Relevant bibliographies by topics / Prevention through Design (PtD)

Academic literature on the topic 'Prevention through Design (PtD)'

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Published: 14 March 2023

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Journal articles on the topic "Prevention through Design (PtD)"

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Zarges, Tom, and Bradley Giles. "Prevention through Design (PtD)." Journal of Safety Research 39, no. 2 (January 2008): 123–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jsr.2008.02.020.

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Schulte, Paul A., Richard Rinehart, Andrea Okun, Charles L. Geraci, and Donna S. Heidel. "National Prevention through Design (PtD) Initiative." Journal of Safety Research 39, no. 2 (January 2008): 115–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jsr.2008.02.021.

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Manuele, Fred A. "Prevention through Design (PtD): History and Future." Journal of Safety Research 39, no. 2 (January 2008): 127–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jsr.2008.02.019.

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Labadan, Rimmon, Kriengsak Panuwatwanich, and Sho Takahashi. "Awareness of the prevention through design (PtD) concept among design engineers in the Philippines." Engineering Management in Production and Services 14, no. 1 (March 1, 2022): 78–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/emj-2022-0007.

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Abstract The “Prevention through Design” (PtD) concept considers construction safety during the design process. Several countries are currently practising PtD, including the UK, Singapore, Malaysia, Australia, and the USA, which is still not the case in the Philippines. The study presented in this paper aimed to indicate the current level of awareness of the PtD concept among the structural engineers and purposed to generate a basis of initiatives to introduce or improve the understanding and adoption of PtD in the Philippines. A knowledge, attitude, and practice (KAP) questionnaire was distributed to survey respondents selected through a snowball sampling method, consisting of structural engineers currently working in the Philippines. Sixty-one (61) structural engineers responded and were analysed in this study. Results indicated that PtD was relatively a new concept for most structural engineers in the Philippines. Similarly, the designers’ knowledge of the concept was still low. However, structural engineers viewed PtD as necessary and its implementation as essential in the construction industry. Despite the known concerns in the PtD implementation, structural engineers favoured the adoption of the concept. The paper also discussed challenges and key drivers for implementing PtD in the Philippines based on the questionnaire results and supporting literature reviews. The findings and methodology presented in this paper could serve as a baseline for a larger sample size covering other design trades, such as architectural, electrical, and mechanical design services leading to the broader adoption of PtD in the Philippines. Furthermore, the framework of this study could also apply to other countries with similar contexts.
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Braun, Theodore W. "Prevention through Design (PtD) from the Insurance Perspective." Journal of Safety Research 39, no. 2 (January 2008): 137–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jsr.2008.02.016.

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Creaser, Wayne. "Prevention through Design (PtD) Safe Design from an Australian Perspective." Journal of Safety Research 39, no. 2 (January 2008): 131–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jsr.2008.02.018.

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Lingard, Helen, Tracy Cooke, Nick Blismas, and Ron Wakefield. "Prevention through design." Built Environment Project and Asset Management 3, no. 1 (July 5, 2013): 7–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/bepam-06-2012-0036.

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PurposeThe research aims to explore the interaction between design decisions that reduce occupational health and safety (OHS) risk in the operation stage of a facility's life cycle and the OHS experiences of workers in the construction stage.Design/methodology/approachData was collected from three construction projects in Australia. Design decisions were examined to understand the reasons they were made and the impact that they had on OHS in the construction and operation stages.FindingsThe case examples reveal that design decisions made to reduce OHS risk during the operation of a facility can introduce new hazards in the construction stage. These decisions are often influenced by stakeholders external to the project itself.Research limitations/implicationsThe results provide preliminary evidence of challenges inherent in designing for OHS across the lifecycle of a facility. Further research is needed to identify and evaluate methods by which risk reduction across all stages of a facility's life cycle can be optimised.Practical implicationsThe research highlights the need to manage tensions between designing for safe construction and operation of a facility.Originality/valuePrevious research assumes design decisions that reduce OHS risk in one stage of a facility's life cycle automatically translate to a net risk reduction across the life cycle. The research highlights the need to consider the implications of PtD decision‐making focused on one stage of the facility's life cycle for OHS outcomes in other stages.
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Yuan, Jingfeng, Xuewei Li, Xiaer Xiahou, Nicholas Tymvios, Zhipeng Zhou, and Qiming Li. "Accident prevention through design (PtD): Integration of building information modeling and PtD knowledge base." Automation in Construction 102 (June 2019): 86–104. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.autcon.2019.02.015.

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Syamimi Samsudin, Nor, N. Khalil, Mayamin Yuhaniz, Sayed Muhammad Aiman Sayed Abul Khair, and Azman Zainonabidin. "An overview of Prevention through Design (PtD): The architect’s role in the lifecycle of building safety performance." IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 881, no. 1 (November 1, 2021): 012013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/881/1/012013.

