Journal articles: 'Prey-predator relationships'

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A.S., Taleb, and Alaa Khalaf. "Predator-Prey Relationships System." International Journal of Computer Applications 140, no. 5 (April 15, 2016): 42–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.5120/ijca2016909310.

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Nakazawa, Takefumi, Shin-ya Ohba, and Masayuki Ushio. "Predator–prey body size relationships when predators can consume prey larger than themselves." Biology Letters 9, no. 3 (June 23, 2013): 20121193. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsbl.2012.1193.

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As predator–prey interactions are inherently size-dependent, predator and prey body sizes are key to understanding their feeding relationships. To describe predator–prey size relationships (PPSRs) when predators can consume prey larger than themselves, we conducted field observations targeting three aquatic hemipteran bugs, and assessed their body masses and those of their prey for each hunting event. The data revealed that their PPSR varied with predator size and species identity, although the use of the averaged sizes masked these effects. Specifically, two predators had slightly decreased predator–prey mass ratios (PPMRs) during growth, whereas the other predator specialized on particular sizes of prey, thereby showing a clear positive size–PPMR relationship. We discussed how these patterns could be different from fish predators swallowing smaller prey whole.

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Juanes, Francis. "A length-based approach to predator–prey relationships in marine predators." Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 73, no. 4 (April 2016): 677–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/cjfas-2015-0159.

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Body size is a critical feature of the ecology of most organisms and has been used to describe and understand predator–prey interactions in both terrestrial and aquatic environments. Most previous studies have used prey mass to examine the relationships between predator size and prey size; however, using prey lengths may provide a different perspective, particularly for gape-limited fishes. Using a large database of predator and prey lengths for marine aquatic predators, I found the expected positive wedge-shaped relationship between predator length and prey length and a negative converging relationship between relative prey length (prey–predator length ratio = a measure of trophic niche breadth) and predator length. Distinct patterns in the size scaling of this measure of trophic niche breadth were identified using quantile regression: converging relationships were common among adults but absent among larvae. This difference suggests contrasting ontogenetic foraging opportunities between adults and larvae: a lack of large relative prey sizes for the largest adult predators, and a greater ability of larvae to include larger prey items in their diet as they grow.

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Inozemtseva, Iuliia, and James Braselton. "Epistasis in Predator-Prey Relationships." Open Journal of Applied Sciences 04, no. 09 (2014): 473–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.4236/ojapps.2014.49046.

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Schalk, Christopher M., and Michael V. Cove. "Squamates as prey: Predator diversity patterns and predator-prey size relationships." Food Webs 17 (December 2018): e00103. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.fooweb.2018.e00103.

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Schmitz, Oswald. "Predator and prey functional traits: understanding the adaptive machinery driving predator–prey interactions." F1000Research 6 (September 27, 2017): 1767. http://dx.doi.org/10.12688/f1000research.11813.1.

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Predator–prey relationships are a central component of community dynamics. Classic approaches have tried to understand and predict these relationships in terms of consumptive interactions between predator and prey species, but characterizing the interaction this way is insufficient to predict the complexity and context dependency inherent in predator–prey relationships. Recent approaches have begun to explore predator–prey relationships in terms of an evolutionary-ecological game in which predator and prey adapt to each other through reciprocal interactions involving context-dependent expression of functional traits that influence their biomechanics. Functional traits are defined as any morphological, behavioral, or physiological trait of an organism associated with a biotic interaction. Such traits include predator and prey body size, predator and prey personality, predator hunting mode, prey mobility, prey anti-predator behavior, and prey physiological stress. Here, I discuss recent advances in this functional trait approach. Evidence shows that the nature and strength of many interactions are dependent upon the relative magnitude of predator and prey functional traits. Moreover, trait responses can be triggered by non-consumptive predator–prey interactions elicited by responses of prey to risk of predation. These interactions in turn can have dynamic feedbacks that can change the context of the predator–prey interaction, causing predator and prey to adapt their traits—through phenotypically plastic or rapid evolutionary responses—and the nature of their interaction. Research shows that examining predator–prey interactions through the lens of an adaptive evolutionary-ecological game offers a foundation to explain variety in the nature and strength of predator–prey interactions observed in different ecological contexts.

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Gibert, Jean P., and John P. DeLong. "Temperature alters food web body-size structure." Biology Letters 10, no. 8 (August 2014): 20140473. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsbl.2014.0473.

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The increased temperature associated with climate change may have important effects on body size and predator–prey interactions. The consequences of these effects for food web structure are unclear because the relationships between temperature and aspects of food web structure such as predator–prey body-size relationships are unknown. Here, we use the largest reported dataset for marine predator–prey interactions to assess how temperature affects predator–prey body-size relationships among different habitats ranging from the tropics to the poles. We found that prey size selection depends on predator body size, temperature and the interaction between the two. Our results indicate that (i) predator–prey body-size ratios decrease with predator size at below-average temperatures and increase with predator size at above-average temperatures, and (ii) that the effect of temperature on predator–prey body-size structure will be stronger at small and large body sizes and relatively weak at intermediate sizes. This systematic interaction may help to simplify forecasting the potentially complex consequences of warming on interaction strengths and food web stability.

