Journal articles on the topic 'Preweaning survival'
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1
Oke, U. K., B. B. A. Taiwo, V. Buvanendran', S. A. S. Olorunju, and I. F. Adu. "Environmental factors affecting pre-weaning survival of Red Sokoto goats." Nigerian Journal of Animal Production 32, no. 2 (January 3, 2021): 185–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.51791/njap.v32i2.1244.
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Effects of environmental factors viz, hirth year, parity, sex, birth type and season of birth on preweaning survival of Red Sokoto goats (RSG) using production records kept between 1978 - 1985 at the National Animal Production Research Institute (NAPRI), Shika-Zaria were investigated. Birth year, parity and season of birth significantly (P<0.05) affected preweaning survival while birth type and sex of kid did not. The mean survival to weaning at 3 months was 72% and was highest in does with 4 or more parities (77%) and least in primiparous does (66%). Survival was significantly higher during harmattan and worse during the dry season. Losses were more concentrated in the O 7 days of life in primiparous does during the dry season. Overall productivity of does and interac lions between parity and birth cype significantly affected survival. Breeding RSG older than one year to kids preferably during 'harmattan' would improve preweaning survival of the kids.
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Feldpausch, Julie A., Jan Jourquin, Jon R. Bergstrom, Jason L. Bargen, Courtney D. Bokenkroger, Duane L. Davis, John M. Gonzalez, et al. "Birth weight threshold for identifying piglets at risk for preweaning mortality." Translational Animal Science 3, no. 2 (March 1, 2019): 633–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/tas/txz076.
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Abstract Several studies have suggested there is a critical relationship between piglet birth weight and preweaning mortality. Thus, the objective of the current work was to identify a birth weight threshold value for preweaning mortality. Birth weight and survival data from two studies involving a combined total of 4,068 piglets from 394 litters on four commercial farms (three European, one U.S.) were compiled for a pooled, multistudy analysis. Overall preweaning mortality across the two studies was 12.2%. Key variables used in the analysis were piglet birth weight (measured within 24 h of birth) and corresponding survival outcome (dead or live) by weaning at 3–4 wk of age. A mixed effects logistic regression model was fit to estimate the relationship between preweaning mortality and birth weight. A random effect of study was included to account for overall differences in mortality between the two studies. A piecewise linear predictor was selected to best represent the drastic decrease in preweaning mortality found as birth weight increased in the range of 0.5–1.0 kg and the less extreme change in weight above 1.0 kg. The change point of the birth weight and preweaning mortality model was determined by comparing model fit based on maximizing the likelihood over the interval ranging from 0.5 to 2.3 kg birth weight. Results from the analysis showed a curvilinear relationship between birth weight and preweaning mortality where the birth weight change point value or threshold value was 1.11 kg. In the combined data set, 15.2% of pigs had birth weights ≤1.11 kg. This subpopulation of pigs had a 34.4% preweaning mortality rate and represented 43% of total preweaning mortalities. These findings imply interventions targeted at reducing the incidence of piglets with birth weights ≤1.11 kg have potential to improve piglet survivability. Additional research is needed to validate 1.11 kg as the birth weight threshold for increased risk of preweaning mortality.
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McKay, R. M. "Preweaning losses of piglets as a result of index selection for reduced backfat thickness and increased growth rate." Canadian Journal of Animal Science 73, no. 2 (June 1, 1993): 437–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/cjas93-046.
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Index selection for reduced backfat thickness and increased postweaning growth rate resulted in increased preweaning death losses due either directly or indirectly to the sow in the Yorkshire and Hampshire breeds. This resulted in a reduced percentage of piglets weaned in the Yorkshire breed. Key words: Swine, selection index, preweaning period, mortality, survival
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Zeng, Zhikai K., Pedro E. Urriola, Jenelle R. Dunkelberger, John M. Eggert, Roos Vogelzang, Gerald C. Shurson, and Lee J. Johnston. "Implications of early-life indicators for survival rate, subsequent growth performance, and carcass characteristics of commercial pigs1." Journal of Animal Science 97, no. 8 (June 29, 2019): 3313–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jas/skz223.
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Abstract As a result of genetic selection for increased litter size, modern, highly prolific sows often produce large litters with an increased percentage of light birth weight (BiW) piglets compared with less prolific females. However, there is limited information elucidating what proportion of light BiW piglets that express compensatory growth and how these pigs might be identified at a young age. The objective of this study was to analyze the effect of birth weight and early phase growth on preweaning mortality, subsequent growth performance, and carcass characteristics of pigs. Individual records collected on 7,654 commercial crossbred pigs were used for analyses. A segmented regression model was used to analyze the effect of birth weight on preweaning survival and a series of mixed models were used to analyze the effect of birth weight (n = 7,654) group on weights recorded at: weaning (n = 6,777), nursery exit (n = 4,805), and finishing exit (n = 1,417); hot carcass weight (HCW), and lean percentage (n = 4,572). The effect of growth rate group was defined during suckling (< 225 or ≥ 225 g/d) or the nursery phase (< 424 or ≥ 424 g/d). Preweaning mortality, growth rate, BW, and carcass traits were adjusted to a standard age, and ADG and lean percentage were calculated. Results of segmented regression analysis showed that the slope of preweaning mortality on birth weights below 0.99 kg differed (P < 0.05) from the slope of preweaning mortality regressed on birth weights above 0.99 kg. The mixed model analyses showed a positive linear effect (P < 0.05) of BiW and quadratic effect (P < 0.05) of sow parity on age-adjusted finishing weight (FiW), HCW, and lean percentage. The positive influences of increasing BiW were greater (P < 0.05) in age-adjusted FiW and HCW for pigs with slow suckling growth rate compared with those with fast suckling growth rate. Pigs with fast nursery growth rate had greater (P < 0.05) age-adjusted FiW and HCW compared with the slow growing nursery contemporaries. In conclusion, piglets born weighing less than 1 kg were at a higher risk of preweaning mortality than piglets born weighing 1 kg or greater. Light BiW pigs, but not heavy BiW pigs, may lose compensatory growth capability if growth rate during the suckling phase is below the average level.
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Malik, R. C., M. A. Razzaque, M. A. T. Aali, N. M. Al-Khozam, T. A. Al-Mutawa, and S. Abbas. "Factors affecting preweaning lamb survival in continuously housed sheep." Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture 38, no. 8 (1998): 795. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ea98089.
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Summary. Preweaning lamb survival for intervals of up to 8 weeks was studied in the progeny of the local fat-tailed Naeemi and imported Border Leicester × Merino ewes mated to Naeemi rams. An intensive system of management with zero grazing was used to conform to the most probable type of production system to be used in Kuwait. The effects of year and season of lambing, litter size, sex, genetic group and birth weight were determined. Lamb survival rates from birth to 1 week, from 1 to 4 weeks and from 4 to 8 weeks were 96, 99 and 97% respectively. Overall survival from birth to weaning at 8 weeks was 91%. Genetic group, litter size, sex of lamb and year of lambing had no significant effects on survival. Season was significant from birth to 1 week, from 4 to 8 weeks and from birth to 8 weeks. Lamb birth weight was the most important factor affecting lamb survival, through a quadratic relationship between weight and survival.
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Azevedo Junior, Jairo, Juliana Petrini, Gerson Barreto Mourão, and José Bento Sterman Ferraz. "Preweaning Calf Survival of a Nellore Beef Cattle Population." Journal of Agricultural Science 9, no. 8 (July 18, 2017): 51. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/jas.v9n8p51.
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The preweaning calf survival (SW) is one of the main economic bottlenecks of beef cattle rearing systems, however there is still few quantitative studies approaching this issue. Being a binary trait, genetic parameters for SW can be estimated considering continuous or categorical data under frequentist and Bayesian methods providing support for the selection and mating of animals in breeding programs. Therefore, the objectives in this study were to obtain and compare the variance component estimates for preweaning calf survival of calves in single-trait analyses and their correlations with a continuous trait in two-trait analyses. An amount of 25 218 data of the categorical trait of calf survival until weaning (SW) and the continuous trait of weaning weight (WW) were collected between the years of 2000 and 2012 in six herds of Nellore cattle. Methods III of Henderson, Maximum Restricted Likelihood (REML), Bayesian Inference and Generalized Linear Mixed Model (GLMM) were tested. Variance components obtained in one-trait analyses were similar to those obtained in two-trait analyses. Estimates of heritability (h2) obtained with different models for SW ranged from 0.0206 to 0.2644. The comparison between different estimation methods in single or two-trait analysis models allows the conclusion that the most appropriate method for SW analysis was the Bayesian estimation under an animal model and assuming linear distribution for phenotypes of SW trait.
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Monson, Daniel H., and Anthony R. DeGange. "Reproduction, preweaning survival, and survival of adult sea otters at Kodiak Island, Alaska." Canadian Journal of Zoology 73, no. 6 (June 1, 1995): 1161–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/z95-138.
