Journal articles on the topic 'Pressure groups Victoria History'
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1
KANTER, DOUGLAS. "THE GALWAY PACKET-BOAT CONTRACT AND THE POLITICS OF PUBLIC EXPENDITURE IN MID-VICTORIAN IRELAND." Historical Journal 59, no. 3 (February 5, 2016): 747–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0018246x15000369.
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AbstractThis article argues that political considerations, economic theory, attitudes toward public finance, and concerns about regional development all influenced contemporary responses to the Galway packet-boat contract of 1859–64. Though historians have conventionally depicted the dispute over the contract as an episode in Victorian high politics, it maintains that the controversy surrounding the agreement between the Galway Company and the state cannot be understood solely in terms of party manoeuvre at Westminster. In the context of the Union between Britain and Ireland, the Galway contract raised important questions about the role of the British government in fostering Irish economic development through public expenditure. Politicians and opinion-makers adopted a variety of ideologically informed positions when addressing this issue, resulting in diverse approaches to state intervention, often across party lines. While political calculation and pressure from interest groups certainly affected policy, the substantive debate on the contract helped to shape the late Victorian Irish policy of both British parties by clarifying contemporary ideas about the economic functions appropriate to the Union state.
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Castle, David J. "Letter from Australia: mental healthcare in Victoria." Advances in Psychiatric Treatment 17, no. 1 (January 2011): 2–4. http://dx.doi.org/10.1192/apt.bp.110.008375.
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SummaryMental health services in the state of Victoria, Australia, have undergone enormous change over the past 15 years, with the closure of all stand-alone psychiatric hospitals and a shift of resources and services into the community. Although successful overall, various areas cause concern, including pressure on acute beds, a paucity of alternative residential options, and suboptimal integration of government and non-government agencies concerned with the care of people with mental illnesses. Certain groups, notably those with complex symptom sets such as substance use and mental illness, intellectual disability and forensic problems, remain poorly catered for by the system. Finally, community stigma and lack of work inclusion for mentally ill individuals are ongoing challenges.
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BECKETT, JOHN, and CHARLES WATKINS. "Natural History and Local History in Late Victorian and Edwardian England: The Contribution of the Victoria County History." Rural History 22, no. 1 (March 7, 2011): 59–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0956793310000142.
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AbstractIn 1899 the Victoria County History (VCH) was established as a ‘National Survey’ of England which was intended to show the present day condition of the country and trace the ‘domestic history’ of all English counties to the ‘earliest times’. Natural history was seen as a key component to be included in the first volume for every county. In this paper we examine the reasons for the prominence given to natural history and demonstrate how the expert knowledge of natural historians was marshalled and edited. We use the contrasting counties of Herefordshire and Nottinghamshire to examine key intellectual debates about the role of the amateur and the expert and concern about nomenclature, classification and the state of knowledge about different groups of species. We emphasize the importance of the geography of the natural history and the way in which the VCH charted concerns about species loss and extinction. We examine the reasons why the VCH later abandoned natural history and finally we assess the value of its published output for modern historical geographers, historical ecologists and environmental historians.
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Renzaho, Andre. "Re-visioning cultural competence in community health services in Victoria." Australian Health Review 32, no. 2 (2008): 223. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ah080223.
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There are few studies exploring the need to develop and manage culturally competent health services for refugees and migrants from diverse backgrounds. Using data from 50 interviews with service providers from 26 agencies, and focus group discussion with nine different ethnic groups, this paper examines how the Victorian state government funding and service agreements negatively impact on the quest to achieve cultural competence. The study found that service providers have adopted ?one approach fits all? models of service delivery. The pressure and competition for resources to address culturally and linguistically diverse communities? needs allows little opportunity for partnership and collaboration between providers, leading to insufficient sharing of information and duplication of services, poor referrals, incomplete assessment of needs, poor compliance with medical treatment, underutilisation of available services and poor continuity of care. This paper outlines a model for cultural consultation and developing needs-led rather than serviceled programs.
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Bowen, Lloyd. "Wales at Westminster: Parliament, Principality and Pressure Groups, 1542-1601*." Parliamentary History 22, no. 2 (March 17, 2008): 107–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1750-0206.2003.tb00611.x.
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Kwena, Zachary, Raphael Ondondo, Catherine Makokha, and Elizabeth Bukusi. "PO 8550 NATURE AND PREVALENCE OF MULTI-MORBIDITY IN FISHING COMMUNITIES ON LAKE VICTORIA, KENYA." BMJ Global Health 4, Suppl 3 (April 2019): A52.2—A52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjgh-2019-edc.137.
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IntroductionMultimorbidity, coexistence of two or more chronic conditions, is becoming more common across different demographic groups in sub-Saharan Africa. We investigate the nature and prevalence of multimorbidity in fishing communities on Lake Victoria in Kenya.MethodsWe conducted a cross-sectional survey enrolling 679participants in the fishing communities to establish theprevalence of HIV and non-communicable diseases (NCDs)and associated risk factors. The NCDs targeted included diabetes mellitus detected by random blood glucose (RBG) and kidney dysfuction detected by serum creatinine level and proteniuria. Hypertension was defined as systolic blood pressure ≥140 mmHg and/or diastolic blood pressure ≥90 mmHg. Diabetes mellitus was defined as RBG >7.8 mmol/L and renal dysfunction was defined as estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) <60 mL/min or proteinuria. HIV was tested using rapid Determine assays and reactive results confirmed with UniGold assays. Additionally, participants were determined as having the condition if they reported being on medication for the condition. We analysed the results using descriptive statistics and used Chi-square test to discern if there were statistically significant differences by gender.ResultsOverall, HIV prevalence was 36% while 15%, 12% and 8% of the participants were suspected to have kidney dysfuction, hypertension and diabetes mellitus, respectively. Overall, 12% of the participants had multimorbidity. The most common multimorbidity among those with any of the four chronic conditions was HIV and kidney dysfunction (29%), followed by hypertension and kidney dysfuction (22%), HIV and hypertension (20%), HIV and diabetes (18%), diabetes and kidney disease (6%) and, lastly, diabetes and hypertension (5%). Apart from HIV, we observed no statistically significant gender differences for any of the NCDs or various multimorbidity conditions.ConclusionThese fishing communities have a high burden of both HIV and NCDs resulting in high prevalence of different multimorbidities.
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Coetzee, Frans. "Pressure Groups, Tory Businessmen and the Aura of Political Corruption Before the First World War." Historical Journal 29, no. 4 (December 1986): 833–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0018246x00019075.
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When Gladstone's Liberal government passed the Corrupt and Illegal Practices Prevention Act in 1883, its supporters hoped that the future conduct of politics would be purer and more equitable. Not only would the grosser forms of corruption (such as bribery or intimidation) now be punished more severely, but the advantages previously enjoyed by wealthier candidates would now be minimized because the new law imposed strict limits on campaign spending which applied equally to all candidates for a particular constituency. But these noble goals, it soon appeared, were little closer to realization because the law contained a crucial loophole by failing to constrain the expenditure of the numerous pressure groups active in British politics. Because of this loophole, electoral corruption might continue to flourish, even if the perpetrator would no longer be the candidate's agent, but rather the pressure group treasurer. This view that the intent (if not the letter) of the law was being subverted was a common theme of Edwardian political journalism. As the Westminster Gazette observed, ‘when a by-election takes place each candidate has the assistance of a cloud of outside organizations which spend on the election a large sum of money which is not included in the official election expenses… clearly the result is to drive a coach-and-six through the Corrupt Practices Act.’ On the floor of the House of Commons similar arguments were aired. One Liberal MP contended that the statute ‘had been of great service in securing more honest representation than before, but no one who had followed political events closely could fail to see that its whole purpose was avoided, and that its terms were entirely circumvented, by the action which political organizations took on behalf of a candidate, which he was wholly unable to do for himself.’ Such assertions remained unsubstantiated, however, because infringements by pressure groups were rarely subjected to legal review in the election courts, being considered too difficult to define and expensive to prove.
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Heerde, Jessica A., Gabriel J. Merrin, Vi T. Le, John W. Toumbourou, and Jennifer A. Bailey. "Health of Young Adults Experiencing Social Marginalization and Vulnerability: A Cross-National Longitudinal Study." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 20, no. 3 (January 17, 2023): 1711. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph20031711.
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People who experience social marginalization and vulnerability have uniquely complex health needs and are at risk of poor health outcomes. Regression analyses using longitudinal data from a cross-national, population-based sample of young adults participating in the International Youth Development Study, tested associations between social marginalization and vulnerabilities and physical health, mental health, and substance use outcomes. Participants from Victoria, Australia, and Washington State in the US were surveyed at ages 25 (2014) and 29 years (2018; N = 1944; 46.7% male). A history of adverse childhood experiences (ACEs), LGBT identity, financial insecurity, and justice system involvement at age 25 predicted poor health outcomes at age 28, including lower perceived health status, risk for chronic illness, depression and anxiety symptoms, and diagnosed mental health/substance use disorders. Tests of model equivalence across states showed that a history of ACEs was more strongly related to health status and serious injury at age 28 and justice system involvement at age 25 was more strongly related to age 28 serious injury in Victoria than in Washington State. Findings strengthen the case for future population-based research identifying life-course interventions and state policies for reducing poor health and improving health equity among members of socially marginalized groups.