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Hone, Jim, Charles J. Krebs, and Mark O'Donoghue. "Is the relationship between predator and prey abundances related to climate for lynx and snowshoe hares?" Wildlife Research 38, no. 5 (2011): 419. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/wr11009.

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Context Predator dynamics may be related to prey abundance and influenced by environmental effects, such as climate. Predator–prey interactions may be represented by mechanistic models that comprise a deterministic skeleton with stochastic climatic forcing. Aims The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of climate on predator–prey dynamics. The lynx and snowshoe hare predator–prey system in the Kluane region of the Yukon, Canada, is used as a case study. The specific hypothesis is that climate influences the relationship between lynx and hare abundance. Methods We evaluate 10 linear relationships between predator and prey abundance and effects of climate. We use data on lynx and snowshoe hare abundance over 21 years in the Yukon as the predator–prey system, and three alternative broad-scale climate indices: the winter North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO), the Pacific North American (PNA) index and the North Pacific index (NPI). Key results There was more support, as assessed by Akaike weights (ωi = 0.600), evidence ratio (=4.73) and R2 (=0.77) for a model of predator (lynx) and prior prey (hare) abundance with an effect of prior climate (winter NAO) when combined in a multiplicative, rather than in an additive, manner. The results infer that climate changes the amplitude of the lynx cycle with lower predator (lynx) abundance with positive values of winter NAO for a given hare density. Conclusions The study provides evidence that predator–prey dynamics are related to climate in an interactive manner. The ecological mechanism for the interactive effect is not clear, and alternative hypotheses are proposed for future evaluation. Implications The study implies that changes in climate may alter predator–prey relationships.

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Rodewald, Amanda D., Laura J. Kearns, and Daniel P. Shustack. "Anthropogenic resource subsidies decouple predator–prey relationships." Ecological Applications 21, no. 3 (April 28, 2011): 936–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1890/10-0863.1.

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Vadas, Robert L. "Predator-prey relationships in the lower vertebrates." Environmental Biology of Fishes 22, no. 1 (May 1988): 79–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf00000545.

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Angerbjorn, Anders, Magnus Tannerfeldt, and Sam Erlinge. "Predator–prey relationships: arctic foxes and lemmings." Journal of Animal Ecology 68, no. 1 (January 1999): 34–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2656.1999.00258.x.

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Dulvy, N. K., and N. V. C. Polunin. "Detecting predator-prey relationships in the sea." Journal of Fish Biology 63 (December 2003): 230. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1095-8649.2003.0216j.x.

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Jeon, Wonju, and Sang-Hee Lee. "Stochastic rules for predator and prey hunting and escape behavior in a lattice-based model." International Journal of Biomathematics 09, no. 06 (August 2, 2016): 1650089. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s1793524516500893.

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Understanding of ecosystem resilience and stability requires comprehending predator–prey dynamics because ecosystems consist of dynamically interacting subsystems that include predator–prey relationships. This relationship is closely related to the hunting–escaping strategies employed by the predator and prey. Therefore, understanding the effects of hunting and escaping strategies on ecosystems will lead to a better understanding of these systems. As an approach for describing the predator–prey interaction, lattice-based models have been adopted because this approach has strong advantages for simulating various dynamical processes of individual–individual interaction. In the models, each lattice cell is either considered as an attractive/repulsive cell, or an individual cell, or else it is empty. The attractive (or repulsive cell) can be interpreted as the prey (or predator) of the individual. These states allow us to incorporate the ecological processes of local antagonistic interactions, namely the spread of disturbances (by the predator) and regrowth or recovery (by the prey). These processes are directly related to the strategic behavior of individuals, such as hunting and escaping. In this study, we suggest a simple and effective mapping formula as a stochastic rule to describe the hunting and escaping behavior. This formula could be widely used not only in the behavior but also in competitive and cooperative relationships.

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May, S. Randolph. "The Coevolution of Tyrannosaurus & Its Prey." American Biology Teacher 76, no. 2 (February 1, 2014): 118–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/abt.2014.76.2.8.

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Students will analyze the coevolution of the predator–prey relationships between Tyrannosaurus rex and its prey species using analyses of animal speeds from fossilized trackways, prey-animal armaments, adaptive behaviors, bite marks on prey-animal fossils, predator–prey ratios, and scavenger competition. The students will be asked to decide whether T. rex was a predator, an opportunistic scavenger, or an obligate scavenger.

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Zhang, Junbo, Chonglan Ren, Hu Zhang, Fang Yin, Shuo Zhang, Rong Wan, and Daisuke Kitazawa. "Review of Estimating Trophic Relationships by Quantitative Fatty Acid Signature Analysis." Journal of Marine Science and Engineering 8, no. 12 (December 18, 2020): 1030. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jmse8121030.

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The dynamic predator–prey relations in the food web are vital for understanding the function and structure of ecosystems. Dietary estimation is a research hotspot of quantitative ecology, providing key insights into predator–prey relationships. One of the most promising approaches is quantitative fatty acid signature analysis (QFASA), which is the first generation of statistical tools to estimate the quantitative trophic predator–prey relationships by comparing the fatty acid (FA) signatures among predators and their prey. QFASA has been continuously widely applied, refined and extended since its introduction. This article reviewed the research progress of QFASA from development and application. QFASA reflects the long-term diet of predator, and provides the quantitative dietary composition of predator, but it is sensitive to the metabolism of predator. The calibration coefficients (CCs) and the FA subset are two crucial parameters to explain the metabolism of predators, but the incorrect construction or improper use of CCs and the FA subset may cause bias in dietary estimation. Further study and refinement of the QFASA approach is needed to identify recommendations for which CCs and subsets of FA work best for different taxa and systems.

