Journal articles on the topic 'Prestige norms of moral disengagement'

Background: Ethics is a founding component of the nursing profession; however, nurses sometimes find it difficult to constantly adhere to the required ethical standards. There is limited knowledge about the factors that cause a committed nurse to violate standards; moral disengagement, originally developed by Bandura, is an essential variable to consider. Research objectives: This study aimed at developing and validating a nursing moral disengagement scale and investigated how moral disengagement is associated with counterproductive and citizenship behaviour at work. Research design: The research comprised a qualitative study and a quantitative study, combining a cross-validation approach and a structural equation model. Participants and research context: A total of 60 Italian nurses (63% female) involved in clinical work and enrolled as students in a postgraduate master’s programme took part in the qualitative study. In 2012, the researchers recruited 434 nurses (76% female) from different Italian hospitals using a convenience sampling method to take part in the quantitative study. Ethical considerations: All the organisations involved and the university gave ethical approval; all respondents participated on a voluntary basis and did not receive any form of compensation. Findings: The nursing moral disengagement scale comprised a total of 22 items. Results attested the mono-dimensionality of the scale and its good psychometric properties. In addition, results highlighted a significant association between moral disengagement and both counterproductive and citizenship behaviours. Discussion: Results showed that nurses sometimes resort to moral disengagement in their daily practice, bypassing moral and ethical codes that would normally prevent them from enacting behaviours that violate their norms and protocols. Conclusion: The nursing moral disengagement scale can complement personnel monitoring and assessment procedures already in place and provide additional information to nursing management for designing interventions aimed at increasing compliance with ethical codes by improving the quality of the nurses’ work environment.

Prosocial behaviors, and more recently, proenvironmental behaviors, have been proposed as two dimensions of an overarching disposition towards the common good. Both behaviors imply a moral dimension and are influenced by the social contexts in which they unfold. In the present study we test these associations, assessing the effect of moral disengagement and peer social norms on prosocial and proenvironmental behaviors. We analyzed the first data wave of an ongoing longitudinal study including 704 Chilean adolescents (301 male, 378 female and 25 do not answer; from 6th to 10th graders). Structural Equation Models showed that prosocial and proenvironmental behaviors were significantly associated with each other, and both with moral disengagement. Direct and cross effects of peer social norms were found for prosocial and proenvironmental behaviors. Moreover, peer social norms on proenvironmental behavior moderated the association between moral disengagement and individual proenvironmental behavior, but the same moderation effect for prosocial norms was not observed. These results highlight the moral nature of prosocial and proenvironmental behaviors and the relevant role that peers have in promoting these behaviors. Results are further discussed regarding their educational and developmental implications.

Relevance. The spread of deviant behavior and violations of moral norms by adolescents increases in the transitive informational society with high variability of socialization forms and moral standards. These violations are declaratively accepted by teenagers while they maintain a positive moral self-esteem. The implementation of behavior that goes beyond the boundaries of accepted moral standards indicates a violation of moral self-regulation associated with a special attitude to one’s act according to the type of moral alienation. A. Bandura proposed a model to justify immoral behavior where moral disengagement mechanisms are highlighted, providing support for positive self-esteem and self-respect. The selected moral disengagement mechanisms are actively used in adolescents to explain their own and other people’s immoral behavior. Objective: to determine the characteristics of the preferences of moral disengagement mechanisms in adolescence and youth. Research goals: analysis of preferences of the moral disengagement mechanisms, age dynamics analysis of moral disengagement mechanisms, gender differences analysis of preferences of the moral disengagement mechanisms, analysis of the psychometric parameters of the questionnaire of moral disengagement mechanisms. The following methods were used in the study: the method of moral disengagement mechanisms by S. Moore in the Russian-language adaptation by Ledova Ya.A. and colleagues, the methodology “Justice and care” (author S.V. Molchanov). Participants. The study involved 551 adolescents aged 14 to 17 where 346 (62.8%) were boys and 205 (37.2%) were girls. It also surveyed 230 senior students of universities. The following results were obtained: the characteristics of preferences were analyzed and a hierarchy of mechanisms of moral disengagement mechanisms was identified; various groups were distinguished by the nature of preferences of moral disengagement mechanisms; age dynamics of preferences of moral disengagement mechanisms were determined ;gender differences in the preferences of moral disengagement mechanisms are highlighted; the psychometric parameters of the used methodology were analyzed; the possibilities of its use was demonstrated.

Abstract While organizations strive for ethical conduct, the activity of negotiating offers strong temptations to employ unethical tactics and secure benefits for one’s own party. In four experiments, we examined the role of constituency communication in terms of their attitudes towards (un)ethical and competitive conduct on negotiators’ willingness and actual use of unethical tactics. We find that the mere presence of a constituency already increased representatives’ willingness to engage in unethical behavior (Experiment 1). More specifically, a constituency communicating liberal (vs. strict) attitudes toward unethical conduct helps negotiators to justify transgressions and morally disengage from their behavior, resulting in an increased use of unethical negotiation tactics (Experiment 2–3). Moreover, constituents’ endorsement of competitive strategies sufficed to increase moral disengagement and unethical behavior of representative negotiators in a similar fashion (Experiment 4ab). Our results caution organizational practice against advocating explicit unethical and even competitive tactics by constituents: it eases negotiators’ moral dilemma towards unethical conduct.

Understanding why consumers behave unethically has gained scholarly attention; many studies have examined it from psychological or social environmental perspectives. However, few studies provide the link between internal and external factors associated with unethical behaviours, and few studies explain why consumers ‘behave unethically knowingly’ in a China-specific context. Based on moral disengagement theory, the current research aims to provide a comprehensive developmental model to investigate how group norms and self-interest motivation affect consumers’ unethical behavioural intentions and to analyse the mechanism of ‘behaving unethically knowingly’. Findings from online surveys of 360 participants indicate that group recognition and an egoism motivation have positive effects on consumers’ unethical behavioural intentions, while group veto and an altruistic motivation have negative effects on unethical behavioural intentions; moral disengagement mediates the relationship between group recognition, group veto, egoism motivation, altruistic motivation and unethical behavioural intentions; moral identity negatively moderates the relationship between group recognition, altruistic motivation and unethical behavioural intentions. The theoretical and practical implications are also discussed.

Context Considering recent high-profile reports of malpractice and negligence by National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) athletic trainers (ATs), it is prudent to investigate the psychological mechanisms that may influence ATs' ability to justify unethical behaviors. When treating injured student-athletes, ATs may undergo a cognitive process known as moral disengagement, which involves convincing oneself that ethical standards do not apply in a particular context. Objective To explore the psychological factors and traits among ATs that may predict moral disengagement pertaining to allowing athletes to play through injuries. Design Cross-sectional study. Setting Online survey. Patients or Other Participants A total of 187 Division I, II, and III ATs from 100 NCAA universities. Main Outcome Measure(s) In addition to the primary outcome variable of moral disengagement, the survey captured the AT's demographic background, sport and athletic training histories, and measures of sport ethic, contesting orientations, commitment, and social identity. Results Cluster analysis was used to identify homogeneous subgroups of participants based on these variables. A 2-cluster solution emerged, with cluster 1 (n = 94) scoring higher in the sport-ethic and sport-contesting orientations but lower in commitment and social identity compared with cluster 2 (n = 93). An independent-samples t test revealed that moral disengagement was highest (t185 = 19.59, P < .001, d = 0.69) among ATs in cluster 1. Conclusions These findings advance our understanding of the psychological processes that may predict moral disengagement of ATs in allowing student-athletes to play through injury. Although additional research is needed to test whether moral disengagement influences return-to-play decisions, we provide initial evidence that ATs who conform to sport norms (eg, “no pain, no gain”) and who tend to view sport competition with a “war-like” orientation are more likely to morally disengage.