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Abstract The notion of Prevention through Design (PtD) has been used extensively to mitigate any potential hazard and minimize residual risks during the early design phase. However, there are hurdles in implementing the PtD concept, such as lack of enforcement in terms of legislation and guideline, thus decreasing architects’ responsibilities towards implementing PtD in the design and planning stage. Therefore, the review was motivated to highlight the PtD concept and the architect’s responsibility to build safety performance throughout its entire lifecycle. The finding of this paper reveals the themes that influence the role of architects towards adopting the PtD concept, which in turn affects the safety of the whole building lifecycle. Since this paper focuses solely on the role of architects, further development of the topic can be aimed towards other roles of consultants.
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Alston, Ken. "Cradle to Cradle Design Initiatives: Lessons and Opportunities for Prevention through Design (PtD)." Journal of Safety Research 39, no. 2 (January 2008): 135–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jsr.2008.02.017.

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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Prevention through Design (PtD)"

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Dobbins, Kevin James. "Crime Prevention Through Environmental Design and Burglary Prevention: A Systematic Social Observation Approach." OpenSIUC, 2019. https://opensiuc.lib.siu.edu/theses/2568.

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Deniz, Deniz Saygın Nicel. "Secure urban environments by design:analysis of Konak square design through"crime prevention through environmental design (CPTED)princioples/." [s.l.]: [s.n.], 2007. http://library.iyte.edu.tr/tezlerengelli/doktora/sehirplanlama/T000615.pdf.

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Kauffman, Joseph Ulrich IV. "The Xcel Sleeve: Fall Prevention Through Digital Strength Training." Thesis, Virginia Tech, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/32712.

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In America, a person has a 1 in 3 chance of falling each year once they reach the age of 65. When someone falls, they risk bodily injury. There are products available to help people when they fall, but they are only effective once a person reaches a point where they are at risk of falling. In order to reduce an individualâ s chance of falling as they age, preventive measures must be taken before the problems develop. With the use of digital technology, adults can be properly instructed on how to keep they bodies strong and balanced for there golden years. This thesis documents the research, conceptualization, and development of the Xcel Sleeve.
Master of Science
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Marklund, Jessika, and Sara Åhrberg. "Evaluation of an area in Sweden using Crime Prevention Through Environmental Design (CPTED)." Thesis, Mittuniversitetet, Avdelningen för samhällsvetenskap, 2017. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:miun:diva-31976.

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Crime Prevention Through Environmental Design (CPTED) is a crime preventive approach used for the physical environment to reduce criminal activity. CPTED consists of six principles: Territoriality, Surveillance, Target hardening, Image and Management/Maintenance, Access control and Activity support. The aim of this study was to evaluate an area in the center of a medium sized town in Sweden according to the CPTED principles. The area was divided into three zones, field inspections and analyses of the area were conducted five times using a checklist based on the CPTED principles. Photographs were taken for documentation. Key findings were that Territoriality, Image and Management/Maintenance and Access control need improvements. From the findings a risk assessment on the impact of criminality was made on each principle in each zone and was also summed up to a total. The total indicated that there was a medium risk on impact of criminality on two of the three zones and low on the third zone.

2017-06-01

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Jux, Cassara. "Crime prevention through environmental design (CPTED) and its role in master planned communities /." [St. Lucia, Qld.], 2006. http://www.library.uq.edu.au/pdfserve.php?image=thesisabs/absthe19786.pdf.

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Piombini, Marino. "Crime prevention through environmental design : the status and prospects for CPTED in British Columbia." Thesis, University of British Columbia, 1987. http://hdl.handle.net/2429/26899.

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The "Crime Prevention Through Environmental Design" (CPTED) concept promises to reduce the opportunities and fear of crime in neighbourhoods. By reducing the opportunities for crime, it is assumed that people will become less fearful of moving freely about their environment. This assumption requires further study. This thesis reviews the current status of CPTED in eleven municipalities in the Lower Mainland of British Columbia. Based on a series of interviews with law enforcement and planning officials, the thesis examines the promotion, principles and practice of CPTED. The findings suggest that the promotion of CPTED is inadequate. Additionally, CPTED may conflict with other planning objectives. Furthermore, since the concept only promises to reduce the opportunities for crime, evaluating Its performance is difficult. As a result, only a small number of municipalities have incorporated CPTED into their planning process. The thesis concludes that in spite of the limited success of CPTED to date, research on the theory and practice of the concept should continue. Recommendations are suggested to facilitate the implementation, evaluation and promotion of CPTED in the future.
Applied Science, Faculty of
Community and Regional Planning (SCARP), School of
Graduate
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COSS, BENJAMIN EDWARD. "Designing Out Crime : Internal & External Aspects of Safety." University of Cincinnati / OhioLINK, 2008. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ucin1212089873.