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Radiotelemetry methods were used to examine the demographic characteristics of sea otters inhabiting the leading edge of an expanding population on Kodiak Island, Alaska. Fifteen male and 30 female sea otters were instrumented and followed from 1986 to 1990. Twenty-one percent of females were sexually mature (had pupped) at age 2, 57% by age 3, 88% by age 4, and 100% by age 5. Fifteen females produced 26 pups, an overall reproduction rate of 94% for mature females. The reproduction rate was 17, 45, 66, and 100% for 2-, 3-, 4-, and 5-year-olds, respectively. Eighty-five percent of observed pups survived to weaning (120 days), and the percentage of pups weaned ranged from 34% for pups of 2-year-olds to 100% for pups of 5-year-olds. At least three of four known pup losses occurred within a month of parturition. The mean pup dependency period for weaned pups was 153 days and the mean gestation period was 218 days. No synchrony in pupping activity was observed. Mean annual survival of adults was high. Estimates of survival ranged from 89 to 96% for females and 86 to 91% for males. Human harvest was the primary source of known mortality of adults. Our estimates of reproductive rates and survival of adults are at the high end of those reported for sea otters, but preweaning survival stands out as being particularly high. Abundant food resources and the availability of protected water presumably contributed to the high reproductive success observed in this recently established sea otter population.
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Knauer, Mark, Terry Armstrong, Brandon Barnes, Austin Jones, Bo Mobley, Tyler O'Dell, Lee Tyre, and Matthew Wynn. "254 Impact of Preweaning Factors on Nursery Throughput." Journal of Animal Science 100, Supplement_2 (April 12, 2022): 119. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jas/skac064.201.
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Abstract The objective was to evaluate factors associated with nursery throughput. Data consisted of 3,260 piglets from 320 litters at the NCDA Tidewater Research Station. At weaning, piglets were housed nine per pen (0.23m2 per pig) in onsite nursery facilities for 35 d. Using linear models, farrowing batch (BATCH), gender, litter size (LS), average piglet birth weight (BWT), birth weight CV (BWT_CV), piglet weaning weight (WWT), weaning weight CV (WWT_CV) and weaning age (WEANAGE) were associated with nursery average daily gain (NurADG), nursery exit weight (NurEXITWT), nursery survival (SURVIVAL) and full-value nursery pigs (FULLVALUE, pigs >13.6kg at nursery exit). Litter was the experimental unit. Average WEANAGE, WWT, SURVIVAL and FULLVALUE were 28.1 (±4.7 d), 7.8kg, 98.7% and 94.3%, respectively. Correlations between NurADG with gender, LS, BWT, BWT_CV, WWT, WWT_CV and WEANAGE were zero, -0.04, 0.24, 0.09, 0.81, 0.10 and 0.73, respectively. Factors related (P < .01) to NurADG included BATCH, BWT, WWT and WEANAGE (R2 = 0.80). Within these factors, WWT and WEANAGE explained 70% of the variation in NurADG. A 1kg increase in BWT and WWT increased (P < 0.01) NurADG by 60.3 and 19.4g per pig per d, respectively. A 1 d older WEANAGE increased (P < 0.01) NurADG by 9.36g per pig per d. Increased NurEXITWT was associated (P < 0.05) with BATCH and greater BWT, WWT and WEANAGE (R2=0.88). Within these, WWT and WEANAGE explained 83% of the variation in NurEXITWT. A 1kg increase in BWT and WWT increased (P < 0.01) NurEXITWT by 2.09 and 1.68kg per pig, respectively. A 1 d older WEANAGE increased (P < 0.01) NurEXITWT by 323g per pig. Increased BWT was associated (P < 0.01) with greater SURVIVAL, explaining 4% of the variation. Improved FULLVALUE was associated with (P < 0.05) BATCH and generally greater BWT, WWT and WEANAGE (R2 = 0.44). Of the factors studied, WWT had the greatest impact on the percentage of FULLVALUE at nursery exit (R2 = 0.36).
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Cecchinato, A., V. Bonfatti, L. Gallo, and P. Carnier. "Survival analysis of preweaning piglet survival in a dry-cured ham-producing crossbred line1." Journal of Animal Science 86, no. 10 (October 1, 2008): 2486–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.2527/jas.2007-0825.
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Morton, Jodi M., Austin J. Langemeier, Theresa J. Rathbun, and Duane L. Davis. "Immunocrit, colostrum intake, and preweaning body weight gain in piglets after split suckling based on birth weight or birth order1." Translational Animal Science 3, no. 4 (July 1, 2019): 1460–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/tas/txz131.
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Abstract Preweaning survival and growth are compromised in litters with larger numbers of piglets. We evaluated two approaches for altering initial nursing with the goal to improve access to colostrum by groups of piglets that are known to have reduced access to colostrum. Therefore, we temporarily (1.5 h) removed either the heaviest six piglets in the litter (WT) or the first half of the piglets born (ORD) to provide a short period of nursing with reduced competition for the remaining piglets. We found that WT piglets were heavier (P ≤ 0.05) at 7 d after farrowing and gained more body weight (BW) from farrowing to day 7 than control (CON) piglets which were raised in litters with ad libitum nursing during the same period. Further, we found that the heaviest piglets consumed more (P < 0.001) colostrum and gained more (P < 0.001) BW during the preweaning period but did not have (P > 0.10) greater immunocrits. Although ORD piglets had similar colostrum intake, immunocrits, and preweaning weights as controls, we found that overall the piglets born in the first half of litters had greater (P < 0.01) immunocrits than piglets born in the last half of the litter. Therefore, both birth weight and birth order have effects on traits that are important for prenatal growth and survival, but they differ in that birth weight is more closely related to colostrum intake and birth order affects immunocrit.
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van den Bosch, Moniek, Jan Wijnen, Irene B. van de Linde, Ad A. M. van Wesel, Delphine Melchior, Bas Kemp, Caroline Clouard, and Henry van den Brand. "Effects of maternal dietary nitrate supplementation during the perinatal period on piglet survival, body weight, and litter uniformity." Translational Animal Science 3, no. 1 (January 1, 2019): 464–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/tas/txy137.
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Abstract The objective of this study was to evaluate effects of different dosages of dietary nitrate supplementation to sows from d 108 of gestation until d 5 of lactation on reproductive performance of sows and piglet performance from birth until weaning. Dietary nitrate supplementation leads to nitric oxide (NO) formation that can potentially increase blood flow to the fetuses (by the vasodilative effect of NO), leading to a decrease in the loss of potential viable piglets in the form of stillbirth and preweaning mortality. Three hundred and five gilts and sows were allocated to one of six diets from d 108 of gestation until d 5 of lactation, containing 0.00% (Control), 0.03%, 0.06%, 0.09%, 0.12%, or 0.15% of dietary nitrate. The source of nitrate used was calcium nitrate double salt. Calcium levels were kept the same among diets by using limestone. Gilts and sows were weighed and backfat was measured at arrival to the farrowing room (d 108 of gestation) and at weaning (d 27 of age). Data included number of piglets born alive, born dead, and weaned, as well as individual piglet weights at d 0, 72 h of age and weaning. Preweaning mortality was determined throughout lactation. Body weight d 0 (P = 0.04) as well as BW at 72 h of age (P < 0.01) increased linearly with increasing dosages of nitrate in the maternal diet. Litter uniformity (SD) at birth was not affected by maternal nitrate supplementation level (P > 0.10), but tended to be higher at 72 h of age in the control treatment than in all nitrate-supplemented treatments (P = 0.07), and SD decreased linearly (increased uniformity) at weaning with increasing dosages of nitrate (P = 0.05). BW at weaning (P > 0.05) and average daily gain of piglets during lactation (P > 0.05) were not affected by maternal nitrate supplementation. A tendency for a quadratic effect (P = 0.10) of the dosage of maternal dietary nitrate was found on preweaning mortality of piglets with the lowest level of mortality found at 0.09% to 0.12% of maternal nitrate supplementation. We conclude that the use of nitrate in the maternal diet of sows during the perinatal period might stimulate preweaning piglet vitality. Exact mode of action and optimal dose of nitrate still need to be elucidated.
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Goyache, F., J. P. Gutiérrez, I. Alvarez, I. Fernández, L. J. Royo, and E. Gómez. "Genetic analysis of calf survival at different preweaning ages in beef cattle." Livestock Production Science 83, no. 1 (September 2003): 13–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0301-6226(03)00044-7.
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Boujenane, Ismaïl, Abdelkader Chikhi, Oumaïma Lakcher, and Mustapha Ibnelbachyr. "Genetic and environmental factors affecting perinatal and preweaning survival of D’man lambs." Tropical Animal Health and Production 45, no. 6 (February 17, 2013): 1391–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11250-013-0376-5.
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Malik, RC, MA Razzaque, S. Abbas, T. Al-Mutawa, and N. Al-Khozam. "Breeding Australian crossbred ewes with Arabian fat-tailed rams for intensive lamb production." Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture 36, no. 1 (1996): 31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ea9960031.