Dark personality traits are predictors of detrimental behavior (e.g., selfishness or violating norms). This research examined the influence dark personality traits on attitudes toward the COVID-19 pandemic and quarantine rules. We determined whether specific dark traits could predict non-compliance, beyond the global measure of dark personality traits. Additionally, previous research suggests that people are more likely to violate rules for the benefits of close relations, rather than for their own self-interests. We examined how this tendency interacts with dark traits. The 823 participants in the study completed measures of the dark triad, moral disengagement, and attitudes toward COVID-19 rules, and responded to vignettes about themselves or close relations escaping quarantine. Using a bifactor model approach, results showed that a general dark factor predicted non-compliance to COVID-19 rules, but that some moral disengagement mechanisms contributed to non-compliance beyond this factor. Vignette results showed that participants were more willing to break quarantine rules for a close relation than for themselves, except for those high in moral disengagement, who broke rules more—regardless of who was involved. These findings have important implications for intervention programs and policies, since individuals with dark traits tend to “selfishly” trespass norms, but anyone can “go beyond the pale, i.e., go outside the limits of acceptable behavior, for a loved one.

The article explores factors influencing Vietnamese students’ attitude and intention to infringe software copyright, on the basis of applying the Social Cognitive Theory (SCT) and related studies. The research sample consists of 358 students in universities in Ho Chi Minh City. Data is analyzed using the Structural Equation Modeling (SEM). The results indicate that factors affecting the intention to violate the software copyright are social norms, incentive, deterrents, attitude and moral disengagement, in which the moral disengagement is the most important factor. The research proposes some managerial solutions for software producers and related organizations to increase users’ awareness of intellectual property law, limit incentive and create technique and economic barriers to prevent the infringement of software copyright.

Based on game reasoning theory (Shields & Bredemeier, 2001) and related research, the present study aimed at describing young elite athletes’ perceptions of rules compliance and transgression in competitive settings, as well as the underlying reasons for these actions. Semi-structured interviews were conducted with 10 young elite athletes. The qualitative analysis showed that respect and transgression of rules in competitive settings were perceived to depend upon the athletes’ individual characteristics (e.g., desire to win), their social environment (e.g., coach’s pressure, team norms), sports values and virtues (e.g., fair play, the effort ethic), and modern sports rewards (e.g., media recognition, financial rewards). These results confirmed and expanded game reasoning theory and illustrated moral disengagement mechanisms (Bandura et al., 1996) in the sport domain.

Following Axel Honneth, I accept that recognition is integral to individuals’ self-realization and to social justice and that instances of misrecognition are injustices that cause moral injuries. The change in approach to misrecognition that I advocate is to replace a macrosocial top-down picture of misrecognition, such as Honneth’s typology, with a fine-grained phenomenological picture of multiple dimensions in misrecognition behaviors that offers greater explanatory power. This paper explains why a multidimensional view of misrecognition is needed and explores the various ways that engagement with pathological norms or disengagement from individuals lead to injustices of misrecognition and how understanding behaviors in terms of these two dimensions—norms and individuals—illuminates causes of injustice. The multidimensional view of misrecognition replaces Honneth’s binary view of misrecognition as the contrary to recognition without replacing Honneth’s conceptions of the value of recognition.

Gang researchers have robustly established that gangs facilitate increased criminal activity in members—even those who were prolifically delinquent before gang membership (Klein, Weerman, & Thornberry, 2006). This suggests that there is something about gang membership, specifically, that influences individuals’ criminality. However, so far it is not clear what this influence is. This paper, taking a social psychological perspective on gang membership considers the potential influence that group processes exert on gang members to identify with a gang, to conform to group norms, become cohesive and to strive to acquire group goals—such as status. It further speculates that adherence to group norms may cultivate gang members’ social cognitions such as moral disengagement, offense supportive cognitions, and rumination. Conclusions note how group processes deserve closer research attention due to their potential for informing more accurate gang interventions to deter potential members and to reduce existing gang membership.

Entrepreneurs are potentially powerful solvers of challenges faced by sustainable development, especially when they combine narrower technological expertise with wider social motivations. Yet, to what degree trade-offs exist between different motivations is still largely unresolved. In this paper, we examine the choices made by potential entrepreneurs when aligning their prospective ventures with their personal attitudes and social norms. Extending the theory of planned behavior and—as a novel experimental technique in our context—drawing on a choice-based conjoint analysis with 4155 data points, we identify predictors for sustainable entrepreneurship intentions based on structural equation modelling. We find that entrepreneurial and sustainability-related attitudes as well as entrepreneurial norms are critical when it comes to the decision as to whether or not to pursue a sustainable venture, and that the link between attitudes and intentions is amplified by a positive moderation effect of entrepreneurial and sustainability-related attitudes, which supports identity coupling but refutes moral disengagement.

AbstractIn the post-9/11 era, the label “asymmetric wars” has often been used to question the relevance of certain aspects of international humanitarian law (IHL); to push for redefining the combatant/civilian distinction; and to try to reverse accepted norms such as the bans on torture and assassination. In this piece, we focused on legal and policy discussions in the United States and Israel because they better illustrate the dynamics of State-led “norm entrepreneurship”, or the attempt to propose opposing or modified norms as a revision of IHL. We argue that although these developments are to be taken seriously, they have not weakened the normative power of IHL or made it passé. On the contrary, they have made it more relevant than ever. IHL is not just a complex (and increasingly sophisticated) branch of law detached from reality. Rather, it is the embodiment of widely shared principles of morality and ethics, and stands as a normative “guardian” against processes of moral disengagement that make torture and the acceptance of civilian deaths more palatable.

AbstractGeneral level of culture does not mean that everyone is expected to become, for example, a writer, an artist, a poet, an actor or a painter but it assumes enabling people to enjoy culture and arts, and expand the range of possible enjoyments in life and the world. Likewise, introduction of children, boys and girls into the world of body culture should enrich them in this regard. Ethical and moral changes will significantly change the form of physical culture and education, and the sports life in general. Aggressiveness, false prestige, self‐centredness, foul motive of achievement will be found under review. There may come a time when the sports victory will be considered and respected primarily as a result of successful mastering the strengths of one's own nature and their reasonable use. Any violence against one's own body will be considered as educational and sports misfortune or accident, as something that belongs to the ethical despise and not to the established and existing ethical norms.