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Prevatt, Juliana S. "Crime Prevention Through Environmental Design (CPTED) and the role of facilities planning in force protection." Thesis, Springfield, Va. : Available from National Technical Information Service, 1998. http://handle.dtic.mil/100.2/ADA359670.

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Monchuk, Leanne. "Crime Prevention Through Environmental Design (CPTED) : investigating its application and delivery in England and Wales." Thesis, University of Huddersfield, 2016. http://eprints.hud.ac.uk/id/eprint/27933/.

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This thesis has two aims. First, it examines how the principles of Crime Prevention through Environmental Design (CPTED) are practically applied by a representative sample of 28 Architectural Liaison Officers (ALOs) across England and Wales. Second, it investigates how CPTED is delivered across Greater Manchester by Greater Manchester Police Design for Security Consultancy (DFSC). The research demonstrates that when presented with a set of residential plans ALOs are, to varying extents, able to identify locations which time shows have higher levels of crime and disorder. Whilst there is a skill exhibited by ALOs, there is a wide range of performance with some ALOs tending to overstate the risks posed. The skill therefore requires finessing to ensure that ALO input is maximally useful. It is argued that those responsible for the application of CPTED should be afforded more training and resources to allow them to develop this skill. Research underpinning ALO advice also needs to be developed. The way in which CPTED is delivered across Greater Manchester is atypical when compared to other forces across England and Wales. CPTED in Manchester is applied by former built environment professionals and a fee is charged for the production of a Crime Impact Statement (CIS). The aim of the CIS is to ensure that CPTED is considered early in the design and planning process. The thesis reports on how the CIS process was delivered during a period of austerity and examines how DFSC liaise with key stakeholders in compiling the CIS. The associated police recorded crime data for four residential CIS developments is reviewed as a means of measuring the extent to which the developments experienced crime and disorder compared to the immediate surrounding area. During the period of analysis no burglary offences were recorded. Analysis reveals that the involvement of DFSC is dependent upon a client being aware of the policy requirement for a CIS to accompany major planning applications. Some clients request a CIS late in the design and planning process, which limits the time DFSC can appraise the scheme and provide a consultative service. The content and structure of the CIS’ varies depending upon when and by whom the CIS is written. Whilst CPTED is an important consideration for LPAs across Manchester, it is only one consideration, amongst others, for planning officers.
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Shariati, Auzeen. "An Assessment of The Role of Crime Prevention Through Environmental Design (CPTED) in Campus Safety." FIU Digital Commons, 2017. http://digitalcommons.fiu.edu/etd/3391.

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The use of crime prevention initiatives on American college campuses has rapidly increased in the past three decades as high profile crime incidents continue to erode the public’s perception of universities as sanctuaries —isolated from criminal activity. Crime Prevention Through Environmental Design (CPTED) is an environmental approach to crime prevention that refers to strategies that focus on reducing crime opportunities by manipulating the physical and social qualities of the environment. Although empirical research on CPTED is growing, little is known about the impact of this method on educational settings. The main argument of the present study is that CPTED has the potential to foster campus safety by reducing crime and increasing the perception of safety. Based on findings from previous studies, it is expected that universities with higher level of CPTED are more likely to have lower crime rates, and students residing in high CPTED campus facilities are more likely to have higher perception of safety. To test the hypothesized effect, a content analysis of the annual safety reports of 100 postsecondary institutions in the United States was conducted. In addition, the residents of two dormitories of a university were surveyed to assess their safety perceptions. Furthermore, a case study was conducted in a college campus with a systematic deployment of the CPTED approach. In-depth interviews, one focus group, in-site observations, and analysis of secondary data were performed to contextualize the study findings. Although the quantitative analysis of the national review of the annual safety reports did not provide evidence in support of the hypothesized effect, it uncovered a reverse relationship between crime rate and use of environmental crime prevention measures. The results of the survey of students’ perception of safety, on the other hand, revealed evidence in support of the second hypothesis of the dissertation. Furthermore, the qualitative case study analysis provided insight into the implementation procedures, strengths, and challenges of the systematic CPTED program. The main findings show how CPTED works in the academic context and what alterations are needed to advance the program.
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Books on the topic "Prevention through Design (PtD)"

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Armitage, Rachel. Crime Prevention through Housing Design. London: Palgrave Macmillan UK, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/9781137316059.

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Crime Prevention Through Housing Design. London: Taylor & Francis Inc, 2004.

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Stollard, P. Crime Prevention Through Housing Design. London: Taylor & Francis Group Plc, 2004.

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Forster, Kim. Crime prevention through environmental design: Bibliography. [Ottawa?]: Crime Prevention Centre, 1985.

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R, Wilson Paul, and Australian Institute of Criminology, eds. Designing out crime: Crime prevention through environmental design. Canberra: Australian Institute of Criminology, 1989.