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Johnson, Andrew F., Maria Valls, Joan Moranta, Stuart R. Jenkins, Jan G. Hiddink, and Hilmar Hinz. "Effect of prey abundance and size on the distribution of demersal fishes." Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 69, no. 1 (January 2012): 191–200. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/f2011-138.

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Many demersal fish species rely on benthic prey as food sources for part of, or in some cases, all of their life history. We investigated the relationships between prey and predator abundance and prey size and predator mouth gape size for nine demersal fish species. Of the species analysed, four showed a significant positive increase in abundance with increasing prey abundance. Prey size is thought to be an important parameter for demersal fish that are limited in their feeding potential by their mouth gape size, as it influences consumption rate and energy expenditure while foraging. The relationship between prey size and mouth gape was investigated using both stomach content data and prey availability data. Stomach content analysis revealed positive relationships between maximum prey size and predator mouth gape size for six of the species. Indications of prey size selectivity were only seen in the environment for European hake ( Merluccius merluccius ), highlighting the potential importance of prey size over prey abundance for this species. The results demonstrate that prey abundance and size are of significance for some demersal fish species feeding primarily on benthos and will help in defining habitat requirements of demersal fish species.

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Dörner, H., and A. Wagner. "Size-dependent predator-prey relationships between perch and their fish prey." Journal of Fish Biology 62, no. 5 (May 2003): 1021–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1095-8649.2003.00092.x.

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Dörner, H., S. Hülsmann, F. Hölker, C. Skov, and A. Wagner. "Size-dependent predator?prey relationships between pikeperch and their prey fish." Ecology of Freshwater Fish 16, no. 3 (September 2007): 307–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0633.2006.00223.x.

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Naisbit, Russell E., Patrik Kehrli, Rudolf P. Rohr, and Louis-Félix Bersier. "Phylogenetic signal in predator–prey body-size relationships." Ecology 92, no. 12 (December 2011): 2183–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1890/10-2234.1.

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Pérez-Sayas, Consuelo, Tatiana Pina, María A. Gómez-Martínez, Gemma Camañes, María V. Ibáñez-Gual, Josep A. Jaques, and Mónica A. Hurtado. "Disentangling mite predator-prey relationships by multiplex PCR." Molecular Ecology Resources 15, no. 6 (May 7, 2015): 1330–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1755-0998.12409.

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Havens, Karl E. "Predator-Prey Relationships in Natural Community Food Webs." Oikos 68, no. 1 (October 1993): 117. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3545316.

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KUHLMANN, H. W., and K. HECKMANN. "Interspecific Morphogens Regulating Prey-Predator Relationships in Protozoa." Science 227, no. 4692 (March 15, 1985): 1347–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.227.4692.1347.

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L., K. "Some Other Books of Interest: Predator-Prey Relationships." Science 233, no. 4767 (August 29, 1986): 993. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.233.4767.993.

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Tucker, Marlee A., and Tracey L. Rogers. "Examining predator–prey body size, trophic level and body mass across marine and terrestrial mammals." Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 281, no. 1797 (December 22, 2014): 20142103. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2014.2103.

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Predator–prey relationships and trophic levels are indicators of community structure, and are important for monitoring ecosystem changes. Mammals colonized the marine environment on seven separate occasions, which resulted in differences in species' physiology, morphology and behaviour. It is likely that these changes have had a major effect upon predator–prey relationships and trophic position; however, the effect of environment is yet to be clarified. We compiled a dataset, based on the literature, to explore the relationship between body mass, trophic level and predator–prey ratio across terrestrial ( n = 51) and marine ( n = 56) mammals. We did not find the expected positive relationship between trophic level and body mass, but we did find that marine carnivores sit 1.3 trophic levels higher than terrestrial carnivores. Also, marine mammals are largely carnivorous and have significantly larger predator–prey ratios compared with their terrestrial counterparts. We propose that primary productivity, and its availability, is important for mammalian trophic structure and body size. Also, energy flow and community structure in the marine environment are influenced by differences in energy efficiency and increased food web stability. Enhancing our knowledge of feeding ecology in mammals has the potential to provide insights into the structure and functioning of marine and terrestrial communities.

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Travis, J. M. J., and S. C. F. Palmer. "Spatial processes can determine the relationship between prey encounter rate and prey density." Biology Letters 1, no. 2 (May 10, 2005): 136–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsbl.2004.0293.

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Theoretical models frequently assume that the rate at which a searching predator encounters prey increases linearly with prey density. In a recent experiment using great tits searching for winter moth caterpillars, the time to find the first prey item did not decline as quickly with density as the standard theory assumes. Using a spatial simulation model, we show that prey aggregation and/or spatially correlated searching behaviour by the predator can generate a range of relationships, including results that are qualitatively similar to those found in the great tit experiment. We suggest that further experiments are required to determine whether the explanation proposed here is correct, and that theoretical work is needed to determine how this behaviour is likely to influence the ecological and evolutionary dynamics of predator–prey communities.