The aim of the present study was to develop an explanatory model of doping susceptibility among competitive track and field athletes using a logistic regression analysis accounting for some morality-related variables which were not explored in previous studies. A total of 281 Spanish elite track and field athletes (49.5% women, 48.4% have competed with the national team) completed an online survey measuring different constructs in relation to doping susceptibility. The final model demonstrated that nutritional supplements (OR: 2.39; CI: 1.16–4.90; p < 0.05), moral disengagement (OR: 2.17; CI: 1.48–3.19; p < 0.001), acceptance of gamesmanship (OR: 1.29; CI: 1.12–1.49; p < 0.001), and descriptive norms (OR: 1.21; CI: 1.04–1.41; p < 0.05) are the factors better explaining doping susceptibility. The profile of the athlete at risk of being more susceptible to doping is represented by someone who is aged under 20 years, believes that doping is present in his/her sport, has positive attitudes of acceptance of gamesmanship, is morally disconnected from doping, and frequently consumes nutritional supplements. It is recommended to deliver education related to the use of sports supplements and potential ill-effects of performance-enhancing substances or methods, and to engage athletes in doping prevention programs at an early age.

An insufficient Notary only owning membership of law but also have to base on responsibility and carrying out of to be august of ethics and prestige. Role and of Notary of vital importance to traffic punish in society, therefore Notary have to earn to run its profession professionally have, high dedication to and also always hold high standing and its prestige by upholding code of ethics Notary. So that can run its duty better as steward of society, a professional have to run its occupation by harmonizing among owned membership by respect code of ethics profession. Ethics is norms, rules and conditions, which must fulfill by a group of one who is conceived of by circle of professional. Therefore, of vital importance to all Notaries to be able to more comprehend of that deed can be told as collision of code of profession. Ethics, how organizational effectiveness Notary Indonesia in giving construction to all Notaries in order not to happen things which harming Notary and served society it.Pursuant to the things hence problems to check in this research: A Violations code of ethics, barriers and solutions Violations of code of conduct, as well as the legal consequences violations of the code of ethics by notary in district Purbalingga.Approach method the used is approach of empirical yuridis and specification of which is used in this research have the character of analytical descriptive research. Pursuant to result of research can be concluded supervisory council area district Purbalingga which acts as watching and collecting facts about the society and finding relations to violation and board of trustees having authority fall of sanctions to offenders, barriers experienced in the form of inadequate infrastructure, while the legal consequences about moral judgment and ethics Notary itself.Keywords : Violation, Code of Ethics

Resumen: La literatura pertinente sobre los factores que determinan la cooperación humana ha cubierto una amplia cadena de áreas: aspectos culturales y religiosos, normas sociales y leyes, la orientación hacia el futuro, la naturaleza humana, los genes del ser humano, la moral y cómo las sociedades se estructuran y organizan. Por otro lado, existen factores condicionantes de la cooperación entre estados como el prestigio y/o la buena reputación, la moral y la ética, las normas existentes y las estructuras organizacionales. Este artículo proporciona al lector, en un primer paso, una aproximación a los factores influyentes en la cooperación entre seres humanos y entre estados en la cooperación interestatal. En un segundo paso, se realiza una comparación sistemática de los factores para ambas formas de la cooperación mediante la aplicación del modelo “Iceberg”. Se concluye que conocimientos más profundos sobre los factores determinantes y sus interrelaciones, mediante futuros estudios e investigaciones podrían resultar fundamentales para la mejora de los resultados de la cooperación al nivel regional, nacional e internacional entre individuos, comunidades, organismos internacionales y países. Palabras clave: Cooperación Humana, Cooperación Internacional entre Estados, Factores Determinantes, Ser Humano, Estado, Modelo Iceberg. Abstract: Relevant literature on the factors that determine human cooperation has covered a wide range of areas such as cultural and religious aspects, social norms and laws, future orientation, human nature, human genes, morality, and how societies are structured and organized. On the other hand, there are conditioning factors of cooperation between states such as prestige/good reputation, morals/ethics, existing norms and organizational structures. This article provides the reader in a first step with an approach to the influencing factors of cooperation between human beings and of interstate cooperation. In a second step, a systematic comparison of the factors for both forms of cooperation are made through the application of the Iceberg model. It is concluded that deeper knowledge about the determinants and their interrelationships through future studies and research could be fundamental for the improvement of cooperative action at the regional, national, and international levels between individuals, communities, international institutions, and countries. Key words: Human Cooperation, International Cooperation among States, Determining Factors, Human Being, State, Iceberg Model.

Introduction. At the beginning, entrepreneur creates his own concept of organization – value-cognitive-actional pattern, which is socialized, coming into conflict with CEOs’ individual interests. For this purpose, they use various distortion styles of organizational reality in their interpretations of values, cognitions and actions, thereby destroying organizational productivity. Aim. We have aim to explore wide-spread distortion styles in interpretations of organizational reality (CEO). We obtained 95 organizational self-descriptions of companies (from 50-1500 individuals) and classified them (key topics, actors, intention). Then we discovered interpretation styles and have grouped them according to a specially developed hierarchical model of organizational self-descriptions on several levels (formal: procedures and rules of behavior; content (statics: objects, agents and their attributes; dynamics: processes, algorithms and technologies); sense-logical: purposes, causes, values and beliefs). Results. We identified the following distortion styles of the entrepreneur’s value- cognitive-actional pattern: procedural (formal) - formal following of rules, norms, and instructions; personnel follow formal rules. Authoritarian (static) – the power of guarantor, authority and enactor of rules; personnel are obedient and loyal; participative (dynamic) – interaction, rules and hierarchies are the result of negotiations; the head of organization is a moderator; personnel are a part in negotiations. Conclusions. Destructive distortion styles lead organizations to: moral disengagement – avoidance of values in relationships, decisions and actions; guilt instead of responsibility – feeling guilt or self-justification; narrow-mindedness – insisting on one’s own vision and ignoring feedback.

The purpose of the article was to highlight and thoroughly analyze the psychological methods by which corrupt people deny, justify or reduce their own guilt and try to interpret their actions as normal and correct ones. Research results. The article examines psychological techniques of justification (explanation) of corrupt behaviour. It is emphasized that unlike other types of crimes, corruption acts are usually committed by quite respectable and good people, who can be good parents, active members of the community, high officials, and who do not consider themselves as corrupted. One of the most important aspects of corruption is how the offenders defend or justify their actions using various concepts or mental techniques. These methods of justifying corrupt behaviour, which in various studies are called techniques of neutralization, rationalization, socialization, moral disengagement etc., became the subject of this scientific review. The neutralization of deviant behaviour is considered in the article as psychological techniques that help to completely or partially deny someone’s responsibility for deviant behaviour. It is noted that in order for there to be no or less guilt, neutralization can be carried out in two ways: on the one hand, by denying the deviant behaviour itself, and on the other hand, by denying responsibility for it. Conclusions. The leading techniques of neutralization are singled out: disclaimer of responsibility; denial of harm; denial of the victim; condemnation of condemners; appeal to greater loyalty, etc. Key words: responsibility, justification, denial of damage; condemnation, corruption, social norms.