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The reproductive performance under intensive management of Border Leicester x Merino (BLM), Dorset x Merino (DM), and Suffolk x Merino (SM) ewes imported from Australia, and local fat-tailed Naeemi (N) ewes mated to N rams was studied. Progeny performance for birth and weaning weights, average daily gain (ADG) and preweaning survival was also evaluated. BLM ewes showed the highest reproductive performance. They produced and weaned (at 8 weeks) significantly more lambs (P<0.05) than any of the other ewe genotypes. The reproductive performance of the BLM, N, DM and SM ewes, mated twice, 8 months apart, was 127, 85, 91 and 85 respectively for percentage of lambs born to ewes joined, 109, 72, 77 and 70 respectively for percentage of lambs weaned to ewes joined, and 17.8, 13.5, 12.1 and 11.6 kg respectively of lamb weaned per ewe joined over the period of 13 months from the first joining until last lambs weaned. The effect of season on ewe reproduction was significant. Birth weight was not influenced by genotype or season but did change significantly with litter size. Genetic group, litter size, season of birth and birth weight were significant sources of variation in the ADG and weaning weight of the lamb. N x BLM lambs were weaned at significantly heavier weights than lambs of the remaining 3 groups. Season of birth and birth weight also significantly affected preweaning lamb survival. About 86% of the lambs born alive were weaned with little difference between genetic groups in survival rates.
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Debrincat, Marlyse A., Emma C. Josefsson, Chloé James, Katya J. Henley, Sarah Ellis, Marion Lebois, Kelly L. Betterman, et al. "Mcl-1 and Bcl-xL coordinately regulate megakaryocyte survival." Blood 119, no. 24 (June 14, 2012): 5850–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1182/blood-2011-12-398834.
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Abstract Mature megakaryocytes depend on the function of Bcl-xL, a member of the Bcl-2 family of prosurvival proteins, to proceed safely through the process of platelet shedding. Despite this, loss of Bcl-xL does not prevent the growth and maturation of megakaryocytes, suggesting redundancy with other prosurvival proteins. We therefore generated mice with a megakaryocyte-specific deletion of Mcl-1, which is known to be expressed in megakaryocytes. Megakaryopoiesis, platelet production, and platelet lifespan were unperturbed in Mcl-1Pf4Δ/Pf4Δ animals. However, treatment with ABT-737, a BH3 mimetic compound that inhibits the prosurvival proteins Bcl-2, Bcl-xL, and Bcl-w resulted in the complete ablation of megakaryocytes and platelets. Genetic deletion of both Mcl-1 and Bcl-xL in megakaryocytes resulted in preweaning lethality. Megakaryopoiesis in Bcl-xPf4Δ/Pf4ΔMcl-1Pf4Δ/Pf4Δ embryos was severely compromised, and these animals exhibited ectopic bleeding. Our studies indicate that the combination of Bcl-xL and Mcl-1 is essential for the viability of the megakaryocyte lineage.
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Pettigrew, J. E., S. H. Chiang, S. G. Cornelius, R. L. Moser, and S. D. Clarke. "Limits for Utilization of Medium Chain and Long Chain Triacylglycerols by Neonatal Piglets." Proceedings of the British Society of Animal Production (1972) 1988 (March 1988): 117. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0308229600017542.
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Energy insufficiency appears to be one of the major causes of the high preweaning mortality rate prevalent in the swine industry (English and Smith, 1975). This observation is supported by (1) the limited energy reserves in the neonatal piglet and (2) the increased survival rate found in some studies in piglets whose dams received supplemental fat during late gestation and thus provided the piglets more milk fat (Pettigrew, 1981). Oral doses of fat, for example corn oil, have been given to piglets as energy supplements, without improving their survival rate (Pettigrew et al., 1986). This lack of response may be due to the high survival rate in the unsupplemented controls, to an inadequate amount of fat dosed, and/or to an insufficient ability of the piglets to utilize the fat.
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MacNeil, M. D., D. D. Dearborn, L. V. Cundiff, C. A. Dinkel, and K. E. Gregory. "Effects of Inbreeding and Heterosis in Hereford Females on Fertility, Calf Survival and Preweaning Growth1." Journal of Animal Science 67, no. 4 (April 1, 1989): 895–901. http://dx.doi.org/10.2527/jas1989.674895x.
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Hailu, D., G. Mieso, A. Nigatu, D. Fufa, and D. Gamada. "The effect of environmental factors on preweaning survival rate of Borana and Arsi-Bale kids." Small Ruminant Research 66, no. 1-3 (November 2006): 291–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.smallrumres.2005.09.024.
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Sagwa, C. B., T. O. Okeno, and A. K. Kahi. "Including protein yield and mastitis resistance in dairy cattle breeding goal optimizes response to selection." South African Journal of Animal Science 49, no. 6 (March 4, 2020): 1148–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/sajas.v49i6.18.
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Selection response from a two-tier nucleus breeding scheme using the current Kenyan breeding goal was compared with an alternative that also accounts for protein yield (PY) and mastitis resistance (MR). The economic value for PY was estimated using a bio-economic model. For mastitis resistance, like other disease resistance traits, the economic value cannot be estimated with profit equations because they have multi-fold effects on input and output, which affects profitability. Therefore, selection index methodology was used. Somatic cell count (SCC) was used as an indicator trait for MR. The ZPAN computer program was used to model the breeding schemes and evaluate response to selection. The alternative breeding goal, which included PY and MR, realized additional KES358.48, 613.55, and 613.65 in annual genetic gain, returns and profit per cow per year, respectively, compared with the current breeding goal. Economic values for PY and MR were KES778.99 and -2364, respectively. Relative economic values for milk yield (MY, kg), fat yield (FY, kg), protein yield (PY, kg), MR, calving interval (CI, days), preweaning daily gain (DG, g/day), postweaning daily gain (PDG, g/day), live weight (LW, kg), preweaning survival (SR1, %), postweaning survival (SR2, %), and length of productive life (PLT, days) were 23 689.80, 4 146.77, 34 665.50, -992.88, 33.66, 62.40, 159.80, 391.94, 987.04, 4 474.37, and 7.56, respectively. This implies that including milk quality traits such as PY in the breeding goal would optimize response to selection in dairy cattle production.
Keywords: breeding objective, economic values, genetic evaluation, milk quality, traits, udder health
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Miles, J. R., J. L. Vallet, J. J. Ford, B. A. Freking, R. A. Cushman, W. T. Oliver, and R. K. Christenson. "148 PIGLET GROWTH AND BLOOD COMPONENTS DURING LACTATION FOLLOWING RECIPROCAL EMBRYO TRANSFER BETWEEN MEISHAN AND WHITE CROSSBRED GILTS." Reproduction, Fertility and Development 23, no. 1 (2011): 177. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/rdv23n1ab148.
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Sow productivity has a significant economic impact on the swine industry and is influenced by several factors, including preweaning piglet mortality. In Western breeds, low birth weight piglets exhibit the greatest susceptibility to preweaning mortality. In contrast, Meishan (MS) piglets have decreased birth weights but lower preweaning mortality rates, suggesting that birth weight is not the sole component of preweaning survival. The objective of the current study was to determine the contributions of the maternal and piglet breed and their interactions on piglet growth and blood components pertaining to survivability during lactation following reciprocal embryo transfer between MS and White crossbred (WC) gilts. Twenty-five successful pregnancies were produced by embryo transfer in 2 farrowing seasons that represented all maternal and piglet breed combinations; MS × MS (n = 4 litters), MS × WC (n = 7 litters), WC × MS (n = 7 litters), and WC × WC (n = 7 litters). At Day 1, 10, and weaning (average weaning age = 18 days), piglets (n = 147, 97, and 94, respectively at Day 1, 10, and weaning) were weighed and blood samples were taken. Hematocrit, hemoglobin, glucose, nitrogen, nonesterified fatty acids, albumin, and cortisol were measured in all blood samples. All data were analysed for ANOVA using mixed model procedures. Piglet weights were greater (P < 0.001) throughout lactation in piglets from WC dams regardless of piglet breed. As a result, average daily gains from Days 1 to 10 and weaning were greater (P < 0.05) in piglets from WC dams. There were significant (P < 0.001) maternal × piglet × day interactions for hematocrit and hemoglobin levels in which levels were greatest at Day 1 in MS piglets from WC dams and at Day 10 in MS piglets from MS dams but decreased in WC piglets from WC dams at Day 1. Glucose was greater (P < 0.05) at Day 1 in piglets from WC dams regardless of piglet breed but was greater (P < 0.05) at weaning in WC piglets regardless of maternal breed. Nitrogen was similar at Day 1 for all maternal and piglet breed combinations, but at Day 10 and weaning, nitrogen levels were greater (P < 0.001) in MS piglets regardless of maternal breed. Nonesterified fatty acid was greater throughout lactation in piglets from MS dams irrespective of piglet breed. Albumin was greater (P < 0.05) in MS piglets throughout lactation regardless of maternal breed. Cortisol was not different between the maternal and piglet breed combinations throughout lactation, but cortisol was greater (P < 0.001) at Day 1 compared with Day 10 and weaning. This study demonstrated that piglet growth during lactation was influenced more by maternal breed in favor of WC dams, which supports previous crossbreeding studies. However, blood components pertaining to survivability displayed complex interactions between the piglet and maternal breed, which may signify possible mechanisms for improved preweaning survivability of MS pigs.