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Mendes, Philip, and Badal Moslehuddin. "Moving out from the state parental home: A comparison of leaving care policies in Victoria and New South Wales." Children Australia 29, no. 2 (2004): 20–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1035077200005976.
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Young people leaving care are arguably one of the most vulnerable and disadvantaged groups in society. Compared to most young people, they face numerous barriers to accessing educational, employment and other developmental and transitional opportunities.Using information from interviews and a range of documents, this study compares the leaving care supports currently available in two Australian states, Victoria and New South Wales. Attention is drawn to the history of the leaving care debate in both states, the nature of the existing legislative and program supports for care leavers in each state, the key political and policy actors that have either helped or hindered the development of leaving care policies and services in each state, and the principal unmet needs of care leavers in each state.The findings suggest that NSW leads the way in terms of providing effective legislative and program supports to care leavers. The differences between Victoria and NSW are attributed to a number of factors including particularly the different relationships between the respective government bureaucracies and non-government child welfare sectors.
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Belchem, John. "The Neglected “Unstamped”: The Manx Pauper Press of the 1840s." Albion 24, no. 4 (1992): 605–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/4050669.
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By using Manx taxation and postal privileges, radicals and other activists were able to avoid the “taxes on knowledge,” to continue the campaign for a cheap press that mainland publishers, veterans of the “war of the unstamped,” had been forced to abandon in 1836. Free of stamp duty, paper duty, and advertizement tax, papers published on the Isle of Man were entitled to free postage throughout mainland Britain, a privilege extended to include re-postage in 1840. Taking advantage of these Manx facilities, publishers were able to defy commercial pressures to re-launch the “unstamped,” briefly recapturing its original political and educational mission. This paper seeks to recover this neglected episode in newspaper history. It highlights the use of Manx facilities by three broad groups of reformers, each of whom looked to the medium of the cheap press to redefine the reform agenda of early-Victorian Britain. First, those who promoted individual behavioral reform, a project that extended from temperance through various “alternative” remedies and regimes, physical and mental, to a bewildering array of “faddist” nostrums. Second, those involved in the increasing formalization of popular politics and associational culture, a process that placed print above traditional oral and visual modes of communication. Third, and closely related, those radicals who wished to expurgate earlier errors and excesses, to replace the transient tumult of the collective mass platform by individual commitment to rational reform. Each of these groups sought to benefit from Manx publication and postal privileges: through the widespread distribution of inexpensive propaganda; by the production of cheap “in-house” journals, which would provide channels of information for members of affiliated friendly societies, amalgamated trade unions, and political organizations; and by the packaging of news in cheap and attractive formats to reach the individual family home. These categories often overlapped, as did their formats; in the publications of William Shirrefs, the most enterprising of the Manx-based printers and publishers, newspaper, magazine, and “agitational” journal merged into one, providing a lively mixture of news, education, politics, information, fiction, amusement, and recreation, a comprehensive cheap package for the working-class reader. At a time of commercialization—the rise of the penny dreadful, the advent of the family magazine, and the dominance of the lurid Sunday press—the Manx press pointed towards the higher ideals of mid-Victorian Britain, providing its readership with the information and instruction to allow their personal and political development within the privacy of the home.
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Bates, Stephen. "Case Half-Closed: The Hutchins Commission’s Indictment of Pressure Groups for Media Manipulation." Media History 26, no. 3 (March 1, 2019): 316–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/13688804.2019.1582327.
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Quartly, Marian. "‘[W]e Find Families for Children, Not Children for Families’: An Incident in the Long and Unhappy History of Relations between Social Workers and Adoptive Parents." Social Policy and Society 11, no. 3 (March 30, 2012): 415–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1474746412000097.
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Relatively little work on adoption focuses on the role of social workers. This article gives an account of the conflict between social workers and prospective adoptive parents which developed in Australia in the 1970s, taking as a case study the conflicting roles of adoptive parent advocates and professional social workers within the Standing Committee on Adoption in the Australian state of Victoria. Its overarching concern lies with the historical attitudes of the social work profession towards adoption, both domestic and intercountry, as these have changed from an embrace of both adoption and adoptive parents to mutual alienation. It concludes that the inclusive practice of radical social work could only briefly contain contesting client groups.
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Powles, Stephen B., Edwin S. Tucker, and Tom R. Morgan. "A Capeweed (Arctotheca calendula) Biotype in Australia Resistant to Bipyridyl Herbicides." Weed Science 37, no. 1 (January 1989): 60–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0043174500055855.
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Paraquat and diquat were used from 1963 until 1986 to control capeweed and other annual weeds on an alfalfa field at Elmhurst, Victoria, Australia. From 1983, control of capeweed with these bipyridyl herbicides was no longer satisfactory. In experiments conducted on this field in 1986 and 1987, 800 g ai/ha of diquat was required to equal the control of capeweed obtained by 100 g/ha diquat in an adjacent pasture field with no history of herbicide use. There were substantial numbers of a diquat-resistant biotype within the population in the alfalfa field. It is concluded that the diquat-resistant biotype of capeweed became dominant due to the strong selection pressure provided by over 20 yr of use of the bipyridyl herbicides.
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Wang, Jennifer, Zyg Chapman, Emma Cole, Satomi Koide, Eldon Mah, Simon Overstall, and Dean Trotter. "Use of Closed Incision Negative Pressure Therapy (ciNPT) in Breast Reconstruction Abdominal Free Flap Donor Sites." Journal of Clinical Medicine 10, no. 21 (November 5, 2021): 5176. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jcm10215176.
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Background: Closed incision negative pressure therapy (ciNPT) may reduce the rate of wound complications and promote healing of the incisional site. We report our experience with this dressing in breast reconstruction patients with abdominal free flap donor sites. Methods: A retrospective cohort study was conducted of all patients who underwent breast reconstruction using abdominal free flaps (DIEP, MS-TRAM) at a single institution (Royal Melbourne Hospital, Victoria) between 2016 and 2021. Results: 126 female patients (mean age: 50 ± 10 years) were analysed, with 41 and 85 patients in the ciNPT (Prevena) and non-ciNPT (Comfeel) groups, respectively. There were reduced wound complications in almost all outcomes measured in the ciNPT group compared with the non-ciNPT group; however, none reached statistical significance. The ciNPT group demonstrated a lower prevalence of surgical site infections (9.8% vs. 11.8%), wound dehiscence (4.9% vs. 12.9%), wound necrosis (0% vs. 2.4%), and major complication requiring readmission (2.4% vs. 7.1%). Conclusion: The use of ciNPT for abdominal donor sites in breast reconstruction patients with risk factors for poor wound healing may reduce wound complications compared with standard adhesive dressings; however, large scale, randomised controlled trials are needed to confirm these observations. Investigation of the impact of ciNPT patients in comparison with conventional dressings, in cohorts with equivocal risk profiles, remains a focus for future research.
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Clay, Fiona J., and Joan Ozanne-Smith. "Private hospital insurance status among a state-wide injured population." Australian Health Review 30, no. 2 (2006): 252. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ah060252.
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Injury is a leading cause of inpatient hospital episodes. Over a 4-year period (1997?2000) the Australian Government introduced measures to support the private health insurance industry by providing incentives for people to take up private health insurance (PHI) in order to take the pressure off public hospitals. This study examined the levels of PHI for moderately and severely injured people in Victoria as a way of determining the effectiveness of government incentives. The method involved an analysis of all Victorian public and private hospital injury admissions between July 2000 and June 2003. We found that people with injuries, either unintentional or intentional, had lower levels of PHI than state norms. While numbers of injured patients occupying private hospital beds initially increased, levels then dropped below the levels before the introduction of the incentives. The burden of injury is substantial and suggests that incentives need to be targeted towards at-risk groups.
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KAUR, AMARJIT. "A History of Forestry in Sarawak." Modern Asian Studies 32, no. 1 (February 1998): 117–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0026749x98003011.
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Tropical deforestation and the associated economic, ecological, and equity issues have become a matter of general interest and concern for scholars, international conservation and environmental organizations, and local pressure groups. ‘Remote’ outposts like Sarawak (‘Land of the White Rajahs’) have suddenly been thrust into the limelight as conflicts arose between different interest and ethnic groups for allocation of land and rights to utilize forest resources. A review of existing knowledge and data is therefore necessary to set rainforest clearance in Sarawak in a local, national, and international political economy context. This paper looks at the following themes: the historical legacy of ‘commercial’ extraction of forest products; the growth of the timber sector and the development of state forest regulation; and the conflicts of interest for allocation of land and rights to utilize forest resources.
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Skrentny, John D. "Policy Making Is Decision Making: A Response to Hattam." Studies in American Political Development 18, no. 1 (April 2004): 70–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0898588x04000057.
