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Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Pressure pipelines'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 30 May 2022

Last updated: 31 July 2025

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1

Nsanzubuhoro, Rene. "Pressure-based leakage characterisation of bulk pipelines." Doctoral thesis, Faculty of Engineering and the Built Environment, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/30938.

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Water losses in distribution systems are a huge problem internationally and also in South Africa where more than a third of the water entering the water supply networks is lost through pipe leaks. With water demand increasing due to population growth and urbanisation, water resources are under greater stress and water supply failures are becoming more common. A great deal of work has been done over the past two decades on managing water losses in distribution systems. The Water Loss Task Force of the International Water Association (IWA) played a leading role in this effort, with the “IWA wate

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2

Bradley, Michael S. A. "Prediction of pressure losses in pneumatic conveying pipelines." Thesis, University of Greenwich, 1990. http://gala.gre.ac.uk/14606/.

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This project arose out of a need to improve the accuracy with which the pressure drop along pneumatic conveying pipelines in process plant could be predicted. The methods previously available for making this prediction are examined and critically assessed. The need for a different method is shown, and a new approach is developed and tested. The new approach involves testing of the product to be conveyed, in a test pipeline at the smaller end of the industrial scale, with measurements being made of the pressure drop caused by bends and of the pressure gradients in straight lengths; the data is

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3

Fallqvist, Björn. "Collapse of thick deepwater pipelines due to hydrostatic pressure." Thesis, KTH, Hållfasthetslära (Inst.), 2009. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-174084.

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The collapse-behaviour of pipes was to be studied by use of Finite Element modelling.Existing analytical expressions for collapse were evaluated and especially the one used inDNV-OS-F101 was decided to be studied in comparison with FE-model results.Parameters that may influence the collapse capacity and are not included in the analyticalexpressions –flattening, peaking, eccentricity, local wall thickness variation, materialstress-strain curve, residual stresses - were defined and explained. A model was built inthe Finite Element software package Abaqus v6.9.1 and several articles on collapsete

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4

Vancko, Robert M. "Effect of a drag reducing agent on pressure drop and flow regime transitions in multiphase horizontal low pressure pipelines." Ohio : Ohio University, 1997. http://www.ohiolink.edu/etd/view.cgi?ohiou1184354301.

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5

Alzuhd, Tahir Hussein Hasan. "Pressure losses associated with slurry flow in horizontal pipelines." Thesis, University of Hertfordshire, 2003. http://hdl.handle.net/2299/14146.

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The flow of solid liquid mixtures (slurries) has attracted much attention in research work because of its importance to industry. Prediction of pressure losses associated with slurry flow helps pipe designers select the correct pipe sizes for optimum energy consumption, equipment sizing and reliable operation of the pipeline networks. Many workers developed empirical correlations, but due to the randomness of the problem they seem of limited use in design applications because they do not contain an assessment except by trial and error, which is costly. The existence of more than one particle s

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6

Abbassian, F. "Long-running ductile fracture of high pressure gas pipelines." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 1985. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.372872.

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7

Sundara, V. "Transient flow dynamics in high pressure carbon dioxide pipelines." Thesis, University College London (University of London), 2015. http://discovery.ucl.ac.uk/1465047/.

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The purpose of this thesis is to model, investigate and where possible validate the impact of Emergency Shutdown Valve (ESDV) closure on mitigating the fugitive releases from failed CO2 pipelines employed as part of the Carbon Capture and Storage (CCS) chain. Additional mathematical modelling work is also presented for simulating steady-state fluid flow and mixing in CO2 pipeline networks containing the various types of impurities representative of the different capture technologies, including pre-combustion, post-combustion and oxyfuel. The pipeline rupture transient flow model, based on the

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8

Manouchehri, Soheil. "Behaviour of subsea pipelines subjected to bending and hydrostatic pressure." Thesis, Heriot-Watt University, 2004. http://hdl.handle.net/10399/244.

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9

Sandford, Richard J. "Lateral buckling of high pressure/high temperature on-bottom pipelines." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2012. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.645946.

