Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Preventive justice'

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In response to the 9/11 attacks and continuing threats of mass-casualty terrorism, the United States has adopted a new security strategy that emphasizes anticipatory actions including preventive war. Prevention, undertaken in the absence of an act of aggression or an imminent threat, is prohibited by modern conceptions of just war and international law. Many critics of the strategy fear that any legitimization of preventive war would endanger international stability. But an examination of the relevant ethical issues from the perspective of just war doctrine reveals contradictions within a blanket prohibition of preventive war. Preventive "strategic interventions" against illiberal regimes-states that correlate with the threats of terrorism and weapons of mass destruction-parallel humanitarian interventions in that they have an ethical basis in the relationship between human rights and the right of state sovereignty. A widely-accepted minimum standard of human rights, incorporated into new international institutions and/or an explicit revision of the definition of just war, could serve as an ethical boundary for both preventive wars and humanitarian interventions. The formal qualification of prevention and its merger with humanitarian goals could bring enhanced international legitimacy and support to preventive actions by the United States and its allies.
Lieutenant Commander, United States Navy

This Senior Thesis in Environmental Analysis seeks to explore the ways in which certain food-oriented programs for incarcerated women and women on parole critically resist the Prison Industrial Complex and the Industrial Food System by securing social and ecological equity through the acquisition of food justice. It focuses on three case studies: the Crossroads’ Meatless Mondays program, Fallen Fruit from Rising Women: A Crossroads Social Enterprise, and Cultivating Dreams Prison Garden Project: An Organic Garden for Women in Prison. Each project utilizes food as a tool to build community, provide valuable skill sets of cooking and gardening, and educate women about the social, environmental and political implications of the Industrial Food System. Overall, the goal of this thesis is to prove the necessity of food justice programs in the criminal justice system in counteracting the disenfranchisement of certain populations that are continuously discriminated against in the industrialized systems of prison and food.

The main argument of this thesis is that the penitentiary crisis in Venezuela is brought about an inept criminal justice system whose functioning (or lack thereof) further exacerbates overcrowding in penitentiary facilities as well as violates the most basic human rights. More elaborately, I argue that the unintentional (mis)use of pre-trial preventive detention, one of the consequences of the inept criminal justice system, further exacerbates the overcrowding in prisons and creates serious human rights implications. The purpose of this study is to establish a connection between the penitentiary crisis in Venezuela, with a focus on pre-trial preventive detention, and the larger criminal justice system failure in the country. The data source and data gathering technique for the thesis consists of a content analysis and a secondary literature review. Since the theoretical framework of the project is international human rights, instruments from the United Nations and the Organization of American States are used. Reports from non-governmental organizations like Amnesty International, Human Rights Watch, and Observatorio Venezolano de Prisiones provide the data to conduct the analysis which is specific to pre-trial preventive detention in Venezuela. These reports are produced on a yearly basis and will help to compliment the data obtained from government sources, mainly the Venezuelan Ombudsman's office. The findings of the thesis support the argument that contrary to common belief, the (mis)use of pre-trial preventive detention in Venezuela is in fact mainly accidental, it is not systematic in the sense that it is not targeting a particular group of people due to their political affiliation and/or beliefs. Furthermore, I prove that Venezuelan penitentiary facilities are overcrowded due to the (mis)use of pre-trial preventive detention. Immediate recommendations for the Venezuelan state include re-categorizing the penal population in Venezuela as well as diminishing the use of deprivation of liberty, specifically pre-trial preventive detention.