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How should we explain politics and policymaking in one of the most tumultuous and active periods in the history of the American state? Victoria Hattam and I approach the same topic from different starting points and with different goals. While she argues for attention to grass roots mobilization, I look to the policymaking process. I believe the study of policy change should begin at the center of power, where policy decision-making takes place, and should assume nothing about the relevance or role of the political grass roots. Policymakers themselves are always part of the story of policymaking. Grass roots groups are sometimes key actors, yet their impact on policymaking must be demonstrated, not assumed. Assessing this impact and understanding policy development also requires examining cases of failure along with cases of success, and I believe Hattam's neglect of the comparative framework in my book leads her analysis astray.
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Häni, Levin, Christian Fung, Christopher Marvin Jesse, Christian Thomas Ulrich, Timo Miesbach, Debora Rosalba Cipriani, Tomas Dobrocky, et al. "Insights into the natural history of spontaneous intracranial hypotension from infusion testing." Neurology 95, no. 3 (June 10, 2020): e247-e255. http://dx.doi.org/10.1212/wnl.0000000000009812.
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ObjectiveTo assess the pathophysiologic changes in patients with spontaneous intracranial hypotension (SIH) based on measures of CSF dynamics, and on the duration of symptoms, in a retrospective case-controlled study.MethodsWe included consecutive patients investigated for SIH at our department from January 2012 to February 2018. CSF leak was considered confirmed if extrathecal contrast spillage was seen on imaging (CT or MRI) after intrathecal contrast application, or dural breach was detected by direct intraoperative visualization. We divided patients with a confirmed CSF leak into 3 groups depending on the symptom duration, as follows: ≤10, 11–52, and >52 weeks. Clinical characteristics and measures of CSF fluid dynamics obtained by computerized lumbar infusion testing were analyzed over time and compared with a reference population.ResultsAmong the 137 patients included, 69 had a confirmed CSF leak. Whereas 93.1% with <10 weeks of symptoms displayed typical orthostatic headache, only 62.5% with >10 weeks of symptoms did (p = 0.004). Analysis of infusion tests revealed differences between groups with different symptom duration for CSF outflow resistance (p < 0.001), lumbar baseline pressure (p = 0.013), lumbar plateau pressure (p < 0.001), baseline pressure amplitude (p = 0.021), plateau pressure amplitude (p = 0.001), pressure–volume index (p = 0.001), elastance (p < 0.001), and CSF production rate (p = 0.001). Compared to the reference population, only patients with acute symptoms showed a significantly altered CSF dynamics profile.ConclusionA CSF leak dramatically alters CSF dynamics acutely, but the pattern changes over time. There is an association between the clinical presentation and changes in CSF dynamics.
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WEBSTER, GRANT N., and IAN BOOL. "A new genus for four myobatrachid frogs from the South Western Australian Ecoregion." Zootaxa 5154, no. 2 (June 14, 2022): 127–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5154.2.2.
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The southern Australian endemic genus Geocrinia Blake 1973 (Anura: Myobatrachidae) currently contains seven species, with five restricted to Western Australia and two in the south-eastern states covering parts of New South Wales, Victoria, Tasmania and South Australia. All species have a modified life history with at least some or all of the larval stage being completed terrestrially. Four of the Western Australian species have terrestrial, non-feeding tadpoles nourished by yolk until metamorphosis. The remaining species have a biphasic development with embryos developing on land followed by an aquatic tadpole stage. The presence of species groups within the Geocrinia has been recognised since the 1970s, with all relevant subsequent studies supporting a model of two groups within the genus, recovered as reciprocally monophyletic in phylogenetic analyses. We examined character traits of the seven recognised Geocrinia species, concluding that distinction of the two monophyletic groups is supported by differences in life history strategy, larval morphology, adult morphology, call structure, breeding season and geographic distribution. The differences between the two groups correspond to phylogenetic structuring for all traits except distribution. Given reciprocal monophyly, and greater variation in traits than present within other myobatrachid genera, we conclude that the two groups should be given generic distinction. We therefore describe a new genus, Anstisia gen. nov., for four Western Australian Geocrinia species, retaining three species in Geocrinia. This increases the number of recognised myobatrachid genera to 14: five are endemic to south-western Australia.
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Vallance, T. "Achievement in Isolation: A.W. Howitt, Pioneering Investigator of Metamorphism in Australia." Earth Sciences History 5, no. 1 (January 1, 1986): 39–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.17704/eshi.5.1.3h10521520544830.
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The earliest coherent observations of metamorphic phenomena in Australia were made by a policemagistrate, stationed in a remote part of Victoria and largely self-taught in geology. In a series of reports and papers issued between 1875 and 1892 that magistrate, Alfred William Howitt, recorded details of metamorphic progressions found in the mountains of eastern Victoria - from folded Palaeozoic strata to crystalline schists and gneisses, and of different sorts of granitic bodies in the regional metamorphic association.Howitt worked at a time when the metamorphic status of crystalline schists was far from generally accepted in Europe and America; some still regarded them as portions of unchanged Primitive crust. Like George Barrow in Scotland - whose work in some ways he anticipated, Howitt, however, through the influence of Lyell's writings, began as a believer in metamorphism. But whereas Barrow is respected for innovative contributions to metamorphic thought and method, Howitt's isolation in Australia kept his work little known. In fact, as recent studies show, Howitt was investigating a regional metamorphism different in style from that of Barrow. Howitt not only pioneered metamorphic petrology in Australia, he really began the study of what is now termed low-pressure regional metamorphism.This paper seeks to set Howitt's metamorphic investigations in the contexts of his career and the then condition of his chosen subject. The principal influences on his approaches to petrography and metamorphism are seen to be German in origin. Howitt may have had no formal training in science but as a boy he lived in Germany for some years and learned the language. It was to be a most useful acquisition.
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Clemann, Nick. "Cold-blooded indifference: a case study of the worsening status of threatened reptiles from Victoria, Australia." Pacific Conservation Biology 21, no. 1 (2015): 15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/pc14901.
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For the first time in the history of life, a biodiversity extinction crisis is being driven by a single species – humans. Humans also have unprecedented control over both the threats and conservation actions that influence this crisis. When prioritising conservation actions, innate human bias often favours endothermic vertebrates over other fauna. Reptiles are the least popular terrestrial vertebrate class, and consequently are particularly disadvantaged in terms of being listed as threatened and receiving conservation management. Despite 30 years of formally evaluating and listing threatened vertebrates in the Australian State of Victoria, there is a strong worsening trend in the conservation status of all faunal groups. The deteriorating status of Victorian reptiles mirrors worrying documented trends in reptile conservation status around the world. I review the history of listing threatened reptiles in Victoria, detail worsening trends in their conservation status, and suggest that, as in other parts of the world, the threats common to most listed taxa are climate change, habitat loss and degradation, and elevated rates of predation by exotic predators. I also identify poor advice and planning as a considerable threat to Victorian reptiles; this threat is rarely reported, but may be more pervasive than currently recognised. I argue that what is needed for most reptiles to have the greatest chance of persisting in the long term is prevention of habitat loss and degradation, research to underpin listing and management, improved policy so that unproven management strategies are not sanctioned, and vetting of consultant’s reports so that unproven ‘mitigation’ strategies and inadequate preimpact surveys do not mask the true cost of loss and degradation of habitat.
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Betts, Juliana, Elizabeth M. Dewar, Dion Stub, Caroline X. Gao, David W. Brown, Jillian F. Ikin, Berihun M. Zeleke, Sinjini Biswas, Michael J. Abramson, and Danny Liew. "Markers of Cardiovascular Disease among Adults Exposed to Smoke from the Hazelwood Coal Mine Fire." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 18, no. 4 (February 8, 2021): 1587. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18041587.
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Little research has examined the effects of high concentration, medium-duration smoke exposure on cardiovascular health. We investigated whether six weeks of exposure to smoke from the 2014 Hazelwood coal mine fire in Victoria (Australia), was associated with long-term clinical or subclinical cardiovascular disease approximately four years later, in adult residents of the towns of Morwell (exposed, n = 336) and Sale (unexposed, n = 162). The primary outcome was serum high sensitivity (hs) C-reactive protein (CRP). Blood pressure, electrocardiogram, flow mediated dilatation and serum levels of hs-troponin, N-terminal pro B-type natriuretic peptide and lipids were secondary outcomes. There was no significant difference in weighted median hsCRP levels between exposed and unexposed participants (1.9 mg/L vs. 1.6 mg/L, p = 0.273). Other outcomes were comparable between the groups. hsCRP was associated in a predictable manner with current smoking, obesity and use of lipid-lowering therapy. Four years after a 6-week coal mine fire, this study found no association between smoke exposure and markers of clinical or subclinical cardiovascular disease in exposed adults.
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Farooq, Sajid, Muhammad Farhan Ali Rizvi, Sana Urooj Hashmi, Mirza Ahmad Raza Baig, Hafiz Syed Muhammad Irfan Yousaf, and Tasadduq Munir. "A prospective randomized study to see the effects of combined administration of dexmedetomidine plus propofol versus propofol alone in cardiac surgical patients." Professional Medical Journal 28, no. 04 (April 10, 2021): 447–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.29309/tpmj/2021.28.04.5815.
