dominated, muricid-dominated, and mixed predator assemblages. As muricids have the most abundant and continuous fossil record and are most responsible for predation on the Chione bivalve in modern benthic ecosystems of Florida, we use new criteria to isolate the muricid component of the Chione drillhole record and analyze the history of this type of predator independently. Our analysis, based on drilled Chione from four Plio-Pleistocene formations in Florida, does not support the previous scenario of disruption at the end of the Pliocene followed by predator recovery. Rather, selected prey size has steadily increased since the middle Pliocene, although the stereotypy of prey-size selection behaviors has decreased. In order to explain this trend, I performed a series of statistical analyses to explore factors most likely to have influenced muricid prey-size stereotypy. The timing of Species turnover within the prey lineage or change in prey phenotype does not correlate with the timing of changes in prey-size stereotypy and, therefore, cannot explain the observed changes in muricid behavior. Presence of secondary predators may also influence predator-prey interactions, because predators forage sub-optimally to ensure greater safety in the presence of enemies. Results indicate that secondary predation pressure decreased at the Caloosahatchee-Bermont boundary without any evident change in muricid prey-size stereotypy and hence refute the hypothesis that secondary predation induced sub-optimal foraging. A third factor tested is prey density, which plays a major role in predator-prey interactions in other systems by thwarting a predator's ability to single out the preferred individual prey. Increased Chione prey density correlates with and provides support for increased confusion among the muricid predators and hence driving the increased sub-optimal behavior reflected by the increased variability in prey-size selection. This is the first time prey density effect has been considered and its importance here over all other factors suggests that it may be a critical factor in short- and long-term predator behavior trends in fossil record.
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Books on the topic "Prey size"

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Wiersma, Jonathan H. Maximum estimated bite force, skull morphology, and primary prey size in North American carnivores. Sudbury, Ont: Laurentian University, Department of Biology, 2001.

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1926-, Dickie Lloyd Merlin, ed. The biomass spectrum: A predator-prey theory of aquatic production. New York: Columbia University Press, 2001.

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McLean, Edward B. Surface wave perception and patterns of prey size consumption by the waterstrider Gerris remigis Say (Heteroptera: Gerridae). Ottawa: National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1992.

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Molinsky, Steven J. Side by side plus: Life skills, standards & test prep. 3rd ed. White Plains, NY: Pearson Education, 2008.

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Daniel, Randy. Harney Flats: A Florida Paleo-Indian site. Farmingdale, N.Y: Baywood Pub. Co., 1987.

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Notebook, BirdsZQ, and BirdsZQ Notebook. Notebook: Birds of Prey , Journal for Writing, Size 6 X 9 , 164 Pages. Independently Published, 2019.

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Kerr, S. R., and L. M. Dickie. Biomass Spectrum: A Predator-Prey Theory of Aquatic Production. Columbia University Press, 2001.

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Gwyn, Azaria. Notebook: Black Uk Birds of Prey Wide Ruled , Journal for Writing, Size 6 X 9 , 110 Pages. Independently Published, 2020.

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Design, L. L. Love Birds of Prey: Birds of Prey Notebook Journal XL 8. 5 X11 Size and 120 Pages for Drawing, Sketching Painting, Doodling, or Writing Practice Adults and Kids. Independently Published, 2020.

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Jacob Keith Leslie La Rose. Variation in the growth and bioenergetics of Ontario's walleye (Sander vitreus) populations: Studying the influence of prey abundance and size. 2004.

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Book chapters on the topic "Prey size"

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Wilbur, H. M. "Interactions Between Growing Predators and Growing Prey." In Size-Structured Populations, 157–72. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1988. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-74001-5_11.

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Jaeger, Robert G. "Territorial Salamanders Evaluate Size and Chitinous Content of Arthropod Prey." In Behavioural Mechanisms of Food Selection, 111–26. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1990. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-75118-9_7.

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Browman, Howard I., and Brian M. Marcotte. "Diurnal feeding and prey size selection in Atlantic salmon, Salmo salar, alevins." In Contemporary studies on fish feeding: the proceedings of GUTSHOP ’84, 269–84. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1986. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-017-1158-6_23.