The new stage of Ukrainian literary language development began in the late 20th century, because state-making processes had legitimated the status of the Ukrainian language due to the law, following the main goal – to facilitate self-expression of the national genotype, raising prestige and full-fledged functioning of the state language in independent Ukraine. Since the reality is formed on the basis of personal activity, one of the leading tasks is upbringing the need of every speaker to use the state language fluently as the means for communication, as the means of forming intellectual culture, national self-awareness, which thus has direct impact on mentality and moral qualities of a person. The situation concerning the languages in the communicative environment of Ukraine obliges all speakers to accept the issues of the language and the speaking in a systematic and complex way. Command of a normative native language is the assignment for every aware citizen, who is obliged to know how to use the entire lexical heritage. A language is a weighty part of professional competency, a sensitive indicator of general culture, that is why every speaker should care about the high culture of their language. Perfect usage of a language becomes an important component of training experts in any field, particularly in the field of state governing, since the use of a language promotes their self-expression. Official activity definitely requires not only professionalism, but also thorough language competency. Our research is actual because we constantly need to work on the problems of language culture in the field of state governing, since, as a social phenomenon, the Ukrainian language reflects precise historical peculiarities, typical to a certain social and historical period: the development of new word constructions, the emergence of new words, a number of borrowings from other languages, etc. The purpose of our investigation is to find out and analyze the violations of lexical and semantic norms in official and business communication of state officials, to justify the ways and means to correct the violations of the lexical and semantic norm. Reaching the set purpose meant carrying out the following tasks: to analyze the official and business language of state officials; to single out the most spread lexical and semantic mistakes and downsides in speaking, to give recommendations on eliminating mistakes in order to improve the speaking culture of state officials in the field of their professional activity. In the investigation, there is applied a wide range of contemporary methods and approaches of research: language facts are considered from the position of the functional approach; by means of the methods of the generalization and classification analysis the types of mistakes met in the language of state officials were singled out; the comparing and contrasting analysis has allowed to find out the facts of interfering influence of the Russian language on Ukrainian, to single out the types of the interference consequences at the lexical and semantic level. In the proposed research, there is the analysis of the official and business language of state officials, different consequences of interferencial interaction of closely native languages (Ukrainian and Russian) are realised and typified by comparing the language of state officials to the current norms of the modern Ukrainian literary language. The most spread lexical mistakes and downsides are found to refer to: not motivated usage of words which results in “surgick”; usage of so-called words-parasites with no need; usage of the words which are inappropriate from the point of view of the literary norm and the etiquette rules; abuse of the words derived from foreign languages, especially from English; irrelevant tautology in oral speech, redundancy of words ( pleonasm ); confusing paronyms. Due to the analyzed language material there are linguistic explanations and recommendations on the ways and means of preventing, correcting and eliminating realised mistakes in the language of state officials. It is proved that state governors are obliged to obey communicative features of language culture, namely: its correctness, accuracy, logic, purity, pithiness and relevance. R

Reforming the Armed Forces of Ukraine in accordance with international standards and domestic political factors indicates the urgency of finding and implementing innovative ways to develop military education. The authors see the work as a tool to solve this problem in the introduction of interactive methods in the training of future military specialists. This does not mean abandoning the use of known traditional methods, it is a combination of their diversity in the educational process. Involvement of cadets in interactive activities leads to the ability to solve complex problems based on the analysis of initial data, identify contradictions, express alternative opinions, make informed decisions, participate in discussions; model various situations, learn to build constructive relationships in the team, determine their place in it, avoid or resolve conflicts, seek compromises, seek dialogue, develop skills of project activities, independent work, creative work. The paper presents the basic principles of interactive learning, classification of interactive methods. The application of some of them, namely "question-answer", "microphone", "classes with pre-planned mistakes", "brainstorming", "debate", "business game", "teaching-learning" with the indicated advantages and disadvantages is demonstrated for specific topics of classes in "Higher Mathematics". The introduction of these methods in the educational process will ensure the formation of its participants such skills as analysis, comparison, highlighting, as well as critical thinking and the ability to make responsible decisions, competitiveness, willingness to take risks. In addition, it will promote the development of each person's system of universal values and generally accepted norms of behavior, awareness of personal responsibility, the ability to unite with other participants to solve a common problem, foster tolerance, mutual understanding and respect, compassion, kindness and care, solidarity and equality, the formation of the ability to make free and independent choices based on their own judgments and analysis of reality. And most importantly, it will improve the quality of military education, ensure the growth of military-professional, intellectual, cultural, spiritual and moral potential of future military professionals, increase the prestige of the military profession, strengthen the defense capabilities of Ukraine and its Armed Forces.

Culture as a means of consolidation of the nation and a method of forming the world outlook in the current conditions of development of Ukrainian society, unfortunately, does not correspond to the socio-political changes in the country and world development trends due to a number of different circumstances. Therefore, it needs some modernization and reform. The purpose of the article is to analyze the specifics of functioning and to identify problems of development of the field of culture and art as well as to outline directions of their solution. The results of the study of the functioning of culture and art sphere are presented. The problems of this industry development over the last ten years are identified. Among the most important are the following: reduction of the role of culture and art in people’s lives; low level of budget support; moral aging of the material and technical base of cultural institutions; inefficient management of cultural institutions; low material remuneration of cultural workers and low social prestige of their work. The peculiarities of functioning of the sphere of culture and art are revealed. The peculiarities of the industry are revealed as following: some institutions are focused both on cultural services and on the development of culture and human beings (creation of conditions for creativity); institutions perform the state function of creating, preserving, collecting and studying the cultural heritage of funds and works of art, although this function is not directly related to the specific consumer; it is difficult to unambiguously measure the end results of cultural and artistic activity, which are expressed mainly in the delayed social effect and are manifested in the increase of intellectual potential, changes in values and norms of human behavior, etc. Emphasis is placed on the challenges of further development caused by the ongoing reforms. The directions of solving the problems are outlined regarding the improvement of regulatory support and mechanisms for attracting additional financial resources, etc.

Past research illustrated that leaders could restrict followers’ deviance by reinforcing social norms of appropriate behaviors. Nevertheless, we submit that this understanding is incomplete without considering the effects of leaders on followers’ self-sanctions given that most undesirable behaviors are controlled internally. This research argues that interactional justice is an effective strategy for leaders to enhance followers’ self-sanctions. Leaders’ interactional justice provides personalized information and dyadic treatment that indirectly reduce employees’ deviance by restraining followers’ moral disengagement. Besides, this study examines the social sanction role of ethical leadership. Ethical leaders highlight the importance of adherence to collective norms, which influence the relationship between followers’ moral disengagement and deviance. By identifying the different pathways via which they influence followers’ moral disengagement, we integrate interactional justice and ethical leadership into one theoretical framework. Our predictions are supported by data analyses of 220 samples from a multi-wave and -source field study. This integrative framework contributes to a comprehensive understanding of how leaders restrict employees’ deviance.