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On-bottom (or unburied) pipelines) which carry hydrocarbons across the seabed) are typically subjected to compressive axial loading arising from restrained thermal- and pressure-induced expansion. This compressive loading usually causes a nominally straight pipeline to buckle into a mode lying predominantly in the plane of the seabed; this response is widely termed lateral buckling. Predicting the response of an on-bottom pipeline to thermal and pressure-induced axial compressive loading is the primary focus of this thesis. In assessing whether or not the structural integrity of a pipeline is

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10

Venables, Robert. "Thermal behaviour of transient high pressure hydrocarbon systems." Thesis, Imperial College London, 1997. http://hdl.handle.net/10044/1/8020.

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11

Keefe, Daniel Anthony. "Thermal behaviour of transient high pressure high speed flowing systems." Thesis, Imperial College London, 2000. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.312028.

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12

Arfaie, Mehdi. "Pressure transient analysis including column separation and behaviour of long pipelines." Thesis, University of Newcastle Upon Tyne, 1989. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.330263.

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13

Maley, Lisa. "A study of slug flow characteristics in large diameter horizontal multiphase pipelines." Ohio : Ohio University, 1997. http://www.ohiolink.edu/etd/view.cgi?ohiou1177090588.

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14

Gao, Xiang. "Hydrodynamics of HCP with slopes and bends /." free to MU campus, to others for purchase, 1999. http://wwwlib.umi.com/cr/mo/fullcit?p9962524.

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15

CARNEIRO, LEONARDO MOTTA. "STUDY OF THE DYNAMIC BEHAVIOR OF SPRING PRESSURE RELIEF VALVE FOR PIPELINES." PONTIFÍCIA UNIVERSIDADE CATÓLICA DO RIO DE JANEIRO, 2011. http://www.maxwell.vrac.puc-rio.br/Busca_etds.php?strSecao=resultado&nrSeq=21693@1.

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PONTIFÍCIA UNIVERSIDADE CATÓLICA DO RIO DE JANEIRO<br>A grande maioria dos dutos de transporte de petróleo e derivados no Brasil trabalha com válvulas de alívio no projeto dos seus sistemas de proteção. Desta forma, o perfeito dimensionamento e funcionamento destas válvulas são fundamentais para garantir a segurança de dutos de transporte e dos terminais de carga e descarga, caso haja alguma condição anormal de operação que gere sobrepressões. Estas válvulas aliviam a pressão interna do duto caso a mesma ultrapasse um valor definido e calibrado na válvula. Simplificadamente, a válvula de alívi

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16

Van, Deventer Christoffel Gerhardus. "Guidelines for predicting the remaining life of underground pipe networks that are subjected to the combined effects of external corrosion and internal pressure." Diss., Pretoria : [s.n.], 2002. http://upetd.up.ac.za/thesis/available/etd-10312005-113656/.

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17

Javaid, Muhammad Salik. "Measurement of pressure distribution around a circular cylinder on a plane wall in oscillatory flow." Diss., Georgia Institute of Technology, 1994. http://hdl.handle.net/1853/20733.

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18

Vancko, Jr Robert M. "Effect of a drag reducing agent on pressure drop and flow regime transitions in multiphase horizontal low pressure pipelines." Ohio University / OhioLINK, 1997. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ohiou1184354301.

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19

Wilkens, Robert Joseph. "Prediction of the flow regime transitions in high pressure, large diameter, inclined multiphase pipelines." Ohio University / OhioLINK, 1997. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ohiou1175023280.

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20

Fakroun, A., and Hadj Benkreira. "Rheology of waxy crude oils in relation to restart of gelled pipelines." Elsevier Ltd, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/10454/17283.

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Yes<br>Waxy crude oils are pumped hot but upon power cut, pumping stops, the oil cools leading below the wax appearance temperature to precipitation of the wax and the formation of a gel throughout the pipe. In such a situation, what is the minimum pressure required to restart flow, not to merely deform the gel or break it? This paper provides a solution to this problem using microscopic observations under controlled cooling conditions and rheological data conducted in constant stress mode under controlled temperature and cooling conditions and restart experiments in laboratory pipelines repli

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21

Daas, Mutaz A. "Effects of drag reducing agents on pressure drop and flow characteristics in multiphase inclined pipelines." Ohio : Ohio University, 2000. http://www.ohiolink.edu/etd/view.cgi?ohiou1171651331.