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Objective: To compare the hemodynamics changes, intraoperative awareness and postoperative delirium after combined administration of dexmedetomidine plus propofol versus propofol alone in cardiac surgical patients. Study Design: Randomized Clinical Trial. Setting: Cardiac Center, Bahawal Victoria Hospital, Bahawalpur. Period: 1st December 2018 to January 2020. Material & Methods: Sixty-two (62) patients who underwent different cardiac surgical procedures were included in the study. Patients were randomly divided in group 1 {Dexmedetomidine (DEX) +Propofol} and group 2 {propofol alone}. Induction in group 1 was done by loading dose of DEX (0.7 microgram/kg) while induction in group 2 was done by Lignocaine 1.5 mg/kg. Heart rate (HR), systolic arterial pressure (SAP), diastolic arterial pressure (DAP) and mean arterial pressure (MAP) were recorded at different time intervals. Intraoperative awareness and post-operative delirium was also assessed. Results: All hemodynamic parameters (HR, SAP, DAP, MAP) were statistically significant lower in group 1 in comparison to group 2 at different intervals indicating a more stable hemodynamic profile in group 1. End tidal CO2, pH, and peak airway pressures were not statistically significant between both groups. Intra-operative awareness was diagnosed in 1 (3.2%) patients in group 1 and in 5 (16.1%) patients in group 2 (p-value 0.08). Delirium was diagnosed in 3 (9.6%) patients in group 1 and in only 1 (3.2%) patients in group 2 (p-value 0.30). Conclusion: Combined administration of DEX and propofol produces more stable hemodynamics, less intraoperative awareness but more incidence of delirium as compared to propofol alone in cardiac surgical patients.
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Knox, Sarah S. "Perception of Social Support and Blood Pressure in Young Men." Perceptual and Motor Skills 77, no. 1 (August 1993): 132–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.2466/pms.1993.77.1.132.
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This study investigated the association between perceived social support, blood pressure, and heart rate during rest and stress. 29 men were selected from 184 students on the basis of having high and low perceived social support. During rest and two of the laboratory stressors, the low-support group had higher diastolic pressure than the high-support group. Systolic blood pressure and heart rate did not differ between the two groups during either rest or stress. The low-support group was slightly older (24.8 yr.) than the high-support group (22.4 yr.), but the groups did not differ with respect to parental history of hypertension, body mass index, smoking, anxiety, anger inhibition, or environmental stress.
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Ridings, Eugene W. "Pre-Modern Interest Groups and Government: Brazil in the Nineteenth Century." Americas 46, no. 3 (January 1990): 315–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1007016.
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Despite the considerable scholarly attention given contemporary interest groups (also known as pressure groups), there are few studies of their governmental influence and operations in a premodern setting. Such studies could tell us much, not only about the historical roots of interest groups, but about governmental processes in premodern nations. Brazil in the nineteenth century is a good subject for such research. With its economy largely based on varied agricultural and raw material export, it was also the scene of incipient industrialization. Under a constitutional monarchy, it had modified representative government, and basic political rights were respected. Nineteenth-century Brazilian interest groups, in addition to illustrating the characteristics of pre-modern interest organizations, strongly influenced governmental decision-making and public opinion and foreshadowed the activities of the much more numerous and varied groups of the twentieth century.
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Ivanova, Olga S., Elena Yu Maychuk, Svetlana V. Yureneva, and Irina V. Voevodina. "Obstetric and gynecological history and arterial stiffness in women of different age groups." Gynecology 24, no. 2 (April 15, 2022): 108–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.26442/20795696.2022.2.201414.
Full textAbstract:
Aim. To study the correlation between the features of obstetric and gynecological anamnesis with indicators of arterial stiffness in women of different age groups to assess additional risk factors for the development of cardiovascular diseases.
Materials and methods. The single centre study involved women aged 18 to 65 years. The surveyed 161 women were divided into three groups: 1st group 52 young women from 18 to 30 years old; 2nd group 54 women from 31 years old to the onset of menopause; 3rd group 55 postmenopausal women. The 1 and 2nd groups included women with preserved reproductive function. All women underwent a questionnaire survey, clinical examination, determination of anthropometric data, measurement of cfPWV, determination of arterial stiffness by volume sphygmography, 24-hour blood pressure monitoring with assessment of aortic stiffness and characteristics of the central pulse wave.
Results. In group 1, the early age of menarche was associated with an increase in the rate of morning rise in SBP (r=-0.46, p=0.002) and a decrease in SEVR (r=0.33, p=0.03); the use of combined oral contraceptives correlates with an increase in the Weissler coefficient PEP/ET (R=0.3, p=0.03) and amplification of pulse pressure PPA (R=0.29, p=0.04). A history of 1 or 2 pregnancies is associated with a decrease in arterial stiffness. At the same time, 3 or more pregnancies in the anamnesis create the prerequisites for the formation of arterial stiffness. The early onset of pregnancy pathologies, namely, starting from the 1st or 2nd trimester of pregnancy, is associated with a violation of the characteristics of the reflected wave at a young age and the formation of arterial stiffness in the menopausal period. History of abortions was associated with PWVao (R=0.45, p=0.002), ASI (R=0.43, p=0.002) in group 2. History of miscarriages is associated with SEVR (R=0.52, p=0.00005) and SEVR to HR75 (R=0.27, p=0.04) in the menopausal period.
Conclusion. Pathology of pregnancy, three or more pregnancies in history, early age of menarche, taking combined oral contraceptives, abortions and miscarriages in history are associated with an increase in arterial stiffness in the future, which predisposes women to the development of CVD and should be taken into account for preventive purposes.
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Schoenbrun, David L. "We Are What We Eat: Ancient Agriculture Between the Great Lakes." Journal of African History 34, no. 1 (March 1993): 1–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0021853700032989.
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A history of food systems in Africa's Great Lakes region is presented using mostly historical linguistic sources, with help from archaeology and paleoecology. The paper moves beyond understanding the causes and consequences of iron-working as the most important feature of the period betweenc. 1000b.c.andc.a.d.500. I argue that a history of agriculture both gives context to changes in technology and introduces powerful new explanations for historical processes of settlement and occupational specialization that took place.Between 1000b.c.and 500b.c., in the Great Lakes region, speakers of three of Africa's four major language families practiced distinguishable food-producing systems. Two groups, Central Sudanian and Sog Eastern Sudanian, depended mainly on growing cereals and raising livestock for their sustenance. The third group, the Tale Southern Cushites, gave decidedly greater emphasis to cattle but probably also grew grains. A fourth group, the Great Lakes Bantu, grew root crops, fished and raised cattle and grain. They inherited much of their knowledge of these techniques, other than cattle-raising, from earlier Eastern Highlands Bantu-speakers. But they incorporated cattle and some grains through longstanding contacts with the two Sudanian and the Southern Cushitic communities. The eclectic food system they thus created allowed them to carry their unified, complex food-producing system throughout the wide variety of environments that they encountered in the Lakes region. Afterc.a.d.200 descendants of the Great Lakes Bantu refined this synthesis; they emphasized livestock raising inland from Lake Victoria, and mixed farmers spread throughout the Kivu Rift. Technological, demographic, ecological and sociological explanations of the technological evidence are offered.
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Vianney, Tushabe John, Duncan J. Berger, Stephen R. Doyle, Geetha Sankaranarayanan, Joel Serubanja, Prossy Kabuubi Nakawungu, Fred Besigye, et al. "Genome-wide analysis of Schistosoma mansoni reveals limited population structure and possible praziquantel drug selection pressure within Ugandan hot-spot communities." PLOS Neglected Tropical Diseases 16, no. 8 (August 18, 2022): e0010188. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pntd.0010188.
Full textAbstract:
Populations within schistosomiasis control areas, especially those in Africa, are recommended to receive regular mass drug administration (MDA) with praziquantel (PZQ) as the main strategy for controlling the disease. The impact of PZQ treatment on schistosome genetics remains poorly understood, and is limited by a lack of high-resolution genetic data on the population structure of parasites within these control areas. We generated whole-genome sequence data from 174 individual miracidia collected from both children and adults from fishing communities on islands in Lake Victoria in Uganda that had received either annual or quarterly MDA with PZQ over four years, including samples collected immediately before and four weeks after treatment. Genome variation within and between samples was characterised and we investigated genomic signatures of natural selection acting on these populations that could be due to PZQ treatment. The parasite population on these islands was more diverse than found in nearby villages on the lake shore. We saw little or no genetic differentiation between villages, or between the groups of villages with different treatment intensity, but slightly higher genetic diversity within the pre-treatment compared to post-treatment parasite populations. We identified classes of genes significantly enriched within regions of the genome with evidence of recent positive selection among post-treatment and intensively treated parasite populations. The differential selection observed in post-treatment and pre-treatment parasite populations could be linked to any reduced susceptibility of parasites to praziquantel treatment.
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Si, Xiao-bei, and Wei Liu. "Relationship between blood lipid and arterial stiffness in hypertension." Clinical and Investigative Medicine 42, no. 3 (September 29, 2019): E47—E55. http://dx.doi.org/10.25011/cim.v42i3.33092.
Full textAbstract:
Purpose: To explore the relationship between blood lipids and pulse wave velocity (PWV).