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Hales, J., V. A. Moustsen, M. B. F. Nielsen, and C. F. Hansen. "Individual physical characteristics of neonatal piglets affect preweaning survival of piglets born in a noncrated system1." Journal of Animal Science 91, no. 10 (October 1, 2013): 4991–5003. http://dx.doi.org/10.2527/jas.2012-5740.
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Doko, Sanni Y., Pamphile Degla, Gilbert O. Edoun, and Roel H. Bosma. "Effect of hygiene and medication on preweaning survival and growth of Djallonké sheep in Atacora, Benin." Tropical Animal Health and Production 45, no. 1 (May 27, 2012): 129–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11250-012-0183-4.
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Holen, Julia P., Pedro E. Urriola, Mark Schwartz, Jae-Cheol Jang, Gerald C. Shurson, and Lee J. Johnston. "Effects of supplementing late-gestation sow diets with zinc on preweaning mortality of pigs under commercial rearing conditions1." Translational Animal Science 4, no. 2 (January 29, 2020): 519–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/tas/txaa010.
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Abstract The objective of this experiment was to determine preweaning survival of pigs when sows were supplemented with 3 dietary levels of zinc (Zn) in late gestation. Gilts and sows (n = 339) were assigned to 1 of 3 dietary treatments based on parity. Dietary treatments were 1) Control—sows fed a corn–soybean meal-based diet containing 125 ppm total supplemental Zn supplied by ZnSO4 (75 ppm Zn) and AvailaZn (50 ppm Zn, CON); 2) Intermediate—as Control + 240 ppm supplemental Zn as ZnSO4 (INT); and 3) High—as Control + 470 ppm supplemental Zn as ZnSO4 (HI). Final supplemental Zn concentrations of the 3 dietary treatments were 1) CON—125 ppm; 2) INT—365 ppm; and 3) HI—595 ppm. Sows received dietary treatments from about day 85 of gestation until farrowing. Individual piglet birth weights were recorded within 12 h of parturition. Instances of piglet mortality were recorded daily. The statistical model considered fixed effects of treatment and random effects of parity. Piglets from sows fed the INT diet had heavier (P < 0.05) birth weights than those fed CON (1.42 vs. 1.38 kg, respectively), while offspring from sows fed HI tended to have heavier (P < 0.10) birth weights (1.40 kg) than pigs from INT sows. Furthermore, incidence of low birth weight pigs was less (P < 0.05) for sows consuming INT compared with sows fed CON and HI. Despite differences in birth weight, there were no differences (P > 0.05) in total pigs born, born alive, or weaned, nor differences in individual piglet gain or weaning weight across treatments. Mortality of low birth weight pigs was lowest (P < 0.05) for offspring from sows fed HI (28.1%) compared with offspring from sows fed INT (36.1%) and CON (38.3%). Similarly, overall piglet mortality tended to decrease (P < 0.10) as dietary Zn content increased (CON: 15.0%, INT: 13.2%, and HI: 12.2%). A subset of pigs (n = 420, n = 140/treatment) were selected at weaning to evaluate effects of dietary treatment on postweaning performance. There were no significant effects of sow Zn supplementation on final body weight, days to market, or carcass characteristics of market pigs. Overall, effects of supplemental dietary Zn at 365 and 595 ppm in late gestation improved preweaning survival of low birth weight piglets and reduced overall preweaning mortality of piglets.
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Chambellant, Magaly, Gwénaël Beauplet, Christophe Guinet, and Jean-Yves Georges. "Long-term evaluation of pup growth and preweaning survival rates in subantarctic fur seals, Arctocephalus tropicalis, on Amsterdam Island." Canadian Journal of Zoology 81, no. 7 (July 1, 2003): 1222–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/z03-114.
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This study is the first to investigate pup preweaning growth and survival rates over seven consecutive breeding seasons in subantarctic fur seals, Arctocephalus tropicalis, on Amsterdam Island, southern Indian Ocean. Growth and survival were studied in relation to year and pup sex, birth date, birth mass, and growth rate at 60 days of age. The pup growth rate decreased over the 7-year study period and was the lowest ever found in otariids, which suggests that lactating females experience constant low food availability. Male and female pups grew and survived at similar rates. Pups that were heavier at birth grew faster and exhibited better early survival (i.e., the first 2 months of life) than pups that were lighter at birth. However, no such relationship was detected for late survival (i.e., from 2 months to weaning) in this long-lactating species. No relationship was found between pup growth rate, pup survival rate, and sea-surface temperature (SST) gradient during the study period, especially during the later years of good trophic conditions (i.e., a high SST gradient). Such dissociations suggest that variation in food availability may not be the only factor influencing pup performance until weaning. We therefore propose that the subantarctic fur seal population is reaching its carrying capacity and that a density-dependent effect is occurring on Amsterdam Island.
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Speckman, Evan C., Jeremy T. Howard, and Jeff G. Wiegert. "PSI-10 The Relationship Between Litter Size and Functional Teat Number at Farrowing on Litter Size at Weaning." Journal of Animal Science 99, Supplement_1 (May 1, 2021): 223. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jas/skab054.365.
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Abstract Sow functional teat number (FTEAT) is positively associated with piglet preweaning survival and litter throughput. The objective was to estimate the value of FTEAT in relationship to litter size to optimize the number of pigs weaned. Number of pigs born alive (NBA) and total teat number (TTEAT) were counted at farrowing on 836 multiparous purebred sows between March and September, 2020. Teats were evaluated by trained staff at farrowing and considered functional based on visual appraisal of teat morphology. Litter size at weaning (LSW) was recorded after a 26.5 d lactation length (LL). Sow was the experimental unit and all data were analyzed as a function of the biological sow. Number born alive was categorized by quartile: Q1 ≤ 10 NBA (n=185; µ=8.2); Q2 = 11 to 12 NBA (n=194; µ=11.6); Q3 = 13 to 14 NBA (n=238; µ=13.5); Q4 ≥ 15 NBA (n=219; µ=16.3). Data were analyzed in PROC GLM of SAS with farm, breed, and NBA quartile as categorical effects and LL and FTEAT as linear terms. The interaction of NBA quartile and FTEAT was also included. Mean TTEAT, FTEAT, LSW and preweaning survival were 15.4, 14.5, 11.3 and 89.4%, respectively. As a linear term, a one teat increase in FTEAT improved (P< 0.01) LSW by 0.3±0.1 pigs. Yet the value of an additional functional teat increased with increasing NBA. A one teat increase in FTEAT improved (P< 0.01) LSW in Q1, Q2, Q3, and Q4 by 0.12, 0.27, 0.33, and 0.38 pigs, respectively. The analysis demonstrates the impact of FTEAT on sow performance increases with increasing litter size, and highlights the importance of functional teats to optimize litter throughput and maximize the genetic potential of a maternal line.
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HEANEY, D. P., and J. N. B. SHRESTHA. "EFFECTS OF SOYFLOUR IN MILK REPLACER ON THE PERFORMANCE OF ARTIFICIALLY REARED LAMBS." Canadian Journal of Animal Science 67, no. 3 (September 1, 1987): 757–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/cjas87-078.
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Two artificial rearing experiments were conducted to evaluate both preweaning and postweaning performance of artificially reared lambs, ad libitum fed a milk replacer having one-third of the milk protein replaced by soyflour protein (S) compared with those fed MR with all the protein provided by milk products (M). From weaning at 21 d of age to 91 d of age all the lambs were fed the same high-concentrate diet. In the first experiment there were no significant differences in lamb weights, daily gains, postweaning feed conversion or lamb survival. In the second experiment there were lower (P < 0.05) postweaning daily gains, lower (P < 0.05) 91-d weights and higher (P < 0.05) postweaning feed conversion (2.69 vs. 2.52 kg feed kg−1 gain) for S lambs compared with M lambs, although there were no significant differences due to MR treatment for weaning weights, preweaning daily gains or lamb survival. In both experiments the S lambs consumed slightly more MR than M lambs. Using prices prevailing at the time of the study the lower ingredient cost of the soyflour resulted in a saving in MR cost of $1.45 per lamb weaned. In the second experiment, the lower MR cost would have been partially offset by the approximately 1 kg extra liveweight per lamb at 91 d of age. It was concluded that soyflour could contribute one-third of the total protein in MR for ad libitum fed, artificially reared lambs with little, if any, reduction in lamb performance. However, savings in feed costs resulting from the cheaper ingredient cost might be partially offset by lower postweaning lamb gains. Key words: Lambs, artificial rearing, milk replacer, soy protein
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Pettigrew, J. E., S. G. Cornelius, R. L. Moser, T. R. Heeg, H. E. Hanke, K. P. Miller, and C. D. Hagen. "Effects of Oral Doses of Corn Oil and Other Factors on Preweaning Survival and Growth of Piglets." Journal of Animal Science 62, no. 3 (March 1, 1986): 601–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.2527/jas1986.623601x.