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Reid, Keith, John P. Croxall, Dirk R. Briggs, and Eugene J. Murphy. "Antarctic ecosystem monitoring: quantifying the response of ecosystem indicators to variability in Antarctic krill." ICES Journal of Marine Science 62, no. 3 (January 1, 2005): 366–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.icesjms.2004.11.003.

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Abstract The utility of upper-trophic-level species as ecosystem indicators is determined by our ability to relate changes in indices of their performance to changes at lower trophic levels. Such relationships were assessed using indices of predator performance (response vectors) for four predator species, together with independent ship-based acoustic estimates of abundance of their main prey, Antarctic krill (Euphausia superba), from South Georgia in the South Atlantic Ocean. Out of 32 response vectors investigated, 13 showed a significant non-linear relationship, based on a Holling Type II response, to krill abundance, and just five showed a significant linear relationship. Predator responses reflecting the processes during summer, when prey surveys were undertaken, showed the closest relationship with prey abundance. Distinct relationships existed between the variability of indices and the biological processes they measured. Body mass variables had the lowest variability (CVs <10%), whereas those measuring breeding success showed the greatest variability (CVs >50%). Multivariate indices, produced by combining response vectors from all four predator species into a single combined index, provided a better fit with krill data than any of the individual vectors. Whereas population size parameters for individual species showed no relationship with annual estimates of krill abundance, a combined, multispecies population size index did show a significant response. Understanding the form of the relationship between concurrent indicators of prey abundance and key ecosystem metrics/reference points, such as population size, is crucial to the application of monitoring data to management action.

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Shepherd, Bart, Hudson T. Pinheiro, and Luiz A. Rocha. "Sometimes hard to swallow: Attempted feeding on a porcupinefish results in death of both predator and prey." Western Indian Ocean Journal of Marine Science 18, no. 2 (October 10, 2019): 87–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/wiojms.v18i2.9.

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Predator-prey relationships are critical components of population dynamics across all ecosystems. Interactions between predators and dangerous prey are especially likely to result in a co-evolutionary arms race. To avoid predation, porcupinefishes (Diodontidae) present a suite of physical and chemical defences, including spines, inflation, and the potent neurotoxin, tetrodotoxin, which is concentrated in the internal organs. A failed predation attempt is described here on a longspined porcupinefish, Diodon holocanthus, by a benthopelagic predator, Carangoides fulvoguttatus, resulting in the death of both the predator and the prey.

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Morgan, Andrew D., R. Craig MacLean, Kristina L. Hillesland, and Gregory J. Velicer. "Comparative Analysis of Myxococcus Predation on Soil Bacteria." Applied and Environmental Microbiology 76, no. 20 (August 27, 2010): 6920–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aem.00414-10.

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ABSTRACT Predator-prey relationships among prokaryotes have received little attention but are likely to be important determinants of the composition, structure, and dynamics of microbial communities. Many species of the soil-dwelling myxobacteria are predators of other microbes, but their predation range is poorly characterized. To better understand the predatory capabilities of myxobacteria in nature, we analyzed the predation performance of numerous Myxococcus isolates across 12 diverse species of bacteria. All predator isolates could utilize most potential prey species to effectively fuel colony expansion, although one species hindered predator swarming relative to a control treatment with no growth substrate. Predator strains varied significantly in their relative performance across prey types, but most variation in predatory performance was determined by prey type, with Gram-negative prey species supporting more Myxococcus growth than Gram-positive species. There was evidence for specialized predator performance in some predator-prey combinations. Such specialization may reduce resource competition among sympatric strains in natural habitats. The broad prey range of the Myxococcus genus coupled with its ubiquity in the soil suggests that myxobacteria are likely to have very important ecological and evolutionary effects on many species of soil prokaryotes.

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Holt, Rebecca E., Bjarte Bogstad, Joël M. Durant, Andrey V. Dolgov, and Geir Ottersen. "Barents Sea cod (Gadus morhua) diet composition: long-term interannual, seasonal, and ontogenetic patterns." ICES Journal of Marine Science 76, no. 6 (May 20, 2019): 1641–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/icesjms/fsz082.

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Abstract Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua) is an ecologically and commercially important species in the North-Atlantic region. Cod is a top predator and information on its trophic ecology is integral for understanding predator–prey relationships and food-web dynamics. We present an analysis of the trophic patterns of Barents Sea (BS) cod using a unique 33-year time-series of stomach-content data from 1984 to 2016. We assessed patterns in diet (prey) composition across years, between seasons, as well as ontogenetic trends in diet, including predator–prey size relationships. Ontogenetic shifts in diet were observed, with fish becoming more important prey with increasing cod size. A very early onset of piscivory was found in <20 cm cod. Cannibalism was found in cod > 20 cm and increased with size. Juvenile cod exhibit a tendency towards consuming prey up to 33% of their body length, whereas larger cod feed on all prey sizes, resulting in asymmetric predator–prey size distributions. Diet varied significantly during 1984–2016, consistent with changes in both prey, cod abundance, and distribution. Seasonal differences were observed; capelin dominated the winter diet, whereas cod, polar cod, and other fish species were prevalent in summer/autumn months. This work represents an important step towards understanding trophic linkages that determine BS ecosystem dynamics.