Methods: We retrospectively selected subjects who had undergone treatment in an outpatient or inpatient clinic. The subjects were sub-grouped into four
groups: Group A (no history of hypertension and dyslipidemia), Group B (a history of dyslipidemia but not hypertension), Group C (a history of hypertension but not dyslipidemia) and Group D (a history of both hypertension and dyslipidemia). We determined brachial-ankle pulse wave velocity (baPWV), atherogenic index of plasma (AIP), non-high-density lipoprotein (non-HDL-C), total cholesterol/high density lipoprotein (TC/HDL-C) and atherogenic indices (AI) for hypertension and non-hypertension and dyslipidemia and non-dyslipidemia patients.
Results: A total of 380 subjects were included. Uric acid, systolic pressure, diastolic pressure, pulse pressure and mean arterial pressure were significantly different among the groups. The prevalence of coronary arterial disease and diabetes mellitus, age, body mass index, heart rate, blood glucose, creatinine, urea, smoking history and alcohol consumption did not differ among groups. The baPWV was significantly different between both hypertension/nonhypertension and dyslipidemia/non-dyslipidemia patients. In hypertension patients (in Group C and D), partial correlation analysis showed that ΔbaPWV correlated with TC, HDL-C, AI, AIP and TC/HDL-C but not LDL-C, triglyceride (TG) or non-HDL-C.
Conclusion: Hypertension and/or dyslipidemia may be risk factors for arterial stiffness. In hypertension patients, TC, HDL-C, AIP, AI and TC/HDL-C might correlate to arterial stiffness and pathological increases in these levels may indicate risk factors for arterial stiffness.
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Archer, M., R. Arena, M. Bassarova, K. Black, J. Brammall, B. Cooke, P. Creaser, et al. "The Evolutionary History and Diversity of Australian Mammals." Australian Mammalogy 21, no. 1 (1999): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/am99001.
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Palaeodiversity and relationships of all groups of Australian mammals are reviewed. The fossil record spanning this time is of variable quality. 'Dark Ages' about which nothing is known in terms of Australian mammal evolution include the late Triassic to late Jurassic, late Cretaceous to late Paleocene and middle Eocene to middle Oligocene. Very little is known about the early Cretaceous and late Miocene. The late Oligocene to middle Miocene record documents the highest levels of biodiversity known for the continent, comparable to that which characterises the lowland rainforests of Borneo and Brazil. Order Monotremata spans at least the last 110 million years and includes four families. The enigmatic Ausktribosphenos from 115 million-year-old sediments in Victoria may represent an archaic monotreme, specialised peramurid or previously undocumented order of mammals but is unlikely to represent a placental as suggested in the initial description. Order Microbiotheria is represented in the early Eocene (~55 mya) by two genera similar in morphology to early Eocene taxa from Argentina. Order Peramelemorphia spans the early Eocene to Holocene and includes at least five families. Order Dasyuromorphia spans at least the late Oligocene to Holocene and includes at least three families. Other dasyuromorphian-like marsupials are indeterminate in terms of family-level affinities. Order Notoryctemorphia spans the early Miocene to Holocene with one family. Order Yalkaparidontia spans the late Oligocene to middle Miocene with one genus. Order Diprotodontia spans the late Oligocene to Holocene, represented throughout by three major groups: Phalangerida (eight families), Vombatomorphia (seven families) and Macropodoidea (at least three families). A possible placental condylarth (Tingamarra) has been recorded from the early Eocene. An archaeonycteridid bat (Australonycteris) is known from the early Eocene. Among bats, the late Oligocene to middle Miocene is dominated by rhinolophoids, many of which have European, Asian and African affinities. Mystacinids, megadermatids, hipposiderids and molossids are well-represented in the Oligocene to Miocene deposits. Vespertilionids are uncommon in the Oligocene to Miocene but become more diverse in the Pliocene to Holocene. Emballonurids and rhinolophids appear for the first time in the Plio-Pleistocene. Pteropodids are unknown prior to the Holocene. Murids span the early Pliocene to Holocene. In the oldest assemblage at Riversleigh, one undescribed lineage resembles archaic forms otherwise only known from the fossil records of Africa and Eurasia.
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Nadesan, Balakrishnan, Mani Madhavan Sachithananthamoorthi, Sivaraman Thirumalaikumarasamy, and Ezhilarasu Ramalingam. "Evaluation of blood pressure in school children aged 12-16 years." International Journal of Contemporary Pediatrics 4, no. 4 (June 21, 2017): 1218. http://dx.doi.org/10.18203/2349-3291.ijcp20172607.
Full textAbstract:
Background: Hypertension is considered as a major health issue in developed as well as developing countries and its possible origin during childhood prompts pediatricians to routinely include measurement of blood pressure (BP) as an integral part of pediatric physical examination. The objectives of the study were to evaluate the normal range of blood pressure in adolescent school going students of 12-16 years, prevalence of hypertension and relationship of BP with variables like age, body mass index (BMI), socioeconomic status and family history of hypertension.Methods: A cross sectional study was undertaken for a period of one year in adolescent school children in age groups between 12-16 years. Detailed clinical examination was done in 1060 adolescent school children and BP was recorded in right upper limb and correlation of BP with BMI, family history of hypertension and diabetes were studied.Results: Mean systolic and diastolic pressure showed linear relationship with age. There was a highly statistically significant difference between mean systolic and diastolic blood pressure between lower and middle socio-economic class. Prevalence of obesity in our study was 1.13%, overweight was 7.83%. Prevalence of hypertension in obese children was 33.33% and in overweight children 18.07%. Family history of hypertension and diabetes carry a significant correlation with elevated systolic and diastolic blood pressure in adolescents.Conclusions: This study revealed that socio economic factors play a significant role in determining the blood pressure of the individual. Children of middle class have significantly elevated mean systolic pressure and mean diastolic pressure than low socio-economic groups.
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Mistik, Selcuk, Kevser Goktas, Demet Unalan, Abdurrahman Oguzhan, and Bulent Tokgöz. "Normal Variations in Blood Pressure in Ambulatory Blood Pressure Measurements." Eurasian Journal of Family Medicine 10, no. 1 (March 30, 2021): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.33880/ejfm.2021100101.
Full textAbstract:
Aim: Hypertension is very common in primary care patients. The diagnosis of hypertension is made by office measurements and home blood pressure measurements. The aim of this study was to define the normal variation levels of blood pressure in individuals in primary care by using ambulatory blood pressure measurement. Methods: This study was performed in primary care. Individuals who had no hypertension history were included in the study. Subjects were evaluated by using three office measurements, seven days home blood pressure measurements and 24 hours ambulatory blood pressure measurement. The ambulatory blood pressure gave us the variations in blood pressure values. Results: The study started in January 2018 and ended in May 2018. Of the 47 subjects, 70.2% were women and 29.8% were men. The mean age was 41.63±12.00. The most common educational level was elementary school graduates. The most common occupation was housewives. Of the participants, 84.2% were married. At ambulatory blood pressure measurements, 34.0% of the subjects had mean systolic blood pressures 24 hours between 120-129 mmHg. Of the diastolic blood pressure 24 hours mean values, 15.3% had values between 80-89, where 51.0% were between the 71-79 mmHg groups. The mean value of 24 hours variation in systolic blood pressure was 15.75±18.59 (median=11.40, min=8.80, max=106.00). The 24 hours variation in the mean values of diastolic blood pressures was 12.12±10.90 (median=9.70, min=6.80, max=64.00). Conclusion: The results of this study demonstrated that there were high levels of variations in normal blood pressures, which could show candidates for hypertension. Keywords: ambulatory monitoring, blood pressure, variability, primary care
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Chmist, Jarosław, Henryk Racheniuk, Władysław Batkiewicz, Edyta Majorczyk, Sebastian Rutkowski, and Daniel Grosjean. "Evaluation of the effectiveness of microkinesitherapy in reducing intraocular pressure in patients with glaucoma." Sport i Turystyka. Środkowoeuropejskie Czasopismo Naukowe 5, no. 3 (2022): 105–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.16926/sit.2022.03.05.
Full textAbstract:
The purpose of the study was to assess the impact of microkinesitherapy treatment on intraocular pressure in patients with glaucoma. The study included a group of 32 patients (21 women and 11 men) from the Glaucoma Outpatient Clinic at Dr Alfred Sokołowski Specialist Hospital in Walbrzych. Patients were divided into two groups: an experimental group that received microkinesitherapy, and a control (placebo) group. In all subjects, two measurements of intraocular pressure were made using the AIR PUFF method. The data analysis did not show statistically significant changes in both groups (p<0.13 vs. p<0.08). In the experimental group, a decrease in mean pressure values was observed, while in the control group, an increase in mean pressure values of intraocular pressure was observed. The results obtained in the present study show that the aforesaid novel therapeutic method has the potential to reduce intraocular pressure, but it cannot unambiguously be stated that it offers an alternative approach to treat glaucoma.
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Sharma, Saroj Kumar, Jagannath Aryal, and Abbas Rajabifard. "Remote Sensing and Meteorological Data Fusion in Predicting Bushfire Severity: A Case Study from Victoria, Australia." Remote Sensing 14, no. 7 (March 29, 2022): 1645. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs14071645.