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Cecchinato, A., O. González-Recio, E. López de Maturana, L. Gallo, and P. Carnier. "A comparison between different survival and threshold models with an application to piglet preweaning survival in a dry-cured ham-producing crossbred line1." Journal of Animal Science 88, no. 6 (June 1, 2010): 1990–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.2527/jas.2009-2460.
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Miller, Y. J., A. M. Collins, R. J. Smits, P. C. Thomson, and P. K. Holyoake. "Providing supplemental milk to piglets preweaning improves the growth but not survival of gilt progeny compared with sow progeny1." Journal of Animal Science 90, no. 13 (December 1, 2012): 5078–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.2527/jas.2011-4272.
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Thacker, P. A. "Effect of high levels of copper or dichlorvos during late gestation and lactation on sow productivity." Canadian Journal of Animal Science 71, no. 1 (March 1, 1991): 227–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/cjas91-025.
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One hundred and eighty-five crossbred (Yorkshire × Landrace) sows of mixed parity were randomly assigned to be fed either a basal diet or the same ration top dressed with either 500 ppm dichlorvos, 250 ppm copper or a combination of these additives. Top dressing was conducted from the time the sows entered the farrowing crate on day 106 of gestation until they were weaned 28 d postpartum. There was no effect of treatment on the number of pigs born alive, born dead or their birthweight. However, preweaning mortality, based as a percentage of pigs found alive, was 20.3% for control sows, 13.8% for sows fed the ration top dressed with copper, 12.3% for sows fed the ration top dressed with dichlorvos and 10.6% for sows fed the ration top dressed with the combination of feed additives (P = 0.02). There was no significant effect of treatment on the percentage of fat, protein, lactose or total solids in sows milk. There was also no effect of treatment on lactation feed intake, sow weight loss through lactation, the interval between weaning and successful service, conception rate, serum copper levels or total cholesterol. HDL cholesterol levels, serum copper, zinc and iron levels were generally higher in piglets from treated sows than controls. It was concluded that feeding high levels of copper or dichlorvos, alone or in combination, during late gestation and lactation may be useful as a means of reducing preweaning mortality in baby pigs. However, the increased survival rate of baby pigs is unlikely due to alterations in the composition of sow's milk or milk yield. Key words: Sow, reproduction, copper, dichlorvos, milk
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Leidinger, Charlotte S., Christa Thöne-Reineke, Nadine Baumgart, and Jan Baumgart. "Environmental enrichment prevents pup mortality in laboratory mice." Laboratory Animals 53, no. 1 (May 22, 2018): 53–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0023677218777536.
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Early death of mouse pups is a commonly known problem in breeding mice colonies, which is still often regarded as ‘normal’ or is even overlooked due to the counting procedures applied. As reduced breeding performance probably indicates reduced well-being, this seems to be an underestimated welfare issue in laboratory mouse breeding. The present study compares the influence of three different forms of enrichment in breeding cages on infant survival rate and development of C57BL/6J mice. Our data reveal that lack of enrichment results in greater preweaning pup mortality, reduced weight and delayed development. Changing the environmental conditions after birth cannot prevent litter loss but improves the development of pups born in impoverished environments. Overall, our results underline the importance of early counting of mice for optimizing refinement strategies to ensure well-being and breeding success.
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White, K. R., D. M. Anderson, and L. A. Bate. "Increasing piglet survival through an improved farrowing management protocol." Canadian Journal of Animal Science 76, no. 4 (December 1, 1996): 491–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/cjas96-075.
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The profitability of swine production units is significantly decreased by the high rate of mortality which occurs during parturition or shortly thereafter. This study compared the survival rates of pigs subjected to different farrowing management protocols. Sixty litters of crossbred piglets (York × Landrace) were randomly assigned to one of two protocols for management at farrowing. The first, unattended or control group, corresponded to the traditional commercial farrowing practice used on most hog farms today which provides for no attention during farrowing. The second protocol consisted of attending the farrowing and executing a sequence of procedures to the newborn animals. Mortality rates and their causes, weight gains, and haematocrit levels were recorded for the first 3 wk of life. Total preweaning mortality was 18.2 and 10.1% for the control and attended groups, respectively. The main impact of the treatment was the reduction of the animals that otherwise would have been classified as stillbirths. The stillbirth rate decreased from 6.8 to 1.6% while the mortality rate during the first day decreased from 5.2% in the unattended litters to 2.2% in the attended litters, respectively. At weaning the weight of the attended piglets was higher (P < 0.05) than those of the unattended animals. The overall weight gain was higher in the attended litters when compared with those of the control litters (3.99 ± 0.08 and 3.68 ± 0.06 kg, respectively). Processing each pig takes about 2 min, but waiting for the next pig requires approximately 15 min per piglet. The reduction in mortality of 44% (equivalent to about one piglet per litter) plus the benefit of enhanced performance in the attended group could justify the implementation of a farrowing protocol which involves adding the extra labour at farrowing time, especially if several sows are attended by the same attendant. Key words: Piglets, mortality, farrowing, weight gain, haematocrit
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González-Redondo P. "Maternal behaviour in peripartum influences preweaning kit mortality in cage-bred wild rabbits." World Rabbit Science 18, no. 2 (July 12, 2010): 91. http://dx.doi.org/10.4995/wrs.2010.18.12.
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This study describes and models maternal nest-building and parturition behaviour in cage-bred wild rabbits (oryctolagus cuniculus), and its influence on the kits pre-weaning mortality. In a total of 91 litters, perinatal mortality was 33%; mortality during the nursing period was 16.05%, and therefore the accumulated mortality up to weaning was 43.94%. These mortality rates, higher than those described in the literature among domestic breeds, were linked to failures in maternal behaviour. Such failures included the non-introduction of straw into the nest box (41.8% of births), a lack of hair lining in the nest (28.6%), births in which one or all of the kits were born outside the nest box (18.7%), and births in which one or all of the kits were cannibalised by the doe (13.2%). Maternal behaviour in relation to the kits viability was modelled by performing multiple correspondence and cluster analyses with two dimensions and a 67.2% total inertia. The fi rst dimension (inertia: 0.400) was represented by the presence of hair in the nest box; the place where the kits were born (inside or outside the nest box), and the does previous experience (primiparous or multiparous), while the total number of kits born represents the second dimension (inertia: 0.272). Three maternal behaviour types were identified: types 1 and 3 representing births in which the failure of maternal behaviour at kindling led to high kit mortality. Maternal behaviour type 1 corresponds to primiparous does of parity orders 1 and 2 with a high number of total kits born and of stillborn kits. Type 3 births were characterised by all of the kits died during peripartum, with a high incidence of cannibalism. Type 2 included births of experienced does showing successful development of maternal behaviour, as well as high kits survival rates during the peripartum and nursing periods. Although wild rabbits are subject to the same modulating factors in the development of the maternal repertoire as domestic does, showed a lower preweaning viability due to the failure to display maternal behaviour during peripartum.<p class="MsoNormal"> </p>
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Stevens, Lauren, Emily G. Hayes, Piush Khanal, Shaneqwa Thomas, Mozell Byars, and Richard Browning. "21 Comparison of Savanna, Kiko, and Spanish Sires for Meat Goat Doe-Kid Traits." Journal of Animal Science 98, Supplement_2 (November 1, 2020): 69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jas/skz397.161.
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Abstract Savanna sires were evaluated for kid preweaning and doe reproductive traits over six years. Savanna (n = 17) and Kiko (n = 13) sires were bred to Kiko-base does producing 600 kids. Savanna (n = 17) and Spanish (n = 11) sires were bred to Spanish-base does producing 456 kids. Doe traits were evaluated on 536 Kiko and 441 Spanish doe exposures. Kids were weighed at birth and when weaned at 3 mo of age. Non-genetic factors sex and litter size influenced (P < 0.05) kid performance traits as expected. Birth weights of kids from Kiko does were heavier (P < 0.01) for Savanna sires than Kiko sires (3.11 vs. 2.83 ± 0.08 kg). Birth weights of kids from Spanish does were heavier (P < 0.01) for Savanna sires than Spanish sires (3.05 vs. 2.76 ± 0.09 kg). Sire breed did not affect (P < 0.05) weaning weight from Kiko does (15.0 vs 14.8 ±0.6 kg). Savanna sires generated heavier (P < 0.05) weaning weights than Spanish sires (14.2 vs. 13.3 ± 0.6 kg) from Spanish does. Sire breed did not affect ADG or kid survival rates in either doe group. Non-genetic factors litter size and age of dam affected (P < 0.05) doe performance traits in both doe groups. Savanna sires produced heavier litters (P < 0.01) at birth compared to Kiko sires on Kiko does (10.7 vs. 9.7 ± 0.4 kg) and compared to Spanish sires on Spanish does (9.4 vs. 8.3 ± 0.5 kg). Service sire breed did not affect kidding or weaning rate, number of kids born or weaned, or litter weaning weight in either doe group. Savanna sires consistently increased birth weight values. Sire breed did not consistently affect weaning weight values and did not influence other preweaning kid traits or doe reproductive traits.