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Fleissner, Dan. Crime prevention through environmental design and community policing. [Washington, D.C.]: U.S. Dept. of Justice, Office of Justice Programs, National Institute of Justice, 1996.

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Wallis, Allan. Crime prevention through environmental design: An operational handbook. Washington, D.C: U.S. Dept. of Justice, National Institute of Justice, 1985.

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Fred, Heinzelmann, National Institute of Justice (U.S.), and American Institute of Architects, eds. Crime prevention through environmental design and community policing. Washington, D.C.]: U.S. Department of Justice, Office of Justice Programs, National Institute of Justice, 1996.

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Pollution prevention through process integration: Systematic design tools. San Diego: Academic Press, 1997.

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Smith, Mary S. Crime prevention through environmental design in parking facilities. [Washington D.C.]: U.S. Dept. of Justice, Office of Justice Programs, National Institute of Justice, 1996.

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Book chapters on the topic "Prevention through Design (PtD)"

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Zulkifli, Assrul Reedza, Che Khairil Izam Che Ibrahim, and Sheila Belayutham. "The Integration of Building Information Modelling (BIM) and Prevention Through Design (PtD) Towards Safety in Construction: A Review." In Advances in Civil Engineering Materials, 271–83. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-33-6560-5_28.

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Renshaw, Frank M. "PREVENTION THROUGH DESIGN." In Handbook of Occupational Safety and Health, 435–67. Hoboken, NJ, USA: John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9781119581482.ch14.

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Kinney, J. Bryan, Elliott Mann, and John A. Winterdyk. "14 Crime Prevention through Environmental Design (CPTED)." In Crime Prevention, 375–402. Taylor & Francis Group, 6000 Broken Sound Parkway NW, Suite 300, Boca Raton, FL 33487-2742: CRC Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9781315314211-15.

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Armitage, Rachel. "Crime Prevention Through Environmental Design." In Encyclopedia of Criminology and Criminal Justice, 720–31. New York, NY: Springer New York, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4614-5690-2_550.

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Ekblom, Paul. "Crime prevention through product design." In Handbook of Crime Prevention and Community Safety, 207–33. Second edition. | Abingdon, Oxon ; New York, NY : Routledge, 2017.: Routledge, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781315724393-10.

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Armitage, Rachel. "Introduction." In Crime Prevention through Housing Design, 1–5. London: Palgrave Macmillan UK, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/9781137316059_1.

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Armitage, Rachel. "Synergies and Tensions between Security and Sustainability." In Crime Prevention through Housing Design, 163–80. London: Palgrave Macmillan UK, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/9781137316059_10.

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Armitage, Rachel. "Can Designing Out Crime Interventions Sustain Crime Reduction Benefits?" In Crime Prevention through Housing Design, 181–200. London: Palgrave Macmillan UK, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/9781137316059_11.

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Armitage, Rachel. "Conclusion." In Crime Prevention through Housing Design, 201–10. London: Palgrave Macmillan UK, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/9781137316059_12.

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Armitage, Rachel. "Exploring the Theoretical Links between Design and Crime." In Crime Prevention through Housing Design, 9–26. London: Palgrave Macmillan UK, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/9781137316059_2.

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Conference papers on the topic "Prevention through Design (PtD)"

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Morse, John S., and Stephen A. Batzer. "Prevention Through Design: An Idea Whose Time Has Come." In ASME 2009 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. ASMEDC, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2009-12148.

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Addressing occupational safety and health needs in the design process to prevent or minimize the work-related hazards and risks associated with the construction, manufacture, use, maintenance, and disposal of facilities, materials, and equipment,” is how the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) defines Prevention Through Design (PtD) [1]. This concept is an idea whose time has come, including its extension to products, since product-related injuries also occur outside of the workplace. Using PtD techniques on consumer products will yield significant safety benefits. Besides the desire to provide well designed products, save lives, prevent injuries and avoid lawsuits, engineers have a professional responsibility to promote safety. The fundamental canon of the American Society of Mechanical Engineers (ASME) Code of Ethics states, “Engineers shall hold paramount the safety, health and welfare of the public in the performance of their professional duties.” [2] The first fundamental canon of the National Society of Professional Engineers (NSPE) Code of Ethics [3] is virtually identical. Codes and standards alone are usually not a guarantor of safety, as no document can foresee every application and situation. Codes and standards differ widely in their ability to produce a safe product or process simply from adherence to their requirements. Further, many codes and standards do not consider foreseeable or known misuse, which must be considered in PtD. PtD requires hazard evaluation followed by affirmative measures that address hazards and failure modes until an acceptable, likely nonzero, level of risk is reached. Such measures provide safety even when a momentary and foreseeable level of carelessness or inattention occurs.
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Floyd, H. Landis, and Marcelo Valdes. "Leveraging Prevention through Design Principles (PtD) in Electrical Installations." In 2020 IEEE IAS Electrical Safety Workshop (ESW). IEEE, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/esw42757.2020.9188318.