A jurisdicionalização das demandas sociais e políticas acontece nas sociedades democráticas ocidentais a partir do segundo pós-guerra. Tal fenômeno encontra-se estampado nas causas submetidas ao julgamento dos desembargadores do Tribunal de Justiça do Estado do Rio Grande do Sul, que versam sobre o aborto preventivo. Nas referidas demandas, o magistrado é instado a se pronunciar sobre tema de grande relevância social, muitas vezes em face da omissão da lei, valendo-se de conceitos de outras áreas do conhecimento para amparar o seu julgamento. Questiona-se de que forma as suas convicções pessoais, filosóficas, religiosas e, de formação, influenciam, ou não, nestas decisões. A perda da autoridade é apontada como uma das causas da jurisdicionalização, tendo em vista que nas sociedades tradicionais o conselheiro espiritual, o chefe de família, o médico ou o sacerdote, decidiam questões vinculadas à tomada de decisões éticas, religiosas e políticas. Os juízes, frente à perda de autoridade das magistraturas sociais, se comportam como últimos guardiões da democracia em nossas sociedades contemporâneas. O trabalho demonstra de que forma os desembargadores gaúchos, enquanto atores sociais, interpretam este papel, esclarecendo a existência, ou não, de algum desconforto ao tomarem tais decisões. O lugar em que é cumprido seu papel é aquele próprio de uma estrutura burocrática do Estado racional, com as consequências que decorrem de tal situação. A decisão judicial e a decisão médica, ainda que possuindo semelhanças, se diferenciam, porquanto esta última se funda em uma relação de confiança, enquanto a outra gera uma desconfiança. O trabalho comprova que nas demandas que versam sobre o aborto preventivo surge a temática da lógica dos problemas do corpo, que aflige o cidadão contemporâneo, em sua crise de identidade. Neste contexto, a sociedade de hoje não requer tão somente o conselho do sacerdote ou a prescrição do médico de família, mas também a decisão do magistrado, que deve pronunciar-se quando ocorrerem dúvidas a respeito desse assunto.
The jurisdictionalization of the social and political pleas happens in the western democratic societies from the second post-war period on. Such phenomenon is clear in the causes submitted to the Court judges’ trial of the Rio Grande do Sul State Court of Justice, that deals with preventive abortion. In the above mentioned pleas, the magistrate is urged to assert about a theme of great social importance, many times due to the law omission, using other areas knowledge concepts to support their trial. It is questioned in what way the magistrate personal, philosophical, religious and of formation convictions influence or not, on these decisions. The loss of authority is pointed as one of the causes of the jurisdictionalization , having in mind that in the traditional families, the spiritual counselor, the family head, the doctor or the priest, used to decide the issues linked to the ethical, religious and political decisions. The judges, considering the loss of authority of the social magistracies, behave as the last democracy guardians in our contemporary societies. This study demonstrates in what way the Rio Grande do Sul magistrates, as social actors, interpret this role, clarifying the existence or not of some discomfort in taking that decisions. The place where the magistrates fulfill their role is the own bureaucratic structure of the rational State, with the consequences that result from this situation. The judicial decision and the medical decision, although having similarities, differentiate themselves , inasmuch as the latter is established in a reliable relation, whereas the other generates a distrust. This research proves that in the pleas that deals with preventive abortion it emerges the theme of the reasoning of the body problems, that afflicts the contemporary citizen, in his/her identity crisis.In this context, today’s society not only needs the advice of the priest or a prescription of a doctor of the family, but also the decision of the magistrate, who should express his/her opinion when doubts occur about this matter.

To what extent the legitimate aspiration of the States to prevent terrorist attacks can go further? This is one of the main issues that modern democracies must face. In this scenario, this PhD thesis proposes a comparative study on preventive counter-terrorism measures targeted on suspected terrorists within a human rights’ approach, in the searching of the “sustainable prevention”. After the study of Italian preventive counter-terrorism law from different perspectives, a small "field research" and the analysis of the UK counter-terrorism system, the Author uses the proportionality principle to suggest some corrective mechanisms for a more sustainable balance between freedom and security.