The overall aim of the present study was to examine whether moral disengagement and perceptions of antibullying class norms at individual level and at class level were associated with defending and passive bystanding in school bullying among school-age children. More specifically, we investigated the extent to which moral disengagement would contribute to explain defending and passive bystanding, after controlling for sex and perceptions of antibullying class norms at individual level and at class level. A total of 789 Swedish students (aged 10-14) from 40 middle school classes filled out a self-report survey. The findings revealed that girls and students who were less prone to morally disengage, and who perceived that their classmates endorsed more antibullying norms, were more likely to defend victimized peers. Students who were more inclined to morally disengage and perceive that classmates do not condemn bullying were more likely to act as passive bystanders. In addition, classes with higher levels of antibullying class norms were more likely to show higher rates of defending and lower rates of passive bystanding compared to the other classes. The findings suggest that schools and teachers need to develop educational strategies, methods, and efforts designed to make students aware of moral disengagement and to reduce their likelihood of morally disengaging in bullying situations. The present findings also point to the importance of teachers establishing class rules against bullying together with the students.

Power has long been associated with dishonesty. Here, we examined the contributions of personal and structural factors associated with power. Across five studies ( N = 1,366), we tested the hypothesis that being dominant, more than having power and felt prestige, predicts dishonesty in incentivized tasks, moral disengagement, and breaking of Covid-19 containment rules. Dominance and dishonesty were positively associated (Study 1). Furthermore, dominance contributed to the positive relationship between occupational power and dishonesty in natural settings (Studies 2 and 5). Different types of power had inconsistent effects on dishonesty (Studies 3 and 4). Prestige was unrelated to dishonesty. Dominant individuals were overrepresented at the top, suggesting that the association between power and dishonesty may derive from self-selection processes, rather than power itself.

The literature has acknowledged the correlation between aggressive humor style and cyberbullying perpetration; however, little is known about how this occurs. In this study, we sought to gain an understanding of how and when someone with an aggressive humor style may develop into a perpetrator of cyberbullying. We propose that whether an individual’s aggressive humor style results in cyberbullying perpetration depends on online social norms of tolerance for aggressive humor. When online normative tolerance for aggressive humor is high, individuals’ aggressive humor style is positively correlated with their moral disengagement, which, in turn, increases their intention to commit cyberbullying. When online normative tolerance for aggressive humor is low, the effect of individuals’ aggressive humor style on their moral disengagement is attenuated, which, in turn, weakens the relationship between aggressive humor style and cyberbullying perpetration. A total of 305 Chinese university students were recruited to participate in the experiment, and we found support for this hypothesis across the experiment. Several theoretical and practical implications are discussed.

Coaches strongly influence athletes' attitudes toward doping and can shape athlete's beliefs, behaviors, and decisions to be for or against doping. Coached-centered studies examining multiple factors affecting coaches' doping attitudes and behavior are scarce. The aim of this study was to analyze for the first-time attitudes toward doping in athletics coaches using the Sport Drug Control Model (SDCM) as a theoretical framework. A secondary aim was to determine the factors in the model predicting attitude and susceptibility toward doping. A cross-sectional study was carried out using a sample consisting of 201 Spanish athletics competitive level coaches from whom 11.4% were female. Participants completed a cross-sectional online survey. Structural equation modeling showed a good fitness of the SDCM. Positive attitudes toward doping predicted high susceptibility to doping (β = 0.39, p &lt; 0.001). Moral disengagement (β = 0.58, p &lt; 0.001), descriptive norms (β = 0.42, p = 0.001), ego-oriented goals (β = 0.34, p &lt; 0.05), and self-efficacy to refrain from doping (β = 0.26, p &lt; 0.05) displayed a significant influence on attitudes toward doping. Self-reported doping prevalence in coaches was 4.5%. These variables should be considered when designing anti-doping research projects and educational programs aiming at modifying coaches' attitudes toward doping. It is recommended to focus more efforts on coaches, without putting aside the athletes, and therefore turn coaches into reliable doping prevention factors. To this end, it is necessary to enhance scientific research and then develop, implement, and promote more educational programs targeting coaches, on a mandatory basis while covering the specific needs of coaches so that they can perform their role as anti-doping educators in an effective, committed, and proactive manner.

As a social and political psychologist, I have been doing research on issues of collective behaviour and collective identities for over fifteen years. One of my three lines of research focuses on conflict at the intergroup level, and specifically on the factors that allow individuals to behave in a violent manner or in violation of certain norms, such as international humanitarian law (IHL). My work has to do, among other things, with strategies of “moral disengagement”; in other words, all the psychological justifications that we give ourselves for our behaviour, particularly when it comes to immoral, unlawful and violent behaviour.

Doping has serious negative consequences for athletes and the integrity of sports, implying the need for effective prevention programs. Since educating young athletes about doping-related knowledge is deemed to be not sufficiently effective to minimize doping, a focus on values, emotions and morality is seen as a promising approach and previous research indicates which variables exactly could be addressed in anti-doping efforts. These variables are anticipated guilt, empathy, moral disengagement, and collective moral norms, since these constructs have been strongly and consistently linked to doping intention, likelihood, or behavior. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to develop a values-based anti-doping intervention, which targets the aforementioned variables, and to evaluate its effectiveness in producing changes in outcomes in comparison to an information-based intervention and a waiting control group. To evaluate their effectiveness, both interventions, which each consist of six 45-min sessions (one session per week) were implemented in a sample of 321 young elite athletes, aged 13–19 years, from a broad range of team and individual sports. Thirty different teams, training groups or classes were randomly assigned to either the values-based intervention, the information-based intervention, or to a waiting control group. Doping intention, doping susceptibility as well as the above mentioned variables were assessed at pre- and posttest and, for participants of the values- and information-based conditions also at a 3 to 4-month follow up. Within a multilevel modeling framework general linear mixed regression analyses revealed that the values-based intervention, compared to the control group, was able to decrease athletes' moral disengagement and increase their anticipated guilt immediately after the intervention (at posttest), whereas no effects for the information-based intervention emerged. Looking at how the outcomes developed over time (i.e., at the follow up measurement), it could be demonstrated that the reduction in moral disengagement sustained. The increase in anticipated guilt, however, was not sustainable and, surprisingly, decreased from post to follow up. Furthermore, athletes in the values-based intervention reported higher empathy from post to follow up, which could possibly indicate a “delayed” effect. This study provides support that a values-based approach can produce changes in some, yet, not all addressed variables and specific elements from this intervention could potentially be a useful addition to traditional anti-doping education (i.e., information provision).