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Hossain, Md Aslam, Muhammad Raihan Hafizh, and Abid Nadeem. "Investigating prevention through design (PtD) concept for safety in Malaysian construction industry." In 8TH BRUNEI INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY 2021. AIP Publishing, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/5.0112687.

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Leão, Carla Barroso de Oliveira, and Sheyla Mara Baptista Serra. "Planejamento da segurança na construção utilizando a modelagem virtual." In XI SIMPÓSIO BRASILEIRO DE GESTÃO E ECONOMIA DA CONSTRUÇÃO. Antac, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.46421/sibragec.v11i00.68.

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The architects and engineers can incorporate safety and health aspects of construction workers through “Prevention Trough Design” (PtD). This tool aims to integrate decisions of the safety and health at all stages of the development of the project. There is computational support for PtD with the use of virtual prototyping. The objective of this paper is to demonstrate the technical viability of integrating the planning of collective protection systems (SPC) to the schedule using the PtD (virtual prototyping) concept in a BIM-4D model. The research approach was divided as follows: Definition of the chosen SPC design; Elaboration of the corresponding BIM library; Inclusion of SPC in the BIM-3D model; Planning of activities and simulation of model integrating activities related to temporary structures; Identification of opportunities for improvement in programming, especially with regard to site safety. As a result, the deficiencies were detected in programming, such as lack of guard-rails in perimeter of slabs that were being prepared for concreting. Finally, the incorporation the PtD concept is technically feasible and can help builders to anticipate risk and plan safety resource allocations in advance.
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RajKumar, Ashwin, Jeffrey Karsdon, Frederick Naftolin, and Vikram Kapila. "Electrical Inhibitor for Tocolysis." In 2020 Design of Medical Devices Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/dmd2020-9075.

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Abstract Preterm birth (PTB) is one of the leading causes of neonatal morbidities and mortalities. Limited methods are available to physicians for mitigating PTB, thus posing an urgent need to develop effective methods for its prevention. In prior research, a benchtop electronic uterine control device (EUCD) was developed for tocolysis through injection of current pulses. However, the benchtop version is wall tethered and constrains patients to hospitals, i.e., it is unsuitable for deployment in outpatient or home settings. This paper focuses on the development of a mechatronics-based, low-cost, battery-powered, portable, and reproducible EUCD, which is suitable for use in home and clinical environments. The developed mechatronic version is validated for electrical performance with resistive load-tests, which indicate that the mechatronic device can generate current pulses similar to the existing benchtop EUCD. Furthermore, the signals generated from the device are evaluated for repeatability using coefficient of variation (CV) analysis and the results indicate that the mechatronic version can produce repeatable frequency (1–100Hz), amplitude (1–17mA), and pulse width (1–120ms) modulated current signals. An internet of medical things (IoMT) methodology is discussed to enable seamless transition of the developed device from a clinical environment to a home-based setting for remote use by the patients.
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Ho, Chung, Hyun Woo Lee, and John A. Gambatese. "Improving Safety in Solar Installations through Prevention through Design." In Construction Research Congress 2018. Reston, VA: American Society of Civil Engineers, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/9780784481288.070.

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Bugaris, Rachel M. "Applying prevention through design to voltage testing." In 2016 IEEE IAS Electrical Safety Workshop (ESW). IEEE, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/esw.2016.7499698.

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Stewart, E., D. Heidel, and M. Quinn. "Prevention through design in the health care sector." In ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH RISK 2009. Southampton, UK: WIT Press, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.2495/ehr090191.

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Ungar, Louis Y. "The economics of harm prevention through Design for Testability." In 2008 IEEE AUTOTESTCON. IEEE, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/autest.2008.4662589.

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Toole, T. Michael, and Gabrielle Carpenter. "Prevention through Design: An Important Aspect of Social Sustainability." In International Conference on Sustainable Design and Construction (ICSDC) 2011. Reston, VA: American Society of Civil Engineers, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/41204(426)25.

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Reports on the topic "Prevention through Design (PtD)"

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Wu, Yingjie, Selim Gunay, and Khalid Mosalam. Hybrid Simulations for the Seismic Evaluation of Resilient Highway Bridge Systems. Pacific Earthquake Engineering Research Center, University of California, Berkeley, CA, November 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.55461/ytgv8834.