Den mänskliga rättigheten till en rättvis rättegång utgör en grundpelare i en rättsstat och regleras i såväl artikel 6 EKMR som 2 kap. 11 § 2 st. RF. Rätten till en rättvis rättegång i enlighet med både EKMR och RF tar sikte på att en rättegång dels ska genomföras inom skälig tid, dels att rättegången ska genomföras inför en oavhängig och opartisk domstol. För att rättigheten ska uppfyllas i enlighet med EKMR och RF, föreligger vägledning samt principer utformade av Europadomstolen som måste beaktas vid bedömningen om en rättegång bedrivits rättvis eller inte. Rätten till en rättvis rättegång kan omfatta flera olika element, varav ett av elementen är tillfredsställande handläggning. För att en rättegång ska uppfylla sitt syfte, krävs att rättegången genomförs under sådana former att parterna kan följa det som sker under förfarandet. Till bedömningen om en rättvis rättegång genomförts ska dessutom målets karaktär tas i beaktandet. Detta innebär att mål som förutsätter särskild skyndsam handläggning, till exempel ungdomsmål, särskilt måste uppfylla kraven i artikel 6.1 EKMR. Då barn anses utgöra en särskilt utsatt grupp krävs det speciellt skydd i syfte att värna om deras rättigheter. I BK stadgas barns rättigheter och konventionen är tillämplig på alla individer under 18 år. De stater som ratificerat BK måste således respektera konventionen och rapportera vilka åtaganden som vidtagits för att efterleva den. Barns rättighet att komma till tals och uttrycka sina åsikter tillfaller alla barn under 18 år och innebär att såväl domstolar som andra beslutsfattande organ måste anpassas i avsikt att inkludera barnen. Det kan till exempel handla om särskilda förberedelser för barn innan en rättegång och att anamma ett barnrättsperspektiv i syfte att genomsyra verksamheterna med en förankring i BK. Inom nationell rätt föreligger ett skyndsamhetskrav i ärenden som rör unga lagöverträdare och en allmänt vedertagen princip är att tiden mellan samhällets reaktioner och den unga lagöverträdarens brott bör vara så kort som möjlig. Samhällets inställning gentemot unga lagöverträdare ska även vara konsekvent och tydlig samt ska handläggningen av pedagogiska skäl bedrivas skyndsamt. I en rapport från Brå och i en granskning från Riksrevisionen har det framgått att det förekommer svårigheter i att leva upp till det lagstadgade skyndsamhetskravet för handläggning av ungdomsärenden i 4 § LUL. Riksrevisionen fann att den totala handläggningstiden är alltför långdragen. Polisen drar ut på tiden vid förundersökningen, åklagaren tar lång tid på sig att fatta beslut i åtalsfrågan och TR överskrider tidsfristen genom långdragna mål. Utöver det redovisade, förlängs handläggningstiderna ytterligare genom att socialtjänsten tar lång tid på sig att författa sina yttranden till TR. Europakommissionen har uttalat att i de fall en ung person är brottsmisstänkt, ska denna behandlas utifrån hans eller hennes ålder och mognad. Domstolsförfarandet måste således anpassas i avsikt att trygga den unges möjlighet att förstå och delta i rättegången. Om en ung person inte förstår förfarandet medför det att han eller hon inte kommer vara tillräckligt delaktig under rättegången, vilket påverkar den unges rätt att göra sin röst hörd och komma till tals i enlighet med BK. Unga lagöverträdare särbehandlas