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Shirk, Paul D., Jeffrey P. Shapiro, Stuart R. Reitz, Jean M. G. Thomas, Rosalie L. Koenig, Mirian M. Hay-Roe, and Lyle J. Buss. "Predator-Prey Relationships on Apiaceae at an Organic Farm." Environmental Entomology 41, no. 3 (June 1, 2012): 487–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1603/en11232.

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Fulton, Rolland S. "Predator-Prey Relationships in an Estuarine Littoral Copepod Community." Ecology 66, no. 1 (February 1985): 21–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1941303.

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Schoof, Deric D., Susan Palchick, and Constantine H. Tempelis. "Evaluation of Predator–Prey Relationships Using an Enzyme Immunoassay." Annals of the Entomological Society of America 79, no. 1 (January 1, 1986): 91–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/aesa/79.1.91.

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Price, Victoria E., Peter J. Auster, and Laura Kracker. "Use of High-Resolution DIDSON Sonar to Quantify Attributes of Predation at Ecologically Relevant Space and Time Scales." Marine Technology Society Journal 47, no. 1 (January 1, 2013): 33–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.4031/mtsj.47.1.6.

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AbstractPredator-prey interactions of large vagile fishes are difficult to study in the ocean due to limitations in the space and time requirements for observations. Small-scale direct underwater observations by divers (ca. <10 m radius) and large-scale hydroacoustic surveys (10 s m2 to 100 s km2) are traditional approaches for surveying fish. However, large piscivorous predators identify and attack prey at the scale of meters to tens of meters. Dual-Frequency Identification Sonar (or DIDSON) is a high-resolution acoustic camera operating in the MHz range that provides detailed continuous video-like imaging of objects up to a range of 30 m. This technology can be used to observe predator-prey interactions at ecologically relevant space and time scales often missed by traditional methods. Here we establish an approach for quantifying predation-related behaviors from DIDSON records. Metrics related to predator and prey group size, prey responses to predation, predation rate, predator strategies, and the nonrandom use of landscape features by both predator and prey are described. In addition, relationships between patterns in these attributes are tested and issues regarding sampling strategies for future studies are discussed. We suggest that approaches combining direct visual observation and acoustic sampling at multiple scales are required to quantify variation in these relationships across underwater landscapes.

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Cooper, Scott D., Daniel W. Smith, and James R. Bence. "Prey Selection by Freshwater Predators with Different Foraging Strategies." Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 42, no. 11 (November 1, 1985): 1720–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/f85-216.

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We observed several freshwater predators, including the odonate larvae Pachydiplax longipennis and Anax junius, the hemipterans Notonecta unifasciata and Buenoa scimitra, the dytiscid larva Acilius semisulcatus, and juvenile Gambusia affinis, feeding on a variety of microcrustacean prey and determined the frequency of the component parts of predator–prey interactions (encounter, attack, capture, ingestion). Encounter rates were the most important determinant of predator selectivity when predators were presented with a variety of microcrustacean prey. When only copepod species were used as prey, however, both encounter rates and capture success were important in determining predator diets. We used our data to test hypotheses concerning relationships between predator foraging mode and patterns of prey selection: mobile predators exhibited stronger selection for sedentary prey than did sit-and-wait predators; our own and literature data also indicated that macroinvertebrate sit-and-wait predators are better able to capture, and have higher selectivity for evasive prey than do mobile predators. A predator's attack acceleration, however, may be a better predictor of its selectivity for evasive versus nonevasive prey than its mean swimming speed.

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Harper, Carolyn R. "Predator-Prey Systems in Pest Management." Northeastern Journal of Agricultural and Resource Economics 20, no. 1 (April 1991): 15–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0899367x00002816.

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The use of chemical pesticides frequently causes minor pests to become serious problems by disturbing the natural controls that keep them in check. As a result, it is possible to suffer heavier crop losses after pesticides are introduced than before their introduction. Efficient use of pesticides requires complete biological modeling that takes the appropriate predator-prey relationships into account. A bioeconomic model is introduced involving three key species: a primary target pest, a secondary pest, and a natural enemy of the secondary pest. Optimal decision rules are derived and contrasted with myopic decision making, which treats the predator-prey system as an externality. The issue of resistance in the secondary pest is examined briefly.

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Reddy, Chidanand S., Reuven Yosef, Gianpiero Calvi, and Lorenzo Fornasari. "Inter-specific competition influences apex predator–prey populations." Wildlife Research 46, no. 7 (2019): 628. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/wr19011.