Full textAbstract:
The extent and severity of bushfires in a landscape are largely governed by meteorological conditions. An accurate understanding of the interactions of meteorological variables and fire behaviour in the landscape is very complex, yet possible. In exploring such understanding, we used 2693 high-confidence active fire points recorded by a Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) sensor for nine different bushfires that occurred in Victoria between 1 January 2009 and 31 March 2009. These fires include the Black Saturday Bushfires of 7 February 2009, one of the worst bushfires in Australian history. For each fire point, 62 different meteorological parameters of bushfire time were extracted from Bureau of Meteorology Atmospheric high-resolution Regional Reanalysis for Australia (BARRA) data. These remote sensing and meteorological datasets were fused and further processed in assessing their relative importance using four different tree-based ensemble machine learning models, namely, Random Forest (RF), Fuzzy Forest (FF), Boosted Regression Tree (BRT), and Extreme Gradient Boosting (XGBoost). Google Earth Engine (GEE) and Landsat images were used in deriving the response variable–Relative Difference Normalised Burn Ratio (RdNBR), which was selected by comparing its performance against Difference Normalised Burn Ratio (dNBR). Our findings demonstrate that the FF algorithm utilising the Weighted Gene Coexpression Network Analysis (WGCNA) method has the best predictive performance of 96.50%, assessed against 10-fold cross-validation. The result shows that the relative influence of the variables on bushfire severity is in the following order: (1) soil moisture, (2) soil temperature, (3) air pressure, (4) air temperature, (5) vertical wind, and (6) relative humidity. This highlights the importance of soil meteorology in bushfire severity analysis, often excluded in bushfire severity research. Further, this study provides a scientific basis for choosing a subset of meteorological variables for bushfire severity prediction depending on their relative importance. The optimal subset of high-ranked variables is extremely useful in constructing simplified and computationally efficient surrogate models, which can be particularly useful for the rapid assessment of bushfire severity for operational bushfire management and effective mitigation efforts.
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Gray, Rob, and Jonathan Allsop. "Interactions Between Performance Pressure, Performance Streaks, and Attentional Focus." Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology 35, no. 4 (August 2013): 368–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/jsep.35.4.368.
Full textAbstract:
How is performance under pressure influenced by the history of events that precede it, and how does the pressure outcome influence the series of events that follow? A baseball batting simulation was used with college players to investigate these questions. In Experiment 1, the difficulty of the simulation was first adaptively adjusted to equate performance level. Batters next completed 20 at-bats used to classify them into one of three performance groups (normal, cold streak, or hot streak) followed by a one at-bat pressure condition. Finally, performance was evaluated over a period of 20 postpressure at-bats. In Experiment 2, a series of secondary tasks were added to assess attentional focus. In both experiments, whether batters succeeded or failed under pressure was significantly related to their performance history immediately before the pressure event, with the normal group having the poorest pressure performance. Performance postpressure was significantly related to both the pressure outcome and prepressure performance. These performance effects were related to changes in the batter’s attentional focus as shown by changes in secondary task accuracy.
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Ortiz-Prado, Esteban, Gabriel Cevallos-Sierra, Eduardo Vasconez, Alex Lister, and Eduardo Pichilingue Ramos. "Avoiding extinction: the importance of protecting isolated Indigenous tribes." AlterNative: An International Journal of Indigenous Peoples 17, no. 1 (February 18, 2021): 130–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1177180121995567.
Full textAbstract:
Isolated Indigenous peoples are a group of Indigenous tribes that live in voluntary isolation in remote and mostly inaccessible territories. Together with Indigenous peoples in initial contact, Isolated Indigenous peoples are threatened continuously by advancing extractive activities, the absence of public policies and protection measures by the State, and the pressure of illegal activities on their territories. Generating multidimensional public policies that protect these groups is essential. This commentary shares South America’s perspective on the matter as it is the region where most of the isolated groups reside.
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Fulks, Michael, Vera F. Dolan, and Robert L. Stout. "2014 CRL Blood Pressure Study of Life Insurance Applicants." Journal of Insurance Medicine 45, no. 1 (January 1, 2015): 17–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.17849/0743-6661-45.1.17.
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Objective Define the relative mortality risk by systolic (SBP) and diastolic blood pressure (DBP) in a relatively healthy cohort split by age and sex with adjustment for smoking status, other findings and admitted heart disease history. Method Blood pressure (BP in mm Hg), build, laboratory studies and limited medical history are collected when people apply for individual life insurance. Information on 2,472,706 applicants tested by Clinical Reference Laboratory from 1993 to 2007 was utilized with follow-up for vital status using the September 2011 Social Security Death Master File identifying 31,033 deaths. Data was analyzed by SBP and DBP split by age and sex accounting for smoking and for BMI, urine protein/creatinine ratio and history of heart disease in a Cox multivariate survival analysis. Separate analysis by admitted hypertension history was also conducted. Results are presented by SBP and DBP for 4 age-sex groups with and without added covariates beyond age and smoking status. Results Relative mortality progressively increased by SBP level from the 90 to 119 band (down to 80 in younger women) upward with little additional impact by DBP. Addition of covariates beyond age and smoking resulted in a 5% to 10% reduction in relative risk. Although high DBP had limited impact, a pulse pressure/SBP ratio >½ identified 1% of applicants at high mortality risk, with little difference in risk for ratios ≤½. Hypertension history with current BP control was associated with a 10% to 25% increase in relative mortality risk as compared to those with similar BP but no such history. Conclusion Increasing SBP is closely associated with increasing relative mortality, starting from the lowest SBP. Increasing DBP has little additional impact, but a pulse pressure/SBP ratio >½ is a potent marker of increased risk as well. Accounting for build and other laboratory findings reduces risk modestly. A history of hypertension with current control increases risk.
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Kernozek, Thomas W., John F. Greany, and Cassandra Heizler. "Plantar Loading Asymmetry in American Indians with Diabetes and Peripheral Neuropathy, with Diabetes Only, and Without Diabetes." Journal of the American Podiatric Medical Association 103, no. 2 (March 1, 2013): 106–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.7547/1030106.
Full textAbstract:
Background: We investigated plantar loading asymmetry during gait in American Indians with and without diabetes and with diabetes and peripheral neuropathy. Methods: A convenience sample of 96 American Indians with and without diabetes was divided into three groups: 20 with diabetes and peripheral neuropathy, 16 with diabetes without peripheral neuropathy, and 60 with no history of diabetes (control group). Plantar loading was measured during barefoot walking across a pressure platform. Five trials were collected per foot during level walking at a self-selected speed using the two-step method. Asymmetry in peak pressure-time integral and peak plantar pressure were calculated from ten plantar regions and compared among groups. Results: Significant pressure-time integral asymmetry occurred across the forefoot regions in American Indians with diabetes and peripheral neuropathy compared with the other two groups. Significant peak plantar pressure asymmetry occurred in the third metatarsal region in both groups with diabetes (with and without peripheral neuropathy) compared with the control group. Conclusions: Overall, American Indians with diabetes seemed to show greater asymmetry in plantar loading variables across the forefoot region compared with those in the control group. Specifically, individuals with diabetes and peripheral neuropathy had the greatest amount of forefoot pressure-time integral asymmetry. Significant peak plantar pressure asymmetry occurred in the third metatarsal region of the forefoot in those with diabetes with and without peripheral neuropathy. Loading asymmetry may play a role in the development of foot ulcers in the forefoot region of American Indians with peripheral neuropathy and diabetes. (J Am Podiatr Med Assoc 103(2): 106–112, 2013)
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Ridings, Eugene. "Chambers of Commerce and Business Elites in Great Britain and Brazil in the Nineteenth Century: Some Comparisons." Business History Review 75, no. 4 (2001): 739–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3116510.
Full textAbstract:
Chambers of commerce were the main pressure groups serving as intermediaries between the business elite and the government in Great Britain and Brazil in the nineteenth century. The most important problem they faced in both nations was promoting a legal and institutional framework that would facilitate economic expansion. In both nations, the critical factors affecting this task were the need of the state for the expert advice that business pressure groups could offer, the traditional relationship between business and government, and especially the attitude of a historically dominant landed elite.
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Birke, James A., B. Don Franks, and James G. Foto. "First Ray Joint Limitation, Pressure, and Ulceration of the First Metatarsal Head in Diabetes Mellitus." Foot & Ankle International 16, no. 5 (May 1995): 277–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/107110079501600506.
Full textAbstract:
Measurements of first ray mobility, pressure, and other variables were made on 19 diabetic patients with a history of ulceration at the first metatarsal head, 20 diabetic patients with a history of ulceration at other locations of the forefoot, 19 matched diabetic controls, and 19 matched nondiabetic controls. Patients with a history of first metatarsal head ulceration had significantly less first ray mobility and significantly higher pressure at the first metatarsal head compared with the other groups. Regression analysis found a moderate inverse linear relationship between first ray dorsiflexion and peak pressure at the first metatarsal head (R2 = 0.46, P < .0001). Results showed that sensory loss, duration of diabetes, and limited range of motion at the hip, ankle, and foot were related to ulcerations at all forefoot locations. Limited first ray mobility and high pressure at the first metatarsal head were related to ulcerations only at the first metatarsal head location.