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22

Shi, Hua. "A study of oil-water flows in large diameter horizontal pipelines." Ohio : Ohio University, 2001. http://www.ohiolink.edu/etd/view.cgi?ohiou1178912194.

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23

Shabani, Behnam. "Wave-Associated Seabed Behaviour near Submarine Buried Pipelines." Thesis, The University of Sydney, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/2123/3532.

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Soil surrounding a submarine buried pipeline consolidates as ocean waves propagate over the seabed surface. Conventional models for the analysis of soil behaviour near the pipeline assume a two-dimensional interaction problem between waves, the seabed soil, and the structure. In other words, it is often considered that water waves travel normal to the orientation of pipeline. However, the real ocean environment is three-dimensional and waves approach the structure from various directions. It is therefore the key objective of the present research to study the seabed behaviour in the vicinity of

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Shabani, Behnam. "Wave-Associated Seabed Behaviour near Submarine Buried Pipelines." University of Sydney, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/2123/3532.

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Master of Engineering (Research)<br>Soil surrounding a submarine buried pipeline consolidates as ocean waves propagate over the seabed surface. Conventional models for the analysis of soil behaviour near the pipeline assume a two-dimensional interaction problem between waves, the seabed soil, and the structure. In other words, it is often considered that water waves travel normal to the orientation of pipeline. However, the real ocean environment is three-dimensional and waves approach the structure from various directions. It is therefore the key objective of the present research to study the

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25

Krishnamoorthy, Vijay. "Effect of gas density on corrosion in horizontal multiphase slug flow at high temperatures and pressures." Ohio : Ohio University, 1997. http://www.ohiolink.edu/etd/view.cgi?ohiou1177096097.

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26

Nugroho, Wibowo Harso 1967. "Monitoring of pipeline using smart sensors." Monash University, Dept. of Mechanical Engineering, 2001. http://arrow.monash.edu.au/hdl/1959.1/9236.

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27

Tullius, Lisa. "A study of drag reducing agents in multiphase flow in large diameter horizontal pipelines." Ohio : Ohio University, 2000. http://www.ohiolink.edu/etd/view.cgi?ohiou1181066439.

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28

Craveiro, Marina Vendl. "Upheaval buckling of pipelines triggered by the internal pressure resulting from the transportation of oil and gas: theoretical discussions and geometrically nonlinear analysis using Finite Element Method." Universidade de São Paulo, 2017. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/3/3144/tde-06122017-082632/.

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The pipelines used to transport oil and gas from the wellheads to the distribution and refining sites can be subjected to high levels of pressure and temperature. Under such conditions, the pipelines tend to expand, but, if the expansion is inhibited, a significant compressive axial force can arise, leading to their buckling, which can occur in the horizontal or vertical plane. In this context, the objective of the present work is to analyze the upheaval buckling of pipelines, considering the internal pressure to which they are subjected during the transportation of oil and gas as its only tri

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29

Tveråmo, Camilla. "Pipeline Walking of High Pressure/Temperature Flowlines." Thesis, Norges teknisk-naturvitenskapelige universitet, Institutt for marin teknikk, 2013. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:no:ntnu:diva-22366.

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The offshore pipeline industry are facing more complex design challenges as the oiland gas industry moves into deeper water in search for hydrocarbons. One of thesechallenges are related to high pressure/high temperature pipelines subjected tofrequent start-up and shut-downs during its? lifetime. One consequence of this kindof load cycles is that the pipeline may move cycle wise and axially towards its? coldend, which may be detrimental for the end connection design. This phenomenonis termed pipeline walking.The SAFEBUCK Joint Industry Project was initiated in 2002 to assess the challengesconn

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30

Malerba, Diego Leonardo. "Failure Consequence Modelling of High Pressure Hydrocarbon Transmission Pipeline." Master's thesis, Alma Mater Studiorum - Università di Bologna, 2018.