inom straff- och processrätt i förhoppning om att motverka att ungdomar identifierar sig som kriminella samt därigenom dras till ett umgänge med andra kriminella personer. Det finns även förhoppningar om att rättsprocessen ska fungera som en markör med en preventiv verkan. Brottmålsrättegångar är dock i huvudsak utformade av vuxna och för vuxna. Barn och unga brottsmisstänkta är således föremål för samma rättsprocess som vuxna utan någon faktisk anpassning efter deras ålder samt mognad. Under år 2002 gjorde Brå en utvärdering av reformen för påföljdssystemet beträffande unga lagöverträdare som trädde i kraft år 1999. Utvärderingen utmynnade i en rapport där Brå intervjuade sju ungdomar om deras upplevelser kring rättegången. Brå uppmärksammade särskilt två uppfattningar genom att lyssna till ungdomarna. De unga anförde att de inte alltid kände sig införstådda på hela förfarandet och på vad som sades samt att de inte ansåg sig komma till tals i tillräcklig stor omfattning. Uppsatsen undersöker huruvida unga lagöverträdares upplevelser av rättegångar kan anses vara stridande mot rätten till en rättvis rättegång och når slutsatsen att unga lagöverträdare inte får sin rätt till rättvis rättegång helt tillgodosedd. Rättigheten, som består av kriterierna skälig tid och oavhängig samt opartisk domstol, kan med anledning av bristerna som konstaterats i uppsatsen anses vara kränkt. Den oskäliga handläggningstiden i kombination med risk för att domare skapar sig förutfattade meningar om de unga tilltalade, kan anses strida mot rätten till en rättvis rättegång i enlighet med såväl EKMR som RF. I uppsatsen undersöks även domstolens möjlighet att förmedla de fundamentala straffrättsprinciperna till unga lagöverträdare i avsikt att åstadkomma en preventiv effekt mot ungdomskriminalitet. Till följd av att rättegångarna i huvudsak är utformade efter en vuxen person, blir slutsatsen att domstolen inte kan förmedla de fundamentala straffrättsprinciperna till unga lagöverträdare i tillräckligt hög utsträckning. Avsaknaden på ett barn- och ungdomsperspektiv under rättegångar kan därmed hindra att den preventiva straffrättsliga effekten gentemot ungdomskriminalitet vinner slagkraft. Det krävs att straffrätten uppfattas som trovärdig för att domstolen ska kunna uppnå en preventiv effekt gentemot ungdomskriminalitet; domstolens agerande och behandling av unga lagöverträdare är således en avgörande faktor i hur straffrätten uppfattas. De ungas upplevelser av rättegångar kan därmed indikera på att domstolen inte till fullo lyckas förmedla de fundamentala straffrättsprinciperna. I fråga om vilken effekt som unga lagöverträdares upplevelser av rätt rättegångar kan medföra, dras slutsatsen att en stor risk för stigmatisering och fortsatt brottsbenägenhet föreligger. Genom att försumma de ungas rättigheter under en rättegång, förblir risken stor att de lämnar rättssalen utan någon påverkan på deras framtida beteende. Sammantaget avrundas uppsatsens slutsats med att framhålla att det krävs mer forskning beträffande ungas upplevelser av rättegångar inom ramen för rätten till en rättvis rättegång. Mer forskning skulle resultera i en vidare inblick i den problematik som det nyliga nämnda innebär. Denna forskning bör vara väsentlig då det behandlar unga individer och deras framtid.