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Rice, James A., Larry B. Crowder, and Elizabeth A. Marschall. "Predation on juvenile fishes: dynamic interactions between size-structured predators and prey." In Early Life History and Recruitment in Fish Populations, 333–56. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1997. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-009-1439-1_12.

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Hayashi, Fumio. "Life-history patterns in 15 populations of Protohermes (Megaloptera: Corydalidae): Effects of prey size and temperature." In Insect life-cycle polymorphism, 227–43. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1994. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-017-1888-2_11.

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Mascaró, M., and R. Seed. "Choice of prey size and species in Carcinus maenas (L.) feeding on four bivalves of contrasting shell morphology." In Advances in Decapod Crustacean Research, 159–70. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-017-0645-2_17.

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Kornijów, Ryszard. "The impact of predation by perch on the size-structure of Chironomus larvae — the role of vertical distribution of the prey in the bottom sediments, and habitat complexity." In Shallow Lakes ’95, 207–13. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1997. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-011-5648-6_22.

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Coelho, Miguel B., and Christopher W. J. Smith. "Alternative Splice Site Selection." In Alternative pre-mRNA Splicing, 93–107. Weinheim, Germany: Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9783527636778.ch8.

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Fickl, Stefan, and Markus B. Hürzeler. "Soft Tissue Augmentation: Pre-, Peri-, and Postimplantation." In Implant Site Development, 341–60. Chichester, UK: John Wiley & Sons, Ltd, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9781119136194.ch19.

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Marmier-Gourrier, Nathalie, Audrey Vautrin, Christiane Branlant, and Isabelle Behm-Ansmant. "Analysis of Site-Specific RNA-Protein Interactions." In Alternative pre-mRNA Splicing, 342–56. Weinheim, Germany: Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9783527636778.ch32.

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Conference papers on the topic "Prey size"

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Haley, Patrick B., Randal S. Olson, Fred C. Dyer, and Christoph Adami. "Evolving an optimal group size in groups of prey under predation." In European Conference on Artificial Life 2015. The MIT Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.7551/978-0-262-33027-5-ch107.

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ERIC ROBERT BEHLING, ERIC ROBERT BEHLING, ASHUTOSH SRIVASTAVA, RAPHAËL GLAESENER, SIDDHANT KUMAR, and ANIRUDDH VASHISTH. "WHAT IF SPIDERS MADE METAMATERIAL WEBS USING MATERIALS WITH MECHANICAL SIZE-EFFECTS?" In Thirty-sixth Technical Conference. Destech Publications, Inc., 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.12783/asc36/35746.

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Spider’s webs are elegant examples of natural composites that can absorb outof- plane impact energy to capture prey. Different spiders have different methods and structure of webs, and these variations in topologies have a significant effect on the prey catching abilities of the web. Taking inspiration from the spiders, metamaterials that have architectured topology can be fabricated according to end applications such as energy absorbers or impact tolerant materials. In this investigation, we theoretically examined impact loading on various orb-spider webs modeled with metamaterial architecture using materials that show size-dependent behavior. Using the size-dependent properties of nano-reinforced polymer-derived ceramics (PDCs), various metamaterial topologies were evaluated for out-of-plane impact due using ANSYS Ls-Dyna. The material properties capture the size dependency of the ceramics where smaller elements have higher strength due to reduced flaw intensity; the mechanical strength of these elements does not follow the conventional Griffith Theory. In this study, spider web geometries fabricated with PDCs with varying size elements were examined.
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Wood, Cat, Christy C. Visaggi, Joshua M. Clark, Alexander F. Crooks, Sydney Dumper, Jared K. Meharg, Veronica Ramos, Matthew J. Toro, Amy J. Reber, and Roger W. Portell. "PREDATOR-PREY INTERACTIONS AND SIZE-FREQUENCY DISTRIBUTIONS RECORDED IN MOLLUSCAN ASSEMBLAGES OF THE PLIO-PLEISTOCENE NASHUA FORMATION OF NORTHERN FLORIDA." In 68th Annual GSA Southeastern Section Meeting - 2019. Geological Society of America, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1130/abs/2019se-326721.

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Beech, James D. "RELATIONSHIPS BETWEEN BODY SIZE AND TAPHONOMIC SIGNAL IN THE PREDATOR-PREY INTERACTIONS OF LAND CRABS AND SNAILS ON SAN SALVADOR ISLAND, THE BAHAMAS." In GSA Annual Meeting in Seattle, Washington, USA - 2017. Geological Society of America, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1130/abs/2017am-304101.