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In the present century, one of the challenges of the energy industry is the integrity and security of pipeline systems, that constitute the most efficient and safest means of transportation for oil and gas hydrocarbons. To pursue this goal, owing to the complex nature of interacting process governing the discharge rate, the use of a rigorous CFD model is an essential pre-requisite for producing reliable pipeline failure consequence data. For this reason, the Department of Chemical Engineering of The University College London (UCL) has developed a commercial software called PipeTech, which ha

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31

Dawson, Patricia Ann. "Gas release and the mathematical modelling of variable wavespeed pressure transients." Thesis, University of Leeds, 1989. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.329048.

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32

Jie, Hongen. "CFD modelling of transient two-phase flows for high pressure pipeline decompression." Thesis, Kingston University, 2013. http://eprints.kingston.ac.uk/28785/.

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A CFD model has been developed with the aim to predict transient two-phase flows for pipeline decompression. The arbitrary Lagrangian-Eulerian method was introduced to solve separately the convection terms from the other terms in a sub-cycled explicit manner using a sub-time step that is only a fraction of the main computational timestep, which can significantly simplify solution procedures and improve computational efficiency. The homogeneous equilibrium model (HEM) and homogeneous relaxation model (HRM) were employed to treat multi-component two phases as a continuous mixture based on the ba

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33

Tiley, C. H. "Pressure transients in a ruptured gas pipeline with friction and thermal effects included." Thesis, City, University of London, 1989. http://openaccess.city.ac.uk/17971/.

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A theoretical model has been developed which can simulate a linebreak occurring in a gas pipeline. By assuming one-dimensional homogeneous gas flow and neglecting minor losses and changes in cross-sectional area of the pipe, three simultaneous non-linear partial differential equations were derived from first principles which mathematically model pressure transients in a non-perfect gas. A constant value steady-flow friction factor was used to calculate the frictional losses which was considered to be a reasonable approach since it would not be possible to account for all the variations in fric

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34

Iyalla, Ibiyekariwaripiribo. "Computational fluid dynamics modelling of pipeline on-bottom stability." Thesis, Robert Gordon University, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/10059/2721.

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Subsea pipelines are subjected to wave and steady current loads which cause pipeline stability problems. Current knowledge and understanding on the pipeline on-bottom stability is based on the research programmes from the 1980’s such as the Pipeline Stability Design Project (PIPESTAB) and American Gas Association (AGA) in Joint Industry Project. These projects have mainly provided information regarding hydrodynamic loads on pipeline and soil resistance in isolation. In reality, the pipeline stability problem is much more complex involving hydrodynamic loadings, pipeline response, soil resistan

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35

Al-Jumaily, K. E. J. "Two phase flow pressure drop and void fraction studies in a large diameter horizontal pipeline." Thesis, University of Strathclyde, 1986. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.372062.

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36

Nosal, P. E. "Metallurgical investigation of hyperbaric welding at pressures to 250-bar for repairs to deep sea pipelines." Thesis, Cranfield University, 2001. http://dspace.lib.cranfield.ac.uk/handle/1826/11029.

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37

Saadawi, Abdunaser Ali. "Two phase flow metering and pressure loss through orifices and valves in a large diameter horizontal pipeline." Thesis, University of Strathclyde, 2000. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.248519.

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38

Pasha, Faiq Hussain 1959. "Optimal control of a valve to avoid column separation and minimize waterhammer pressures in a pipeline." Thesis, The University of Arizona, 1989. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/558105.

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39

Мягкий, Олександр Валерійович. "Підвищення завадостійкості теплової дефектоскопії багатошарових конструкцій та трубопроводів". Thesis, Харківський національний університет радіоелектроніки, 2018. http://repository.kpi.kharkov.ua/handle/KhPI-Press/40779.