The human right to a fair trial is a cornerstone in a constitutional state and is regulated in both article 6 of the ECHR and in RF, the Swedish constitution chapter 2, paragraph 11, section 2. The right to a fair trial according to both the ECHR and RF requires that a public trial is to be held within a reasonable time and that the trial is to be held before an independent and impartial court. In order for the right to be met in accordance with the ECHR and RF, there are guidelines and principles formulated by the European Court of Human Rights, which must be taken into consideration when assessing whether a trial has been held fairly or not. In order for a trial to be assessed as fair, the minimum guarantees in Article 6.3 ECMR must be met. The right to a fair trial includes several different elements; one of the elements is fair dealing. In order for a trial to fulfill its purpose, it is required that the trial is held in such a way that the parties can follow what is happening during the proceedings. In the assessment of a fair trial, the type of the trial has to be taken into consideration. This means that trials that require special urgent procedures, such as trials concerning juvenile offenders, must especially meet the requirements of article 6 of the ECHR. Children are considered a particularly vulnerable group and are therefore in need for special protection in order to guard their rights. The UN Convention on the Rights of the Child (the Child Convention) regulates children's rights and applies to all individuals under the age of 18. The states that have ratified the Child Convention, must respect the Convention and give an account of the commitments that have been made to comply with it. A child’s right to speak and express its views applies to all children and means that both courts and other decision-making intuitions must be adapted for the purpose of including the children. This could for example include special preparations for children. According to Swedish national law there is an urgency requirement in cases involving juvenile offenders and the time between reactions from society and the juvenile’s crime should be as short as possible. Both a report from Brå and a review by Riksrevisionen, has shown that there are difficulties in complying with the urgency requirement for dealing with youth cases in 4 § in LUL. The European Commission has stated that in cases where a young person is suspected of a crime, the trail should be adapted according to his or her age and maturity. The court procedure must therefore be adapted in order to ensure the young person's ability to understand and participate in the trial. If a young person does not understand the procedure, he or she will not be involved during the trial, which affects the right of the young person to have his hear voice heard and speak in accordance with the Child Convention. Young offenders are treated differently in criminal and procedural law in the hope of preventing young people from identifying themselves as criminals. Criminal proceedings are however, mainly designed by adults and for adults. Children and juvenile offenders and victims of crime are therefore subject to the same legal process as adults without any actual adaptation. In 2002, Brå interviewed seven young people about their experiences of the trial. Attention was drawn to two perceptions by listening to the young people. The young people said that they did not always feel fully aware of the whole procedure and what was said and that they did not consider themselves being heard during the proceedings. This essay investigates whether juvenile offenders’ experiences of their trials can be regarded as conflicting with the right to a fair trial. The essay reaches the conclusion that juvenile offenders do not get their right to a fair trial fully met. The right consisting of the criteria of reasonable time and independent and impartial court may, as a result of the faults found in the essay, be considered to be violated. The unreasonable processing time combined with the risk that judges create prejudiced opinions about the young offenders can be considered to conflict with the right to a fair trial in accordance with both the ECHR and RF. The essay also studies the Court's ability to communicate the fundamental principles of justice to juvenile offenders in order to achieve a preventive effect against juvenile crime. The conclusion is that the trials are mainly designed for adults, which can result in difficulties for the court in communicating the fundamental criminal justice principles to juvenile offenders. The neglect of a child and youth perspective during trial may therefore prevent the preventive criminal justice effect against juvenile crime. Concerning the effect of trial for juvenile offenders, the conclusion is that there is a high risk of stigmatization and continued crime. By neglecting the rights of the young people during a trial, the risk remains high that they leave the courtroom without any effect on their future behavior. All in all, the essay finds that more research is needed on the experiences of juvenile offenders in the context of the right to a fair trial. More research would result in a larger insight into the problem.

This thesis is made up of three papers. The first is a systematic literature review investigating the effectiveness of restorative justice interventions on reducing the reoffending rate of young people. The review consists of nine studies, the majority of which (N=8) found that there was no significant difference between the impact of restorative justice interventions, and other interventions targeting young offenders, on the rate of reoffending. One study found that restorative justice interventions had a significant positive effect at a three-year follow-up period. Following this, recommendations were made for future research. This included the exploration of the views of restorative justice Case Managers as to what factors are important in enabling restorative justice interventions to prevent young people reoffending. The second paper is a bridging document which explains how key decisions throughout the process of completing this piece of work were made, and makes explicit the journey from the Systematic Review to the Research Project. This includes the focus of the research, methodology, method and analysis. The bridging document also explores the areas of ontology, epistemology, reflexivity and ethical issues. The third paper describes a piece of empirical research. In line with recommendations in the Systematic Review, the views of restorative justice Case Managers from a Youth Justice Service were explored regarding the factors that they considered important in delivering a restorative justice intervention that is successful in reducing reoffending. A group interview was used to elicit the views of the Case Managers. Through applying a thematic analysis to the data, six themes emerged; learning, community, enabling change, a holistic approach, professional skill and overcoming systemic barriers. A model is proposed to highlight the relationship between dialogic space and the six themes identified through analysis, in supporting the competence, autonomy and relatedness of young people as conceptualised in self-determination theory. It was concluded that Educational Psychologists have an important role to play in supporting services to develop and deliver interventions with positive outcomes for children and young people. The benefits and limitations of using a group interview are discussed. Implications for the practice of Educational Psychologists, and suggestions for further research, are explored.