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Tokach, Mike D., Jordan T. Gebhardt, Steve S. Dritz, Jason C. Woodworth, Joel M. DeRouchey, and Robert D. Goodband. "394 Opportunities to enhance wean-to-finish pig survival." Journal of Animal Science 98, Supplement_4 (November 3, 2020): 184. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jas/skaa278.339.
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Abstract Swine productivity as measured by total pigs born, growth rate, and efficiency has improved steadily over the last few decades. However, post-weaning mortality has not improved for several years. Estimates for post-weaning mortality are 3.6% for nursery, 4.1% for grow-finish, and 5.6% of pigs entering the wean-finish phase (USDA, 2015). The first step in improving wean-to-finish survival is to understand major causes. Post-weaning mortality can be categorized into non-infectious and infectious causes. Non-infectious factors can be classified into anatomic abnormalities, toxicity, animal factors, facility factors, nutritional inadequacies, season, and management factors. Important non-infectious mortality factors identified through literature review include birth weight, preweaning management, weaning age and weight, and season. Additionally, a low incidence but high consequence cause for individual pigs is abdominal organ torsion. Sodium ion or ionophore toxicosis or dietary imbalance due to feed formulation or manufacture error are infrequent, but can be high magnitude. Infectious factors can be categorized as respiratory disease caused by swine influenza virus, porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus, Mycoplasma spp., Glasserella parasuis, and others; enteric disease caused by Lawsonia intracellularis, Brachyspira spp; or systemic disease caused by Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae, Streptococcus suis, porcine circovirus, and others. Non-infectious and infectious mortality causes both need focus to improve wean-to-finish survival. Because of their importance in affecting survival rate, producers should focus on increasing birth and weaning weight, colostrum intake, and weaning age. Strategies to reduce abdominal organ torsions and gastric ulcers also are important for producers experiencing problems with these low frequency, high magnitude problems. Elevating biosecurity to prevent introduction of pathogens can reduce mortality due to infectious agents. For pathogens already present in the herd, producers must determine if the best management strategy is control (ex. vaccination), elimination (ex. mass exposure), or depopulation. Reducing post-weaning mortality remains an opportunity area in the swine industry.
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Morel, P. C. H., S. T. Morris, and P. R. Kenyon. "Effect of birthweight on survival in triplet-born lambs." Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture 48, no. 7 (2008): 984. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ea07401.
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Lambing percentage is the main contributor to higher profit on New Zealand sheep farms and has increased from 98% in 1960 to 124% in 2006. As ewe litter size increases so does the proportion of triplet-born lambs and consequently preweaning mortality rate. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of birthweight (BWT) on survival in triplet-born lambs within and among litters. Data from a total of 594 triplet crossbreed lambs born to mixed-age ewes was analysed. For the statistical analysis, the lambs were allocated according to their BWT, and within the litter were then allocated to three BWT groups (light, medium and heavy). The following parameters were calculated: total litter BWT (TBWT), percentage of TBWT for each lamb (PBWT = BWT/TBWT), coefficient of variation for BWT within litter and lamb average daily gain from birth to weaning. The mortality rate for the light, medium and heavy lambs was 56, 40 and 28%, respectively, and consequently the lightest lamb in a litter was 3.2 times more likely to die than the heaviest lamb. In the light lamb group, as BWT increased mortality decreased (P = 0.006), for medium lambs BWT did not influence mortality (P = 0.88) and in the heavy group there was a trend of increased BWT associated with increased mortality (P = 0.10). The negative relationship between lamb mortality and PBWT was identical in the three BWT groups (P < 0.0001). The effect of BWT on lamb mortality became non-significant when PBWT was fitted in the same model. This means that, in triplet-born lambs, mortality is not influenced by the BWT of the lamb itself, but by the BWT of its littermates. It can be calculated that a 4-kg lamb has a 24% chance of surviving in a litter of 16 kg, a 60% chance in a litter of 12 kg and an 87% chance of surviving in a litter of 8 kg. It is concluded that reducing the variation in BWT within a litter, or specifically managing the lightest lamb at birth, will increase the competitive ability for survival of each lamb and, therefore, decrease overall mortality and further improve farm profitability.
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Taylor, G. J., F. J. C. Swanepoel, E. C. Webb, and A. Stroebel. "Effect of heifer frame size on their subsequent reproductive performance and preweaning performance of their calves." Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture 48, no. 7 (2008): 945. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ea08060.
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The effects of heifer frame size on subsequent performance and the preweaning growth of calves were evaluated using records collected from the Waterburg Estates at Otjiwarongo, Namibia. Based on hip height at 18 months of age, heifers were assigned to three different frame size groups: small (<124 cm), medium (124 to 135 cm), or large (>135 cm). Calving rate (CR), calving date (CD), postnatal calf survival rate (CSR), reproductive efficiency (Sandex), weaning rate (WR), birthweight (BW), weaning weight (WT) and preweaning average daily gain (ADG) were collected from first (n = 830), second (n = 623) and third and greater parity (n = 571) cows. Frame size of heifers significantly influenced (P < 0.001) CR in second and third and greater parity. The postnatal CSR was similar for all frame size and parity groups. WR of large frame size, second-parity cows was less (P < 0.001) than that of small and medium frame size animals. Birthweights of calves born to large frame size animals were significantly higher (P < 0.05) than the small and medium frame size animals. Small frame size animals, as first parity cows, had calves with lower (P < 0.05) WT than those weaned by medium and larger frame size animals. In first parity cows, calves of large frame size had greater ADG (P < 0.05), but in second parity cows the calves from medium frame size (P < 0.05) out performed those of small and large frame size, while calves from third and greater parity cows of medium and larger frame size had greater (P < 0.05) ADG than cows with a small frame size. Male calves were heavier (P < 0.05) at birth, at weaning and grew faster (ADG) than their female counterparts. Due to the later calving dates (P < 0.05), the reproductive efficiency (Sandex) of large frame size at second and third and greater parity groups was lower (P < 0.001). Therefore, selecting cattle for the extensive hot and dry climatic regions of Southern Africa, the recommended cow frame size should be a medium frame.
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Tucker, Bryony S., Kiro R. Petrovski, and Roy N. Kirkwood. "Neonatal Piglet Temperature Changes: Effect of Intraperitoneal Warm Saline Injection." Animals 12, no. 10 (May 20, 2022): 1312. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ani12101312.
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Piglets are poor at thermoregulation immediately following birth and take up to 24 h to recover from their initial temperature drop. The present study aimed to determine if providing piglets with a 15 mL intraperitoneal injection of warm (45 °C) saline at birth would improve their internal temperature recovery to 24 h of age, and how the treatment interacted with birth weight (BWC = 1; ≤0.80 kg, BWC = 2; 0.81 kg to 1.10 kg, and BWC = 3; >1.10 kg), rectal temperature at 1.5 h (RC = 1; ≤32.0 °C, RC = 2; 32.10 °C to 35.0 °C, and RC = 3; ≥35.10 °C), and colostrum intake (CI = 1; < 200 g and CI = 2, ≥200 g) to affect preweaning survival. Treated BWC1 piglets had improved rectal temperatures from 2 to 24 h. BWC3 piglets who consumed insufficient colostrum also had improved rectal temperature between 1 and 24 h post-birth. Colostrum intake was improved with saline injection in BWC2 piglets of RC1 and RC3 (p < 0.001) and BWC3-RC3 piglets (p < 0.001). Treated BWC1 improved survival to 20 d (p < 0.001). Irrespective of BWC, piglets from all RC had greater survival when injected with saline. The greatest difference was for piglets in RC1, likely due to all BWC1 piglets falling within this category. The results suggest that an intraperitoneal injection of warmed saline is an effective way to improve piglet temperature recovery to 24 h, colostrum intake, and survival in low-birth-weight piglets. These findings will be helpful for producers who have large numbers of low-birth-weight piglets born and are able to provide individual care.
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Tucker, Bryony S., Jessica R. Craig, Rebecca S. Morrison, Robert J. Smits, and Roy N. Kirkwood. "Piglet Viability: A Review of Identification and Pre-Weaning Management Strategies." Animals 11, no. 10 (October 6, 2021): 2902. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ani11102902.
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Increased attention on the effects of the global push for a larger litter size has focused on the increased occurrence of piglets with decreased viability, which have lighter birthweights and a reduced ability to thrive in early life. To improve their odds of survival, interventions must be timely and targeted. This requires the early identification of low-viability pigs and appropriate strategies to manage them. Using novel measures such as abdominal circumference and crown to the rump length in conjunction with birth weight may provide an improved protocol for the identification of those at most risk of preweaning mortality. Further, identifying these at-risk piglets allows interventions to increase their colostrum intake and heat provisions shortly following birth. The appropriate management of the pre- and post-partum sows will improve the chances of decreasing the number of piglets born with lower viability. However, this outcome is constrained by limitations in resources such as technology and staffing. If these challenges can be overcome, it will allow for greater control and increased effectiveness in the implementation of current and new management strategies.
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Deger Oral Toplu, H., and A. Altinel. "Some production traits of indigenous Hair goats bred under extensive conditions in Turkey. 2nd communication: viability and growth performances of kids." Archives Animal Breeding 51, no. 5 (October 10, 2008): 507–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/aab-51-507-2008.