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Дисертаційна робота на здобуття наукового ступеня кандидата технічних наук за спеціальністю 05.11.13 – прилади і методи контролю та визначення складу речовини. – Харківський національний університет радіоелектроніки, Харків, 2019. Дисертація присвячена підвищенню завадостійкості теплової дефектоскопії багатошарових стільникових конструкцій і трубопроводів шляхом зниження завад в тепловому неруйнівному контролі як за рахунок вибору режиму контролю за критерієм максимуму відношення сигнал / завада, так і за допомогою подальшої комп'ютерної обробки отриманих експериментальних даних. Запропонова

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40

Ткачук, Юрій Якович, Юрий Яковлевич Ткачук, Yurii Yakovych Tkachuk, Василь Олександрович Кугук, Василий Александрович Кугук та Vasyl Oleksandrovych Kuhuk. "Использование стабилизаторов давления для обеспечения безаварийности трубопроводных систем". Thesis, Сумский государственный университет, 2013. http://essuir.sumdu.edu.ua/handle/123456789/31437.

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Очень часто в процессе эксплуатации незащищенных трубопроводных систем возникают волновые явления, которые включают в себя провалы давления, гидравлические удары, вынужденные колебания давления, автоколебания, резонансные явления, а также связанные с ними вибрационные процессы. Результатом подобных процессов становиться неизбежное разрушение трубопроводной системы. При цитировании документа, используйте ссылку http://essuir.sumdu.edu.ua/handle/123456789/31437

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Мягкий, Олександр Валерійович. "Підвищення завадостійкості теплової дефектоскопії багатошарових конструкцій та трубопроводів". Thesis, Національний технічний університет "Харківський політехнічний інститут", 2019. http://repository.kpi.kharkov.ua/handle/KhPI-Press/40777.

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Дисертаційна робота на здобуття наукового ступеня кандидата технічних наук за спеціальністю 05.11.13 - прилади і методи контролю та визначення складу речовини. – Харківський національний університет радіоелектроніки, Харків, 2019. Дисертація присвячена підвищенню завадостійкості теплової дефектоскопії багатошарових стільникових конструкцій і трубопроводів шляхом зниження завад в тепловому неруйнівному контролі як за рахунок вибору режиму контролю за критерієм максимуму відношення сигнал / завада, так і за допомогою подальшої комп'ютерної обробки отриманих експериментальних даних. Запропонован

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42

Malde, Rahil. "An analysis of leakage parameters of individual leaks on a pressure pipeline through the development and application of a standard procedure." Master's thesis, University of Cape Town, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/13726.

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Water is a vital and scarce resource. Providing a sustainable and efficient means of transporting water is essential to the wellbeing of humankind. Most water distribution systems worldwide are ageing and deteriorating, as a result, leakage is a common problem. Modern water distribution systems use a variety of methods to minimise leakage, one of them is pressure management. However, the relationship between leakage and pressure is a complex one. The goals of this study were to develop a standard experimental procedure to determine the leakage parameters of a pipe with an individual leak, and

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Грабовський, Р. С. "Наукові основи оцінювання безпечної роботи та довговічності нафтогазопроводів тривалої експлуатації за параметрами їх дефектності". Thesis, Івано-Франківський національний технічний університет нафти і газу, 2012. http://elar.nung.edu.ua/handle/123456789/1847.

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Дисертація присвячена проблемам розроблення критеріїв оцінювання безпечної роботи та здійснення прогнозних розрахункових оцінок міцності та залишкового ресурсу тривало експлуатованих нафтогазопроводів із наявними дефектами, що є базисом для експертних висновків про можливість їх подальшої безпечної роботи або виведення з експлуатації. На основі проведених досліджень поверхневого тріщиноутворення при корозійно-втомній пошкоджуваності сталей для нафтогазопроводів отримано критеріальне співвідношення між довжиною поверхневої тріщини, характеристичним значенням прикладеного напруження та параме

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44

Ahmed, Ashfaq. "Simulation of subsea production pipeline stream to evaluate and address the flow assurance issues of waxy crude oil." Thesis, Curtin University, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11937/1030.