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Huntley, John Warren, Tara Selly, Kelly Elizabeth Hale, Daniel A. Clapp, and James D. Schiffbauer. "ENVIRONMENTAL GRADIENTS IN A TIDAL CARBONATE LAGOON (PIGEON CREEK, SAN SALVADOR ISLAND, BAHAMAS) AND THEIR RELATIONSHIP TO MOLLUSCAN DIVERSITY, BODY SIZE, AND PREDATOR-PREY INTERACTIONS." In GSA Annual Meeting in Denver, Colorado, USA - 2016. Geological Society of America, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1130/abs/2016am-282623.

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Nakamura, Takaki, and Norihisa Komoda. "Pre-allocation Size Adjusting Methods Depending on Growing File Size." In 2008 Fifth IEEE International Workshop on Storage Network Architecture and Parallel I/Os (SNAPI). IEEE, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/snapi.2008.9.

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Alvin R Womac, C Igathinathane, Prasad Bitra, P Miu, T Yang, S Sokhansanj, and S Narayan. "Biomass Pre-Processing Size Reduction with Instrumented Mills." In 2007 Minneapolis, Minnesota, June 17-20, 2007. St. Joseph, MI: American Society of Agricultural and Biological Engineers, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.13031/2013.23306.

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Karoussi, O. "Carbonate Rock Type Identification Using Pore Throat Size Distribution Clusters." In Third EAGE Conference on Pre Salt Reservoirs. European Association of Geoscientists & Engineers, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.3997/2214-4609.202288027.

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Mondal, S., S. Memik, and N. Bellas. "Pre-synthesis Queue Size Estimation of Streaming Data Flow Graphs." In 2006 14th Annual IEEE Symposium on Field-Programmable Custom Computing Machines. IEEE, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/fccm.2006.59.

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XUE, JING, and KEDAR KIRANE. "STRENGTH SIZE EFFECT IN FIBER COMPOSITES FAILING UNDER LONGITUDINAL AND TRANSVERSE COMPRESSION." In Thirty-sixth Technical Conference. Destech Publications, Inc., 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.12783/asc36/35873.

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The size effect in the structural strength of fiber reinforced composites has been typically analyzed for tensile failures. However, this is not true for the equally important compressive failures, primarily due to the difficulties in conducting compression tests on specimens of multiple sizes. These size effects are analyzed here numerically for two important compressive failure mechanisms in composites, viz. (i) fiber kink bands forming under longitudinal compression (typically accompanied by axial splitting matrix cracks) and (ii) inclined shear cracks forming under transverse compression. The former mechanism is modeled by a semi-multiscale microplane model, while the latter by the fixed crack model. Both models are calibrated and verified using available test data on carbon fiber composites and then used to predict the failure and load bearing capacities of geometrically scaled pre-cracked specimens of different sizes. In all cases, the predicted failure is found to be of a propagating nature, accompanied by release of strain energy from the specimen causing a distinct size effect in the nominal strength. For the composite considered here, under longitudinal compression, the fracture process zone (FPZ) is found to be fairly small (<1 mm) and the strength size effect is seen to follow linear elastic fracture mechanics (LEFM). The size effect deviates from LEFM for smaller specimen sizes due to increased flaw size insensitivity but cannot be fitted by Bažant's size effect law since the geometric similarity of the failure mode is lost. On the other hand, under transverse compression the FPZ is found to be much larger (34 to 42 mm) and the size effect is found to obey Bažant's size effect law, deviating from LEFM. The failure is geometrically similar despite being inclined to the pre-crack. These findings provide evidence of the general applicability of fracture mechanics-based size effect laws to compressive failure in fiber composites, and prompt suitable experimental investigations.
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Reports on the topic "Prey size"

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Corum, Zachary, Ethan Cheng, Stanford Gibson, and Travis Dahl. Optimization of reach-scale gravel nourishment on the Green River below Howard Hanson Dam, King County, Washington. Engineer Research and Development Center (U.S.), April 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.21079/11681/43887.