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Abstract. In this study, it was studied that viability in preweaning period and growth performance in the period from birth to 8 months of age of Hair kids (Anatolian Black Goat). A total data of 439 kids in 2003 and 2004 years were used in the study. Survival rates of kids at 1st, 2nd and 3rd months were 98.86 %, 96.81 % and 95.44 %, respectively. The effects of year, farm and age of dam on this trait were statistically insignificant, although the effect of birth type on only the survival rate at 3rd month was significant (p<0.05). The body weights of kids at birth, 1st, 2nd, 3rd, 4th, 5th, 6th, 7th and 8th months were 2.19 kg, 6.19 kg, 9.70 kg, 13.08 kg, 16.31 kg, 18.77 kg, 20.25 kg, 25.38 kg and 23.32 kg, respectively. The effects of sex and age of dam on body weights in all growth periods, the effect of year on weights in growth periods except for 7th and 8th months, the effect of farm on weights in growth periods except for 6th and 8th months and the effect of birth type on birth weight and weights at 4th and 5th months were statistically significant (p<0.05). In the result of this study, it was determined that Hair kids reared under extensive conditions had high performance especially in terms of viability.
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Almond, K. L., H. P. Fainberg, M. A. Lomax, P. Bikker, M. E. Symonds, and A. Mostyn. "Substitution of starch for palm oil during gestation: impact on offspring survival and hepatic gene expression in the pig." Reproduction, Fertility and Development 27, no. 7 (2015): 1057. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/rd14058.
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Piglet neonatal mortality rates are high (~20%), so nutritional strategies to reduce this are highly desirable. Maternal fat substitution (FS) may promote the preweaning survival of piglets by improving their energy status. Therefore, the aim of the present study was to investigate the effects of FS throughout pregnancy on offspring viability, together with the gene expression of stress-related markers in the liver. Sixteen pregnant sows were randomly allocated to one of two isocaloric diets, control (C) or FS in the form of palm oil, fed from 0 to 110 days gestation. Glucose tolerance was examined on Day 108. Median and low birthweight offspring were allocated to tissue sampling at either 7 days or 6 months postnatal age. In response to a glucose tolerance test, FS sows exhibited a raised glucose area under the curve with no change in basal glucose. Average piglet mortality (up to Day 28) was increased fourfold in the FS group, with surviving median-sized piglets exhibiting significantly lower fatty acid binding protein 1 (FABP1) expression at 7 days. There were no effects on the abundance of any other stress- or metabolic-related genes examined. Thus, this study demonstrates that maternal FS throughout gestation causes maternal glucose intolerance that may be linked to the observed increase in piglet mortality. However, the surviving offspring do not exhibit any detectable differences in postnatal growth or hepatic gene profile in later life.
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Schönleben, Manfred, Joachim Mentschel, Sebastian Feser, Luboš Střelec, and Klaus Klunker. "Smart Pig Nutrition: Effect of Piglet Weaning Nutrition Strategy on Their Growth Ability, Survival and Economics." Acta Universitatis Agriculturae et Silviculturae Mendelianae Brunensis 68, no. 4 (2020): 699–705. http://dx.doi.org/10.11118/actaun202068040699.
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Modern high-performance swine genetics, such as Danish hybrid sows, can yield large litter sizes. Especially in the suckling phase, managing these large litters with low piglet losses is often a challenge. To support the modern highly prolific sows and litters, the use of pre-starters as suckling pig supplementary feed, including sufficient freshwater access, are nowadays good professional practices. Neonatal piglets especially profit from liquid supplemental feed via the possible higher absolute dry matter intake potential, in comparison to solid feed or without supplement. Various studies also indicate that supplying additional liquid feed to piglets pre- and post-weaning may yield epigenetic, life-long positive effects in animal key performance indicators. Although the advantages of early liquid piglet nutrition are today widely known, supplying adequate nutrient concentrations, the smooth preparation of the piglet's digestive system towards solid, starchy feed, and consequently enzymatic training to reduce post-weaning stress are still challenges which have to be considered. Due to their higher concentration of solids, piglet starters in porridge form i.a. offer the advantage of higher nutrient densities and aggregation stability. The aim of this study was, therefore, to answer the questions: 1) Can improved litter performance also routinely be obtained by supplying a porridge supplemental diet to neonatal piglets, and 2) Does improved litter performance translate into overall improved net economic returns within a professional piglet production setup of 254 piglets from 21 litters? Results show, applying the preweaning porridge strategy not only yielded around 10% higher daily gains and life weight results than conventional approaches, but also a return of investment of 2 : 1.
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Henry, Christiani Jeyakumar, Amal Ghusain-Choueiri, and Philip R. Payne. "Protein utilization, growth and survival in essential-fatty-acid-deficient rats." British Journal of Nutrition 75, no. 2 (February 1996): 237–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/bjn19960127.
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AbstractThe relationship between essential fatty acids (EFA) deficiency and the utilization of dietary protein, growth rate and survival of offspring was investigated in rats during development and reproduction. EFA deficiency was induced by feeding a 200 g casein/kg-based diet containing 70 g hydrogenated coconut oil (HCO)/lkg as the only source of fat. The conversion efficiency of dietary protein was assessed as net protein utilization (NPU), using a 10 d comparative carcass technique. Consumption of the deficient diet during the 10 d assay period induced biochemical changes characteristic of mild EFA deficiency in humans (triene:tetraene 0·27 (SD 0·04) compared with 0·026 (SD 0·004) for wn-deficient controls), but there were no significant changes in growth rate or protein utilization. These variables were also unchanged when the deficient diet was fed for an additional 7 d before the assay, although triene: tetraene increased to 0.8 (SD 0·02). Feeding the deficient diet for 63 d before assay produced severe EFA deficiency (triene:tetraene 1.4 (SD 0·3) v. 0·036 (SD 0·005) for controls), a fall in growth rate (25% during assay period), and NPU (31.5 (SD 0·63) v. 39.0 (SD 0·93) for controls). These severely-EFA-deficient animals had a 30% higher fasting-resting rate of energy metabolism than that of age-matched controls. However, there was no change in the rate of endogenous N loss. Voluntary energy consumption was increased in animals fed on deficient diets, either with 200 g protein/kg, or protein free. The reduced efficiency of protein utilization could be entirely accounted for by the restricted amount of energy available for growth and protein deposition. Consumption of an EFA-deficient diet during pregnancy and lactation resulted in high mortality (11% survival rate at weaning compared with 79% for controls) and retarded growth in the preweaning offspring. It is concluded that animals are particularly sensitive to EFA deficiency during reproduction and pre- and post-natal stages of development. However, after weaning only severe EFA deficiency retarded growth, primarily through changes in energy balance.
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Liu, H., F. Wu, L. L. Bai, Y. F. Chen, C. H. Lai, L. Q. Ren, and F. L. Wang. "Effect of dietary conjugated linoleic acid supplementation during late gestation on colostrum yield, fatty acid composition, and IgG concentrations in primiparous sows." Canadian Journal of Animal Science 98, no. 4 (December 1, 2018): 732–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/cjas-2017-0202.
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This experiment was conducted to evaluate the effects of dietary conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) supplementation during late gestation on reproductive performance, colostrum yield, colostral fatty acid composition, and immunoglobulin G (IgG) concentrations in primiparous sows. Twenty-four primiparous Landrace × Large White pregnant sows were randomly selected and assigned to four dietary treatments: 0% (control), 0.75%, 1.50%, and 2.25% CLA supplementation from day 85 of gestation to parturition. During lactation, all sows were fed the same commercial diet. The preweaning mortality of suckling piglets born to dams fed supplemental CLA did decrease linearly (P = 0.01) during lactation. Administration of CLA during gestation increased linearly (P < 0.01) total saturated fatty acids and decreased linearly (P < 0.01) monounsaturated fatty acids and polyunsaturated fatty acids in colostrum. The concentrations of CLA isomers were higher (P < 0.01) in colostrum from primiparous sows fed CLA diets than in the control group. Feeding CLA increased (P < 0.05) colostral IgG concentrations, as well as that in the serum of neonatal piglets. In conclusion, 2.25% CLA supplementation in the diet of primiparous sows during late gestation could improve the passive immunity through colostral IgG and the survival of suckling piglets.
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Sapouckey, Sarah A., Lisa L. Morselli, Guorui Deng, Chetan N. Patil, Kirthikaa Balapattabi, Vanessa Oliveira, Kristin E. Claflin, et al. "Exploration of cardiometabolic and developmental significance of angiotensinogen expression by cells expressing the leptin receptor or agouti-related peptide." American Journal of Physiology-Regulatory, Integrative and Comparative Physiology 318, no. 5 (May 1, 2020): R855—R869. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpregu.00297.2019.