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The modern world is heavily dependent on crude oil and its associated products and the petroleum industry has taken responsibility to meet the rising consumer demand. Oil and gas production can be broadly subdivided into three separate fields of science and technology, notably production processes in the reservoir, production of oil and gas from the wells and finally surface gathering, separation and transportation.This research focused on the problem that oil producers usually face with waxy crude oil during its production, processing and transportation. Wax build up, especially in the crude

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Hettiaratchi, Kaushika. "A comparison between the pressure gradients in vertical and horizontal pneumatic conveying, with an investigation into the effect of pipeline bore in vertical conveying." Thesis, University of Greenwich, 2006. http://gala.gre.ac.uk/6190/.

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This study was initiated by the need to improve current techniques used in the design of pneumatic conveying systems. At present, the commonly used method to predict the pressure drop in a vertical pipeline in a pneumatic conveying system is to obtain the pressure gradient in a horizontal for the identical conveying conditions and double the pressure gradient in the horizontal pipeline to give the pressure gradient in the vertical pipeline. In addition, scaling for pipeline bore in vertical pipelines is simply undertaken by considering the change in cross-sectional area. This is another area w

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46

Phan, Van Trung. "Modelling of the in service behaviour of passive insulated structures for deep sea offshore applications." Thesis, Brest, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012BRES0098/document.

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L’étude se situe dans le cadre de la recherche de gains de performance de structures d’isolations passives pour l’offshore profond. Le travail proposé a pour support des analyses expérimentales et numériques de tubes revêtus par des matériaux isolants utilisés en eau profonde pour transporter du fluide chaud. Le raboutage des tubes en acier, préalablement revêtus en atelier, nécessite un dégagement du revêtement aux extrémités pour réaliser l'opération d'assemblage (généralement par soudure). La partie dégagée est ensuite recouverte par un nouveau matériau pouvant être appliqué sur site. Ainsi

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Toro, Rafael Jose Niño. "Pressão de ruptura de dutos contendo defeitos de corrosão." Universidade de São Paulo, 2014. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/18/18134/tde-26032015-101325/.

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Uma grande variedade de modelos é utilizada para estimar a pressão de ruptura de dutos contendo defeitos de corrosão. O presente trabalho tem como objetivo estudar a precisão dos modelos mais comuns e avaliar a pressão de ruptura de dutos submetidos à corrosão. Os modelos avaliados são: ASME B31G, ASME B31G modificado, DNV RP F101 e PCORRC. O estudo é baseado em mais de 400 resultados de ensaios de ruptura em dutos corroídos, todos coletados da literatura. A base de dados contem defeitos de corrosão reais e artificiais. Uma análise estatística foi realizada para a variável erro de modelo. Uma

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48

Kolář, Tomáš. "Studie odkanalizování vybrané obce." Master's thesis, Vysoké učení technické v Brně. Fakulta stavební, 2018. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-371960.

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The subject of this diploma thesis is a study of two variants of sewer network of Cetechovice. Variant solutions include the use of existing segments supplemented by new gravitational or pressure sections. The proposed variant solutions are then economically assessed.

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Suchý, Václav. "Výpočet tlakových ztrát spalinových kanálů s využitím matematického modelování." Master's thesis, Vysoké učení technické v Brně. Fakulta strojního inženýrství, 2018. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-378738.

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This diploma thesis deals with the calculation of pressure losses in the flue gas ducts. First part of this work describes properties of flue gas and flow dynamics. Part of the theoretical analysis was detailed study of pipeline elements with emphasis on the reasons for the existence of pressure loss in the flow, calculations of the resistance coefficients and possible methods of reducing the losses. In the practical part, a model of the pressure loss calculation of the existing flue gas line installed in the incineration plant was created. At the end of the thesis a proposal for optimization

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Vlasák, Bohdan. "Ztráty v potrubí průtokem směsných substrátů." Master's thesis, Vysoké učení technické v Brně. Fakulta strojního inženýrství, 2009. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-228576.

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Introductory part of this thesis is aimed on theoretical description, principle and building of biogas stations, which require solution of many different problems. A specific group of the problems concern transport of mixed substrates of different concentrations both in and outside the area of biogas station. A major part of the substrate transport is done by pumping it in pressure pipeline. Experimental work consists of design and description of a measuring circuit. Graphic characteristics for water and gas loss levels are drawn from the measured readings. Multiples of pressure losses by flow

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