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Bridges often serve as key links in local and national transportation networks. Bridge closures can result in severe costs, not only in the form of repair or replacement, but also in the form of economic losses related to medium- and long-term interruption of businesses and disruption to surrounding communities. In addition, continuous functionality of bridges is very important after any seismic event for emergency response and recovery purposes. Considering the importance of these structures, the associated structural design philosophy is shifting from collapse prevention to maintaining functionality in the aftermath of moderate to strong earthquakes, referred to as “resiliency” in earthquake engineering research. Moreover, the associated construction philosophy is being modernized with the utilization of accelerated bridge construction (ABC) techniques, which strive to reduce the impact of construction on traffic, society, economy and on-site safety. This report presents two bridge systems that target the aforementioned issues. A study that combined numerical and experimental research was undertaken to characterize the seismic performance of these bridge systems. The first part of the study focuses on the structural system-level response of highway bridges that incorporate a class of innovative connecting devices called the “V-connector,”, which can be used to connect two components in a structural system, e.g., the column and the bridge deck, or the column and its foundation. This device, designed by ACII, Inc., results in an isolation surface at the connection plane via a connector rod placed in a V-shaped tube that is embedded into the concrete. Energy dissipation is provided by friction between a special washer located around the V-shaped tube and a top plate. Because of the period elongation due to the isolation layer and the limited amount of force transferred by the relatively flexible connector rod, bridge columns are protected from experiencing damage, thus leading to improved seismic behavior. The V-connector system also facilitates the ABC by allowing on-site assembly of prefabricated structural parts including those of the V-connector. A single-column, two-span highway bridge located in Northern California was used for the proof-of-concept of the proposed V-connector protective system. The V-connector was designed to result in an elastic bridge response based on nonlinear dynamic analyses of the bridge model with the V-connector. Accordingly, a one-third scale V-connector was fabricated based on a set of selected design parameters. A quasi-static cyclic test was first conducted to characterize the force-displacement relationship of the V-connector, followed by a hybrid simulation (HS) test in the longitudinal direction of the bridge to verify the intended linear elastic response of the bridge system. In the HS test, all bridge components were analytically modeled except for the V-connector, which was simulated as the experimental substructure in a specially designed and constructed test setup. Linear elastic bridge response was confirmed according to the HS results. The response of the bridge with the V-connector was compared against that of the as-built bridge without the V-connector, which experienced significant column damage. These results justified the effectiveness of this innovative device. The second part of the study presents the HS test conducted on a one-third scale two-column bridge bent with self-centering columns (broadly defined as “resilient columns” in this study) to reduce (or ultimately eliminate) any residual drifts. The comparison of the HS test with a previously conducted shaking table test on an identical bridge bent is one of the highlights of this study. The concept of resiliency was incorporated in the design of the bridge bent columns characterized by a well-balanced combination of self-centering, rocking, and energy-dissipating mechanisms. This combination is expected to lead to minimum damage and low levels of residual drifts. The ABC is achieved by utilizing precast columns and end members (cap beam and foundation) through an innovative socket connection. In order to conduct the HS test, a new hybrid simulation system (HSS) was developed, utilizing commonly available software and hardware components in most structural laboratories including: a computational platform using Matlab/Simulink [MathWorks 2015], an interface hardware/software platform dSPACE [2017], and MTS controllers and data acquisition (DAQ) system for the utilized actuators and sensors. Proper operation of the HSS was verified using a trial run without the test specimen before the actual HS test. In the conducted HS test, the two-column bridge bent was simulated as the experimental substructure while modeling the horizontal and vertical inertia masses and corresponding mass proportional damping in the computer. The same ground motions from the shaking table test, consisting of one horizontal component and the vertical component, were applied as input excitations to the equations of motion in the HS. Good matching was obtained between the shaking table and the HS test results, demonstrating the appropriateness of the defined governing equations of motion and the employed damping model, in addition to the reliability of the developed HSS with minimum simulation errors. The small residual drifts and the minimum level of structural damage at large peak drift levels demonstrated the superior seismic response of the innovative design of the bridge bent with self-centering columns. The reliability of the developed HS approach motivated performing a follow-up HS study focusing on the transverse direction of the bridge, where the entire two-span bridge deck and its abutments represented the computational substructure, while the two-column bridge bent was the physical substructure. This investigation was effective in shedding light on the system-level performance of the entire bridge system that incorporated innovative bridge bent design beyond what can be achieved via shaking table tests, which are usually limited by large-scale bridge system testing capacities.
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Rankin, Nicole, Deborah McGregor, Candice Donnelly, Bethany Van Dort, Richard De Abreu Lourenco, Anne Cust, and Emily Stone. Lung cancer screening using low-dose computed tomography for high risk populations: Investigating effectiveness and screening program implementation considerations: An Evidence Check rapid review brokered by the Sax Institute (www.saxinstitute.org.au) for the Cancer Institute NSW. The Sax Institute, October 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.57022/clzt5093.