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The US Army Corps of Engineers, Seattle District, nourishes gravel downstream of Howard Hanson Dam (HHD) on the Green River in Washington State. The study team developed numerical models to support the ongoing salmonid habitat improvement mission downstream of HHD. Recent advancements in computing and numerical modeling software make long-term simulations in steep, gravel, cobble, and boulder river environments cost effective. The team calibrated mobile-bed, sediment-transport models for the pre-dam and post-dam periods. The modeling explored geomorphic responses to flow and sediment regime changes associated with HHD construction and operation. The team found that pre-dam conditions were significantly more dynamic than post-dam conditions and may have had lower spawning habitat quality in the project vicinity. The team applied the Bank Stability and Toe Erosion Model to the site and then calibrated to the post-dam gravel augmentation period. The team implemented a new hiding routine in HEC-RAS that improved the simulated grain size trends but underestimated coarse sediment transport. Models without the hiding function overestimated grain size but matched bed elevations and mass flux very well. Decade-long simulations of four future gravel nourishment conditions showed continued sediment storage in the reach. The storage rate was sensitive to nourishment mass and grain size.
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Hollander, Brett. L2 Milestone Review: Site prep for CTS-2 installation. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), September 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1889955.

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Greenhalgh, W. O. Pre-1970 transuranic solid waste at the Hanford Site. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), May 1995. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/88842.

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Sherman, Amir, Rebecca Grumet, Ron Ophir, Nurit Katzir, and Yiqun Weng. Whole genome approach for genetic analysis in cucumber: Fruit size as a test case. United States Department of Agriculture, December 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2013.7594399.bard.

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The Cucurbitaceae family includes a broad array of economically and nutritionally important crop species that are consumed as vegetables, staple starches and desserts. Fruit of these species, and types within species, exhibit extensive diversity as evidenced by variation in size, shape, color, flavor, and others. Fruit size and shape are critical quality determinants that delineate uses and market classes and are key traits under selection in breeding programs. However, the underlying genetic bases for variation in fruit size remain to be determined. A few species the Cucurbitaceae family were sequenced during the time of this project (cucumber was already sequenced when the project started watermelon and melon sequence became available during the project) but functional genomic tools are still missing. This research program had three major goals: 1. Develop whole genome cucumber and melon SNP arrays. 2. Develop and characterize cucumber populations segregating for fruit size. 3. Combine genomic tools, segregating populations, and phenotypic characterization to identify loci associated with fruit size. As suggested by the reviewers the work concentrated mostly in cucumber and not both in cucumber and melon. In order to develop a SNP (single nucleotide polymorphism) array for cucumber, available and newly generated sequence from two cucumber cultivars with extreme differences in shape and size, pickling GY14 and Chinese long 9930, were analyzed for variation (SNPs). A large set of high quality SNPs was discovered between the two parents of the RILs population (GY14 and 9930) and used to design a custom SNP array with 35000 SNPs using Agilent technology. The array was validated using 9930, Gy14 and F1 progeny of the two parents. Several mapping populations were developed for linkage mapping of quantitative trait loci (QTL) for fruit size These includes 145 F3 families and 150 recombinant inbred line (RILs F7 or F8 (Gy14 X 9930) and third population contained 450 F2 plants from a cross between Gy14 and a wild plant from India. The main population that was used in this study is the RILs population of Gy14 X 9930. Phenotypic and morphological analyses of 9930, Gy14, and their segregating F2 and RIL progeny indicated that several, likely independent, factors influence cucumber fruit size and shape, including factors that act both pre-anthesis and post-pollination. These include: amount, rate, duration, and plane of cell division pre- and post-anthesis and orientation of cell expansion. Analysis of F2 and RIL progeny indicated that factors influencing fruit length were largely determined pre-anthesis, while fruit diameter was more strongly influenced by environment and growth factors post-anthesis. These results suggest involvement of multiple genetically segregating factors expected to map independently onto the cucumber genome. Using the SNP array and the phenotypic data two major QTLs for fruit size of cucumber were mapped in very high accuracy (around 300 Kb) with large set of markers that should facilitate identification and cloning of major genes that contribute to fruit size in cucumber. In addition, a highly accurate haplotype map of all RILS was created to allow fine mapping of other traits segregating in this population. A detailed cucumber genetic map with 6000 markers was also established (currently the most detailed genetic map of cucumber). The integration of genetics physiology and genomic approaches in this project yielded new major infrastructure tools that can be used for understanding fruit size and many other traits of importance in cucumber. The SNP array and genetic population with an ultra-fine map can be used for future breeding efforts, high resolution mapping and cloning of traits of interest that segregate in this population. The genetic map that was developed can be used for other breeding efforts in other populations. The study of fruit development that was done during this project will be important in dissecting function of genes that that contribute to the fruit size QTLs. The SNP array can be used as tool for mapping different traits in cucumber. The development of the tools and knowledge will thus promote genetic improvement of cucumber and related cucurbits.
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Roschelle, Jeremy, Britte Haugan Cheng, Nicola Hodkowski, Julie Neisler, and Lina Haldar. Evaluation of an Online Tutoring Program in Elementary Mathematics. Digital Promise, April 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.51388/20.500.12265/94.