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Abstract ContextTiger (Panthera tigris), leopard (Panthera pardus) and dhole (Cuon alpinus) represent a typical multi-predator system of species of conservation concern. Several studies have addressed this system, with heterogeneous results, and there’s a lack of information on population dynamics of multi-species assemblages. We studied a time series (1998–2009) of abundance indices for three predators and five prey species in Bor Wildlife Sanctuary (BWS), Maharashtra, India, before it was declared as Bor Tiger Reserve (BTR) in 2009. AimsTo analyse the complex relationships within a predator–prey system in a dynamic fashion, to analyse data collected in a stable and undisturbed area and to form a comparison basis for future studies within the sanctuary after its declaration as a Tiger Reserve. MethodsA 24-h effort was made annually to census the BWS. Predators were counted at waterholes from arboreal hideouts. The prey populations were censused along 353-km line-transects. For each species, we analysed the yearly growth rate, testing the effect of inter-species abundance. Key resultsTiger growth rate did not depend on any particular prey, whereas mesopredators seemed to depend on medium-sized prey. A die-out of dholes in 2001 was followed by an increase in tiger populations (from 4 to 11), which, in turn, negatively affected leopard numbers (from 6 to 2).We found no direct evidence of top-down effect, but the density dependence for three of five prey species could be linked to predation pressure. We found some evidence of interspecific competition among prey species, especially among ungulates, potentially being mediated by predation pressure. ConclusionsThe relationships among species in a predator–prey system are very complex and often could be explained only by more-than-two-species interactions. The disappearance of one predator, not necessarily the top predator, could bring multiple effects, for which it could be difficult to detect causal relationships. ImplicationsAll subsequent changes in human activities in the sanctuary, as a consequence of its designation as the BTR in 2009, should be evaluated with respect to the results of the present study. The conservation of large predators should rely on the maintenance of a rich and abundant prey base, in which different-sized prey could lessen interactive-competition among the predators.

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Juanes, Francis. "The allometry of cannibalism in piscivorous fishes." Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 60, no. 5 (May 1, 2003): 594–602. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/f03-051.

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Cannibalism is a widespread phenomenon that can have strong population and community effects. In this study, I compare the prey size predator size relationships of diets with and without cannibalized prey for four piscivorous species and five populations that are commonly cannibalistic and where large databases exist. I then examine the resultant trophic niche breadths (range of relative prey size consumed) to quantify whether inclusion of cannibalized prey in the diet slows down the decline in trophic niche breadth that many large predators exhibit as they grow. When comparing diets including cannibalized prey with those without, consistent differences were found among all predator species. In all cases, the slope of the upper bound of the predator size prey size scatters was larger for cannibal predators compared with noncannibals, suggesting selectivity for larger cannibal prey, which may be driven by higher rates of size-dependent capture success with familiar prey. The slopes of the upper bounds of the cannibal relative prey size vs. predator size scatter also tended to be larger than the upper-bound slopes for diets without conspecific prey. Finally, for all species, mean trophic breadth of diets including cannibalized prey were larger than those not including cannibal prey, suggesting that relatively large prey sizes may always be available for cannibals.

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Lambert, Charlotte, Matthieu Authier, Mathieu Doray, Ghislain Dorémus, Jérome Spitz, and Vincent Ridoux. "Hide and seek in the Bay of Biscay—a functional investigation of marine megafauna and small pelagic fish interactions." ICES Journal of Marine Science 76, no. 1 (October 16, 2018): 113–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/icesjms/fsy143.

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AbstractPrey and predator distributions influence one another. Understanding the scale and the orientation of predator–prey spatial correlations is crucial in foraging ecology. Growing evidence suggests that predator–prey interactions are more constrained by functional characteristics of both the predator and the prey. Unfortunately, in marine pelagic systems, the scale and orientation of spatial correlations between predators and prey have been only little explored from a functional point of view. We tested the existence of fine-scale association between predators and fish functional groups. Visual predator sightings and acoustic fish records were collected synchronously during oceanographic surveys from 2004 to 2014. Prey biomass was integrated by nautical miles and split into four size classes (<10 cm; 10–20 cm; 20–30 cm; >30 cm) and two depth layers (surface, deep). We computed the relative biomass by prey size and depth category from 0 to 12 nm around predator sightings to determine the predators’ proximity to local prey biomass. Two cetaceans (common, bottlenose dolphins) and three seabirds (northern gannets, auks, northern fulmars) were studied. No association was found in fulmars, indicating they probably do not feed on considered fishes in the area. Gannets and auks were positively correlated with local prey biomass for sizes <20 cm at both depth layers. Significant negative relationships were found between common dolphins and prey size classes <20 cm at both depth layers, and between bottlenose dolphins and all size ranges at the deeper layer. Our results suggest that the fine-scale spatial overlap of predator and prey is influenced by their functional traits, and that prey exhibit predator avoidance behaviour in presence of swimming predators but not of flying ones.

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Jog, Maithili M., Rahul R. Marathe, Shantanu S. Goel, Sachin P. Ranade, Krushnamegh K. Kunte, and Milind G. Watve. "Sarcocystosis of chital (Axis axis) and dhole (Cuon alpinus): ecology of a mammalian prey–predator–parasite system in Peninsular India." Journal of Tropical Ecology 21, no. 4 (June 27, 2005): 479–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0266467405002403.