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O presente trabalho estuda a aplicação prática de prisões preventivas, medida processual penal tratada como excepcional pela própria Constituição, mas que vem se tornando cada vez mais usual e recorrente. A fim de explicar o porquê de a exceção estar virando a regra, juristas e acadêmicos já apontam para problemas como falta de um prazo legal para a duração, ampla margem interpretativa dos fundamentos legais, bem como questões mais arraigadas de seletividade dos órgãos ligados à justiça criminal. A partir destes estudos, conjugados com uma revisão bibliográfica sobre a sociologia do crime e do desvio, aliados às discussões sobre o atual modelo de proibicionismo que resulta na política de “guerra às drogas”, o trabalho promove o estudo de 155 ações penais referentes ao crime de tráfico de drogas, distribuídas a uma das Varas Criminais da Justiça Estadual da comarca de Juiz de Fora – MG, num lapso temporal de dois anos, compreendidos entre as datas de 01/01/2014 e 31/12/2015. Os dados quantitativos e qualitativos extraídos destes processos foram interpretados com enfoque na questão da prisão preventiva e seu efeito no fluxo processual. Na sequência, seleciona-se 83 sentenças das quais se passa a analisar, tendo-se por base a teory of sentencing, as fundamentações para condenar, as penas utilizadas pelo magistrado dentre outros fatores, que permitem constatar um alto índice de condenações e uma predileção por penas privativas de liberdade, confirmando-se na prática a lógica da punição. Finalizase com o estudo de um caso modelo, do qual se observa em pormenores, desde a abordagem policial que resulta na prisão em flagrante, perpassando-se por sua conversão em preventiva até a posterior condenação, as correlações entre os órgãos de justiça criminal e a lógica de um processo de tráfico de drogas, onde se aliam dois dos principais gargalos do encarceramento.
The present work studies the practice of pre-trial detention, that should be exceptional, but has being usual. To explain the reason of being the rule, lawyers and specialists point to questions like lack of legal deadline, wide margin about legal grounds and questions like the selectivity of criminal justice. From these studies, with a literature review about sociology’s crime and deviance, allied to discussions about the actual model of prohibitionism that results in the public policy of war on drugs, this work promotes the study of 155 criminal actions linked to drug trafficking in a criminal court of State Justice in a city county, in a period between January of 2014 and December of 2015. The quantitative and qualitative data extracted from these cases were interpreted with focus on pre-trial detention and the effects on the process flow. In sequence, 83 were selected and analyzed by the theory of sentencing, the grounds of condemnation, the penalty used by the magistrate and other factors that allow us to verify an high index of condemnations and a preference to custodial sentences which confirms the punishment logical. We finished with a model of case study where were observed, in details, since the police approach that results in detention in the act, passing by conversion to pre-trial detention until the final condemnation, the correlations between criminal justice and the logic in a process of drug trafficking where two of the most important problems of incarceration are allied.

The purpose of this study is to provide a critical analysis of current trafficking prevention measures by combining a theoretical emphasis on human rights with an empirical, lived-experience research approach. Empirical evidence is used to illuminate the relevance, appropriateness and potential power of the human rights based approach to trafficking prevention. I start with the fact that existing literature places trafficking within the migration, criminal justice, and women's rights discourse. There are also several attempts to place trafficking within a wider human rights debate but this approach has not been fully explored, especially within the prevention framework. My premise is that a human rights framework, based on principles or social justice and cosmopolitanism, which is agency driven rather then victim centred provides an ideal platform for preventing trafficking in human beings. The research provides