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Gunderson, Erica P., Mara Greenberg, Mai N. Nguyen-Huynh, Cassidy Tierney, James M. Roberts, Alan S. Go, Wei Tao, and Stacey E. Alexeeff. "Early Pregnancy Blood Pressure Patterns Identify Risk of Hypertensive Disorders of Pregnancy Among Racial and Ethnic Groups." Hypertension 79, no. 3 (March 2022): 599–613. http://dx.doi.org/10.1161/hypertensionaha.121.18568.
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Background: Hypertensive disorders of pregnancy are a leading cause of severe maternal morbidity and mortality and confer 4-fold higher perinatal mortality in Black women. Early pregnancy blood pressure patterns may differentiate risk of hypertensive disorders of pregnancy. Methods: This study identified distinct blood pressure trajectories from 0 to 20 weeks’ gestation to evaluate subsequent pregnancy-related hypertension in a retrospective cohort of 174 925 women with no prior hypertension or history of preeclampsia, prenatal care entry ≤14 weeks, and a stillborn or live singleton birth delivered at Kaiser Permanente Northern California hospitals in 2009 to 2019. We used electronic health records to obtain clinical outcomes, covariables, and longitudinal outpatient blood pressure measurements ≤20 weeks’ gestation (mean 4.1 measurements). Latent class trajectory modeling identified 6 blood pressure groups: ultra-low-declining(referent), low-declining, moderate-fast-decline, low-increasing, moderate-stable, and elevated-stable. Multivariable logistic regression evaluated trajectory group-associations with the odds of preeclampsia/eclampsia and gestational hypertension‚ and effect modification by race-ethnicity and prepregnancy body size. Results: Compared with ultra-low-declining, adjusted odds ratios (95% confidence intervals [CIs]) for low-increasing, moderate-stable, and elevated-stable groups were 3.25 (2.7–3.9), 5.3 (4.5–6.3), and 9.2 (7.7–11.1) for preeclampsia/eclampsia‚ and 6.4 (4.9–8.3), 13.6 (10.5–17.7), and 30.2 (23.2–39.4) for gestational hypertension. Race/ethnicity, and prepregnancy obesity modified the trajectory-group associations with preeclampsia/eclampsia (interaction P <0.01), with highest risks for Black, then Hispanic and Asian women for all blood pressure trajectories, and with increasing obesity class. Conclusions: Early pregnancy blood pressure patterns revealed racial and ethnic differences in associations with preeclampsia/eclampsia risk within equivalent levels and patterns. These blood pressure patterns may improve individual risk stratification permitting targeted surveillance and early mitigation strategies.
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Liu, Ping, Changhao Yin, Meilingzi Liu, Lu Chang, Tianjiao Wu, Zihao Li, Ruidi Luo, Xiao Du, and Weina Zhao. "Correlation between 24-Hour Ambulatory Blood Pressure Variability and White Matter Lesions in Patients with Cerebral Small Vascular Disease: A Cross-Sectional Study." Computational and Mathematical Methods in Medicine 2022 (August 8, 2022): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2022/6364769.
Full textAbstract:
Objective. The goals of this study are to assess the correlation between 24-hour ambulatory blood pressure (BP) variability and white matter lesions (WML) in patients with cerebral small vascular disease (CSVD) and to provide guidance for the prevention of WML. Methods. A total of 136 patients diagnosed with CSVD and essential hypertension were recruited and divided into two groups. The Fazekas scale was used to quantify the severity of WML. The basic information, BP levels, BP variability, and circadian rhythm changes across these groups were recorded and compared. Results. The control group consisted of 40 subjects without WML ( Fazekas score = 0 ), and the WML group was composed of 96 patients with WML ( Fazekas score ≥ 1 ). Patients in the WML group were then divided into three subgroups: mild WML ( n = 43 , Fazekas score = 1 ), moderate WML ( n = 24 , Fazekas score = 2 ), and severe WML ( n = 29 , Fazekas score = 3 – 4 ). Age, history of diabetes, and serum uric acid levels were significantly increased between the WML and control groups ( P < 0.05 ). The levels of 24-hour mean diastolic BP ( F = 3.158 , P = 0.026 ) and daytime mean systolic BP ( F = 3.526 , P = 0.017 ) were significantly increased between the control and WML groups. There was no significant difference in the rhythmic classification of BP among all groups ( P > 0.05 ). An ordered multinomial logistic regression analysis revealed that age, triglyceride levels, and nondipper BP were independent risk factors in WML. Conclusion. Age, history of diabetes, serum uric acid levels, 24-hour mean systolic level, and daily mean systolic BP level were significantly increased between the WML and control groups. Age, triglyceride levels, and nondipper BP were independent risk factors in WML in patients with CSVD, while the 24-hour dynamic blood pressure standard deviation and 24-hour dynamic blood pressure coefficient of variation were not associated with the occurrence of WML.
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Shear, Charles L., Gregory L. Burke, David S. Freedman, and Gerald S. Berenson. "Value of Childhood Blood Pressure Measurements and Family History in Predicting Future Blood Pressure Status: Results From 8 Years of Follow-up in the Bogalusa Heart Study." Pediatrics 77, no. 6 (June 1, 1986): 862–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1542/peds.77.6.862.
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The value of BP measurements and family history of cardiovascular disease in predicting future BP status was studied in 1,501 children, initially 2 to 14 years of age, who were examined four times during an 8-year period in the Bogalusa Heart Study. Correlation coefficients between year 1 and year 9 BPs were as follows for systolic and diastolic BPs, respectively: 0.41 and 0.35 (P < .0001). These correlations were significant in all age groups. For children in the upper quartile of BP at any one prior examination, the percentage remaining in the year 9 upper quartile ranged from 41% to 52% for systolic BP and 35% to 44% for diastolic BP. Three serial BP measurements in the upper quartile increased the percentages remaining in the upper quartile to 68% for systolic BP and 62% for diastolic BP. Conversely, of those children not in the upper quartile of systolic BP at year 9, 96.8% did not have all three prior measurements in the upper quartile. Family history of hypertension was shown to independently predict year 9 systolic BP status. These results confirm the importance of serial BP measurements and family history of hypertension for the practicing physician.
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Boy, Elman, Aznan Lelo, Amira Permatasari Tarigan, Yetty Machrina, Yusni Yusni, Juliandi Harahap, Rosita Juwita Sembiring, Santi Syafril, and Sri Sumartiningsih. "Salat Dhuha Improves Blood Pressure: A Randomized Controlled Trial." Media Ilmu Keolahragaan Indonesia 11, no. 2 (December 1, 2021): 47–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.15294/miki.v11i2.34225.
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The prevalence of hypertension increases with age, more than 1 in every two elderly has hypertension, dominated by women. The primary prevention of hypertension is a worldwide public health concern. Salat dhuha is a moderate-intensity physical activity. Salat 2 movement cycles demonstrated improved systolic and diastolic blood pressure in adults. Our study purpose was to assess the effect of 2 and 8 movement cycles (rakaat) of salat dhuha to improve systolic and diastolic blood pressure in healthy Muslim elderly women. Muslim elderly women in a government senior residence (aged 60-74 years) participated in a 6 weeks controlled trial. We completed formal physical, clinical, and blood assessments before admission. Participants with hypertension history were excluded. The participants were randomized into 2 groups. The intervention group performed 8 rakaat of salat dhuha (n=13) and the control group performed 2 rakaat of salat dhuha (n=13). Two participants were dropped out of this study. At baseline and at the end of 6 weeks, a blood pressure examination is recorded. Parametric and nonparametric methods were used to analyze the data. The baseline characteristics of the two groups of participants were homogeneous. Compared to the control, the 8 rakaat of salat dhuha achieved a significant reduction in systolic and diastolic blood pressure (P0.05) at the end of the 6-weeks period. The findings show that salat dhuha has significant potential to improve blood pressure.
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Wong, Clarence, Leonid Churilov, Dean Cowie, Chong Oon Tan, Raymond Hu, David Tremewen, Brett Pearce, et al. "Randomised controlled trial to investigate the relationship between mild hypercapnia and cerebral oxygen saturation in patients undergoing major surgery." BMJ Open 10, no. 2 (February 2020): e029159. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2019-029159.