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The question as to whether predators preferentially kill sick or disabled individuals has been addressed by many ecologists working with different predator–prey systems. Rau & Caron (1979) showed that heavily infected moose were more susceptible to hunting. Kruuk (1972) observed that hyenas appeared to select sick animals in the Serengeti. Vorisek et al. (1998) demonstrated that voles infected with a species of Frenkelia were taken more frequently by buzzards. As a broad generalization, wherever prey capture is difficult and involves large energy expenditure a greater proportion of sick animals seems to be captured (Fitzgibbon & Fanshawe 1989, Holmes & Bethel 1972, Temple 1987). In a host–parasite association where the prey species is an intermediate host and the predator is the definitive host, the capture of the prey is often an essential part of the life cycle. Therefore any mechanism which makes the prey susceptible to predation would enhance the parasite's fitness. In such relationships the susceptibility induced by the parasite can be very specific to the predator host (Levri 1998). Freedman (1990) suggested that a mutualistic association between the predator and parasite might exist. A mutualistic relationship can be said to exist between a predator and a parasite if the cost of harbouring the parasite is less than the benefit of greater success in catching the prey. There is perhaps no demonstrated example of such a mutualism in natural populations since it is difficult to weigh the parasite cost against the predation benefit.

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Moreno-Ripoll, R., R. Gabarra, W. O. C. Symondson, R. A. King, and N. Agustí. "Trophic relationships between predators, whiteflies and their parasitoids in tomato greenhouses: a molecular approach." Bulletin of Entomological Research 102, no. 4 (February 7, 2012): 415–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0007485311000836.

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AbstractThe whitefliesBemisia tabaciGennadius andTrialeurodes vaporariorum(Westwood) (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae) are two of the main pests in tomato crops. Their biological control in Mediterranean IPM systems is based on the predatorsMacrolophus pygmaeus(Rambur) andNesidiocoris tenuisReuter (Hemiptera: Miridae), as well as on the parasitoidsEretmocerus mundus(Mercet) andEncarsia pergandiellaHoward (Hymenoptera: Aphelinidae). These natural enemies may interact with each other and their joint use could interfere with the biological control of those whitefly pests. Analysis of predator-prey interactions under field conditions is therefore essential in order to optimize whitefly control. Species-specific polymerase chain reaction (PCR)-primers were designed to detect DNA fragments of these whiteflies and parasitoids within both predator species in tomato greenhouses. We demonstrated that both predators feed on both whitefly species, as well as on both parasitoids under greenhouse conditions. Prey molecular detection was possible where prey abundance was very low or even where predation was not observed under a microscope. Whitefly DNA detection was positively correlated with adult whitefly abundance in the crop. However, a significant relationship was not observed between parasitoid DNA detection and the abundance of parasitoid pupae, even though the predation rate on parasitoids was high. This unidirectional intraguild predation (predators on parasitoids) could potentially reduce their combined impact on their joint prey/host. Prey molecular detection provided improved detection of prey consumption in greenhouse crops, as well as the possibility to identify which prey species were consumed by each predator species present in the greenhouse, offering a blueprint with wider applicability to other food webs.

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Weigel, Benjamin, and Erik Bonsdorff. "Trait-based predation suitability offers insight into effects of changing prey communities." PeerJ 6 (November 6, 2018): e5899. http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj.5899.

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Increasing environmental pressures and human impacts are reshaping community structures and species interactions throughout all trophic levels. The morphological and behavioural characteristics of species communities contain key ecological information on why prey species appear attractive to predators but are rarely applied when exploring predator-prey (PP) relationships. Expanding our knowledge on how changing prey communities can alter the food resource suitability (RS) for predators is vital for understanding PP dynamics in changing ecosystems. Detailed predator diet data are commonly restricted to commercially important species and often not available over long temporal scales. To find out whether structural changes of prey communities impact the food RS for predator communities over space and time, we apply a novel framework to describe and interpret changes in predator diet-suitability based on predation-relevant traits of prey. We use information on described feeding links from the literature to compile the prey spectrum for each predator and subsequently translate the prey-species into a prey-trait spectrum. For each predator, we then calculate a frequency-based prey-trait affinity score and relate it to the available food resource pool, the community weighted means of prey traits, resulting in a prey-suitability measure. We aim to reveal whether a described multi-decadal change in the community structure of zoobenthos had an impact on the food suitability for the benthic-feeding fish in a coastal system of the Baltic Sea. We assess the direction of change in resource quality from the perspective of benthic-feeding fish and describe predator-specific responses to examine which species are likely to profit or be disadvantaged by changes in their prey spectrum. Furthermore, we test the relationship between functional diversity of prey communities and food suitability for predators, and whether predation linkage-structures are affected through prey community-changes. Our results show that changes in zoobenthic communities had a positive effect on the food suitability for most benthic-feeding fish, implying more suitable food resources. Species-specific responses of predators suggest varying plasticity to cope with prey assemblages of different trait compositions. Additionally, the functional diversity of zoobenthos had a positive effect on the food suitability for predator fish. The changing trait compositions of prey influenced the PP linkage-structure, indicating varying specialisation of benthic feeding fish towards available food resources. Our findings suggest that changing morphological characteristics of prey can impact food RS features for its predators. This approach enables long-term evaluation of prey quality characteristics where no detailed diet data is available and allows for cross-system comparison as it is not relying on taxonomic identities per se.

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Yang, Jingen, Tonghua Zhang, and Sanling Yuan. "Turing Pattern Induced by Cross-Diffusion in a Predator–Prey Model with Pack Predation-Herd Behavior." International Journal of Bifurcation and Chaos 30, no. 07 (June 15, 2020): 2050103. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0218127420501035.