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Abstract:
Background Lung cancer is the number one cause of cancer death worldwide.(1) It is the fifth most commonly diagnosed cancer in Australia (12,741 cases diagnosed in 2018) and the leading cause of cancer death.(2) The number of years of potential life lost to lung cancer in Australia is estimated to be 58,450, similar to that of colorectal and breast cancer combined.(3) While tobacco control strategies are most effective for disease prevention in the general population, early detection via low dose computed tomography (LDCT) screening in high-risk populations is a viable option for detecting asymptomatic disease in current (13%) and former (24%) Australian smokers.(4) The purpose of this Evidence Check review is to identify and analyse existing and emerging evidence for LDCT lung cancer screening in high-risk individuals to guide future program and policy planning. Evidence Check questions This review aimed to address the following questions: 1. What is the evidence for the effectiveness of lung cancer screening for higher-risk individuals? 2. What is the evidence of potential harms from lung cancer screening for higher-risk individuals? 3. What are the main components of recent major lung cancer screening programs or trials? 4. What is the cost-effectiveness of lung cancer screening programs (include studies of cost–utility)? Summary of methods The authors searched the peer-reviewed literature across three databases (MEDLINE, PsycINFO and Embase) for existing systematic reviews and original studies published between 1 January 2009 and 8 August 2019. Fifteen systematic reviews (of which 8 were contemporary) and 64 original publications met the inclusion criteria set across the four questions. Key findings Question 1: What is the evidence for the effectiveness of lung cancer screening for higher-risk individuals? There is sufficient evidence from systematic reviews and meta-analyses of combined (pooled) data from screening trials (of high-risk individuals) to indicate that LDCT examination is clinically effective in reducing lung cancer mortality. In 2011, the landmark National Lung Cancer Screening Trial (NLST, a large-scale randomised controlled trial [RCT] conducted in the US) reported a 20% (95% CI 6.8% – 26.7%; P=0.004) relative reduction in mortality among long-term heavy smokers over three rounds of annual screening. High-risk eligibility criteria was defined as people aged 55–74 years with a smoking history of ≥30 pack-years (years in which a smoker has consumed 20-plus cigarettes each day) and, for former smokers, ≥30 pack-years and have quit within the past 15 years.(5) All-cause mortality was reduced by 6.7% (95% CI, 1.2% – 13.6%; P=0.02). Initial data from the second landmark RCT, the NEderlands-Leuvens Longkanker Screenings ONderzoek (known as the NELSON trial), have found an even greater reduction of 26% (95% CI, 9% – 41%) in lung cancer mortality, with full trial results yet to be published.(6, 7) Pooled analyses, including several smaller-scale European LDCT screening trials insufficiently powered in their own right, collectively demonstrate a statistically significant reduction in lung cancer mortality (RR 0.82, 95% CI 0.73–0.91).(8) Despite the reduction in all-cause mortality found in the NLST, pooled analyses of seven trials found no statistically significant difference in all-cause mortality (RR 0.95, 95% CI 0.90–1.00).(8) However, cancer-specific mortality is currently the most relevant outcome in cancer screening trials. These seven trials demonstrated a significantly greater proportion of early stage cancers in LDCT groups compared with controls (RR 2.08, 95% CI 1.43–3.03). Thus, when considering results across mortality outcomes and early stage cancers diagnosed, LDCT screening is considered to be clinically effective. Question 2: What is the evidence of potential harms from lung cancer screening for higher-risk individuals? The harms of LDCT lung cancer screening include false positive tests and the consequences of unnecessary invasive follow-up procedures for conditions that are eventually diagnosed as benign. While LDCT screening leads to an increased frequency of invasive procedures, it does not result in greater mortality soon after an invasive procedure (in trial settings when compared with the control arm).(8) Overdiagnosis, exposure to radiation, psychological distress and an impact on quality of life are other known harms. Systematic review evidence indicates the benefits of LDCT screening are likely to outweigh the harms. The potential harms are likely to be reduced as refinements are made to LDCT screening protocols through: i) the application of risk predication models (e.g. the PLCOm2012), which enable a more accurate selection of the high-risk population through the use of specific criteria (beyond age and smoking history); ii) the use of nodule management algorithms (e.g. Lung-RADS, PanCan), which assist in the diagnostic evaluation of screen-detected nodules and cancers (e.g. more precise volumetric assessment of nodules); and, iii) more judicious selection of patients for invasive procedures. Recent evidence suggests a positive LDCT result may transiently increase psychological distress but does not have long-term adverse effects on psychological distress or health-related quality of life (HRQoL). With regards to smoking cessation, there is no evidence to suggest screening participation invokes a false sense of assurance in smokers, nor a reduction in motivation to quit. The NELSON and Danish trials found no difference in smoking cessation rates between LDCT screening and control groups. Higher net cessation rates, compared with general population, suggest those who participate in screening trials may already be motivated to quit. Question 3: What are the main components of recent major lung cancer screening programs or trials? There are no systematic reviews that capture the main components of recent major lung cancer screening trials and programs. We extracted evidence from original studies and clinical guidance documents and organised this into key groups to form a concise set of components for potential implementation of a national lung cancer screening program in Australia: 1. Identifying the high-risk population: recruitment, eligibility, selection and referral 2. Educating the public, people at high risk and healthcare providers; this includes creating awareness of lung cancer, the benefits and harms of LDCT screening, and shared decision-making 3. Components necessary for health services to deliver a screening program: a. Planning phase: e.g. human resources to coordinate the program, electronic data systems that integrate medical records information and link to an established national registry b. Implementation phase: e.g. human and technological resources