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ObjectivesThe effects of hypercapnia on regional cerebral oxygen saturation (rSO2) during surgery are unclear. We conducted a randomised controlled trial to investigate the relationship between mild hypercapnia and rSO2. We hypothesised that, compared with targeted normocapnia (TN), targeted mild hypercapnia (TMH) during major surgery would increase rSO2.DesignA prospective, randomised, controlled trial in adult participants undergoing elective major surgery.SettingA single tertiary centre in Heidelberg, Victoria, Australia.Participants40 participants were randomised to either a TMH or TN group (20 to each).InterventionsTMH (partial pressure of carbon dioxide in arterial blood, PaCO2, 45–55 mm Hg) or TN (PaCO235–40 mm Hg) was delivered via controlled ventilation throughout surgery.Primary and secondary outcome measuresThe primary endpoint was the absolute difference between the two groups in percentage change in rSO2from baseline to completion of surgery. Secondary endpoints included intraoperative pH, bicarbonate concentration, base excess, serum potassium concentration, incidence of postoperative delirium and length of stay (LOS) in hospital.ResultsThe absolute difference between the two groups in percentage change in rSO2from the baseline to the completion of surgery was 19.0% higher in both hemispheres with TMH (p<0.001). On both sides, the percentage change in rSO2was greater in the TMH group than the TN group throughout the duration of surgery. The difference between the groups became more noticeable over time. Furthermore, postoperative delirium was higher in the TN group (risk difference 0.3, 95% CI 0.1 to 0.5, p=0.02). LOS was similar between groups (5 days vs 5 days; p=0.99).ConclusionTMH was associated with a stable increase in rSO2from the baseline, while TN was associated with a decrease in rSO2in both hemispheres in patients undergoing major surgery. This resulted in a clear separation of percentage change in rSO2from the baseline between TMH and TN over time. Our findings provide the rationale for larger studies on TMH during surgery.Trial registration numberThe Australian New Zealand Clinical Trials Registry (ACTRN12616000320459).
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Jovanovic, Jovica, and Milan Jovanovic. "Blood pressure, heart rate and lipids in professional handball and water polo players." Medical review 58, no. 3-4 (2005): 168–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/mpns0504168j.
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Introduction: Blood pressure, heart rate and lipoprotein lipids are affected by family history, obesity, diet, smoking and physical activity habits. The aim of this paper was to estimate the values of blood pressure and heart rate in professional handball and water polo players before and after training and submaximal exercise test and to analyze the lipid state in these professional athletes in comparison with people who have never been in sports. Material and methods The investigation included 30 professional handball players, 30 professional water polo players and 15 men who have never been in sports (control group). All groups were matched for age, smoking habits, family predisposition to arterial hypertension and dyslipidemia. Results Between these groups there were statistically significant differences of blood pressure values and heart rate in the state of rest, after exercise test and after the training. There were also statistically significant differences of total cholesterol values, LDL cholesterol, triglycerides, HDL cholesterol, LDL cholesterol/HDL cholesterol ratio and total cholesterol/HDL ratio between these groups. Discussion Differences between these groups can be explained by various values of body mass index, by activity of lipoprotein lipase in athletes, by body position during the sports activity, by thermoregulatory vasoconstriction in the water, and by effects of hydrostatic pressure and reflex mechanisms during swimming. Conclusions Cardiovascular reaction in professional athletes depends on the type of sports activity, body position and medium during training. Professional athletes have a lower atherogenic risk than non-sportsmen. Changes of blood pressure and heart rate after submaximal exercise test are not the same as changes after training. .
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Hatakeyama, Shingo, Masaaki Saito, Kumiko Ishigaki, Hayato Yamamoto, Akiko Okamoto, Yusuke Ishibashi, Hiromi Murasawa, et al. "Skin Perfusion Pressure Is a Prognostic Factor in Hemodialysis Patients." International Journal of Nephrology 2012 (2012): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2012/385274.
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Peripheral arterial disease (PAD) is common in hemodialysis patients and predicts a poor prognosis. We conducted a prospective cohort study to identify risk factors for PAD including skin perfusion pressure (SPP) in hemodialysis patients. The cohort included 373 hemodialysis patients among 548 patients who received hemodialysis at Oyokyo Kidney Research Institute, Hirosaki, Japan from August 2008 to December 2010. The endpoints were lower limb survival (peripheral angioplasty or amputation events) and overall survival of 2 years. Our results showed that <70 mmHg SPP was a poor prognosis for the lower limb survival and overall survival. We also identified age, history of cardiovascular disease, presence of diabetes mellitus, smoking history, and SPP < 70 mmHg as independent risk factors for lower limb survival and overall survival. Then, we constructed risk criteria using the significantly independent risk factors. We can clearly stratify lower limb survival and overall survival of the hemodialysis patients into 3 groups. Although the observation period is short, we conclude that SPP value has the potential to be a risk factor that predicts both lower limb survival and the prognosis of hemodialysis patients.
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Voisey, Christopher R., David Willis, Andrew G. Tomkins, Christopher J. L. Wilson, Steven Micklethwaite, Filomena Salvemini, Jeremy Bougoure, and William D. A. Rickard. "Aseismic Refinement of Orogenic Gold Systems." Economic Geology 115, no. 1 (January 1, 2020): 33–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.5382/econgeo.4692.
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Abstract Orogenic Au deposits have contributed the majority of Au recovered globally throughout history. However, the mechanism that concentrates Au to extremely high bonanza grades in small domains within these deposits remains enigmatic. The volume of fluid required to provide extreme Au endowments in localized occurrences is not reflected in field observations (e.g., in the extent of quartz veining or hydrothermal alteration). Detailed optical, scanning and transmission electron microscopy, nanoscale secondary ion mass spectrometry, and 3-D neutron tomography have been used to investigate the processes responsible for development of anomalously high grade ore (upward of 3% Au) found in quartz veins at Fosterville gold mine (Victoria, Australia). Distinct textural settings of visible Au include (1) Au concentrated along pressure solution seams associated with wall-rock selvages, (2) as nano- to microscale dusty Au seams parallel to pressure solution seams, and (3) in microscale tension fractures perpendicular to stylolitic seams. The distribution of Au in arsenopyrite and pyrite hosted within pressure solution seams changes as a function of the extent of deformation. Sulfides in highly deformed pressure solution seams exclusively host Au as nano- to micrometer-sized clusters within features associated with corrosion and brittle failure, whereas sulfides in mildly deformed pressure solution seams have Au bound in the crystal structure. It is proposed that Au supersaturation in fluids introduced during seismic periods led to the deposition of abundant Au nanoparticles in quartz-carbonate veins. Subsequent pressure dissolution of vein quartz and carbonate during interseismic intervals allowed for episodic increase in the Au/quartz ratio and permitted liberation and migration of Au nanoparticles, promoting Au grain growth in favorable textural settings. Galvanic corrosion and brittle fracturing of auriferous sulfides during the interseismic period allowed additional remobilization and/or enrichment of sulfide-hosted Au. Repetition of this mechanism over the time scale of deposit formation acted to concentrate Au within the lodes. This Au ore upgrading model, referred to as “aseismic refinement,” provides a new insight for the genesis of ultrarich Au mineralization and, based on textures reported from many Au deposits, may be a globally significant component in the formation of orogenic Au deposits.
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Indireshkumar, K., James G. Brasseur, Henryk Faas, Geoffrey S. Hebbard, Patrik Kunz, John Dent, Christine Feinle, et al. "Relative contributions of “pressure pump” and “peristaltic pump” to gastric emptying." American Journal of Physiology-Gastrointestinal and Liver Physiology 278, no. 4 (April 1, 2000): G604—G616. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpgi.2000.278.4.g604.
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The relative contributions to gastric emptying from common cavity antroduodenal pressure difference (“pressure pump”) vs. propagating high-pressure waves in the distal antrum (“peristaltic pump”) were analyzed in humans by high-resolution manometry concurrently with time-resolved three-dimensional magnetic resonance imaging during intraduodenal nutrient infusion at 2 kcal/min. Gastric volume, space-time pressure, and contraction wave histories in the antropyloroduodenal region were measured in seven healthy subjects. The subjects fell into two distinct groups with an order of magnitude difference in levels of antral pressure activity. However, there was no significant difference in average rate of gastric emptying between the two groups. Antral pressure history was separated into “propagating high-pressure events” (HPE), “nonpropagating HPEs,” and “quiescent periods.” Quiescent periods dominated, and average pressure during quiescent periods remained unchanged with decreasing gastric volume, suggesting that common cavity pressure levels were maintained by increasing wall muscle tone with decreasing volume. When propagating HPEs moved to within 2–3 cm of the pylorus, pyloric resistance was found statistically to increase with decreasing distance between peristaltic waves and the pylorus. We conclude that transpyloric flow tends to be blocked when antral contraction waves are within a “zone of influence” proximal to the pylorus, suggesting physiological coordination between pyloric and antral contractile activity. We further conclude that gastric emptying of nutrient liquids is primarily through the “pressure pump” mechanism controlled by pyloric opening during periods of relative quiescence in antral contractile wave activity.
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Sluyterman, Keetie. "Royal Dutch Shell: Company Strategies for Dealing with Environmental Issues." Business History Review 84, no. 2 (2010): 203–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0007680500002580.
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The intricate interplay among environmental pressure groups, oil companies, and governments is revealed from the perspective of the Anglo-Dutch company Royal Dutch Shell. An examination of three environmental issues demonstrates the company's awareness of such problems and describes its efforts to contain potential damage to the degree permitted by existing technological and economic constraints. The industry view is that government measures should create a level playing field and should be effective and economically feasible. While pressure groups are skilled at calling attention to environmental problems, industry highlights the tradeoffs between different societal aims that are entailed in tackling these problems. Governments are left to fi nd the best ways to weigh conflicting interests.