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In this paper, we propose a diffusive predator–prey model with herd behavior in prey and pack predation behavior in predator under the homogeneous Neumann boundary condition. Due to the pack predation-herd behavior, the predator–prey interaction occurs only at the outer edge of each group. First, we analyze the existence and local stability of the equilibria of temporal model using vector field analysis and characteristic equations. Second, we deduce the conditions under which Turing instability occurs with the help of linear stability analysis. Then, using standard multiple-scale analysis, we derive the amplitude equations for the excited modes. By numerical simulations, we find that the model exhibits complex pattern replication by varying the value of parameters [Formula: see text] and [Formula: see text], and study the relationships between the average density of both prey and predator and these two parameters.

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Bachiller, Eneko, and Xabier Irigoien. "Allometric relations and consequences for feeding in small pelagic fish in the Bay of Biscay." ICES Journal of Marine Science 70, no. 1 (November 21, 2012): 232–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/icesjms/fss171.

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Abstract Bachiller, E. and Irigoien, X. 2013. Allometric relations and consequences for feeding in small pelagic fish in the Bay of Biscay. – ICES Journal of Marine Science, 70:232–243. The body size of fish is an important factor in determining their biology and ecology, as predators eat prey smaller than themselves. Predator mouth size restricts the availability of possible prey. In this paper we provide the allometric relationships of eight common, small pelagic fish species in the Bay of Biscay. In addition, we describe the predator-prey size ratios for different species, and we determine changes in their ratio-based trophic-niche breadth with increasing body size. Results suggest that gape size does not totally determine the predator-prey size ratio distribution, but predators use the entire available prey size range, including the smallest. As they grow they simply incorporate larger prey as their increased gape size permits. Accordingly, a large degree of overlap was found in the diet composition in terms of size and predator-prey ratios, even between fish of different sizes. Of the species studied, only horse mackerels seem to be clearly specialized in relatively large prey.

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Calver, MC, JS Bradley, and DR King. "The Relationship Between Prey Size and Handling Time and Prey Size and Capture Success in 3 Sympatric Species of Dasyurid Marsupials." Wildlife Research 15, no. 6 (1988): 615. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/wr9880615.

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Regressions of handling time on prey weight were determined for the dasyurids Srninthopsis hirtipes, S. ooldea and Ningaui spp. preying on grasshoppers and cockroaches in the laboratory. In all cases, a simple linear regression fitted the relationships better than logarithmic models. The slopes of the regression lines were steeper for grasshopper prey than for cockroach prey in all species, and for each prey type the slopes for the predators were ranked in order of predator weight. Capture efficiency, defined as the proportion of successful attacks, did not vary significantly between predator species and prey types, and all predators showed declining capture efficiencies with increasing prey size. Niche separation in these dasyurids does not appear to be based on different optimal prey sizes for each species.

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Gibson, R. N., M. C. Yin, and L. Robb. "The Behavioural Basis of Predator-Prey Size Relationships Between Shrimp (Crangon Crangon) and Juvenile Plaice (Pleuronectes Platessa)." Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom 75, no. 2 (May 1995): 337–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s002531540001821x.

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The shrimp, Crangon crangon (L.) (Crustacea: Crangonidae), is a significant predator of the smallest sizes of plaice, Pleuronectes platessa L. (Teleostei: Pleuronectidae), during and immediately after the fish settle on sandy beaches when predation rate is strongly dependent on the size of both the predator and the prey. Laboratory experiments showed that this size-dependency is caused principally by the superior escape capabilities of larger fish once captured rather than differences in the ability of different sizes of shrimps to capture their prey. Fish that escape after capture are often wounded and some of these wounds may subsequently be fatal. Many shrimps capture and eat fish that are larger than their stomach volume resulting in long handling times and low prey profitabilities. For all sizes of shrimps used (36–65 mm total length) prey profitability (mg prey ingested min−1) increases with decreasing fish length.

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Lichtenstein, James L. L., Karis A. Daniel, Joanna B. Wong, Colin M. Wright, Grant Navid Doering, Raul Costa-Pereira, and Jonathan N. Pruitt. "Habitat structure changes the relationships between predator behavior, prey behavior, and prey survival rates." Oecologia 190, no. 2 (February 1, 2019): 297–308. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00442-019-04344-w.

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Gravel, Dominique, Timothée Poisot, Camille Albouy, Laure Velez, and David Mouillot. "Inferring food web structure from predator-prey body size relationships." Methods in Ecology and Evolution 4, no. 11 (September 2, 2013): 1083–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/2041-210x.12103.

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Pu, Zhichao, Michael H. Cortez, and Lin Jiang. "Predator-Prey Coevolution Drives Productivity-Richness Relationships in Planktonic Systems." American Naturalist 189, no. 1 (January 2017): 28–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/689550.

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Hamers, Timo, and Paul Henning Krogh. "Predator–Prey Relationships in a Two-Species Toxicity Test System." Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety 37, no. 3 (August 1997): 203–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1006/eesa.1997.1557.

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Herzig, Alois. "Predator-prey relationships within the pelagic community of Neusiedler See." Hydrobiologia 275-276, no. 1 (February 1994): 81–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf00026702.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Prey-predator relationships'

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