The article examines the morality of a lawyer in the context of business etiquette. Despite the existence of a number of regulations, the studied category of "business etiquette of a lawyer", unfortunately, is little studied by scholars and is rarely discussed by practitioners. However, the study of various manifestations of this institution allows us to conclude that it has a significant impact on the course of the trial. It was found that the content of the requirements concerning the duties of a lawyer to comply with generally accepted rules of business etiquette and the requirements for appearance are not explained in any way in the Lawyers' Code of Ethics, which sometimes creates some ambiguities among practicing lawyers and is a shortcoming of the law. In our opinion, the business etiquette of a lawyer is a set of common rules and norms of behavior in both formal and informal settings. Also, in our opinion, the ethics of a lawyer's business relations can be considered a necessary basis of moral values, which is a system of criteria and parameters in relations between all members of society. The article discusses the requirements for lawyer's clothing, introduced in other countries. We fully support the position of a negative attitude towards the lawyer's robe, because lawyers wear a special robe, will not be able to add ethics and discipline a lawyer - because the "mantle of the portfolio" is not only not good, but also directly degrades the prestige of the legal profession. Norms of business etiquette of a lawyer can be considered: timely performance of his work; confidentiality; respect for colleagues; friendliness and friendliness to anyone, regardless of mood and attitude to others; attention and tolerance to customers; correct and competent language; proper clothing; restriction of personal telephone communication during professional activity; minimization of extraneous chats. These norms completely coincide with the norms and principles of lawyer's ethics, which can be considered as a culture associated with the establishment in society of moral and humanistic relations between people. In this regard, the article proposes to supplement Art.

the article States that the ethics of a lawyer is an important component of the legal ethics; stated that the legal profession has as its object the person, affects its interests, rights, private life, so the study of moral aspects and problems of advocacy is today of paramount importance; marked by such key concepts as morality, law, ethics, justice, duty, good, evil, conscience, responsibility, honor, dignity, humanity; noted that part of ethics, legal ethics is a scientific discipline whose subject is the manifestation of morality in justice and law enforcement; marked what is the value of legal ethics is that it gives the moral nature of the activities for implementation of justice, the implementation of the prosecutorial, investigative work and other activities carried out by professional lawyers; States that legal ethics contributes to the proper formation of consciousness, attitudes of members of the legal profession, focusing them on rigorous compliance with moral norms; stated that today is the actual context of the conversation separately about the ethics of judges, investigative ethics, ethics counsel; noted that the specifics of advocacy requires a balance in the service of a lawyer; noted, what legal ethics is designed to ensure the performance of lawyer's duties honestly, competently and in good faith, to form proper level of public confidence in the legal profession as a representative of civil society and personally to the lawyers; noted that the basis of the relationship of the lawyer and the client is trust; noted that the attorney has no right to own, not coordinated with the client the position of the defence, counsel should pay special attention to the client, who is in custody, fee practice a lawyer shall take into consideration a number of factors; the caveats regarding the prohibition resumania of participants in the process; indicate their objections against the wrong actions of the investigator or body of inquiry, the lawyer is obliged to clothe in a legal form and contribute to the formation of a respectful attitude to the court as a branch of government; provided that an advocate shall be prohibited to violate professional ethics, and the need to build relationships with colleagues in the profession on standards of decency and respect to help Junior colleagues; to respect the dignity, prestige and business reputation of other lawyers to form a decent line of their own positions and behavior and have compelling personal point of view.

This article is devoted to the study of the concept of business reputation on the Internet. The scientific article examines the legal nature of the concept of �business reputation�, defines regulations that contain the definition of �business reputation�, analyzes the case law to define the definition of �business reputation�. The article defines the general principles of protection of business reputation in the domestic legislation, establishes ways to protect business reputation on the Internet in accordance with national legislation and case law. The importance of business reputation for a legal entity as a criterion of successful professional, economic or other activity is analyzed, because the business reputation of a legal entity is the prestige of its brand (commercial) name, trademarks and other intangible assets among consumers of its goods and services. According to the analysis of the legislation and explanations of case law, the article generalizes that the definition of the content of goodwill depends on the nature of its subject. It is substantiated that the protection of business reputation is a particularly important institution of civil law, because it is a mechanism for restoring the violated non-property rights of the individual. The norms of civil law of Ukraine concerning the statute of limitations, which is used in cases of protection of the business reputation of a person and the procedure for calculating the statute of limitations, are studied. It is noted that in the Ukrainian legislation there is no single unified definition of business reputation of both individuals and legal entities. Attention is drawn to the fact that the civil legislation of Ukraine does not contain regulations on the protection of business reputation on the Internet, which is a significant shortcoming of the legal regulation of the state. Emphasis is placed on the nature of the studied concept, which is a moral and ethical category, a kind of evaluative institution of civil and commercial law. The conclusion on expediency of fixing of definition of business reputation in the Civil code of Ukraine for the purpose of streamlining of system of legal regulation, maintenance of standardization of legal categories is formulated. Business reputation is a non-property right of a person guaranteed by the Constitution of Ukraine, which provides for a public assessment of the business qualities of an individual, achievements in sociopolitical, public life, etc. For a legal entity, business reputation is a criterion of successful professional, economic or other activity. Protection of business reputation is a particularly important institution of civil law, because it is a mechanism for restoring the violated non-property rights of the individual. Nowadays, the issue of protection of business reputation is relevant due to violations on the Internet. Thus, the rapid development of information and telecommunications technologies has contributed not only to the emergence of new unlimited opportunities in the world wide web, but also to numerous violations of nonproperty rights of individuals, including business reputation.