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Many students struggle with mathematics in late elementary school, particularly on the topic of fractions. In a best evidence syntheses of research on increasing achievement in elementary school mathematics, Pelligrini et al. (2018) highlighted tutoring as a way to help students. Online tutoring is attractive because costs may be lower and logistics easier than with face-to-face tutoring. Cignition developed an approach that combines online 1:1 tutoring with a fractions game, called FogStone Isle. The game provides students with additional learning opportunities and provides tutors with information that they can use to plan tutoring sessions. A randomized controlled trial investigated the research question: Do students who participate in online tutoring and a related mathematical game learn more about fractions than students who only have access to the game? Participants were 144 students from four schools, all serving low-income students with low prior mathematics achievement. In the Treatment condition, students received 20-25 minute tutoring sessions twice per week for an average of 18 sessions and also played the FogStone Isle game. In the Control condition, students had access to the game, but did not play it often. Control students did not receive tutoring. Students were randomly assigned to condition after being matched on pre-test scores. The same diagnostic assessment was used as a pre-test and as a post-test. The planned analysis looked for differences in gain scores ( post-test minus pre-test scores) between conditions. We conducted a t-test on the aggregate gain scores, comparing conditions; the results were statistically significant (t = 4.0545, df = 132.66, p-value < .001). To determine an effect size, we treated each site as a study in a meta-analysis. Using gain scores, the effect size was g=+.66. A more sophisticated treatment of the pooled standard deviation resulted in a corrected effect size of g=.46 with a 95% confidence interval of [+.23,+.70]. Students who received online tutoring and played the related Fog Stone Isle game learned more; our research found the approach to be efficacious. The Pelligrini et al. (2018) meta-analysis of elementary math tutoring programs found g = .26 and was based largely on face-to-face tutoring studies. Thus, this study compares favorably to prior research on face-to-face mathematics tutoring with elementary students. Limitations are discussed; in particular, this is an initial study of an intervention under development. Effects could increase or decrease as development continues and the program scales. Although this study was planned long before the current pandemic, results are particularly timely now that many students are at home under shelter-in-place orders due to COVID-19. The approach taken here is feasible for students at home, with tutors supporting them from a distance. It is also feasible in many other situations where equity could be addressed directly by supporting students via online tutors.
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Garino, Terry J. The effects of composition, temperature and sample size on the sintering of chem-prep high field varistors. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), September 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/933217.

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Huckins-Gang, Heather, Jennifer Larotonda, Bryan Eleogram, Ian McKenna, and Christopher Burt. Reconstruction of Pre- and Post-Test Surfaces at the U-20az BARNWELL Site, Nevada National Security Site. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), April 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1777939.

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SIPOLA, DIANA L., JAMES A. VOIGT, STEVEN J. LOCKWOOD, and EMILY D. RODMAN-GONZALES. Chem-Prep PZT 95/5 for Neutron Generator Applications: Particle Size Distribution Comparison of Development and Production-Scale Powders. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), July 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/801386.

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Adams, Mary Beth. Site productivity and diversity of the Middle Mountain long-term soil productivity study, West Virginia: Pre-experimental site characterization. Newtown Square, PA: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Northern Research Station, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.2737/nrs-gtr-176.

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Turner, R. J. W., R. J. Knight, and J. Rick. Geological landscape of the pre-Inca archeological site at Chavin de Huantar, Peru. Natural Resources Canada/ESS/Scientific and Technical Publishing Services, 1999. http://dx.doi.org/10.4095/210197.

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