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Angiotensin II (ANG II) Agtr1a receptor (AT1A) is expressed in cells of the arcuate nucleus of the hypothalamus that express the leptin receptor ( Lepr) and agouti-related peptide ( Agrp). Agtr1a expression in these cells is required to stimulate resting energy expenditure in response to leptin and high-fat diets (HFDs), but the mechanism activating AT1A signaling by leptin remains unclear. To probe the role of local paracrine/autocrine ANG II generation and signaling in this mechanism, we bred mice harboring a conditional allele for angiotensinogen ( Agt, encoding AGT) with mice expressing Cre-recombinase via the Lepr or Agrp promoters to cause cell-specific deletions of Agt ( AgtLepr-KO and AgtAgrp-KO mice, respectively). AgtLepr-KO mice were phenotypically normal, arguing against a paracrine/autocrine AGT signaling mechanism for metabolic control. In contrast, AgtAgrp-KO mice exhibited reduced preweaning survival, and surviving adults exhibited altered renal structure and steroid flux, paralleling previous reports of animals with whole body Agt deficiency or Agt disruption in albumin ( Alb)-expressing cells (thought to cause liver-specific disruption). Surprisingly, adult AgtAgrp-KO mice exhibited normal circulating AGT protein and hepatic Agt mRNA expression but reduced Agt mRNA expression in adrenal glands. Reanalysis of RNA-sequencing data sets describing transcriptomes of normal adrenal glands suggests that Agrp and Alb are both expressed in this tissue, and fluorescent reporter gene expression confirms Cre activity in adrenal gland of both Agrp-Cre and Alb-Cre mice. These findings lead to the iconoclastic conclusion that extrahepatic (i.e., adrenal) expression of Agt is critically required for normal renal development and survival.
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Adebambo, O. A. "Comparison Of The Indigenous And Exotic Pure And Crossbred Sows In Southern Nigeria: Relationship Between Dam And Litter Performance." Nigerian Journal of Animal Production 8, no. 1 (January 13, 2021): 67–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.51791/njap.v8i1.2136.
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The study embraced the evaluation of reproductive efficiency of pure and crossbred exotic and indigenous sows of Nigeria. Characters studied were litter size at birth and weaning, survival at weaning, average pig weight, litter weights at 3,5 and 8 weeks of age and weight loss of the dams during lactation. Highly significant breed and seasonal effects were recorded in almost all traits studied on litter and piglet performance and the efficiency of milk utilization. No seasonal effect was reported for litter size, milk ingested per piglet and weight lost by the sow. Seasonal factors accounted for 0.43% of variation in litter size but 60.9% of litter weight. Breed differences accounted for 25.7% of birth weight and 59.8% of milk utilization efficiency and the sow age contributed 5.3% of pig birth weight and 36.0% of litter size variation. Pooled estimate indicated average pig birth weight of 1.14kg in the indigenous pigs and 1.54kg for the reciprocal Large White x Landrace piglets; average weaning weights ranged from 4.39 to 9.91kg and preweaning gain from 3.38 to 8.25kg respectively. Litter size at birth also varied from 5.2 in the landrace to 8.4 in the Duroc Large White cross with 4.6 and 7kg weights of pigs weaned respectively.
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Boltnev, Alexander I., Anne E. York, and George A. Antonelis. "Northern fur seal young: interrelationships among birth size, growth, and survival." Canadian Journal of Zoology 76, no. 5 (May 1, 1998): 843–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/z98-010.
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We investigated size at birth, growth, and early survival of northern fur seals (Callorhinus ursinus) from birth to weaning at Bering Island, Russia, over 8 breeding seasons from 1982 to 1989. One thousand and thirteen fur seals (565 males and 448 females) were measured in a longitudinal study and an additional 2697 animals were measured at birth. At birth, female pups were about 10% lighter and about 3% shorter than male pups. The coefficients of variation of mass (12.5 and 12.8%) and length (4.5 and 4.7%) were similar for the two sexes. We partitioned the lactation period into four time periods: 1, the perinatal period (ages 0-10 days); 2, the early development period (ages 11-40 days); 3, the period of intensive molting (ages 41-80 days); and 4, the preweaning period (ages 81-140 days). We investigated four measures of growth: absolute growth in mass (AGM) in grams per day, absolute growth in length (AGL) in millimetres per day, relative growth in mass (RGM) as a percentage per day, and relative growth in length (RGL) as a percentage per day. For both sexes, AGM was highest during period 4 (mean = 124.8 g/day, SE = 7.4 g/day, and mean = 109.6 g/day, SE = 6.8 g/day for males and females, respectively) and AGL was highest during period 2 (mean = 3.74 mm/day, SE = 0.18 mm/day, and mean = 3.42 mm/day, SE = 0.21 mm/day for males and females, respectively). RGM (mean = 1.06%, SE = 0.09%, and mean = 1.02%, SE = 0.11% for males and females, respectively) and RGL (mean = 0.53%, SE = 0.03%, and mean = 0.50%, SE = 0.03% for males and females, respectively) were highest during period 2 for both sexes. For both sexes, growth rates were slowest during the molting period. Sexual differences were detected in AGM in period 4 and for the combined data over periods 1-3. Sexual differences in AGL were detected for the combined data over periods 1, 3, and 4 only. No sexual differences in relative growth were found. Subsequent growth in mass and length was correlated with birth size. We found the greatest annual variation during the periods when growth was fastest. Condition indices were calculated using the allometric relationship between length and mass separately for neonates and pups older than 5 days. The condition indices at birth varied significantly annually. The condition index was lowest during the molting period (3). Animals that survived for at least 40 days were larger at birth and had a higher condition index than those that did not survive. In years of moderate or high pup survival rates, survival rates were higher in animals born later in the breeding season.
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Formoso-Rafferty, Nora, Katherine Natalia Chavez, Candela Ojeda, Isabel Cervantes, and Juan Pablo Gutiérrez. "Selection Response in a Divergent Selection Experiment for Birth Weight Variability in Mice Compared with a Control Line." Animals 10, no. 6 (May 26, 2020): 920. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ani10060920.
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Birth weight (BW) in animal production is an economically important trait in prolific species. The laboratory mouse (Mus musculus) is used as an experimental animal because it is considered a suitable model for prolific species such as rabbits and pigs. Two mouse lines were divergently selected for birth weight variability with a third line of non-selected control population of the same origin as the animals starting the experiment. The objective of this study was, therefore, to compare and evaluate the differential response of each line. The animals were from the 17th generation of both low and high BW variability lines of the divergent selection experiment, including in addition animals from the control line. The dataset contained 389 records from 48 litters of the high line, 734 records from 73 litters of the low line, and 574 records from 71 litters of the control line. The studied traits were as follows: the BW, the BW variance, the BW standard deviation, the BW coefficient of variation within-litter, the weaning weight (WW), the litter size at birth and at weaning, the weight gain, and the preweaning survival. The model included the line effect jointly with the parturition number and its interaction, the linear and quadratic LS as covariates except for the LS trait itself when analyzing litter traits, as well as the pup sex when analyzing individual traits. The low line had a lower BW and WW, but a higher litter size, and greater robustness owing to a higher survival at weaning. As a model of livestock animals, the findings from this experiment led to a proposal of selection for pig production that would combine an increase in litter size with higher survival and welfare. Compared with the control line, a much higher response was observed in the low variability line than in the high line, making it extremely satisfactory given that homogeneity provides advantages in terms of animal welfare and robustness.
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OLTHOFF, J. C., G. H. CROW, and G. W. RAHNEFELD. "CHANGES IN BEEF CATTLE PERFORMANCE AFTER TEN YEARS OF YEARLING WEIGHT SELECTION." Canadian Journal of Animal Science 70, no. 4 (December 1, 1990): 1017–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/cjas90-125.
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Selection for yearling weight, a trait with relatively high heritability, in beef cattle should lead to a significant response in a short period of time. Changes should also occur in correlated and component traits. Data from 10 yr of yearling weight selection in beef Shorthorn cattle were used to quantify the response in correlated calf and cow traits. Selection response was measured as the difference between the performance of the select line and a corresponding control line. Annual response to selection for bull and heifer calves, respectively, averaged 5.1 and 4.3 kg for yearling weight, 2.1 and 1.6 kg for weaning weight, 0.3 and 0.2 kg for birth weight, 0.016 and 0.014 kg d−1 for post-weaning average daily gain and 0.010 and 0.007 kg d−1 for preweaning average daily gain. There were no significant changes in calf survival or cow reproductive performance. Cow weights increased 4.5 kg yr−1 for 2-yr-old heifers, similar to the yearling weight response, but only 1.3 kg yr−1 for all cows because of the time delay caused by the age distribution of the breeding herd. Yearling weight increases were brought about by increases in the individuals genetic potential for gain, primarily postweaning. Response to yearling weight selection would be relatively easy to achieve for beef producers. Some additional costs would be incurred, however, and the environmental effects, which were large, would have to be monitored. Key words: Beef cattle, yearling weight, selection response, correlated response
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Leeds, T. D., D. R. Notter, K. A. Leymaster, M. R. Mousel, and G. S. Lewis. "Evaluation of Columbia, USMARC-Composite, Suffolk, and Texel rams as terminal sires in an extensive rangeland production system: I. Ewe productivity and crossbred lamb survival and preweaning growth1,2." Journal of Animal Science 90, no. 9 (September 1, 2012): 2931–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.2527/jas.2011-4640.
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