Introduction The term monster might have its roots in the Latin word monere (to warn), but it has since evolved to have various symbolic meanings, from a terrifying mythical creature to a person of extreme cruelty. No matter the flexibility in use, the term is mostly meant to be derogatory (Asma). As Gilmore puts it, monsters “embody all that is dangerous and horrible in the human imagination” (1). However, it may be argued that monsters sometimes perform the much-needed work of defining and policing our norms (Mittman and Hensel). Since their archetype is predisposed to transgressing boundaries of human integrity (Gilmore), they help establish deviation between human and in-human. Their cognition and action are considered ‘other’ (Kearney) and a means with which people can understand what is right and wrong, and what is divergent from appropriate ways of being. The term monster need not even refer to the werewolves, ogres, vampires, zombies and the like that strike fear in audiences through their ‘immoral, heinous or unjust’ appearance or behaviours. Rather, the term monster can be, and has been, readily applied as a metaphor to describe the unthinkable, unethical, and brutal actions of human beings (Beville 5). Inadvertently, “through their bodies, words, and deeds, monsters show us ourselves” (Mittman and Hensel 2), or what we consider monstrous about ourselves. Therefore, humans acting in ways that deviate from societal norms and standards can be viewed as monstrous. This is evident in the representations of public relations practitioners in media offerings. In the practice of public relations, ethical standards are advocated as the norm, and deviating from them considered unprofessional (Fawkes), and as we contend: monstrous. However, the practice has long suffered a negative stereotypical perception of being deceptive, and with public relations roles receiving less screen time than shows and films about lawyers, accountants, teachers and the like, these few derogatory depictions can distort how audiences view the occupation (Johnston). Depictions of professions (lawyers, cops, journalists, etc.) tend to be cliché, but our contention is that fewer depictions of public relations practitioners on screen further limit the possibility for diverse depictions. The media can have a socialising impact and can influence audiences to view the content they consume as a reflection of the real world around them (Chandler). Television, in particular, with its capacity to prompt heuristic processing in audiences (Shurm), has messages that can be easily decoded by people of various literacies as they become immersed in the viewing experiences (Gerbner and Gross). These messages gain potency because, despite being set in fictional worlds, they can be understood as reflective of the world and audiences’ experiences of it (Gerbner and Gross). Tsetsura, Bentley, and Newcomb add that popular stories recounted in the media have authoritative power and can offer patterns of meaning that shape individual perceptions. Admittedly, as Stuart Hall suggests, media offerings can be encoded with ideologies and representations that are considered appropriate according to the dominant elite, but these may not necessarily be decoded as preferred meanings. In other words, those exposed to stories of monstrous public relations practitioners can agree with such a position, oppose this viewpoint, or remain neutral, but this is dependent on individual experiences. Without other frames of reference, it could be that viewers of negative portrayals of public relations accept the encoded representation that inevitably does a disservice to the profession. When the representations of the field of public relations suggest, inaccurately, that the industry is dominated by men (Johnston), and women practitioners are shown as slick dressers who control and care little about ethics (Dennison), the distortions can adversely impact on the identities of public relations practitioners and on how they are collectively viewed (Tsetsura et al.). Public relations practitioners view this portrayal as the ‘other’ and tend to distance the ideal self from it, continuing to be stuck in the dichotomy of saints and sinners (Fawkes). Our observation of television offerings such as Scandal, Flack, Call My Agent!, Absolutely Fabulous, Sex and the City, You’re the Worst, and Emily in Paris reveals how television programmes continue to perpetuate the negative stereotypes about public relations practice, where practitioners are anything but ethical—therefore monstrous. The characters, mostly well-groomed women, are shown as debased, liars and cheaters who will subvert ethical standards for personal and professional gain. Portrayals of Public Relations Practitioners in Television and Media According to Miller, the eight archetypical traits identified in media representations of public relations practitioners are: ditzy, obsequious, cynical, manipulative, money-minded, isolated, accomplished, or unfulfilled. In later research, Yoon and Black found that television representations of public relations tended to suggest that people in these roles were heartless, manipulative bullies, while Lambert and White contend that the depiction of the profession has improved to be more positive, but nonetheless continues to do a disservice to the practice by presenting female workers, especially, as “shallow but loveable” (18). We too find that public relations practitioners continue to be portrayed as morally ambiguous characters who are willing to break ethical codes of conduct to suit the needs of their clients. We discuss three themes prevalent as popular tropes in television programmes that characterise public relations practitioners as monstrous. To Be or Not to Be a Slick and Skilful Liar? Most television programmes present public relations practitioners as slick and skilful liars, who are shown as well-groomed and authoritative, convinced that they are lying only to protect their clients. In fact, in most cases the characters are shown to not only believe but also advocate to their juniors that ‘a little bit of lying’ is almost necessary to maintain client relationships and ensure campaign success. For example, in the British drama Flack, the main character of Robyn (played by Anna Paquin) is heard advising her prodigy “just assume we are lying to everyone”. The programmes also feature characters who are in dilemma about the monstrous expectations from their roles, struggling to accept that that they engage in deception as part of their jobs. However, most of them are presented as somewhat of an ugly duckling or the modest character in the programme, who is not always rational or in an explicit position of power. For example, Emily from Emily in Paris (played by Lily Collins), while working as a social media manager, regularly questions the approaches taken by the firm she works for. Her boss Sylvie Grateux (played by Philippine Leroy-Beaulieu), who embodies the status quo, is constantly disapproving of Emily’s lack of sophisticated self-presentation, among other aspects. In the episode ‘Faux Amis’, Sylvie quips “it’s not you personally. It’s everything you stand for. You’re the enemy of luxury because luxury is defined by sophistication and taste, not emilyinparis”. Similarly, in the first episode of Call My Agent!, Samuel Kerr (played by Alain Rimoux), the head of a film publicity firm, solves the conundrum faced by his anxious junior Gabriel (played by Grégory Montel) by suggesting that he lie to his client about the real reason why she lost the film. When a modestly dressed Gabriel questions how he can lie to someone he cares for, Samuel, towering over him in an impeccable suit and a confident demeanour, advises “who said anything about lying? Don’t lie. Simply don’t tell her the truth”. However, the subtext here is that the lie is to protect the client from unnecessary hurt and in doing so nurtures the client relationship. So, it lets the audience decide the morality of lying here. It may be argued that moral ambiguity may not necessarily be monstrous. Such grey characters are often crafted because they allow audiences to relate more readily to themselves by encouraging what Hawkins refers to as mental play. Audiences are less interested in the black and white of morality and veer towards shows such as Call My Agent! where storylines hone in on the need to do bad for the greater good. In these ways, public relations practitioners still transgress moral standards but are less likely to be considered monstrous because the impact and effect on others is utilitarian in nature. It is also interesting to note that in these programmes physical appearance is made to play a crucial role in showcasing the power and prestige of the senior public relations practitioner. This focus on attire can tend to further perpetuate unfavourable stereotypes about public relations practitioners being high income earners (Grandien) who are styled with branded apparel but lacking in substance and morals (Fröhlich and Peters). Promiscuous Women The urge to attract audiences to a female character can also lead to developing and cementing unfavourable stereotypes of public relations practitioners as uninhibited women who live on blurred lines between personal and professional. These characters are not portrayed as inherently bad, but instead are found to indulge in lives of excess. In her definition of the monstrous, Arumugam suggests that excess and insatiable appetites direct the monster’s behaviour, and Kearney outlines that this uncontainable excess is what signals the difference between humans and others. Such excess is readily identifiable in the character of Patsy Stone (played by Joanna Lumley) in Absolutely Fabulous. She is an alcoholic, regularly uses recreational drugs, is highly promiscuous, and chain-smokes throughout the series. She is depicted as prone to acting deceptively to maintain her vices. In Flack, Robyn is shown as regularly snorting cocaine and having sex with her clients. Those reviewing the show highlight how it will attract those interested in “its dark, acidic sense of humour” (Greene) while others condemn it because it emphasises the “depraved publicist” trope (Knibbs) and call it “one of the worst TV shows ever made” even though it is trying to highlight concerns raised in the MeToo movement about how men need to respect