required to conduct LDCT examinations, interpretation of reports and communication of results to participants c. Monitoring and evaluation phase: e.g. monitoring outcomes across patients, radiological reporting, compliance with established standards and a quality assurance program 4. Data reporting and research, e.g. audit and feedback to multidisciplinary teams, reporting outcomes to enhance international research into LDCT screening 5. Incorporation of smoking cessation interventions, e.g. specific programs designed for LDCT screening or referral to existing community or hospital-based services that deliver cessation interventions. Most original studies are single-institution evaluations that contain descriptive data about the processes required to establish and implement a high-risk population-based screening program. Across all studies there is a consistent message as to the challenges and complexities of establishing LDCT screening programs to attract people at high risk who will receive the greatest benefits from participation. With regards to smoking cessation, evidence from one systematic review indicates the optimal strategy for incorporating smoking cessation interventions into a LDCT screening program is unclear. There is widespread agreement that LDCT screening attendance presents a ‘teachable moment’ for cessation advice, especially among those people who receive a positive scan result. Smoking cessation is an area of significant research investment; for instance, eight US-based clinical trials are now underway that aim to address how best to design and deliver cessation programs within large-scale LDCT screening programs.(9) Question 4: What is the cost-effectiveness of lung cancer screening programs (include studies of cost–utility)? Assessing the value or cost-effectiveness of LDCT screening involves a complex interplay of factors including data on effectiveness and costs, and institutional context. A key input is data about the effectiveness of potential and current screening programs with respect to case detection, and the likely outcomes of treating those cases sooner (in the presence of LDCT screening) as opposed to later (in the absence of LDCT screening). Evidence about the cost-effectiveness of LDCT screening programs has been summarised in two systematic reviews. We identified a further 13 studies—five modelling studies, one discrete choice experiment and seven articles—that used a variety of methods to assess cost-effectiveness. Three modelling studies indicated LDCT screening was cost-effective in the settings of the US and Europe. Two studies—one from Australia and one from New Zealand—reported LDCT screening would not be cost-effective using NLST-like protocols. We anticipate that, following the full publication of the NELSON trial, cost-effectiveness studies will likely be updated with new data that reduce uncertainty about factors that influence modelling outcomes, including the findings of indeterminate nodules. Gaps in the evidence There is a large and accessible body of evidence as to the effectiveness (Q1) and harms (Q2) of LDCT screening for lung cancer. Nevertheless, there are significant gaps in the evidence about the program components that are required to implement an effective LDCT screening program (Q3). Questions about LDCT screening acceptability and feasibility were not explicitly included in the scope. However, as the evidence is based primarily on US programs and UK pilot studies, the relevance to the local setting requires careful consideration. The Queensland Lung Cancer Screening Study provides feasibility data about clinical aspects of LDCT screening but little about program design. The International Lung Screening Trial is still in the recruitment phase and findings are not yet available for inclusion in this Evidence Check. The Australian Population Based Screening Framework was developed to “inform decision-makers on the key issues to be considered when assessing potential screening programs in Australia”.(10) As the Framework is specific to population-based, rather than high-risk, screening programs, there is a lack of clarity about transferability of criteria. However, the Framework criteria do stipulate that a screening program must be acceptable to “important subgroups such as target participants who are from culturally and linguistically diverse backgrounds, Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people, people from disadvantaged groups and people with a disability”.(10) An extensive search of the literature highlighted that there is very little information about the acceptability of LDCT screening to these population groups in Australia. Yet they are part of the high-risk population.(10) There are also considerable gaps in the evidence about the cost-effectiveness of LDCT screening in different settings, including Australia. The evidence base in this area is rapidly evolving and is likely to include new data from the NELSON trial and incorporate data about the costs of targeted- and immuno-therapies as these treatments become more widely available in Australia.
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Supporting Prevention through Design (PtD) using business value concepts. U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, August 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.26616/nioshpub2015198.

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Prevention through Design Initiative. U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, May 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.26616/nioshpub2016130.

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Prevention through Design Initiative. U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, July 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.26616/nioshpub2017180.

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Prevention through Design Program. U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, August 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.26616/nioshpub2018175.

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NIOSH Prevention through Design Program. U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, November 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.26616/nioshpub2020105.

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Prevention through design: plan for the national initiative. U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, November 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.26616/nioshpub2011121.

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The state of the national initiative on Prevention through Design. U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, May 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.26616/nioshpub2014123.

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