women (McGurk). Female characters such as Robyn, with her willingness to question why a client has not tried to sleep with her, appear to undermine the empowerment of the movement rather than support it, and continue to maintain the archetypes that those working in the field of public relations abhor. Similarly, Samantha Jones (played by Kim Cattrell) of Sex and the City is portrayed as sexually liberated, and in one episode another character describes Samantha’s vagina as “the hottest spot in town: it’s always open”. In many ways Samantha’s sexual behaviour reflects a post-feminist narrative of empowerment, agency, and choice, but it could also be read as a product of being a public relations practitioner frequenting parties and bars as she rubs shoulders with clients, celebrities, and high-profile businesspeople. To this end, Patsy, Samantha, and Robyn glamourise public relations and paint it as simply an extension of their liberated and promiscuous selves, with little care for any expectation of professionalism or work ethic. This is also in stark contrast to the reality, where women often tend to occupy technical roles that see much of their time spent in doing the hard yards of publicity and promotion (Krugler). Making Others Err Public relations practitioners are not just shown as being morally ambiguous themselves, but often quite adept at making others do deceitful acts on their behalf, thus nonchalantly oppressing others to get their way. For example, although lauded for elevating an African-American woman to the lead role despite the show maintaining misrepresentations of race (Lambert), the main character of Olivia Pope (played by Kerry Washington) in the television programme Scandal regularly subverts the law for her clients despite considering herself one of the “good guys” and wearing a “white hat”. Over the course of seven seasons, Olivia Pope is found to rig elections, plant listening devices in political figures’ offices, bribe, threaten, and conduct an affair with the President. In some cases, she calls on the services of her colleague Huck to literally, and figuratively, get rid of the barriers in the way of protecting her clients. For example, in season one’s episode Crash and Burn she asks Huck to torture a suspect for information about a dead client. Her willingness to request such actions of her friend and colleague, regardless of perceived good motivations, reinforces Mittman’s categorisation that monsters are identified by their effect and impact on others. Here, the impact includes the torturing of a suspect and the revisiting of psychological trauma by Huck’s character. Huck struggles to overcome his past as a killer and spends much of the show trying to curb his monstrous tendencies which are often brought on by PR woman Olivia’s requests. Although she is sometimes striving for justice, Olivia’s desire for results can lead her to act monstrously, which inadvertently contributes to the racist and sexist ideologies that have long been associated with monsters and perceptions of the Other. Across time and space, certain ethnic groups, such as those of African descent, have been associated with the demonic (Cohen). Similarly, all that is feminine often needs to be discarded as the monster to conform to the patriarchal order of society (Creed). Therefore, Olivia Pope’s monstrous behaviour not only does a disservice to representations of public relations practitioners, but also inadvertently perpetuates negative and inaccurate stereotypes about women of African American descent. Striving to be Ethical The majority of public relations practitioners are encouraged, and in some cases expected, to conform to ethical guidelines to practice and gain respect, admiration, and in-group status. In New Zealand, those who opt to become members of the Public Relations Institute of New Zealand (PRINZ) are required to abide by the association’s code of ethics. The code stipulates that members are bound to act in ways that serve public interests by ensuring they are honest, disclose conflict of interests, follow the law, act with professionalism, ensure openness and privacy are maintained, and uphold values of loyalty, fairness, and independence (PRINZ). Similarly, the Global Alliance of Public Relations and Communication Management that binds practitioners together identifies nine guiding principles that are to be adhered to to be recognised as acting ethically. These include obeying laws, working in the public’s interest, ensuring freedom of speech and assembly, acting with integrity, and upholding privacy in sensitive matters (to name a few). These governing principles are designed to maintain ethical practice in the field. Of course, the trouble is that not all who claim to practice public relations become members of the local or global governing bodies. This implies that professional associations like PRINZ are not able to enforce ethics across the board. In New Zealand alone, public relations consultants have had to offer financial reparations for acting in defamatory ways online (Fisher), or have been alleged to have bribed an assault victim to prevent the person giving evidence in a court case (Hurley). Some academics have accused the industry of being engaged in organised lying (Peacock), but these are not common, nor are these moral transgressors accepted into ethical bodies that afford practitioners authenticity and legitimacy. In most cases, public relations practitioners view their role as acting as the moral conscience of the organisations they support (Schauster, Neill, Ferrucci, and Tandoc). Furthermore, they rated better than the average adult when it came to solving ethical dilemmas through moral reasoning (Schuaster et al.). Additionally, training of practitioners through guidance of mentors has continued to contribute to the improved ethical ratings of public relations. What these findings suggest is that the monsters of public relations portrayed on our television screens are exaggerations that are not reflective of most of the practice. Women of Substance, But Not Necessarily Power Exploring the role of women in public relations, Topic, Cunha, Reigstad, Jele-Sanchez, and Moreno found that female practitioners were subordinated to their male counterparts but were found to be more inclined to practice two-way communication, offer balanced perspectives, opt to negotiate, and build relationships through cooperation. The competitiveness, independence, and status identified in popular media portrayals were found to be exhibited more by male practitioners, despite there being more women in the public relations industry than men. As Fitch argues, popular culture continues to suggest that men dominate public relations, and their preferred characteristics end up being those elements that permeate the media messages, regardless of instances where the lead character is a woman or the fact that feminist values of “loyalty, ethics, morality, [and] fairness” are advocated by female practitioners in real life (Vardeman-Winter and Place 333). Additionally, even though public relations is a feminised field, female practitioners struggle to break the glass ceiling, with male practitioners dominating executive positions and out-earning women (Pompper). Interestingly, in public relations, power is not just limited due to gender but also area of practice. In her ethnographic study of the New Zealand practice, Sissons found that practitioners who worked in consultancies were relatively powerless vis-à-vis their clients, and often this asymmetry negatively affected the practitioner’s decision-making. This implies that in stark contrast to the immoral, glamourous, and authoritative depiction of public relations women in television programmes, in reality they are mired by the struggles of a gendered occupation. Accordingly, they are not in fact in a position to have monstrous power over and impact on others. Therefore, one of the only elements the shows seem to capture and emphasise is that public relations is an occupation that specialises in image management; but what these shows contribute to is an ideology that women are expected to look and carry themselves in particular ways, ultimately constructing aesthetic standards that can diminish women’s power and self-esteem. Conclusion Miller’s archetypes may be over twenty years old, but the trend towards obsequious, manipulative, and cynical television characters remains. Although there have been identifiable shifts to loveable, yet shallow, public relations practitioners, such as Alexis Rose on Schitt’s Creek, the appeal of monstrous public relations practitioners remains. As Cohen puts it, monsters reveal to audiences “what a member of that society can become when those same dictates are rejected, when the authority of leaders or customs disintegrates and the subordination of individual to hierarchy is lost” (68). In other words, audiences enjoy watching the stories of metaphorical monsters because they exhibit the behaviours that are expected to be repressed in human beings; they depict what happens when the social norms of society are disturbed (Levina and Bui). At the very least, these media representations can act, much as monster narratives do, as a cautionary tale on how not to think and act to remain accepted as part of the in-group rather than being perceived as the Other. As Mittman and Hensel argue, society can learn much from monsters because monsters exist within human beings. According to Cohen, they offer meaning about the world and can teach audiences so they can learn, in this case, how to be better. Although the representations of public relations in television can offer insights into roles that are usually most effective when they are invisible (Chorazy and Harrington), the continued negative stereotypes of public relations practitioners can adversely impact on the industry if people are unaware of the practices of the occupation, because lacking a reference point limits audiences’ opportunities to critically evaluate the media representations. This will certainly harm the occupation by perpetuating existing negative stereotypes of charming and immoral practitioners, and perhaps add to its struggles with gendered identity and professional legitimacy. References Absolutely Fabulous. Created by Jennifer Saunders and Dawn French. 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